|
南美洲 South America 中美洲 Central America 北美洲 North America |
| South America Country Code: |
 南美洲南美洲面积达17,840,000平方公里，占地球表面的3.5%。直到2005年，南美洲人口已有371,000,000，世界排名第四（第一是亚洲，第二是非洲，之后是北美洲）。 地理 地形 南美洲拥有多样化的地形，有绵长高耸的折曲山地、古老的结晶高地、河流冲积的平原及盆地。折曲山脉从墨西哥高原延伸至安地斯山脉；古老的结晶岩层则位于巴西高原、圭亚那高地，富含金属矿产，智利的铜矿也位在古老地质中。河流冲积的平原有奥利诺科盆地、亚马孙盆地、拉布拉他平原、彭巴草原。 安地斯山脉 安地斯山脉南北长6400公里，最高山为阿空加瓜山，高6962米，综横委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁、玻利维亚、智利、阿根廷七国。南段安地斯山脉有数排平行的科迪勒拉山脉，平均海拔约3350~3900米，其上有阿塔卡马高原。中段安地斯山脉约在玻利维亚的国土上，平均海拔3000~3600米，分为东、西两支，其间有波波湖和的的喀喀湖。在秘鲁也分成许多支山脉，其上有许多活火山，包括钦博拉索火山(6310米)、科托伯西火山(5896米)等。在哥伦比亚分为三支，最后转向东北的委内瑞拉，形成美里达山脉。 圭亚那高地 圭亚那高地为委内瑞拉东南部的低矮台地，也为古老的结晶地形，向东南延伸到圭亚那、苏里南及巴西北部。其间有许多断崖瀑布，世界最高的安琪儿瀑布即位在此处。 亚马孙盆地 亚马孙盆地由亚马孙河冲积而成，属于热带雨林气候，不适人居，为世界最大的热带雨林，有地球之肺的称号，面积约650万平方公里。 巴西高原 为一古老的结晶岩层，产有数种矿产，位在巴西东部，其东南部有巴西主要大城。 拉布拉他平原 由拉布拉他河冲积而成，从阿根廷延伸至巴拉圭及乌拉圭。西邻安地斯山脉，东北接巴西高原。 巴塔哥尼亚高原 为南美洲最南端的山脉群，属于高地气候，其东边为数条河流的发源地，原本覆盖的大片森林现在多开发为牧场。 河流及湖泊 南美洲上有数条河流，较为著名的有亚马孙河、奥利诺科河及拉布拉他河；主要湖泊则有的的喀喀湖和马拉开波湖(潟湖)。 亚马孙河 为世界流量、流域最大及第二长河，发源地约安地斯山脉以东150公里，河道弯曲不断，有许多分支，最后汇集到马拉若岛。河长有两种算法，一是从劳里科查湖(马迪拉河源头)算起，约长6280公里。另一是从比拉弗罗湖算起，约长6449公里。 的的喀喀湖 为世界最高的湖泊，海拔3812米，面积8290平方公里，长约177公里，宽约56公里，最深处475米，由丘奎托湖和维尼亚马卡湖组成，东南岸为印加帝国的行宫。 马拉开波湖 位于委内瑞拉境内，由塔夫拉索湾和委内瑞拉相连，长约210公里，面积约平方13210公里。 气候 南美洲最宽广的地区接近赤道，温带陆地面积较小，以致温带范围小、热带范围大。亚马孙盆地及圭亚那高地东部属热带雨林气候。奥利诺科盆地、圭亚那高地西部及巴西高原则属热带草原气候。安地斯山脉全属高地气候。秘鲁、智利北部因高压背东南信风及秘鲁凉流影响，形成热带沙漠气候。智利中部则为夏干冬雨的地中海型气候。智利南部属温带温带海洋性气候。拉布拉他平原东部为夏雨型湿润气候。彭巴草原属温带草原气候。巴塔哥尼亚高原因背西风而形成温带沙漠气候。 经济 南美洲拥有多样的环境资源，但受殖民地式经济与大地主制影响，独立后并未出现经济经济起飞的现象，多为开发中国家。大地主制因大地主生产规模大，收入多；竞争力弱的小农户则生活贫困。造成社会贫富差距扩大。为避免与殖民母国利益相抵触，南美洲工业发展受限，仅能输出廉价的农、牧、矿等原料，且高价的工业产品由于受到殖民地式经济影响，南美洲仍以出口第一级产品为主，单一化的产品，易受国际价格波动影响，使南美洲经济不稳定，且为因应国际市场需求，多种植经济作物，许多国家须进口粮食，导致农业发展失衡。 南美洲十二个国家均加入南美洲国家联盟，联盟总部将设于厄瓜多尔首都基多、议会设于玻利维亚的科恰班巴，而南美洲银行将设于委内瑞拉首都卡拉卡斯，预定于2014年和2019年前取消非敏感商品和敏感商品的关税。 农业 南美洲的农业属于殖民地式农业，品种单一化，大规模种植，其商品价格易受市场波动，造成南美洲国家外债普遍偏高。其农业有数种作物，经济作物有橡胶、胡椒、棉花、烟草、可可、甘蔗、咖啡、香蕉、黄豆等；粮食作物有稻米、小麦、玉米、蕃薯等。橡胶产地位在亚马孙河中段。胡椒则产在亚马孙河的托坎廷斯河分支。委内瑞拉产咖啡、可可、玉米、烟草、甘蔗。哥伦比亚产咖啡、香蕉、棉花、甘蔗、玉米、稻米、黄豆、小麦。巴西产棉花、烟草、树薯、可可、甘蔗、咖啡、稻米、香蕉、小麦、黄豆。秘鲁产棉花、稻米、甘蔗、马铃薯。玻利维亚产甘蔗、稻米、棉花、马铃薯。智利种植甘蔗、棉花、小麦、玉米、及地中海型气候蔬果(葡萄、柑橘、橄榄、无花果)。 畜牧业 畜牧业所需的土地较大，仅在巴西、阿根廷、委内瑞拉，哥伦比亚无明显的畜牧业。 矿产 除了安地斯山脉属于新褶曲山脉，较无矿产，其他区块则多有矿产，种类可达十多种，其中巴西的热带雨林少有开发。巴西产铁、锰、镍、铀、金矿和宝石及铝矾土；阿根廷产煤、金、银、铜、铁、铍、钨、锰、铀、石灰、云母矿及石油和天然气；秘鲁产金、银、锌、铜、铅、铁矿及石油；智利产金、银、铜、铁、煤矿及硝石；委内瑞拉产金、铜、铁、镍、锰矿及铝矾土和石油；玻利维亚产金、银(现已枯竭)、锡、钨、铁、铅矿及石油和天然气；哥伦比亚产金、银、铂(白金)、绿宝石、镍、煤矿和石油及天然气。 工业 现在的南美洲由于受到早期殖民者的压迫，工业起步的较慢，现在并未出现高科技产业。巴西主要工业有钢铁制造业、化学工业、石油化学工业、机械工业、纺织业、水泥业、汽车工业；阿根廷主要工业为水泥业、肥料业、钢铁业、塑胶业、造纸业、纺织业、摩托车工业；秘鲁主要工业为钢铁制造业、汽车制造、轮胎业、水泥业、毛纺织业；智利主要工业为钢铁制造业、造纸业、纤维素制造业；委内瑞拉主要工业是水泥业、钢铁制造业、化学工业、造船及造车业；哥伦比亚主要工业有纺织业、皮革业、化学工业。 文化与语言 南美洲的文化原以印第安人的文化为主，欧洲殖民者于印第安人大量死亡后引进黑奴以补充劳力，使本区血统复杂。因西班牙及葡萄牙带来的拉丁文化长期居主导地位，故南美洲常被称拉丁美洲，但印第安文化并未消失，且融入非洲黑人文化，文化间彼此冲突与融合，形成合成文化，使南美洲的文化更加丰富。 