雜體文章。狹義的雜文指現代散文中以議論和批評為主而又具有文學意味的一種文體。是隨感錄、短評、雜說、閑話、漫談、諷刺小品、幽默小品、知識小品、文藝政論等文體的總稱。中國現代雜文産生於五四文學革命中，最初以“隨感錄”的名稱出現在《新青年》雜志上。20年代已有可觀的成就，進而在30、40年代風靡文壇。在這以後時起時落，80年代又興盛起來。雜文以廣泛的社會批評、文明批評為基本內容，帶有強烈的理性批判精神和思想啓蒙色彩。在藝術上普遍追求說理的形象化和抒情化，一般有較鮮明的諷刺、幽默的喜劇色彩和機智、論辯的哲理品格，有着警世、審醜、益智、移情的多重功能。魯迅是中國傑出的雜文作傢，他把雜文推到高度成熟的境地。此外，周作人、林語堂、瞿秋白、郭沫若、茅盾、徐懋庸、唐弢、聶紺弩、夏衍、巴金、鄧拓、林放等人，是中國各個時期較有代表性的雜文作傢。
雜文是短小的文藝性社會評論。它既是說理的，又具有文學的因素。它短小精悍，以幽默、諷刺的文筆，鞭撻醜惡，針砭時弊，求索真理，剖析人生。好的雜文，被譽為“匕首”或“投槍”。
閱讀雜文，要聯繫時代背景，領悟形象的闡述中所藴涵的道理，品味言外之意，感受寓莊於諧的情趣，還要細心揣摩生動、詼諧、犀利的語言。
雜文是散文的一個分支，是議論文的一個變體，兼有議論和抒情兩種特性，通常篇幅短小，形式多樣，寫作者慣常用各種修辭手法麯折傳達自己的見解和情感，語言靈動，婉而多諷，是言禁未開之社會較為流行的一種文體。
雜文由來
我國文學史上第一個提出“雜文”這個概念，並把它當作一種獨立的文體的人，是南朝(梁)文藝理論傢劉勰。他在《文心雕竜》中專門寫了題名“雜文”的一章。他一方面總結前人的雜文創作情況，並總括其名為“雜文”，另一方面又歷述秦漢以來雜文有三類，以泉玉的《答楚王問》、枚乘的《七發》、揚雄的《連珠》等為最早的代表作。但事實上早在先秦散文興起之時，雜文也已隨之出現。秦諸子百傢的文章，實際上就是雜文。後來，雜文又有新的發展。唐代韓愈的《雜說》、柳宗元的《桐葉封弟辨》、晚唐皮日休、陸龜蒙、羅隱等的雜文，明代劉基的《賣柑者言》等，都是有名的代表作品。雜文不僅源流最早，而且它的地位最初也很高。誠如班固所說：“雜傢者流，蓋出於議官。兼儒、墨，合名、法，知國體之有此，見王治之無不貫，比其所長也。”可見，雜文對於當時社會的作用之大。
“五四”運動以後，許多革命傢、思想傢、文學家都寫過優秀的雜文。其中最傑出的當首推魯迅，他是開創一代雜文新風的大傢。他說：“在風沙撲面，狼虎成群的時候”，雜文是“匕首和投槍，要鋒利而切實”，是“和讀者一同殺出一條生存的血路的東西”；也“是在對有害的事物，立刻給以反響或抗爭，是感應的神經，是攻守的手足。”這就將現代雜文的作用作了準確的說明。
簡單講“雜文”：散文的一種。它是直接而迅速地反映社會事變或社會傾嚮的一種文藝性論文。以短小、活潑、鋒利為特點。內容廣泛，形式多樣。有關社會生活、文化動態以及政治事變的雜感、雜談、雜論、隨筆，都可歸入這一類。
雜文特徵
雜文是文藝性的論文,它有以下幾個特徵:
第一，戰鬥性與愉悅性的和諧統一。雜文具有戰鬥性，對於“有害的事物”“立刻給以反響或抗爭”，是“感應的神經”“攻守的手足”；雜文又有愉悅性，它使讀者在笑聲中愉快地和那些舊事物告別，獲得美的精神享受。愉悅性伴隨戰鬥性而生。
第二，論辯性與形象性的有機結合。雜文的本質是論辯的，它有“論”的色彩。它以邏輯力量製服論敵，作者的最終目的是論是非，辨正誤，揭示真理。然而，雜文的論辯是形象性的論辯。雜文的形象性，最主要的是“砭錮弊常取類型”。它雖然寫的是“一鼻，一嘴，一毛”，其“形象”卻是可知可感的；把它們合起來讀，不僅某一形象更加鮮明，而且可以從中看出“時代的眉目”。
第三，幽默、諷刺與文采的巧妙運用。幽默，是通過影射、諷喻、雙關等修辭手法，在善意的微笑中，揭露生活中乖訛和不合情理之處。諷刺，是以含蓄的語言或誇張的手法，譏刺、嘲諷落後、黑暗的人或事。雜文筆法，就是以諷刺、幽默為主的筆法。雜文語言還要有文采，精練、別緻，往往莊諧並用，駢散結合，妙趣橫生，令人叫絶。
此外，雜文還有一個特徵：短小精悍。
