德国

ōu zhōu:

英国 United Kingdom 爱尔兰 Ireland 比利时 Belgium 荷兰 Netherlands 法国 France 西班牙 Spain 葡萄牙 Portugal 意大利 Italy 希腊 Greece 奥地利 Austria 匈牙利 Hungary 德国 Germany 瑞士 Switzerland 罗马尼亚 Romania 俄罗斯 Russia 波兰 Poland 克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska) 捷克 Czech 芬兰 Finland 瑞典 Sweden 挪威 Norway 冰岛 Iceland 土耳其 Turkey 丹麦 Denmark 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia 安道尔 Andorra 白俄罗斯 Belarus 保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See) 黑山 The Republic of Montenegro 拉脱维亚 Latvia 立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 卢森堡 Luxembourg 马耳他 Republic of Malta 马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia 摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova 摩纳哥 Monaco 塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia 斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic 斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia 圣马力诺 San Marino 乌克兰 Ukraine

dé guó Germany shǒudōu:bólín guógūdàimǎ: de

cháozhèng

dé guó Germanyzuòzhělièbiǎo shǒudōu:bólín

gē dé hé 'ěr dé lín hǎi niè lā sī kè héng xǔ lè ài xīng duō 'ěr fū chákàngèngduō dé guó Germany zuòzhě...

德国

　　dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó（ yīng yǔ： TheFederalRepublicofGermanyorMoralCountry），（ dé yǔ： DieBundesrepublikDeutschland）
　　 shì yì： “ rén mín de guó jiā ”
　　 hàn yǔ zhōng de dé guó huò rì 'ěr màn， lái yuán yú tóng yī gè yīng yǔ jí German， zhè gè chēng hū dà gài shì cóng gōng yuán qián 90 nián kāi shǐ， zhǐ chēng sī kān de nà wéi yà（ Scandinavia) nán bù yí jū zhōng 'ōu de mín zú。 ér 「 dé yì zhì 」 zé shì zhè xiē bù zú shǐ yòng de yǔ yán， zuì hòu cái yǎn biàn chéng jū zhù dì de chēng hū， gèng yóu cǐ yǎn shēng chéng「 dé yì zhì dì guó」、「 dé guó」。
　　
　　 zhù yào jié rì
　　
　　 guó qìng rì： 10 yuè 3 rì（ 1990 nián dé guó chóngxīn tǒng yī rì）
　　 nà cuì shòu hài zhě jì niàn rì： 1 yuè 27 rì（ sū lián hóng jūn jiě fàng nà cuì dé guó shè zài bō lán jìng nèi de 'ào sī wēi xīn jí zhōng yíng jì niàn rì， 1996 nián 1 yuè 3 rì què dìng）
　　 mín zhù rì： 5 yuè 7 rì
　　 zhòng yào jié rì : xīn nián： 1 yuè 1 rì； nà cuì shòu hài zhě jì niàn rì： 1 yuè 27 rì； fù huó jié： měi nián chūn fēn yuè yuán zhī hòu dì yī gè zhōu rì (3 yuè 21 rì zhì 4 yuè 25 rì jiān )； wǔ yī láo dòng jié： 5 yuè 1 rì； dé guó tǒng yī rì ( guó qìng jié )： 10 yuè 3 rì； shèng dàn jié： 12 yuè 25 rì。
　　 huò bì dān wèi： ōu yuán（ €， EUR）
　　 zhōng yāng yínháng： dé yì zhì lián bāng yínháng（ DeutscheBundesbank）
　　 guó jì yù míng suō xiě： de
　　 guó jì diàn huà qū hào： +49
　　 dé guó tǒng yī de xiàng zhēng： bó lán dēng bǎo mén， wèi yú bólín shì zhōng xīn pú tí shù dà jiē hé ６ yuè １７ rì dà jiē de jiāo huì chù， shì bólín shì qū zhù míng de yóu lǎn shèng dì hé dé guó tǒng yī de xiàng zhēng。
　　 guó jiā zhèng yào： lián bāng zǒng tǒng huò sī tè · kè lè (HorstKoehler)，２００４ nián ５ yuè dāng xuǎn，７ yuè rèn zhí； lián bāng yì yuàn yì cháng wò 'ěr fū gāng · dì 'ěr zé（ WolfgangThierse），１９９８ nián１０ yuè２６ rì dāng xuǎn； lián bāng zǒng lǐ 'ān gé lā · mò kè 'ěr (AngelaMerkel)，２００５ nián１１ yuè jiù zhí。
　　 rén kǒu： 8231 wàn（ 2006 nián dǐ）， bǐ 2005 nián jiǎn shǎo 13 wàn。 zhù yào shì dé yì zhì rén， hái yòu shǎo shù dān mài rén、 jí pǔ sài rén hé suǒ bù zú rén。 yòu７５０ wàn wài jí rén， zhàn rén kǒu zǒng shù de９％， zhù yào shì tǔ 'ěr qí rén jí dōng 'ōu guó jiā gōng mín。 tōng yòng dé yǔ。 jū mín zhōng ３３．７％ de rén xìn fèng jī dū jiào xīn jiào，３３．２％ de rén xìn fèng luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào。
　　 shǒu dū： bólín (Berlin)， rén kǒu：３３８．７ wàn（２００１ nián９ yuè）， nián píng jūn qì wēn yuē８．６ ℃。
　　
　　 guó qí
　　 chéng héng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi５ ∶３。 zì shàng 'ér xià yóu hēi、 hóng、 huáng sān gè píng xíng xiāng děng de héng cháng fāng xíng xiāng lián 'ér chéng。 sān sè qí de lái lì zhòng shuō fēn yún， zuì zǎo kě zhuī sù dào gōng yuán yī shì jì de gǔ luó mǎ dì guó， zài hòu lái１６ shì jì de dé guó nóng mín zhàn zhēng hé１７ shì jì de dé guó zī chǎn jiē jí mín zhù gé mìng zhōng， dài biǎo gòng hé zhì de sān sè qí yě piāo yáng zài dé yì zhì dà dì shàng。 zài jī bài ná pò lún hòu， yī wèi shī rén jiàn dào yī gè chuān hēi pī fēng pèi guà hóng sè jiān zhāng jí jīn sè niǔ kòu de xué shēng yì yǒng jūn shí， chàng zhù「 hēi sè xiàng zhēng bēi mǐn bèi yā pò de rén men， hóng sè shì zhēng qǔ zì yóu de xīn qíng， jīn sè shì lǐ xiǎng hé zhēn lǐ guāng huī de biǎo zhǐ」， yú shì yǐ hēi、 hóng、 huáng sān sè qí zuò wéi tǒng yī de dé guó de guó qí。 hòu duō cì gǎi zhì。 1949 nián dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó chéng lì， réng yǐ sān sè qí wèiguó qí。１９１８ nián dé yì zhì dì guó kuǎ tái hòu， wèi mǎ gòng hé guó yě cǎi yòng hēi、 hóng、 huáng sān sè qí wèiguó qí。１９４９ nián９ yuè dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó chéng lì， yǐ rán cǎi yòng wèi mǎ gòng hé guó shí qī de sān sè qí； tóng nián１０ yuè chéng lì de dé yì zhì mín zhù gòng hé guó yě cǎi yòng sān sè qí， zhǐ shì zài qí miàn zhèng zhōng jiā liǎo bāo kuò chuí zǐ、 liángguī、 mài suì děng guó huī tú 'àn， yǐ shì qū bié。１９９０ nián 10 yuè 3 rì， tǒng yī hòu de dé guó réng yán yòng dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó guó qí。 sān sè guó qí kě zài jī chǎng、 bīn guǎn、 yàn huì hé qí tā chǎng hé xuán guà。 lián bāng zhèng fǔ jī gòu hé zhù wài shǐ guǎn děng xuán guà dài yòu hēi yīng tú 'àn de guó qí。
