zá tǐ wén zhāng。 xiá yì de zá wén zhǐ xiàn dài sǎnwén zhōng yǐ yì lùn hé pī píng wéi zhù 'ér yòu jù yòu wén xué yì wèi de yī zhǒng wén tǐ。 shì suí gǎn lù、 duǎn píng、 zá shuō、 xián huà、 màn tán、 fěng cì xiǎo pǐn、 yōu mò xiǎo pǐn、 zhī shí xiǎo pǐn、 wén yì zhèng lùn děng wén tǐ de zǒng chēng。 zhōng guó xiàn dài zá wén chǎn shēng yú wǔ sì wén xué gé mìng zhōng， zuì chū yǐ “ suí gǎn lù ” de míng chēng chū xiàn zài《 xīn qīng nián》 zá zhì shàng。 20 nián dài yǐ yòu kě guān de chéng jiù， jìn 'ér zài 30、 40 nián dài fēngmǐ wén tán。 zài zhè yǐ hòu shí qǐ shí luò， 80 nián dài yòu xīng shèng qǐ lái。 zá wén yǐ guǎng fàn de shè huì pī píng、 wén míng pī píng wéi jī běn nèi róng， dài yòu qiáng liè de lǐ xìng pī pàn jīng shén hé sī xiǎng qǐ méng sè cǎi。 zài yì shù shàng pǔ biàn zhuī qiú shuō lǐ de xíng xiàng huà hé shū qíng huà， yī bān yòu jiào xiān míng de fěng cì、 yōu mò de xǐ jù sè cǎi hé jī zhì、 lùn biàn de zhé lǐ pǐn gé， yòu zhe jǐng shì、 shěn chǒu、 yì zhì、 yí qíng de duō zhòng gōng néng。 lǔ xùn shì zhōng guó jié chū de zá wén zuò jiā， tā bǎ zá wén tuī dào gāo dù chéng shú de jìng dì。 cǐ wài， zhōu zuò rén、 lín yǔ táng、 qú qiū bái、 guō mò ruò、 máo dùn、 xú mào yōng、 táng tāo、 niè gàn nǔ、 xià yǎn、 bā jīn、 dèng tuò、 lín fàng děng rén， shì zhōng guó gè gè shí qī jiào yòu dài biǎo xìng de zá wén zuò jiā。
zá wén shì duǎn xiǎo de wén yì xìng shè huì píng lùn。 tā jì shì shuō lǐ de， yòu jù yòu wén xué de yīn sù。 tā duǎn xiǎo jīng hàn， yǐ yōu mò、 fěng cì de wén bǐ， biān tà chǒu 'è， zhēn biān shí bì， qiú suǒ zhēn lǐ， pōu xī rén shēng。 hǎo de zá wén， bèi yù wéi“ bǐ shǒu” huò“ tóu qiāng”。
yuè dú zá wén， yào lián xì shí dài bèi jǐng， lǐng wù xíng xiàng de chǎn shù zhōng suǒ yùn hán de dào lǐ， pǐn wèi yán wài zhī yì， gǎn shòu yù zhuāng yú xié de qíng qù， hái yào xì xīn chuài mó shēng dòng、 huī xié、 xī lì de yǔ yán。
zá wén shì sǎnwén de yī gè fēn zhī， shì yì lùn wén de yī gè biàn tǐ， jiān yòu yì lùn hé shū qíng liǎng zhǒng tè xìng， tōng cháng piān fú duǎn xiǎo， xíng shì duō yàng， xiě zuò zhě guàn cháng yòng gè zhǒng xiū cí shǒu fǎ qū zhé chuán dá zì jǐ de jiàn jiě hé qíng gǎn， yǔ yán líng dòng， wǎn 'ér duō fěng， shì yán jìn wèi kāi zhī shè huì jiào wéi liú xíng de yī zhǒng wén tǐ。
zá wén yóu lái
wǒ guó wén xué shǐ shàng dì yī gè tí chū“ zá wén” zhè gè gài niàn， bìng bǎ tā dāng zuò yī zhǒng dú lì de wén tǐ de rén， shì nán cháo ( liáng ) wén yì lǐ lùn jiā liú xié。 tā zài《 wén xīn diāo lóng》 zhōng zhuān mén xiě liǎo tí míng“ zá wén” de yī zhāng。 tā yī fāng miàn zǒng jié qián rén de zá wén chuàng zuò qíng kuàng， bìng zǒng kuò qí míng wéi“ zá wén”， lìng yī fāng miàn yòu lì shù qín hàn yǐ lái zá wén yòu sān lèi， yǐ quán yù de《 dá chǔ wáng wèn》、 méi chéng de《 qī fā》、 yáng xióng de《 lián zhū》 děng wéi zuì zǎo de dài biǎo zuò。 dàn shì shí shàng zǎo zài xiān qín sǎnwén xīng qǐ zhī shí， zá wén yě yǐ suí zhī chū xiàn。 qín zhū zǐ bǎi jiā de wén zhāng， shí jì shàng jiù shì zá wén。 