鑒賞雜文，首先要把握雜文的文體特點，從雜文的特點出發，容易理解、欣賞雜文的思想內容和藝術特色。雜文本質上是說理的，可以運用邏輯思維去閱讀雜文；雜文又是形象地說理的，因此又要運用形象思維去閱讀雜文。欣賞雜文要註意如下幾個方面：選材立意的“大”與“小”，大中取小，小中見大；藝術構思的“虛 ”（講道理）和“實”（舉實例），以虛統實，以實帶虛；行文佈局的“開”與“合”，合而能開，開而善合；語言文字的“莊”與“諧”，莊而能諧，莊諧並作。一般來說，鑒賞雜文，要熟悉雜文的時代背景。然而，優秀的雜文，它所概括出來的社會“類型”具有超越時代的普遍意義；在這個意義上，讀者不熟悉時代背景，也可以把握雜文的實質性內容。
雜文媒體
紙質媒體：目前關於雜文的報紙有《雜文報》，由河北日報社主辦；期刊有《雜文選刊》，《雜文月刊》等。
網絡媒體：紅網的雜文版，人民網的觀點版，中華雜文網（《雜文選刊》主辦），圍城雜文網，平民雜文網、百姓雜文網等。
Miscellaneous articles. The narrow sense refers to the modern prose essay to discussion and criticism in the main but with a style of literature means. Is Xua, Commentary, miscellaneous, said gossip, Talk, satirical comedy, humor, comedy, knowledge, comedy, literary style of the general political commentary and so on. Modern Chinese Literary Revolution essays produced in 54, the first of "Reflections upon" the name appears in the "New Youth" magazine. 20 years has been achieved, and then swept the literary world in 30-40 years. After that rises and falls, 80 it flourished. Essays to a wide range of social criticism, criticism of the basic elements of civilization, with a strong spirit of rational criticism and enlightenment color. In general the pursuit of art visualization and lyric of reasoning, generally have a more obvious irony, humor, comedy and wit, debating the philosophical character, has a word of warning, the Ugly, educational, empathy for multiple functions. Lu Xun's essay is an outstanding writer, he pushed to the highly sophisticated essay situation. In addition, ren, Lin Qu, Guo, Mao Dun, Xu Maoyong, Tang Tao, Nie Gannu, Xia Yan, Ba Jin, Deng Tuo, Lin Fang, and others, is more representative of different periods, essay writer.
Short literary essays is a social comment. It is sensible, but also has elements of literature. It is short and pithy, with humor, satire writing, whipping the ugly, unhealthy tendencies and Pursuit of the Truth, analysis of life. Good essay, known as "Dagger" or "javelin."