　　
　　 guó huī
　　 wéi jīn huáng sè de dùn huī。 dùn miàn shàng shì yī tóu hóng zhǎo hóng zuǐ、 shuāng yì zhǎn kāi de hēi yīng， hēi yīng xiàng zhēng zhuólì liàng hé yǒng qì。 1950 nián zhì dìng de dé guó guó huī yě shì lì shǐ de chǎn wù。 qí tú 'àn wéi yī méi tǔ huáng sè dùn huī shàng huì yī zhǐ fēng gé dú tè de hēi sè xióng yīng， yīng de huì、 zhǎo jūn wéi hóng sè。 zhè yī tú 'àn zuì zǎo chū zì yú shí 'èr shì jì de huò hēng jīng lún jiā zú， gāi jiā zú céng tǒng zhì pǔ lǔ shì， hòu lái chéng wéi dé guó huáng shì。 yǐ xióng yīng rù tú， zǎo zài jiǔ shì jì jiù yǐ jīng chū xiàn。 jù shuō， gāi tú 'àn shì yóu fǎ lán kè guó wáng chá lǐ yī shì de jūn duì cóng luó mǎ dì guó chuán rén dé guó de。
　　
　　 guó gē
　　《 dé yì zhì zhī gē》 de dì sān duàn， gē cí shì 'ào gǔ sī tè hǎi yīn lì xī · huò fū màn · féng · fǎ lè sī léi běn（１７９８ nián héng１８７４ nián） yú１８４１ nián zhuàn xiě de， qǔdiào yóu yuē sè fū · hǎi dùn（１７３２ nián héng１８０９ nián） pǔ xiě。１９２２ nián， wèi mǎ gòng hé guó dì yī rèn dì guó zǒng tǒng fú lǐ dé lǐ xī · ài bó tè jiāng“ dé yì zhì zhī gē” shēng gé wèiguó gē。１９５２ nián， zài lián bāng zǒng tǒng háo yī sī hé lián bāng zǒng lǐ 'ā dēng nà zhī jiān de yī cì tōng xìn zhōng， zhè shǒu gē chóngxīn bèi chéng rèn wèiguó gē。 lián bāng zǒng tǒng wèi cí zé kè hé lián bāng zǒng lǐ kē 'ěr zài１９９１ nián８ yuè de tōng xìn zhōng què rèn liǎo“ dé yì zhì zhī gē” duì tǒng yī de dé guó de chuán tǒng yì yì。
　　
　　 guó huā， guó niǎo， guó shí
　　 guó huā： shǐ chē jú， yòu míng lán fú róng、 lì zhī jú、 cuì lán， shǔ yú jú kē。 jīng guò dé guó rén duō nián de péi yù， zhè zhǒng“ yuán yě shàng de xiǎo huā” yǐ jīng yòu qiǎn lán、 lán zǐ、 shēn lán、 shēn zǐ、 xuě qīng、 dàn hóng、 méi guī hóng、 bái děng duō zhǒng yán sè。 tóu zhuàng huā xù shēng zài xiān xì jīng gǎn de dǐng duān， fǎng fó yī wèi jùnxiù de shàonǚ， xiàng zhe“ shēng mìng zhī guāng” héng héng tài yáng， qí dǎo xìng fú hé huān lè。 shǐ chē jú shì dé guó de míng huā， dé guó rén yòng tā xiàng zhēng rì 'ěr màn mín zú 'ài guó、 lè guān、 wán qiáng、 jiǎn pǔ de tè zhēng， bìng rèn wéi tā yòu jí xiáng zhī zhào， yīn 'ér bèi yù wéi“ guó huā”。
　　 guó niǎo： bái guàn， yī zhǒng zhù míng de guān shǎng zhēn qín。 zài 'ōu zhōu， zì gǔ yǐ lái bái guàn jiù bèi rèn wéi shì“ dài lái xìng fú de niǎo”， shì jí xiáng de xiàng zhēng， shì shàng dì pài lái de“ tiān shǐ”， shì zhuān mén lái bài fǎng jiāo hǎo yùn de rén de。 bái guàn bèi xuǎn wéi guó niǎo hòu， bù shǎo dé guó jiā tíng tè dì zài yān cōng shàng zhù zào liǎo píng tái， gōng tā men zào cháo yòng。
　　 guó shí： hǔ pò
　　
　　
　　 zì rán dì lǐ
　　 dé guó wèi yú 'ōu zhōu zhōng bù， dōng lín bō lán、 jié kè， nán jiē 'ào dì lì、 ruì shì， xī jiē hé lán、 bǐ lì shí、 lú sēn bǎo、 fǎ guó， běi yǔ dān mài xiāng lián bìng lín běi hǎi hé bō luó de hǎi， shì 'ōu zhōu lín guó zuì duō de guó jiā。 miàn jī wéi３５７０２０ .２２ píng fāng gōng lǐ（１９９９ nián１２ yuè）。 dì shì běi dī nán gāo， kě fēn wéi sì gè dì xíng qū： běi dé píng yuán， píng jūn hǎi bá bù dào１００ mǐ； zhōng dé shān dì， yóu dōng xī zǒu xiàng de gāo dì kuài gòu chéng； xī nán bù lāi yīn duàn liè gǔ dì qū， liǎng bàng shì shān dì， gǔ bì dǒu qiào； nán bù de bā fá lì yà gāo yuán hé 'ā 'ěr bēi sī shān qū， qí jiān bài 'ēn 'ā 'ěr bēi sī shān mài de zhù fēng zǔ gé fēng hǎi bá２９６３ mǐ， wéi quán guó zuì gāo fēng。 zhù yào hé liú yòu lāi yīn hé（ liú jīng jìng nèi８６５ gōng lǐ）、 yì běi hé、 wēi xī hé、 ào dé hé、 duō nǎo hé。 jiào dà húpō yòu bó dēng hú、 jī mǔ hú、 ā mò 'ěr hú、 lǐ cì hú。 xī běi bù hǎi yáng xìng qì hòu jiào míng xiǎn， wǎng dōng、 nán bù zhú jiàn xiàng dà lù xìng qì hòu guò dù。 píng jūn qì wēn７ yuè１４～１９℃，１ yuè －５～１℃。 nián jiàng shuǐ liàng５００～１０００ háo mǐ， shān dì zé gèng duō。１９９５ nián１ yuè１ rì qǐ， gēn jù１９８２ nián guó jì hǎi yáng fǎ xié dìng， dé guó zài běi hǎi hé dōng hǎi de lǐng hǎi yóu３ hǎi lǐ zēng zhì１２ hǎi lǐ（ yuē２２ gōng lǐ）， qí miàn jī gè zēng jiā４１００ hé１７００ píng fāng gōng lǐ。
　　
　　
　　 xíng zhèng qū huá
　　 fēn wéi lián bāng、 zhōu、 dì qū sān jí， gòng yòu１６ gè zhōu，１４８０８ gè dì qū。１６ gè zhōu de míng chēng shì： bā dēng－ fú téng bǎo、 bā fá lì yà、 bólín、 bó lán dēng bǎo、 bù lái méi、 hàn bǎo、 hēi sēn、 méi kè lún bǎo－ qián bō mò ruì、 xià sà kè sēn、 běi lāi yīn－ wēi sī tè fǎ lún、 lāi yīn lán－ fǎ 'ěr cí、 sà 'ěr、 sà kè sēn、 sà kè sēn－ ān hā tè、 shí lè sū yì gé－ hé 'ěr sī tài yīn hé tú lín gēn。 qí zhōng bólín、 bù lái méi hé hàn bǎo shì shì zhōu。
　　
　　
　　 lì shǐ