hòu lái， zá wén yòu yòu xīn de fā zhǎn。 táng dài hán yù de《 zá shuō》、 liǔ zōng yuán de《 tóng yè fēng dì biàn》、 wǎn táng pí rì xiū、 lù guī méng、 luó yǐn děng de zá wén， míng dài liú jī de《 mài gān zhě yán》 děng， dōushì yòu míng de dài biǎo zuò pǐn。 zá wén bù jǐn yuán liú zuì zǎo， ér qiě tā de dì wèi zuì chū yě hěn gāo。 chéng rú bān gù suǒ shuō：“ zá jiā zhě liú， gài chū yú yì guān。 jiān rú、 mò， hé míng、 fǎ， zhī guó tǐ zhī yòu cǐ， jiàn wáng zhì zhī wú bù guàn， bǐ qí suǒ cháng yě。” kě jiàn， zá wén duì yú dāng shí shè huì de zuò yòng zhī dà。
“ wǔ sì” yùn dòng yǐ hòu， xǔ duō gé mìng jiā、 sī xiǎng jiā、 wén xué jiādōu xiě guò yōu xiù de zá wén。 qí zhōng zuì jié chū de dāng shǒu tuī lǔ xùn， tā shì kāi chuàng yī dài zá wén xīn fēng de dà jiā。 tā shuō：“ zài fēng shā pū miàn， láng hǔ chéng qún de shí hòu”， zá wén shì“ bǐ shǒu hé tóu qiāng， yào fēng lì 'ér qièshí”， shì“ hé dú zhě yī tóng shā chū yī tiáo shēng cún de xuè lù de dōng xī”； yě“ shì zài duì yòu hài de shì wù， lì kè gěi yǐ fǎn xiǎng huò kàng zhēng， shì gǎn yìng de shén jīng， shì gōng shǒu de shǒu zú。” zhè jiù jiāng xiàn dài zá wén de zuò yòng zuò liǎo zhǔn què de shuō míng。
jiǎn dān jiǎng“ zá wén”： sǎnwén de yī zhǒng。 tā shì zhí jiē 'ér xùn sù dì fǎn yìng shè huì shì biàn huò shè huì qīng xiàng de yī zhǒng wén yì xìng lùn wén。 yǐ duǎn xiǎo、 huó pō、 fēng lì wéi tè diǎn。 nèi róng guǎng fàn， xíng shì duō yàng。 yòu guān shè huì shēng huó、 wén huà dòng tài yǐ jí zhèng zhì shì biàn de zá gǎn、 zá tán、 zá lùn、 suí bǐ， dōukě guī rù zhè yī lèi。
zá wén tè zhēng
zá wén shì wén yì xìng de lùn wén , tā yòu yǐ xià jǐ gè tè zhēng :
dì yī， zhàn dǒu xìng yǔ yú yuè xìng de hé xié tǒng yī。 zá wén jù yòu zhàn dǒu xìng， duì yú“ yòu hài de shì wù”“ lì kè gěi yǐ fǎn xiǎng huò kàng zhēng”， shì“ gǎn yìng de shén jīng”“ gōng shǒu de shǒu zú”； zá wén yòu yòu yú yuè xìng， tā shǐ dú zhě zài xiào shēng zhōng yú kuài dì hé nà xiē jiù shì wù gào bié， huò dé měi de jīng shén xiǎng shòu。 yú yuè xìng bàn suí zhàn dǒu xìng 'ér shēng。
dì 'èr， lùn biàn xìng yǔ xíng xiàng xìng de yòu jī jié hé。 zá wén de běn zhì shì lùn biàn de， tā yòu“ lùn” de sè cǎi。 tā yǐ luó ji lì liàng zhì fú lùn dí， zuò zhě de zuì zhōng mù de shì lùn shì fēi， biàn zhèng wù， jiē shì zhēn lǐ。 rán 'ér， zá wén de lùn biàn shì xíng xiàng xìng de lùn biàn。 zá wén de xíng xiàng xìng， zuì zhù yào de shì“ biān gù bì cháng qǔ lèi xíng”。 tā suī rán xiě de shì“ yī bí， yī zuǐ， yī máo”， qí“ xíng xiàng” què shì kě zhī kě gǎn de； bǎ tā men hé qǐ lái dú， bù jǐn mǒu yī xíng xiàng gèng jiā xiān míng， ér qiě kě yǐ cóng zhōng kàn chū“ shí dài de méi mù”。
dì sān， yōu mò、 fěng cì yǔ wén cǎi de qiǎo miào yùn yòng。 yōu mò， shì tōng guò yǐng shè、 fěng yù、 shuāng guān děng xiū cí shǒu fǎ， zài shàn yì de wēi xiào zhōng， jiē lù shēng huó zhōng guāi 'é hé bù hé qíng lǐ zhī chù。 fěng cì， shì yǐ hán xù de yǔ yán huò kuā zhāng de shǒu fǎ， jī cì、 cháo fěng luò hòu、 hēi 'àn de rén huò shì。 zá wén bǐ fǎ， jiù shì yǐ fěng cì、 yōu mò wéi zhù de bǐ fǎ。 zá wén yǔ yán hái yào yòu wén cǎi， jīng liàn、 bié zhì， wǎng wǎng zhuāng xié bìng yòng， pián sàn jié hé， miào qù héng shēng， lìng rén jiào jué。
