杂体文章。狭义的杂文指现代散文中以议论和批评为主而又具有文学意味的一种文体。是随感录、短评、杂说、闲话、漫谈、讽刺小品、幽默小品、知识小品、文艺政论等文体的总称。中国现代杂文产生于五四文学革命中，最初以“随感录”的名称出现在《新青年》杂志上。20年代已有可观的成就，进而在30、40年代风靡文坛。在这以后时起时落，80年代又兴盛起来。杂文以广泛的社会批评、文明批评为基本内容，带有强烈的理性批判精神和思想启蒙色彩。在艺术上普遍追求说理的形象化和抒情化，一般有较鲜明的讽刺、幽默的喜剧色彩和机智、论辩的哲理品格，有着警世、审丑、益智、移情的多重功能。鲁迅是中国杰出的杂文作家，他把杂文推到高度成熟的境地。此外，周作人、林语堂、瞿秋白、郭沫若、茅盾、徐懋庸、唐弢、聂绀弩、夏衍、巴金、邓拓、林放等人，是中国各个时期较有代表性的杂文作家。
杂文是短小的文艺性社会评论。它既是说理的，又具有文学的因素。它短小精悍，以幽默、讽刺的文笔，鞭挞丑恶，针砭时弊，求索真理，剖析人生。好的杂文，被誉为“匕首”或“投枪”。
阅读杂文，要联系时代背景，领悟形象的阐述中所蕴涵的道理，品味言外之意，感受寓庄于谐的情趣，还要细心揣摩生动、诙谐、犀利的语言。
杂文是散文的一个分支，是议论文的一个变体，兼有议论和抒情两种特性，通常篇幅短小，形式多样，写作者惯常用各种修辞手法曲折传达自己的见解和情感，语言灵动，婉而多讽，是言禁未开之社会较为流行的一种文体。
杂文由来
我国文学史上第一个提出“杂文”这个概念，并把它当作一种独立的文体的人，是南朝(梁)文艺理论家刘勰。他在《文心雕龙》中专门写了题名“杂文”的一章。他一方面总结前人的杂文创作情况，并总括其名为“杂文”，另一方面又历述秦汉以来杂文有三类，以泉玉的《答楚王问》、枚乘的《七发》、扬雄的《连珠》等为最早的代表作。但事实上早在先秦散文兴起之时，杂文也已随之出现。秦诸子百家的文章，实际上就是杂文。后来，杂文又有新的发展。唐代韩愈的《杂说》、柳宗元的《桐叶封弟辨》、晚唐皮日休、陆龟蒙、罗隐等的杂文，明代刘基的《卖柑者言》等，都是有名的代表作品。杂文不仅源流最早，而且它的地位最初也很高。诚如班固所说：“杂家者流，盖出于议官。兼儒、墨，合名、法，知国体之有此，见王治之无不贯，比其所长也。”可见，杂文对于当时社会的作用之大。
“五四”运动以后，许多革命家、思想家、文学家都写过优秀的杂文。其中最杰出的当首推鲁迅，他是开创一代杂文新风的大家。他说：“在风沙扑面，狼虎成群的时候”，杂文是“匕首和投枪，要锋利而切实”，是“和读者一同杀出一条生存的血路的东西”；也“是在对有害的事物，立刻给以反响或抗争，是感应的神经，是攻守的手足。”这就将现代杂文的作用作了准确的说明。
简单讲“杂文”：散文的一种。它是直接而迅速地反映社会事变或社会倾向的一种文艺性论文。以短小、活泼、锋利为特点。内容广泛，形式多样。有关社会生活、文化动态以及政治事变的杂感、杂谈、杂论、随笔，都可归入这一类。
杂文特征
杂文是文艺性的论文,它有以下几个特征:
第一，战斗性与愉悦性的和谐统一。杂文具有战斗性，对于“有害的事物”“立刻给以反响或抗争”，是“感应的神经”“攻守的手足”；杂文又有愉悦性，它使读者在笑声中愉快地和那些旧事物告别，获得美的精神享受。愉悦性伴随战斗性而生。
第二，论辩性与形象性的有机结合。杂文的本质是论辩的，它有“论”的色彩。它以逻辑力量制服论敌，作者的最终目的是论是非，辨正误，揭示真理。然而，杂文的论辩是形象性的论辩。杂文的形象性，最主要的是“砭锢弊常取类型”。它虽然写的是“一鼻，一嘴，一毛”，其“形象”却是可知可感的；把它们合起来读，不仅某一形象更加鲜明，而且可以从中看出“时代的眉目”。
第三，幽默、讽刺与文采的巧妙运用。幽默，是通过影射、讽喻、双关等修辞手法，在善意的微笑中，揭露生活中乖讹和不合情理之处。讽刺，是以含蓄的语言或夸张的手法，讥刺、嘲讽落后、黑暗的人或事。杂文笔法，就是以讽刺、幽默为主的笔法。杂文语言还要有文采，精练、别致，往往庄谐并用，骈散结合，妙趣横生，令人叫绝。
此外，杂文还有一个特征：短小精悍。