　　 gōng yuán qián jìng nèi jiù jū zhù zhe rì 'ěr màn rén。 gōng yuán２－３ shì jì zhú jiàn xíng chéng bù luò。１０ shì jì xíng chéng dé yì zhì zǎo qī fēng jiàn guó jiā。１３ shì jì zhōng qī zǒu xiàng fēng jiàn gē jù。１８ shì jì chū 'ào dì lì hé pǔ lǔ shì jué qǐ， gēn jù１８１５ nián wéi yě nà huì yì， zǔ chéng liǎo dé yì zhì bāng lián，１８４８ nián dé guó gè dì bào fā gé mìng， pǔ lǔ shì yú１８６６ nián de“ qī xīng qī zhàn zhēng” zhōng jī bài 'ào dì lì， cì nián jiàn lì běi dé yì zhì lián bāng，１８７１ nián tǒng yī de dé yì zhì dì guó jiàn lì。 gāi dì guó１９１４ nián tiǎo qǐ dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn，１９１８ nián yīn zhàn bài 'ér xuān gào bēng kuì。１９１９ nián２ yuè dé yì zhì jiàn lì wèi mǎ gòng hé guó。１９３３ nián xī tè lè shàng tái shí xíng dú cái tǒng zhì。 dé guó yú１９３９ nián fā dòng dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn，１９４５ nián５ yuè８ rì dé guó zhàn bài tóu jiàng。 zhàn hòu， gēn jù yǎ 'ěr tǎ xié dìng hé bō cí tǎn xié dìng， dé guó fēn bié yóu měi、 yīng、 fǎ、 sū sì guó zhàn lǐng， bìng yóu sì guó zǔ chéng méng guó guǎn zhì wěi yuán huì jiē guǎn dé guó zuì gāo quán lì。 bólín shì yě huàfēn chéng４ gè zhàn lǐng qū。１９４８ nián６ yuè， měi、 yīng、 fǎ sān guó zhàn lǐng qū hé bìng。 yì nián５ yuè２３ rì， hé bìng hòu de xī bù zhàn lǐng qū chéng lì liǎo dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó。 tóng nián１０ yuè７ rì， dōng bù de sū zhàn qū chéng lì liǎo dé yì zhì mín zhù gòng hé guó。 dé guó cóng cǐ zhèng shì fēn liè wéi liǎng gè zhù quán guó jiā。
　　 dé guó zuò wéi yī gè dì lǐ dān yuán zài lì shǐ shàng céng jīng jǐ jīng fēn liè， zuì jìn de yī cì fēn liè shì shàng gè shì jì de sì shí nián dài mò， dāng shí dé guó fēn liè wéi dōng dé ( dé yì zhì mín zhù gòng hé guó， TheGermanDemocraticRepublic,GDR)、 xī dé（ dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó TheFederalRepublicofGermany,FRG） liǎng gè guó jiā。 bìng yú 1990 nián 10 yuè 3 rì zài cì tǒng yī。
　　 gǔ dài lì shǐ
　　 dé yì zhì mín zú de chǎn shēng shì yī gè yán xù liǎo xǔ duō shì jì de guò chéng。 yī bān rèn wéi， dé guó lì shǐ kāi shǐ yú gōng yuán 919 nián。 zài zhè yī nián， sà kè sēn gōng jué hēng lì yī shì qǔ dé liǎo dōng fǎ lán kè wáng guó wáng wèi， jiàn lì liǎo dé yì zhì wáng guó。 hēng lì yī shì de 'ér zǐ 'è tú yī shì jì chéng wáng wèi hòu wèile qǔ dé suǒ wèi shàng dì shòu yú de huáng quán， yú gōng yuán 962 nián qiǎngpò jiào huáng yuē hàn shí shì zài luó mǎ gěi tā jiā miǎn， chēng wéi“ luó mǎ huáng dì”， dé yì zhì wáng guó biàn chēng wéi“ dé yì zhì mín zú de shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó”， shǐ chēng“ dé yì zhì dì yī dì guó”。 shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó shǐ zhōng bù shì yī gè zhōng yāng jí quán de tǒng yī guó jiā。 suí zhe dì fāng fēng jiàn shì lì rì yì qiáng dà， huáng dì de quán lì biàn bù duàn shuāi luò， xíng chéng liǎo bù shǎo de bāng guó。 zài zhè sì fēn wǔ liè de dì guó zhōng， zuì dà de liǎng gè bāng guó shì pǔ lǔ shì hé 'ào dì lì。
　　 jìn dài lì shǐ
　　 zài 17-18 shì jì shí， tā mendōu fā zhǎn chéng wéi dāng shí 'ōu zhōu dà lù de qiáng guó。 19 shì jì chū， dāng ná pò lún zhàn lǐng dé yì zhì shí， qǔ xiāo liǎo dé yì zhì de shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó huáng dì chēng hào， yòu míng wú shí de shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó jiù bù fù cún zài liǎo。 19 shì jì hòu bàn qī， pǔ lǔ shì tōng guò sān cì wáng cháo zhàn zhēng， shí xiàn liǎo dé guó zài pǔ lǔ shì kòng zhì xià de tǒng yī。 1864 nián duì dān mài zhàn zhēng hòu， pǔ lǔ shì hé 'ào dì lì pò shǐ dān mài gē ràng shí lè sū yì gé héng hé 'ěr sī tài yīn dì qū。 zài 1866 nián pǔ lǔ shì hé 'ào dì lì de zhàn zhēng zhōng， ào dì lì bài běi， yú shì 'ào dì lì bù dé bù tuō lí dé yì zhì bāng lián。 dé yì zhì bāng lián jiě tǐ hòu， dài zhī 'ér qǐ de shì bāo kuò měi yīn hé yǐ běi suǒ yòu gè bāng zài nèi de、 yóu pǔ lǔ shì zhù dǎo de běi dé bāng lián。 pǔ lǔ shì zài 1870 nián bào fā de pǔ fǎ zhàn zhēng zhōng jī bài fǎ guó， yì nián 1 yuè 18 rì， pǔ lǔ shì guó wáng wēi lián yī shì zài fǎ guó fán 'ěr sài gōng jiā miǎn wéi dé yì zhì huáng dì， shì wéi“ dé yì zhì dì 'èr dì guó”， zhè shì dé guó dì yī cì zhēn zhèng yì yì shàng de tǒng yī。 1914 nián bào fā de dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn yǐ dé guó de shī bài hé dé yì zhì dì guó de wǎ jiě 'ér gào zhōng。 zhàn zhēng yě dǎo zhì dé guó dì yī cì jiàn lì liǎo lián bāng gòng hé guó， shǐ chēng“ wèi mǎ gòng hé guó”。 1933 nián 1 yuè 30 rì， xī tè lè jiàn lì liǎo fǎ xī sī dú cái tǒng zhì， xuān gào liǎo wèi mǎ gòng hé guó de zhōng jié。 zhè gè yóu xī tè lè tǒng zhì de fǎ xī sī dé guó hào chēng“ dé yì zhì dì sān dì guó”。 1939 nián 3 yuè fǎ xī sī dé guó jūn duì kāi jìn jié kè sī luò fá kè； 1939 nián 9 yuè 1 rì， dé jūn jìn jūn bō lán， fā dòng liǎo dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn。 zhè cì shì jiè dà zhàn gòng yòu 61 gè guó jiā cānyù， sǐ wáng 5000 duō wàn rén， shǐ shì jiè xiàn rù yī piàn hēi 'àn。 1945 nián 5 yuè 8 rì， dé guó zài tóu jiàng shū shàng qiān zì。
　　 xiàn dài lì shǐ