南美洲主要语言: 绿色---西班牙语; 橘色---葡萄牙语; 蓝色---法语 由于长期殖民地，各国官方语言多属殖民母国的语言，但少数如逵加语、瓜拉尼语(巴拉圭)仍然存在。南美洲大多数国家的官方语言为西班牙语，其他如巴西为葡萄牙语，圭亚那为英语，苏里南为荷兰语，法属圭亚那则为法语。 天然灾害 南美洲主要受到三大灾害的侵袭，分别是地震、火山爆发和厄尔尼诺现象，造成人类伤亡、财物损失等事件，对一个国家的影响不容小觑。 地震及火山爆发 南美洲的造山运动是由南美洲板块和那兹卡海板块相互挤压而成，形成安地斯山脉，属新褶曲山脉，其上又分布许多活火山。近一百五十年来发生四次重大地震，第一次为1868年发生在厄瓜多尔及哥伦比亚的大地震，死伤人数约70000人；第二次发生在瓦尔帕莱索（智利），地震强度为芮氏规模8.6，死伤人数20000人，发生在1906年；第三次发生在奇廉（智利），地震强度为芮氏规模7.8，死伤30000人，发生在1939年；第四次发生在钦博特（秘鲁），地震强度为芮氏规模7.7，死伤66000人，发生在1970年。主要火山仍存有数座。 南美洲最高的阿空加瓜山，位在阿根廷，海拔6960米，为死火山。另有尤耶亚科火山，位在智利、阿根廷边境，海拔6723米，为死火山。印加瓦西峰，位在智利、阿根廷边境，海拔6709米。青坡拉索山，位在厄瓜多尔，海拔6310米，属休火山。 哥多伯西峰，位于厄瓜多尔境内，海拔5896米，属活火山；鲁伊斯火山，位在哥伦比亚境内，海拔5399米，为活火山；桑盖火山，位在厄瓜多尔，海拔5230米，属活火山；通古拉瓦火山，在厄瓜多尔境内，海拔5016米，属休火山；皮钦查山，在厄瓜多尔，海拔4794米，属活火山。 1997年12月厄尔尼诺现象观测到的海面温度分布图，可以看出东太平洋赤道附近的海水温度比平常上升了五度以上。 厄尔尼诺现象 厄尔尼诺现象发生时，因信风减弱，而极强风将热带暖流挤向南美沿岸，水温升高，南美西岸涌升流减弱甚至消失，鳀鱼向南觅食，鱼群减少，于渔场中觅食的海鸟减少，作为磷肥重要原料的鸟粪层亦减少，对当地居民造成经济损失。南美洲西岸由干燥转为潮湿，秘鲁及智利皆曾因此出现罕见的大洪水，造成许多人伤亡，财物损失难以估计。环境改变后，许多蚊虫、老鼠等病媒增加，散布登革热、鼠疫、疟疾等传染病。 南美洲国家和地区 以下列出南美洲所有国家和地区。 国家 ↓ 人口密度 （/sq.km） ↓ 面积 （sq.km） ↓ 人口 （2002-07-01 est.） ↓ 官方语言 ↓ 厄瓜多尔 47 283,560 13,447,494 西班牙语 哥伦比亚 36 1,138,910 41,008,227 西班牙语 委内瑞拉 27 912,050 24,287,670 西班牙语 秘鲁 22 1,285,220 27,949,639 西班牙语 巴西 21 8,511,965 176,029,560 葡萄牙语 智利 20 756,950 15,498,930 西班牙语 乌拉圭 19 176,220 3,386,575 西班牙语 巴拉圭 14 406,750 5,884,491 西班牙语、瓜拉尼语 阿根廷 14 2,766,890 37,812,817 西班牙语 玻利维亚 7.7 1,098,580 8,445,134 西班牙语 圭亚那 3.2 214,970 698,209 英语 苏里南 2.7 163,270 436,494 荷兰语 法属圭亚那（法国） 2.0 91,000 182,333 福克兰群岛（英国） 英语 South America area of 17,840,000 square kilometers, accounting for 3.5% of the Earth's surface. Until 2005, the population of South America have been 371,000,000, world number four (the first in Asia and second in Africa, followed by North America.) Geography Terrain South America has a variety of terrain, there are lingering bend towering mountains, ancient crystalline highlands, alluvial plains and basins. Bending mountain plateau extends from Mexico to the Andes; ancient crystalline rocks are located in the highlands of Brazil, Guyana highlands, rich in metal ores, copper mines in Chile, also located in the ancient geology. Alluvial plains are the Orinoco basin, the Amazon Basin, La Plata plains, pampas. Andes 6,400 km north to south and the Andes, the highest mountain is Mount Aconcagua, 6962 meters high, integrated cross-Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, the seven countries. The southern section of several parallel rows of the Andes Cordillera mountain range, with an average altitude of about 3350 ~ 3900 meters, its on the Atacama plateau. About the middle of the Andes in Bolivia's territory, with an average altitude of 3,000 to 3600 meters, is divided into East and West two, during a wave