Read the essay, to link the background, and understand a description of the image implied in the reason, taste words, feel the fun and humor, but also carefully figured out a lively, witty, sharp language.
Is a branch of prose essays, is a variant of argumentation, two characteristics of both discussion and lyrical, often are short, diversity, writers usual twists and turns with a variety of rhetorical devices to convey their own views and feelings, language, Smart , Wan as well as irony, is made to open the society is not forbidden a more popular style.
Essays Origin
China's literary history of a proposed "essay" concept, and take it as an independent style of the people, is the Southern Dynasties (Liang) literary theorist Liu Xie. In his "Wen Xin Diao Long" in the title specially written "essays" in the chapter. While summing up his previous essay writing, and to conclude its called "essays", on the other hand since the Qin and Han Li stated there are three essays to spring jade "A king asked," Mei Cheng's "Seven Fat" , Yang Xiong's "Renju" and as the first masterpiece. But the fact is the rise of early Qin prose, the essay has appeared. Qin philosophers article, in fact essays. Later, the essays have been new developments. Tang Han Yu's "miscellaneous, said," Liu's "younger brother identified closure FE could be served," Tang Prosody, Luo Yin and other essays, Ming Liu Ji, "The fruit vendor's words," are all well-known representative works . Essays not only the earliest origins, and its initial position is also very high. As Ban said: "Miscellaneous Homeless flow, cover for official meetings. And Confucianism, Mexico, co-name, method, knowledge of the state system has this, see Zhi-s are all consistent, has more than its director." Visible, essays for the time The role of the community great.
"May 4th" Movement, many revolutionaries, thinkers, writers have written good essays. One of the most prominent when the devaluation of Lu Xun, he is creating a new generation of wind all essays. He said: "In the sand blow on one's face, Lang Hu flocks of time" essay is "daggers and spears, to sharp and realistic" and "blaze a trail of life and the reader's way to survive with something"; also "is in the hazardous things, give immediate response or opposition in the induction of nerve, is the offensive and defensive limbs. "This is the role of modern essays were accurate description.
Simply, "Essay": prose. It is directly and quickly reflect the incident or social orientation of a literary paper. In short, lively, sharp and characterized. Wide-ranging and diverse. The social life, cultural dynamics and political events of the essays, topics for the hybrid theory, essays, can be classified in this category.
Essay Feature
Is the art of essay paper, it has the following characteristics:
First, the combat and the pleasure of harmony and unity. Essay is fighting for the "bad things" "give immediate response or resistance" and "neural induction" "hand, foot and attack and defense"; essays another pleasure, it makes readers happy laughter and the old farewell things, get to enjoy the spirit of the United States. Pleasure with fighting for us.
Second, the argument of the combination with the image of. Essays is the essence of argument, and it has "on" color. It is logical force uniform opponent, the author's ultimate goal is on the right and wrong, Discrimination of errors, revealing the truth. However, the essay's argument is the image of the argument. The image of essays, the most important is "to take the type regular acupuncture restrain disadvantages." Although it is written, "a nose, a mouth, a hair" and its "image" is known to sense; read them together, not only a more vivid image, but can get to see the "era looks" .
Third, humor, satire and clever use of literary grace. Humor, by insinuation, allegory, pun and other figures of speech, in good smile, exposing the incongruity of life and the paradox of. Ironically, the language is subtle or exaggerated, satire, sarcasm behind, the dark and things. Essay writing technique, is to satire, humor-based strokes. Essays should pay close attention to language, refined, unique, often humorous and have a parallel combination of bulk, fun, wow.
In addition, the essay has a characteristic: short and pithy.
Essays media
Print media: newspapers are now on the essay, "reported essay" sponsored by the Hebei Daily; journals "Zawenxuankan", "Monthly essay," and so on.
Network Media: Red Net essays Edition, People's point of view version of the Chinese essays Network ("Zawenxuankan" host), Besieged essay network essays network civilians, the people essay net.
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