　　 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn nà cuì dé guó zhàn bài， gēn jù bō cí tǎn huì yì（ PotsdamConference） zhōng yīng、 měi、 fǎ、 sū sì guó de xié yì， jué dìng zài dé guó zhàn bài hòu jiāng qí yī fēn wéi sì fēn bié yóu sì gè zhàn shèng guó zhàn lǐng， bìng qiě hé zǔ yī gè zuì gāo guǎn lǐ dān wèi méng guó guǎn zhì lǐ shì huì（ AlliedControlCouncil， ACC） lái zhì lǐ dé guó shì wù。 dàn yóu yú lǐ niàn shàng de chā yì， zài zhàn hòu yǐ měi guó wéi zhù de xī fāng zhèn yíng yǔ yǐ sū lián wéi zhù de gòng chǎn zhèn yíng zhú jiàn shū yuǎn， 1948 nián 3 yuè shí， měi guó、 yīng guó、 fǎ guó sān guó zài lún dūn jǔ xíng huì yì， chū bù jué yì yào jiāng sān guó suǒ fēn bié guǎn lǐ de dé guó lǐng tǔ hé bìng， zǔ chéng yī gè dé guó xī bù de zhèng quán， zhēn duì zhè diǎn sū lián fāng miàn zuò chū fǎn zhì， shǒu xiān shì tuì chū ACC， bìng jìn 'ér xuān bù zhù shǒu shè lì yī gè dōng dé zhèng quán de jìhuà。
　　 dàn zhí jiē dǎo zhì dōng xī dé fēn lí de dǎo huǒ xiàn， zé shì fā shēng zài 1948 nián 6 yuè 20 rì， xī fāng zhàn lǐng qū jìng nèi de huò bì zhòng zhěng jìhuà。 dāng shí xī fāng sān guó zhàn lǐng qū nèi yuán běn fēn bié fā xíng de huò bì jìn xíng liǎo zhěng hé de dòng zuò， dàn què pái chú sū lián zhàn lǐng qū， fā xíng liǎo suǒ wèi de xī dé mǎ kè， ér sū lián zhàn lǐng qū yě zài duǎn duǎn sān rì hòu fā xíng liǎo dōng dé mǎ kè， yǎn rán xiàng zhēng dōng xī dé zhèng shì fēn lí。 dōng xī dé fēn lí hòu， dōng dé fāng miàn céng zài 1948 nián zhōng kāi shǐ， duì shǐ yòng xī dé mǎ kè de xī bǎi lín dì qū jìn xíng fēng suǒ， wéi qī 11 gè yuè， xī wàng tòu guò cǐ jǔ dá dào wán quán kòng zhì zhěng gè bólín dì qū de mùdì， dàn què zài xī fāng guó jiā chí xù yǐ kōng yùn fāng shì suǒ jìn xíng de bólín kōng yùn zhī zhī yuán xià méi yòu shí xiàn。 zài bólín fēng suǒ jiě chú（ 1949 nián 5 yuè 12 rì） hòu méi duō jiǔ de 5 yuè 23 rì， xī dé（ dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó） xuān bù zhèng shì chéng lì。 ér dōng dé fāng miàn yě zài tóng nián de 10 yuè 7 rì xuān bù zhèng shì chéng lì yǐ dé yì zhì shè huì zhù yì tǒng yī dǎng（ SozialistischeEinheitsparteiDeutschlands， SED） yī dǎng zhuān zhèng de shè huì zhù yì gòng hé zhèng tǐ。
　　 xiāng duì yú yīng měi fǎ zhàn lǐng qū suǒ zǔ chéng de xī dé jiā rù liǎo yǐ měi guó wéi shǒu de běi yuē zǔ zhì（ NATO）， dōng dé zé shì jiā rù liǎo yǐ sū lián wéi shǒu de shè huì zhù yì zhèn yíng zǔ zhì－－ huá yuē zǔ zhì。１９８９ nián mín zhù dé guó jú shì fā shēng liǎo jí jù biàn huà。 zì tóng nián５ yuè qǐ， dà pī gōng mín chū zǒu lián bāng dé guó。１０ yuè chū， xǔ duō chéng shì xiāng jì bào fā liǎo guī mó bù děng de shì wēi yóu xíng， yào qiú fàng kuān chū guó lǚ xíng hé xīn jiān méi jiè de xiàn zhì děng。１０ yuè１８ rì， mín zhù dé guó zǒng tǒng 'áng nà kè xuān bù cí zhí。１１ yuè９ rì，“ bólín qiáng” kāi fàng。１１ yuè２８ rì， lián bāng dé guó zǒng lǐ kē 'ěr tí chū guān yú liǎng gè dé guó shí xiàn tǒng yī de shí diǎn jìhuà。１９９０ nián２ yuè１３ zhì１４ rì， mín zhù dé guó zǒng lǐ mò dé luó shǒu cì fǎng wèn lián bāng dé guó。３ yuè１８ rì， mín zhù dé guó rén mín yì huì shí xíng zì yóu xuǎn jǔ， dé méi qí 'āi rèn zǒng lǐ hòu， liǎng dé tǒng yī de bù fá dà dà jiā kuài。５ yuè１８ rì， liǎng dé zài bō 'ēn qiān shǔ guān yú jiàn lì huò bì、 jīng jì hé shè huì lián méng de guó jiā tiáo yuē。８ yuè３１ rì， shuāng fāng yòu zài bólín qiān shǔ liǎng dé tǒng yī tiáo yuē。９ yuè２４ rì， mín zhù dé guó guó jiā rén mín jūn zhèng shì tuì chū huá yuē zǔ zhì。１０ yuè３ rì mín zhù dé guó zhèng shì jiā rù lián bāng dé guó。 mín zhù dé guó de xiàn fǎ、 rén mín yì yuàn、 zhèng fǔ zì dòng qǔ xiāo， yuán１４ gè zhuān qū wéi shì yìng lián bāng dé guó jiàn zhì gǎi wéi５ gè zhōu， bìng rù liǎo lián bāng dé guó， fēn liè４０ duō nián de liǎng gè dé guó chóngxīn tǒng yī。 yǐ dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó（ BundasrepublikDeutschland， BDR） wéi cún xù dān wèi， dōng dé suì chéng wéi yī gè bù zài cún zài de guó jiā。
　　1970 nián de yī gè xiāo sè dōng rì， gāng gāng shàng rèn de lián bāng dé guó zǒng lǐ bó lán tè， lái dào liǎo bō lán huá shā yóu tài rén jì niàn bēi qián， èr zhàn zhōng， bō lán yòu 250 wàn yóu tài rén zài jí zhōng yíng lǐ bǎo jīng tòng kǔ、 jué wàng de zhé mó， zuì zhōng wú zhù dì sǐ qù。 zài bīng liáng de fēng zhōng， bó lán tè yī bù bù zǒu dào sǐ nán zhě de mù bēi qián， zài quán shì jiè de zhù shì xià， zhè wèi 'èr zhàn zhōng fǎn nà cuì de yīng yǒng dǒu shì， zuò chū liǎo yī gè lìng suǒ yòu rén zhèn jīng bù yǐ de dòng zuò： tā guì dǎo zài dì。
　　 yī wèi jì zhě xiě dào：“ bù bì zhè yàng zuò de tā， tì suǒ yòu bì xū guì 'ér méi yòu guì de rén guì xià liǎo。”
　　 guì xià qù de shì bó lán tè， zhàn qǐ lái de shì dé yì zhì。 èr zhàn hòu， lián bāng dé guó kāi shǐ lù xù xiàng zāo shòu dé guó fǎ xī sī pò hài de shòu hài zhě jí qí yí shǔ zhī fù jù 'é péi kuǎn， jiào yù bù mén zé jiāng fǎ xī sī bào xíng liè wéi lì shǐ jiào kē shū de zhōng xīn nèi róng， qiáng diào“ guān jiàn de rèn wù shì jiào yù xià yī dài”， yào“ jiāng fáng zhǐ lì shǐ bēi jù chóngyǎn de zhí zé shì wéi jǐ rèn”。
　　 yǒng yú chéng dān lì shǐ zé rèn de dé guó huí dào liǎo 'ōu zhōu de huái bào， yě huí dào liǎo shì jiè wǔ tái。
　　 dōng xī bólín wèn tí