and the Lake Titicaca Lake. Divided into many branch in Peru has mountains, on which there are many active volcanoes, including Chimborazo volcano (6310 m), Cotonou Bussey volcano (5896 m) and so on. Colombia is divided into three, the last turn to the northeast of Venezuela, Merida formation of mountains. Guyana Highlands Guyana highlands in southeast Venezuela, low platform, but also for the crystallization of the ancient terrain, to the southeast extends to Guyana, Suriname and northern Brazil. Meanwhile there are many cliff waterfalls, Angel Falls, the world's highest throne here. Amazon Basin Amazon Amazon basin from the alluvial, a tropical rain forest climate, is not living, the world's largest tropical rainforest, the lungs of the earth the title has an area of approximately 650 million square kilometers. Brazil Plateau Is a crystallization of the ancient rock formations, producing several kinds of minerals located in eastern Brazil, the main city of southeast Brazil. La Plata plains By the La Plata River alluvial, extending from Argentina to Paraguay and Uruguay. West of the Andes, Brazil, the northeast plateau. Patagonia The southernmost tip of South America's mountain base, belong to high ground climate, the number of rivers east of the origin, originally covered large tracts of forest to pasture is now more developed. Rivers and lakes There are several rivers in South America, the more famous are the Amazon, Orinoco and La Plata River; major lakes are some of the Titicaca Lake and Lake Maracaibo (lagoon). Amazon The world's traffic, the largest and second longest river basin, the birthplace of the Andes about 150 kilometers east of the river bend continuously, there are many branches, and finally to the horse if the island together. River length, there are two algorithms, one from the Lao Like Charles Lake (Madeira headwater) the date, about 6280 km long. The other is counting from the Bila Fu Lo, about 6449 km long. The Lake Titicaca The world's highest lake, elevation 3812 meters, an area of 8290 square kilometers, about 177 km and a width of 56 km, maximum depth 475 m, by Qiu Kuituo Lake and Slovenia Maca Lake, southeast coast of the Inca Empire palace. Lake Maracaibo In Venezuela, and Venezuela by the Taff cable connected Bay, about 210 kilometers, an area of about 13,210 kilometers square. Climate The most extensive areas of South America near the equator, in temperate small land area, resulting in a small range of temperate, tropical range. Amazon basin and eastern highlands of Guyana is a tropical rain forest climate. Orinoco basin, the western highlands of Guyana and Brazil is a savannah climate with high principles. All are high Andes climate. Peru, northern Chile due