cǐ wài， zá wén hái yòu yī gè tè zhēng： duǎn xiǎo jīng hàn。
jiàn shǎng zá wén， shǒu xiān yào bǎ wò zá wén de wén tǐ tè diǎn， cóng zá wén de tè diǎn chū fā， róng yì lǐ jiě、 xīn shǎng zá wén de sī xiǎng nèi róng hé yì shù tè sè。 zá wén běn zhì shàng shì shuō lǐ de， kě yǐ yùn yòng luó ji sī wéi qù yuè dú zá wén； zá wén yòu shì xíng xiàng dì shuō lǐ de， yīn cǐ yòu yào yùn yòng xíng xiàng sī wéi qù yuè dú zá wén。 xīn shǎng zá wén yào zhù yì rú xià jǐ gè fāng miàn： xuǎn cái lì yì de“ dà” yǔ“ xiǎo”， dà zhōng qǔ xiǎo， xiǎo zhōng jiàn dà； yì shù gòu sī de“ xū”（ jiǎng dào lǐ） hé“ shí”（ jǔ shí lì）， yǐ xū tǒng shí， yǐ shí dài xū； xíng wén bù jú de“ kāi” yǔ“ hé”， hé 'ér néng kāi， kāi 'ér shàn hé； yǔ yán wén zì de“ zhuāng” yǔ“ xié”， zhuāng 'ér néng xié， zhuāng xié bìng zuò。 yī bān lái shuō， jiàn shǎng zá wén， yào shú xī zá wén de shí dài bèi jǐng。 rán 'ér， yōu xiù de zá wén， tā suǒ gài kuò chū lái de shè huì“ lèi xíng” jù yòu chāo yuè shí dài de pǔ biàn yì yì； zài zhè gè yì yì shàng， dú zhě bù shú xī shí dài bèi jǐng， yě kě yǐ bǎ wò zá wén de shí zhì xìng nèi róng。
zá wén méi tǐ
zhǐ zhì méi tǐ： mù qián guān yú zá wén de bào zhǐ yòu《 zá wén bào》， yóu hé běi rì bào shè zhù bàn； qī kān yòu《 zá wén xuǎn kān》，《 zá wén yuè kān》 děng。
wǎng luò méi tǐ： hóng wǎng de zá wén bǎn， rén mín wǎng de guān diǎn bǎn， zhōng huá zá wén wǎng（《 zá wén xuǎn kān》 zhù bàn）， wéi chéng zá wén wǎng， píng mín zá wén wǎng、 bǎi xìng zá wén wǎng děng。
Miscellaneous articles. The narrow sense refers to the modern prose essay to discussion and criticism in the main but with a style of literature means. Is Xua, Commentary, miscellaneous, said gossip, Talk, satirical comedy, humor, comedy, knowledge, comedy, literary style of the general political commentary and so on. Modern Chinese Literary Revolution essays produced in 54, the first of "Reflections upon" the name appears in the "New Youth" magazine. 20 years has been achieved, and then swept the literary world in 30-40 years. After that rises and falls, 80 it flourished. Essays to a wide range of social criticism, criticism of the basic elements of civilization, with a strong spirit of rational criticism and enlightenment color. In general the pursuit of art visualization and lyric of reasoning, generally have a more obvious irony, humor, comedy and wit, debating the philosophical character, has a word of warning, the Ugly, educational, empathy for multiple functions. Lu Xun's essay is an outstanding writer, he pushed to the highly sophisticated essay situation. In addition, ren, Lin Qu, Guo, Mao Dun, Xu Maoyong, Tang Tao, Nie Gannu, Xia Yan, Ba Jin, Deng Tuo, Lin Fang, and others, is more representative of different periods, essay writer.