　　1945 nián， nà cuì dé guó tóu jiàng hòu， gēn jù 'èr zhàn shí méng guó de yòu guān xié dìng， bólín bèi sū měi yīng fǎ sì guó fēn qū zhàn lǐng， dōng bólín wéi sū lián zhàn lǐng， xī bǎi lín wéi měi yīng fǎ gòng tóng zhàn lǐng。 1948 nián， dōng xī bólín zhèng shì fēn liè。 1948 nián 6 yuè zhì 1949 nián 5 yuè， sū lián cóng shuǐ lù liǎng lù fēng suǒ xī bǎi lín， hòu jiě chú fēng suǒ。 1949 nián， dé yì zhì mín zhù gòng hé guó chéng lì， dōng bólín chéng wéi mín zhù dé guó de shǒu dū。 dàn xī bǎi lín shí jì shàng yǐ rán wéi měi yīng fǎ sān guó gòng tóng kòng zhì， suī rán lián bāng dé guó jī běn fǎ hé xī bǎi lín xiàn fǎ guī dìng xī bólín lì shǔ yú lián bāng dé guó de yī gè zhōu， dàn shì， xī fāng sān guó rèn wéi gāi guī dìng tóng bólín de xiàn shí dì wèi bù fú， xuān bù gāi tiáo kuǎn zàn bù shēng xiào， dàn rèn wéi xī bǎi lín yǔ lián bāng dé guó jiān yòu zhe“ tè shū guān xì”， tóng yì xī bólín zài sī fǎ、 jīng jì、 cái zhèng、 huò bì hé shè huì zhì dù fāng miàn tóng lián bāng dé guó yī tǐ huà。 1961 nián， wéi zǔ gé dōng dé rén qiān wǎng xī dé， dōng dé zhèng fǔ zài dōng bólín zì jǐ de yī cè xiū jiàn liǎo wén míng de bólín qiáng， zhí zhì bólín qiáng dǎo tā， dōng dé hé bìng dào xī dé。 1990 nián 10 yuè 3 rì， bó lán dēng bǎo mén shàng de hé píng nǚ shén yòu yī cì jiàn zhèng liǎo guó jiā mìng yùn， fēn liè liǎo 41 nián de dé guó zài cì tǒng yī。 zhè yī tiān， bèi què dìng wéi dé guó de guó qìng rì。
　　
　　 zhèng zhì
　　《 dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó jī běn fǎ》 yú１９４９ nián５ yuè shēng xiào。１９５６ nián、１９６８ nián céng zuò guò jiào dà xiū gǎi。１９９０ nián８ yuè liǎng dé“ tǒng yī tiáo yuē” duì《 jī běn fǎ》 mǒu xiē tiáo kuǎn yòu zuò liǎo shì yìng xìng xiū dìng，１０ yuè３ rì qǐ shì yòng yú quán dé guó。《 jī běn fǎ》 guī dìng， dé guó shì lián bāng zhì guó jiā， wài jiāo、 guó fáng、 huò bì、 hǎi guān、 háng kōng、 yóu diàn shǔ lián bāng guǎn xiá。 guó jiā zhèng tǐ wéi yì huì gòng hé zhì。 lián bāng zǒng tǒng wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu。 yì huì yóu lián bāng yì yuàn hé lián bāng cān yì yuàn zǔ chéng。 lián bāng yì yuàn xíng shǐ lì fǎ quán， jiān dū fǎ lǜ de zhí xíng， xuǎn jǔ lián bāng zǒng lǐ， cānyù xuǎn jǔ lián bāng zǒng tǒng hé jiān dū lián bāng zhèng fǔ de gōng zuò děng。 lián bāng yì yuàn xuǎn jǔ tōng cháng měi sì nián jǔ xíng yī cì， zài xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò shèng de zhèng dǎng huò zhèng dǎng lián méng jiāng yōng yòu zǔ gé quán。 dé guó shí xíng liǎng piào zhì xuǎn jǔ zhì dù。 gēn jù dé guó《 xuǎn jǔ fǎ》 guī dìng， fán nián mǎn１８ zhōu suì de jù yòu dé guó guó jí de gōng mín dōuyòu xuǎn jǔ quán， měi wèi xuǎn mín yōng yòu liǎng zhāng xuǎn piào。 dì yī piào yòng yú xuǎn chū xuǎn mín suǒ zài xuǎn qū de yì yuán hòu xuǎn rén， bìng gēn jù jiǎn dān duō shù yuán zé， yóu huò dé xuǎn piào zuì duō de rén dāng xuǎn。 xuǎn mín de dì 'èr piào yòng yú xuǎn jǔ zhèng dǎng。 gè dǎng huò dé dì 'èr piào de duō shǎo jiāng jué dìng qí zài lián bāng yì yuàn zhōng yōng yòu xí wèi de bǐ lì， duì gāi dǎng néng fǒu shàng tái zhí zhèng jù yòu jǔ zú qīng zhòng de yì yì。 cān jiā lián bāng yì yuàn de gè dǎng yì yuán fēn bié zǔ chéng yì huì dǎng tuán。 lián bāng cān yì yuàn cānyù lián bāng lì fǎ hé duì lián bāng de xíng zhèng guǎn lǐ shī jiā yǐng xiǎng， wéi hù gè zhōu de lì yì。 àn gè zhōu rén kǒu bǐ lì yóu gè zhōu zhèng fǔ zhǐ pài３～６ míng zhōu zhèng fǔ chéng yuán zǔ chéng cān yì yuàn， gòng６９ xí。 yì cháng yóu gè zhōu zhōu cháng lún liú dān rèn， rèn qī１ nián， zǒng tǒng yīn gù bù néng xíng shǐ zhí quán shí dài xíng zǒng tǒng zhí wù。 lián bāng zhèng fǔ yóu lián bāng zǒng lǐ hé lián bāng bù cháng ruò gān rén zǔ chéng， lián bāng zǒng lǐ wéi zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo。 lián bāng xiàn fǎ fǎ yuàn shì zuì gāo sī fǎ jī gòu， zhù yào fù zé jiě shì《 jī běn fǎ》， jiān dū《 jī běn fǎ》 de zhí xíng， yòu１６ míng fǎ guān， yóu lián bāng yì yuàn hé lián bāng cān yì yuàn gè tuī xuǎn yī bàn， yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng， rèn qī１２ nián。 zhèng、 fù yuàn cháng yóu lián bāng yì yuàn hé lián bāng cān yì yuàn lún liú tuī jǔ。 cǐ wài shè yòu lián bāng fǎ yuàn（ fù zé mín shì hé xíng shì 'àn jiàn）、 lián bāng xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn（ fù zé yī bān xíng zhèng sī fǎ 'àn jiàn）、 lián bāng chéng jiè fǎ yuàn（ fù zé gōng zhí rén yuán wéi jì 'àn jiàn）、 lián bāng cái zhèng fǎ yuàn（ fù zé cái zhèng 'àn jiàn）、 lián bāng láo gōng fǎ yuàn（ shěn lǐ láo gōng 'àn jiàn）、 lián bāng shè huì fǎ yuàn（ shěn lǐ shè huì fú lì jiū fēn） hé lián bāng zhuān lì fǎ yuàn（ shěn lǐ yòu guān zhuān lì wèn tí de 'àn jiàn）。 gè jí fǎ yuàn shè jiǎn chá jī guān， rèn wù shì duì wéi fǎ、 fàn zuì tí chū qǐ sù， dàn bù shòu fǎ yuàn de guǎn xiá， bù gān yù fǎ yuàn de shěn pàn gōng zuò， yě bù dú lì xíng shǐ zhí quán， ér shòu gè jí sī fǎ bù mén de lǐng dǎo。 lián bāng xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn shè lián bāng zuì gāo jiǎn chá yuàn， yóu lián bāng jiǎn chá cháng hé shù míng lián bāng jiǎn chá guān jìn xíng gōng zuò。 dé guó de zhèng dǎng yòu： dé guó shè huì mín zhù dǎng、 lǜ dǎng、 jī mín méng、 jī dū jiào shè huì lián méng、 zì yóu mín zhù dǎng、 mín zhù shè huì zhù yì dǎng、 dé guó gòng chǎn dǎng、 gòng hé dǎng děng .