to southeast trade winds and high pressure back flow of Peru's cool to form a tropical desert climate. Summer was dry winter rain in central Chile's Mediterranean climate. Temperate maritime climate is temperate southern Chile. The eastern plains of La Plata for the Summer-type humid climate. Pampas climate is temperate grassland. Patagonia westerly back because the formation of high-desert climate temperate. Economy Twelve South American countries have joined the South American countries, Union, Union, will be headquartered in Quito, the Parliament based in Cochabamba, Bolivia, and South America, the capital of banks will be located in Caracas Venezuela, scheduled for 2014 2019 years and removal of non-sensitive goods and tariffs on sensitive commodities. Agriculture Livestock Land required for larger livestock, only in Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia no livestock. Mineral Industry Culture and Language The culture of the original South American Indian culture to the main mass mortality of European _set_tlers on the Indians to supplement the labor force after the introduction of slaves, so that the area origin complex. Brought by Spain and Portugal long-dominant Latino culture, it is often said that Latin America, South America, but the Indian culture has not disappeared, and the integration of black African culture, cultural conflict and integration among each other to form a synthesis of culture, the South American culture more rich. Major languages of South America: Green --- Spanish; orange --- Portuguese; blue --- French Due to the long colonial, national official language is mostly the language of the colonial mother country, but a few, such as adding Kui language, Guaraní (Paraguay) still exist. Most countries in South America's official language is Spanish, others such as Brazil Portuguese, English Guyana, Suriname is Dutch, French Guiana was French. Natural disasters South America, mainly influenced by three disasters, namely earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the El Niño phenomenon, causing human casualties and property losses and other incidents, the impact of a country should not be underestimated. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Orogeny of South America is South American plate and the plate that Zika Hai each extrusion, the formation of the Andes, is a new fold mountain, but also its distribution on the number of active volcanoes. Four recent major earthquake occurred over the past century, the first time in 1868 in Ecuador and Colombia, earthquake, about 70,000 casualties; the second took place in Valparaiso (Chile), as the Richter earthquake magnitude scale of 8.6, 20,000 casualties occurred in 1906; the third