鉴赏杂文，首先要把握杂文的文体特点，从杂文的特点出发，容易理解、欣赏杂文的思想内容和艺术特色。杂文本质上是说理的，可以运用逻辑思维去阅读杂文；杂文又是形象地说理的，因此又要运用形象思维去阅读杂文。欣赏杂文要注意如下几个方面：选材立意的“大”与“小”，大中取小，小中见大；艺术构思的“虚 ”（讲道理）和“实”（举实例），以虚统实，以实带虚；行文布局的“开”与“合”，合而能开，开而善合；语言文字的“庄”与“谐”，庄而能谐，庄谐并作。一般来说，鉴赏杂文，要熟悉杂文的时代背景。然而，优秀的杂文，它所概括出来的社会“类型”具有超越时代的普遍意义；在这个意义上，读者不熟悉时代背景，也可以把握杂文的实质性内容。
杂文媒体
纸质媒体：目前关于杂文的报纸有《杂文报》，由河北日报社主办；期刊有《杂文选刊》，《杂文月刊》等。
网络媒体：红网的杂文版，人民网的观点版，中华杂文网（《杂文选刊》主办），围城杂文网，平民杂文网、百姓杂文网等。
Miscellaneous articles. The narrow sense refers to the modern prose essay to discussion and criticism in the main but with a style of literature means. Is Xua, Commentary, miscellaneous, said gossip, Talk, satirical comedy, humor, comedy, knowledge, comedy, literary style of the general political commentary and so on. Modern Chinese Literary Revolution essays produced in 54, the first of "Reflections upon" the name appears in the "New Youth" magazine. 20 years has been achieved, and then swept the literary world in 30-40 years. After that rises and falls, 80 it flourished. Essays to a wide range of social criticism, criticism of the basic elements of civilization, with a strong spirit of rational criticism and enlightenment color. In general the pursuit of art visualization and lyric of reasoning, generally have a more obvious irony, humor, comedy and wit, debating the philosophical character, has a word of warning, the Ugly, educational, empathy for multiple functions. Lu Xun's essay is an outstanding writer, he pushed to the highly sophisticated essay situation. In addition, ren, Lin Qu, Guo, Mao Dun, Xu Maoyong, Tang Tao, Nie Gannu, Xia Yan, Ba Jin, Deng Tuo, Lin Fang, and others, is more representative of different periods, essay writer.
Short literary essays is a social comment. It is sensible, but also has elements of literature. It is short and pithy, with humor, satire writing, whipping the ugly, unhealthy tendencies and Pursuit of the Truth, analysis of life. Good essay, known as "Dagger" or "javelin."