　　
　　
　　 jīng jì
　　 dé guó shì shì jiè dì sān dà jīng jì tǐ， 2007 nián GDP shì 32800 wàn yì měi yuán。 gāo dù fā dá de gōng yè guó jiā， jīng jì shí lì jū 'ōu zhōu shǒu wèi。 2007 nián dé guó mào yì chū kǒu tū pò 9000 yì 'ōu yuán dà guān， mào yì yíng yú dá 1988 yì 'ōu yuán， chuàng lì shǐ xīn gāo。 dé guó shì shāng pǐn chū kǒu dà guó， gōng yè chǎn pǐn de yī bàn xiāo wǎng guó wài。 dé guó jìn１／３ de jiù yè rén yuán wéi chū kǒu hángyè gōng zuò。 zhù yào chū kǒu chǎn pǐn yòu qì chē、 jī xiè chǎn pǐn、 diàn qì、 yùn shū shè bèi、 huà xué pǐn hé gāng tiě。 jìn kǒu chǎn pǐn zhù yào yòu jī xiè、 diàn qì、 yùn shū shè bèi、 qì chē、 shí yóu hé fú zhuāng。 zhù yào mào yì duì xiàng shì xī fāng gōng yè guó。 zhèng fǔ fèng xíng zhěng dùn guó jiā cái zhèng、 jiǎn shǎo yù suàn chì zì、 jìn xíng shuì zhì gǎi gé、 cì jī gè rén tóu zī、 jìn yī bù shí xíng fēi guó yòu huà、 jiǎn shǎo guó jiā gān yù、 chōng fēn fā huī shì chǎng jī zhì zuò yòng de zhèng cè， shǐ dé guó jīng jì chí xù wěn dìng zēngzhǎng。 tóng shí jī jí cǎi qǔ cuò shī， tuī dòng xìn xī jì shù de fā zhǎn bìng tiáozhěng jīng jì jié gòu。 zì rán zī yuán pín fá， chú yìng méi、 hè méi hé yán de chǔ liàng fēng fù zhī wài， zài yuán liào gōng yìnghè néng yuán fāng miàn hěn dà chéng dù shàng yǐ lài jìn kǒu，２／３ de chū jí néng yuán xū yào jìn kǒu。 dé guó de gōng yè yǐ zhòng gōng yè wéi zhù， qì chē、 jī xiè zhì zào、 huà gōng、 diàn qì děng zhàn quán bù gōng yè chǎn zhí de４０％ yǐ shàng。 shí pǐn、 fǎng zhì yǔ fú zhuāng、 gāng tiě jiā gōng、 cǎi kuàng、 jīng mì yí qì、 guāng xué yǐ jí háng kōng yǔ háng tiān gōng yè yě hěn fā dá。 zhōng xiǎo qǐ yè duō， gōng yè jié gòu bù jú jūn héng。 nóng yè fā dá， jī xiè huà chéng dù hěn gāo。 nóng yè yòng dì yuē zhàn dé guó guó tǔ miàn jī de yī bàn。 chǎn pǐn kě mǎn zú běn guó xū yào de８０％。 lǚ yóu yè、 jiāo tōng yùn shū yè fā dá。 dé guó shì pí jiǔ shēng chǎn dà guó， qí pí jiǔ chǎn liàng jū shì jiè qián liè。 tā hái shì zuì zǎo yán zhì chéng gōng cí xuán fú tiě lù jì shù de guó jiā。２００２ nián２ yuè２８ rì２４ shí， dé guó mǎ kè zhèng shì tíng zhǐ liú tōng， ōu yuán (EURO) chéng wéi dé guó fǎ dìng huò bì。 dé guó shì shǒu pī shǐ yòng 'ōu yuán de１１ gè guó jiā zhī yī。
　　
　　 jūn shì
　　１９５６ nián１ yuè zhèng shì jiàn lì lián bāng guó fáng jūn。 zuì gāo jūn shì jué cè jī gòu shì lián bāng 'ān quán wěi yuán huì， zhù xí wéi lián bāng zǒng lǐ。 jūn duì hé píng shí qī yóu guó fáng bù cháng lǐng dǎo， zhàn shí yóu lián bāng zǒng lǐ rèn jūn duì zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 lián bāng guó fáng jūn zǒng jiān wéi jūn duì zuì gāo zhǐ huī guān。 guó fáng zhèng cè de zuì gāo mù biāo shì què bǎo dé guó de hé píng、 zì yóu hé dú lì， bìng guī dìng lián bāng guó fáng jūn shì yī zhī chún cuì fáng yù xìng jūn duì， shí shī bì yào de 'ān quán yù fáng cuò shī， bù zhǎng wò hé móu qiú dà guī mó shā shāng xìng wǔ qì。 jiàn jūn zhòng diǎn shì： zǔ zhì kuài sù fǎn yìng bù duì， zhì dìng xīn jūn bèi guī huá， yā suō bù duì guī mó， cái jiǎn wǔ qì zhuāng bèi。 shí xíng yì wù bīng yì zhì， fú yì qī wéi 9 gè yuè。
　　
　　 wén huà jiào yù
　　 shòu yì dà lì wén yì fù xīng de yǐng xiǎng， dé guó de１８ shì jì wén xué zǒu xiàng dǐng fēng。 gē dé、 hǎi niè、 xí lè、 lāi xīn hé gé lín xiōng dì dōushì jié chū de dài biǎo。２０ shì jì zuì zhù míng de zuò jiā yòu tuō mǎ sī · màn、 hǎi yīn lì xī · màn hé bèi tuō 'ěr tè · bù lāi xī tè。 zuò jiā hǎi yīn lǐ xī · bó 'ěr hé jūn tè · gé lā sī fēn bié yú１９７２ nián hé１９９９ nián huò dé nuò bèi 'ěr wén xué jiǎng。 dé guó yòu３０００ duō zuò bó wù guǎn， shōu cáng nèi róng shí fēn fēng fù。 cǐ wài， měi nián dū jǔ xíng gè zhǒng yì shù jié、 bó lǎn huì hé yǐng zhǎn děng。 fǎ lán kè fú hé lāi bǐ xī shì dé guó tú shū chū bǎn yè zhōng xīn。 dé guó tú shū chū bǎn liàng zài shì jiè shàng jǐn cì yú měi guó zhàn dì 'èr wèi。 yīnyuè shì dé guó rén shēng huó zhōng bù kě quē shǎo de zǔ chéng bù fēn。 dé guó zào jiù liǎo gè gè bù tóng shí qī de yīnyuè dà shī， rú bèi duō fēn、 bā hè、 mén dé 'ěr sōng、 wǎ gé nà děng。 bólín 'ài lè yuètuán gèng shì xiǎng yù shì jiè。 jiào táng、 gōng diàn hé gǔ bǎo dé guó zhòng yào de wén huà yí chǎn。 dé guó lián bāng zhèng fǔ qì jīn píng chū jiǔ suǒ jīng yīng dà xué： yà chēn gōng yè dà xué、 bólín zì yóu dà xué、 fú lāi bǎo dà xué、 gē tíng gēn dà xué、 hǎi dé bǎo dà xué、 kāng sī tǎn cí dà xué、 kǎ 'ěr sī lǔ 'è dà xué、 mù ní hēi dà xué、 mù ní hēi gōng yè dà xué， bìng duì shàng shù dà xué jìn xíng zhòng diǎn zī zhù。 dé guó rén shí jiān guān niàn bǐ jiào qiáng， wú lùn shì zài shāng wù shàng hái shì zài sī rén jiāo wǎng shàng， dé guó rén zhù zhòng zhǔn shí。 