Short literary essays is a social comment. It is sensible, but also has elements of literature. It is short and pithy, with humor, satire writing, whipping the ugly, unhealthy tendencies and Pursuit of the Truth, analysis of life. Good essay, known as "Dagger" or "javelin."
Read the essay, to link the background, and understand a description of the image implied in the reason, taste words, feel the fun and humor, but also carefully figured out a lively, witty, sharp language.
Is a branch of prose essays, is a variant of argumentation, two characteristics of both discussion and lyrical, often are short, diversity, writers usual twists and turns with a variety of rhetorical devices to convey their own views and feelings, language, Smart , Wan as well as irony, is made to open the society is not forbidden a more popular style.
Essays Origin
China's literary history of a proposed "essay" concept, and take it as an independent style of the people, is the Southern Dynasties (Liang) literary theorist Liu Xie. In his "Wen Xin Diao Long" in the title specially written "essays" in the chapter. While summing up his previous essay writing, and to conclude its called "essays", on the other hand since the Qin and Han Li stated there are three essays to spring jade "A king asked," Mei Cheng's "Seven Fat" , Yang Xiong's "Renju" and as the first masterpiece. But the fact is the rise of early Qin prose, the essay has appeared. Qin philosophers article, in fact essays. Later, the essays have been new developments. Tang Han Yu's "miscellaneous, said," Liu's "younger brother identified closure FE could be served," Tang Prosody, Luo Yin and other essays, Ming Liu Ji, "The fruit vendor's words," are all well-known representative works . Essays not only the earliest origins, and its initial position is also very high. As Ban said: "Miscellaneous Homeless flow, cover for official meetings. And Confucianism, Mexico, co-name, method, knowledge of the state system has this, see Zhi-s are all consistent, has more than its director." Visible, essays for the time The role of the community great.
"May 4th" Movement, many revolutionaries, thinkers, writers have written good essays. One of the most prominent when the devaluation of Lu Xun, he is creating a new generation of wind all essays. He said: "In the sand blow on one's face, Lang Hu flocks of time" essay is "daggers and spears, to sharp and realistic" and "blaze a trail of life and the reader's way to survive with something"; also "is in the hazardous things, give immediate response or opposition in the induction of nerve, is the offensive and defensive limbs. "This is the role of modern essays were accurate description.
Simply, "Essay": prose. It is directly and quickly reflect the incident or social orientation of a literary paper. In short, lively, sharp and characterized. Wide-ranging and diverse. The social life, cultural dynamics and political events of the essays, topics for the hybrid theory, essays, can be classified in this category.
Essay Feature
Is the art of essay paper, it has the following characteristics:
First, the combat and the pleasure of harmony and unity. Essay is fighting for the "bad things" "give immediate response or resistance" and "neural induction" "hand, foot and attack and defense"; essays another pleasure, it makes readers happy laughter and the old farewell things, get to enjoy the spirit of the United States. Pleasure with fighting for us.
Second, the argument of the combination with the image of. Essays is the essence of argument, and it has "on" color. It is logical force uniform opponent, the author's ultimate goal is on the right and wrong, Discrimination of errors, revealing the truth. However, the essay's argument is the image of the argument. The image of essays, the most important is "to take the type regular acupuncture restrain disadvantages." Although it is written, "a nose, a mouth, a hair" and its "image" is known to sense; read them together, not only a more vivid image, but can get to see the "era looks" .
Third, humor, satire and clever use of literary grace. Humor, by insinuation, allegory, pun and other figures of speech, in good smile, exposing the incongruity of life and the paradox of. Ironically, the language is subtle or exaggerated, satire, sarcasm behind, the dark and things. Essay writing technique, is to satire, humor-based strokes. Essays should pay close attention to language, refined, unique, often humorous and have a parallel combination of bulk, fun, wow.
In addition, the essay has a characteristic: short and pithy.
Essays media
Print media: newspapers are now on the essay, "reported essay" sponsored by the Hebei Daily; journals "Zawenxuankan", "Monthly essay," and so on.
Network Media: Red Net essays Edition, People's point of view version of the Chinese essays Network ("Zawenxuankan" host), Besieged essay network essays network civilians, the people essay net.
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