Read the essay, to link the background, and understand a description of the image implied in the reason, taste words, feel the fun and humor, but also carefully figured out a lively, witty, sharp language.
Is a branch of prose essays, is a variant of argumentation, two characteristics of both discussion and lyrical, often are short, diversity, writers usual twists and turns with a variety of rhetorical devices to convey their own views and feelings, language, Smart , Wan as well as irony, is made to open the society is not forbidden a more popular style.
Essays Origin
China's literary history of a proposed "essay" concept, and take it as an independent style of the people, is the Southern Dynasties (Liang) literary theorist Liu Xie. In his "Wen Xin Diao Long" in the title specially written "essays" in the chapter. While summing up his previous essay writing, and to conclude its called "essays", on the other hand since the Qin and Han Li stated there are three essays to spring jade "A king asked," Mei Cheng's "Seven Fat" , Yang Xiong's "Renju" and as the first masterpiece. But the fact is the rise of early Qin prose, the essay has appeared. Qin philosophers article, in fact essays. Later, the essays have been new developments. Tang Han Yu's "miscellaneous, said," Liu's "younger brother identified closure FE could be served," Tang Prosody, Luo Yin and other essays, Ming Liu Ji, "The fruit vendor's words," are all well-known representative works . Essays not only the earliest origins, and its initial position is also very high. As Ban said: "Miscellaneous Homeless flow, cover for official meetings. And Confucianism, Mexico, co-name, method, knowledge of the state system has this, see Zhi-s are all consistent, has more than its director." Visible, essays for the time The role of the community great.
"May 4th" Movement, many revolutionaries, thinkers, writers have written good essays. One of the most prominent when the devaluation of Lu Xun, he is creating a new generation of wind all essays. He said: "In the sand blow on one's face, Lang Hu flocks of time" essay is "daggers and spears, to sharp and realistic" and "blaze a trail of life and the reader's way to survive with something"; also "is in the hazardous things, give immediate response or opposition in the induction of nerve, is the offensive and defensive limbs. "This is the role of modern essays were accurate description.
Simply, "Essay": prose. It is directly and quickly reflect the incident or social orientation of a literary paper. In short, lively, sharp and characterized. Wide-ranging and diverse. The social life, cultural dynamics and political events of the essays, topics for the hybrid theory, essays, can be classified in this category.
Essay Feature
Is the art of essay paper, it has the following characteristics:
First, the combat and the pleasure of harmony and unity. Essay is fighting for the "bad things" "give immediate response or resistance" and "neural induction" "hand, foot and attack and defense"; essays another pleasure, it makes readers happy laughter and the old farewell things, get to enjoy the spirit of the United States. Pleasure with fighting for us.
Second, the argument of the combination with the image of. Essays is the essence of argument, and it has "on" color. It is logical force uniform opponent, the author's ultimate goal is on the right and wrong, Discrimination of errors, revealing the truth. However, the essay's argument is the image of the argument. The image of essays, the most important is "to take the type regular acupuncture restrain disadvantages." Although it is written, "a nose, a mouth, a hair" and its "image" is known to sense; read them together, not only a more vivid image, but can get to see the "era looks" .
Third, humor, satire and clever use of literary grace. Humor, by insinuation, allegory, pun and other figures of speech, in good smile, exposing the incongruity of life and the paradox of. Ironically, the language is subtle or exaggerated, satire, sarcasm behind, the dark and things. Essay writing technique, is to satire, humor-based strokes. Essays should pay close attention to language, refined, unique, often humorous and have a parallel combination of bulk, fun, wow.
In addition, the essay has a characteristic: short and pithy.
Essays media
Print media: newspapers are now on the essay, "reported essay" sponsored by the Hebei Daily; journals "Zawenxuankan", "Monthly essay," and so on.
Network Media: Red Net essays Edition, People's point of view version of the Chinese essays Network ("Zawenxuankan" host), Besieged essay network essays network civilians, the people essay net.
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