dé guó rén zhòng shì shāng yè xìn yù， yī bān bù qīng yì gēnghuàn hé zuò huǒ bàn。 dé guó de jiào yù hé wén huà yì shù shì yè yóu lián bāng hé gè zhōu gòng tóng fù zé， lián bāng zhèng fǔ zhù yào fù zé jiào yù guī huá hé zhí yè jiào yù， bìng tōng guò gè zhōu wén jiào bù cháng lián xí huì yì xié diào quán guó de jiào yù gōng zuò， zài zhōng xiǎo xué jiào yù、 gāo děng jiào yù yǐ jí chéng rén jiào yù hé jìn xiū fāng miàn， zhù yào lì fǎ hé xíng zhèng guǎn lǐ quán guī shǔ yú gè zhōu。 quán guó xìng de wén huà yì shù huó dòng yóu lián bāng zhèng fǔ yú yǐ zī zhù。 duì wài wén huà jiāo liú yóu wài jiāo bù fù zé xié diào。 dà、 zhōng、 xiǎo xué hé zhí yè jiào yù fā dá， shí xíng１２ nián zhì de yì wù jiào yù， gōng lì xué xiào xué fèi quán miǎn， jiào kē shū děng xué xí yòng pǐn bù fēn jiǎn miǎn。 xiǎo xué xué zhì４－６ nián， zhōng xué xué zhì５－９ nián。 gāo děng xué xiào xiǎng yòu yī dìng zì zhù quán， yuán zé shàng shí xíng zì yóu rù xué， duì bù fēn xué kē cǎi qǔ míng 'é xiàn zhì。 zhí yè jiào yù shí xíng“ shuāng yuán zhì”， jí zhí yè xué xiào lǐ lùn xué xí hé qǐ yè zhōng de shí jiàn xiāng jié hé， chéng rén jiào yù hé yè yú jiào yù pǔ jí。 jiào shī wéi zhōng shēn gōng zhí rén yuán， bì xū shòu guò gāo děng jiào yù。
　　
　　 dé guó gōng gòng jiàqī
　　
　　 rì qī zhōng wén míng chèndāng dì míng chēng shuō míng
　　1 yuè 1 rì yuán dàn Neujahr
　　./. yé sū shòu nán rì Karfreitag xīng qī wǔ， jù tǐ rì qī bù gù dìng
　　./. fù huó jié zhōu yī Ostermontag xīng qī yī， jù tǐ rì qī bù gù dìng fù huó jié shì chūn fēn yuè yuán hòu dì yī gè xīng qī tiān， rú guǒ yuè yuán zhèng hǎo shì xīng qī tiān， nà me wǎng hòu yán yī zhōu
　　5 yuè 1 rì láo dòng jié TagderArbeit
　　./. yé sū shēng tiān jié ChristiHimmelfahrt fù huó jié hòu 40 rì， jù tǐ rì qī bù gù dìng
　　./. shèng líng jiàng lín jié Pfingstmontag shēng tiān jié hòu 10 rì， fù huó jié hòu 50 rì， jù tǐ rì qī bù gù dìng
　　10 yuè 3 rì dé guó tǒng yī rì TagderdeutschenEinheit qián dōng、 xī dé zài bólín wéi qiáng dǎo xià hòu tǒng yī de rì zǐ
　　12 yuè 25/26 rì shèng dàn jié Weihnachten zhòng yào zōng jiào jié rì
　　
　　 xīn wén chū bǎn
　　 xīn wén chū bǎn shì yè shí fēn fā dá， bào kān zhǒng lèi fán duō。１９９９ nián chū bǎn de rì bào yòu３６７ zhǒng，１６２０ gè dì fāng bǎn hé dì qū bǎn， yóu３８０ gè chū bǎn shè hé１３５ jiā biān ji bù chū bǎn fā xíng， zǒng fā xíng liàng yuē wéi２５００ wàn fèn， rén jūn bào zhǐ yōng yòu liàng zhàn shì jiè dì sì wèi， jǐn cì yú rì、 yīng hé ruì shì； zá zhì１６００ duō zhǒng， zǒng fā xíng liàng yuē１ .４ yì fèn； gè zhǒng zhuān yè kān wù８０００ duō zhǒng。１９９４ nián dé guó yòu xīn wén chū bǎn qǐ yè２６６１ jiā， cóng yè rén yuán２６ .３ wàn。 fā xíng liàng zuì dà de rì bào shì《 tú piàn bào》，１９９９ nián dì 'èr jì dù dá４５１ wàn fèn。 qí tā quán guó xìng dà bào yòu：《 nán dé yì zhì bào》、《 fǎ lán kè fú huì bào》、《 shí dài》 zhōu bào、《 shì jiè bào》。 zuì dà de dì fāng xìng bào zhǐ shì《 xī dé yì zhì huì bào》， fā xíng liàng１１３ wàn fèn。 shí shì zhèng zhì xìng zhōu kān《 míng jìng》 fā xíng liàng１０３ .９ wàn fèn，《 míng xīng》 huà bào１０７ .８ wàn fèn。 dà bào yè tuō lā sī shī pǔ lín gé bào yè jí tuán lǒng duàn liǎo quán guó bào zhǐ chū bǎn liàng de１ /５。
　　 tōng xùn shè yòu：（１） dé yì zhì xīn wén shè，１９４９ nián chéng lì， wéi sī yíng gǔ fèn yòu xiàn gōng sī， xià shè bào zhǐ、 guǎng bō hé diàn shì xīn wén２００ duō gè bù mén， shǔ yú shì jiè dà tōng xùn shè zhī yī。 zǒng shè zài hàn bǎo， tú piàn xīn wén biān ji zǒng bù zài fǎ lán kè fú。 zài bō 'ēn shè yòu yī gè lián bāng fēn shè， zài guó nèi qí tā５０ duō gè chéng shì shè yòu fēn shè huò biān ji bù， zài８０ duō gè guó jiā pài zhù jì zhě huò pìn yòng zhuàn gǎo rén。 shì dé guó dà zhòng chuán méi de zhù yào xiāo xī lái yuán。 dé xīn shè tōng guò wèi xīng、 diàn chuán děng tōng xùn shǒu duàn yòng dé yǔ、 yīng yǔ、 xī bān yá yǔ hé 'ā lā bó yǔ měi tiān fā gǎo， nèi róng bāo kuò guó nèi wài de zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 kē jì、 hé wén huà děng gè gè lǐng yù， zài dé guó rì bào zhōng de cǎi yòng shuài dá９９％。（２） dé yì zhì diàn xùn shè：１９７１ nián chéng lì， zǒng shè zài bō 'ēn， zhù yào xiàng guó nèi bào zhǐ tí gōng xīn wén gǎo， duì wài zhǐ yòng dé wén xiàng ruì shì、 lú sēn bǎo fā xiāo xī， dé tǒng yī hòu， gāi shè yǔ qián mín dé de dé tōng shè hé bìng。 cǐ wài hái yòu yī xiē zhuān yè xìng tōng xùn shè： fú yīn jiào xīn wén shè、 tǐ yù xīn wén shè、 lián hé jīng jì xīn wén shè děng。
　　 quán guó zhù yào guǎng bō diàn tái yòu：
　　（ 1） dé guó guǎng bō diàn tái， yóu lián bāng zhèng fǔ hé zhōu guǎng bō diàn tái chū zī xīng bàn， zhù yào fù zé duì guó nèi guǎng bō；