time in Chillan (Chile), 7.8 Richter scale earthquake intensity, 30,000 casualties occurred in 1939; the fourth time in Chimbote (Peru ), 7.7 Richter scale earthquake intensity, 66,000 casualties occurred in 1970. When there is still the main volcano. South America's Aconcagua the highest mountain, located in Argentina, 6960 m above sea level, is extinct. Another Youye subfamily volcano, located in Chile, Argentina border, 6723 meters above sea level, is extinct. India Bhargava Xifeng, located in Chile, Argentina border, 6709 meters above sea level. Singapore Cable Green Mountain, located in Ecuador, altitude 6310 meters, is a dormant volcano. Ge Duobo Xifeng, in Ecuador, 5896 meters above sea level, is an active volcano; Ruiz volcano, located in Colombia, altitude 5399 meters, is an active volcano; Sangay volcano, located in Ecuador, altitude 5230 meters, is an active volcano ; Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador, altitude 5016 meters, is a dormant volcano; Mount Pichincha in Ecuador, altitude 4794 meters, is an active volcano. December 1997 observed El Niño sea surface temperature distribution, we can see that the eastern Pacific near the equator than usual ocean temperatures increased more than five degrees. El Nino El Nino, because of the trade winds weaken and warm pressed against a strong wind of tropical South American coast, water temperature, South America and the West Bank upwelling weakened or even disappear, south anchovy forage fish decreased in the fishery in the foraging reduction of seabirds, as a layer of guano fertilizer raw materials is also important to reduce economic losses caused to local residents. South America into the West Bank by the dry and wet, both Peru and Chile, there have been so rare floods, caused many casualties, property losses. Environmental changes, many mosquitoes, rats and other vectors to increase and spread of dengue fever, plague, malaria and other infectious diseases. South American countries and regions Following is a list of all countries and regions in South America. State population density ↓ (/ Sq.km) ↓ Area (Sq.km) ↓ Population (2002-07-01 est.) ↓ ↓ official language Spanish in Ecuador 47 283,560 13,447,494 1,138,910 41,008,227 36 Colombia Spanish 27 912,050 24,287,670 Spanish Venezuela 22 1,285,220 27,949,639 Peru Spanish Portuguese Brazil 21 8,511,965 176,029,560 Chile 20 756,950 15,498,930 Spanish Spanish Uruguay 19 176,220 3,386,575 Paraguay 14 406,750 5,884,491 Spanish, Guaraní Spanish in Argentina 14 2,766,890 37,812,817 Bolivia Spanish 7.7 1,098,580 8,445,134 Guyana English 3.2 214,970 698,209 Dutch Suriname 2.7 163,270 436,494 French Guiana (France) 91,000 182,333 2.0 Falkland Islands (British) English |
|