　　（ 2） dé guó zhī shēng diàn tái，１９６０ nián chéng lì， zǒng bù shè zài kē lóng， yóu lián bāng chū zī xīng bàn， yòng bāo kuò zhōng wén zài nèi de３１ zhǒng yǔ yán xiàng quán shì jiè guǎng bō。 cǐ wài hái yòu１１ jiā zhōu diàn tái。
　　 quán guó zhù yào diàn shì tái：
　　（ 1） dé guó diàn shì yī tái（ ARD）， yóu gè zhōu diàn tái、 dé guó guǎng bō diàn tái hé dé guó zhī shēng diàn tái zǔ chéng dé guó guǎng bō xié huì， gòng tóng jīng yíng， bō fàng quán guó xìng de“ dì yī tào jié mù” jí dì fāng xìng de“ dì sān tào jié mù”；
　　（ 2） dé guó diàn shì 'èr tái（ ZDF）， shì dé guó zuì dà de diàn shì tái，１９６１ nián yóu gè zhōu gòng tóng zǔ jiàn， zǒng bù shè zài měi yīn cí， bō fàng“ dì 'èr tào jié mù”。 lìng wài yī xiē wèi xīng diàn shì jié mù rú dé guó diàn shì tái de“１ PLUS” hé sī yíng diàn shì tái rú“ SAT１”、“ RTL”、“ PRO７” yě yōng yòu dà liàng guān zhòng。
　　
　　
　　 míng shèng
　　 bó lán dēng bǎo mén (BrandenburgGate) wèi yú bólín shì zhōng xīn pú tí shù dà jiē hé６ yuè１７ rì dà jiē de jiāo huì chù， shì bólín shì qū zhù míng de yóu lǎn shèng dì hé dé guó tǒng yī de xiàng zhēng。 gōng yuán１７５３ nián， pǔ lǔ shì guó wáng fú lǐ dé lì xī · wēi lián yī shì dìng dū bólín， xià lìng xiū zhù gòng yòu１４ zuò chéng mén de bólín chéng， yīn cǐ mén zuò xī cháo dōng， fú lǐ dé lì xī · wēi lián yī shì biàn yǐ guó wáng jiā zú de fā xiáng dì bó lán dēng mìng míng。 chū shí cǐ mén jǐn wéi yī zuò yòng liǎng gēn jù dà de shí zhù zhī chēng de jiǎn lòu shí mén。１７８８ nián， pǔ lǔ shì guó wáng fú lǐ dé lì xī · wēi lián 'èr shì tǒng yī dé yì zhì dì guó， wéi biǎo qìng zhù， suì chóngjiàn cǐ mén。 dāng shí dé guó zhù míng jiàn zhù xué jiā kǎ 'ěr · gē dé hā 'ěr · làng hàn sī shòu mìng chéng dān shè jì yǔ jiàn zhù gōng zuò， tā yǐ yǎ diǎn gǔ xī là zhù láng shì chéng mén wéi lán běn， shè jì liǎo zhè zuò kǎi xuán mén shì de chéng mén， bìng yú１７９１ nián jùn gōng。 chóngjiàn hòu de chéng mén gāo２０ mǐ， kuān６５．６ mǐ， jìn shēn１１ mǐ， mén nèi yòu５ tiáo tōng dào， zhōng jiān de tōng dào zuì kuān。 jù shǐ shū jìzǎi， zhōng jiān de tōng dào zài１９１８ nián dé huáng tuì wèi qián jǐn yǔn xǔ huáng zú chéng yuán xíng zǒu。 mén nèi gè tōng dào zhī jiān yòng jù dà de shā yán tiáo shí gé kāi， tiáo shí de liǎng duān gè shì６ gēn gāo dá１４ mǐ、 dǐ bù zhí jìng wéi１．７０ mǐ de duō lì kè shì lì zhù。 wéi shǐ cǐ mén gèng huī huáng zhuàng lì， dāng shí dé guó zhù míng de diāo sù jiā gē tè fú lǐ dé · shā duō yòu wéi cǐ mén dǐng duān shè jì liǎo yī tào qīng tóng zhuāng shì diāo xiàng： sì pǐ fēi chí de jùn mǎ lā zhe yī liàng shuāng lún zhàn chē， zhàn chē shàng zhàn zhe yī wèi bèi chā shuāng chì de nǚ shén， tā yī shǒu zhí zhàng yī shǒu tí pèi， yī zhǐ zhǎn chì yù fēi de pǔ lǔ shì fēi yīng jiù lì zài nǚ shén shǒu zhí de shì yòu yuè guì huā huán de quán zhàng shàng。 zài gè tōng dào nèi cè de shí bì shàng xiāng qiàn zhe shā duō chuàng zuò de２０ fú miáo huì gǔ xī là shén huà zhōng dà lì shén hǎi gé lā yīng xióng shì jì de dà lǐ shí fú diāo huà。３０ fú fǎn yìng gǔ xī là hé píng shén huà“ hé píng zhēng zhàn” de dà lǐ shí fú diāo zhuāng shì zài chéng mén zhèng miàn de shí mén méi shàng。 cǐ mén jiàn chéng zhī hòu céng bèi mìng míng wéi“ hé píng zhī mén”， zhàn chē shàng de nǚ shén bèi chēng wéi“ hé píng nǚ shén”。
　　 wú yōu gōng (SansSouciPalace) wèi yú dé yì zhì lián bāng gòng hé guó dōng bù bó lán dēng bǎo zhōu shǒu fǔ bō cí tǎn shì běi jiāo。 gōng míng qǔ zì fǎ wén yuán yì“ wú yōu”（ huò“ mò chóu”）。 wú yōu gōng jí qí zhōu wéi de yuán lín shì pǔ lǔ shì guó wáng féi tè liè 'èr shì（１７４５ héng１７５７ nián） shí qī fǎng zhào fǎ guó fán 'ěr sài gōng de jiàn zhù shì yàng jiàn zào de。 zhěng gè yuán lín zhàn dì２９０ gōng qǐng， zuò luò zài yī zuò shā qiū shàng， gù yě yòu“ shā qiū shàng de gōng diàn” zhī chēng。 wú yōu gōng quán bù jiàn zhù gōng chéng qián hòu yán xù liǎo yuē５０ nián zhī jiǔ， wéi dé guó jiàn zhù yì shù de jīng huá。 wú yōu gōng qián shì píng xíng de gōng xíng６ jí tái jiē， liǎng cè yóu cuì lǜ cóng lín hōng tuō。 gōng diàn qián de dà pēn quán shì yòng yuán xíng huā bàn shí diāo zǔ chéng， sì zhōu yòng“ huǒ”、“ shuǐ”、“ tǔ”、“ kōng qì”４ gè yuán xíng huā tán péi chèn， huā tán nèi sù yòu shén xiàng， yóu yǐ wéi nà sī xiàng hé shuǐ xīng shén xiàng zào xíng zuì wéi jīng měi、 shēng dòng。 jù shuō， zhěng gè gōng nèi yòu１０００ duō zuò yǐ xī là shén huà rén wù wéi tí cái de shí kè diāo xiàng。 zhèng diàn zhōng bù wéi bàn yuán qiú xíng dǐng， liǎng yì wéi cháng tiáo zhuī jǐ jiàn zhù。 diàn zhèng zhōng wéi yuán tīng， mén láng miàn duì yī zuò dà pēn quán。 guī lì de shǒuxiàng tīng de tiān huā bǎn zhuāng huáng jí fù xiǎng xiàng lì， sì bì xiāng jīn， guāng cǎi duó mù。 shì nèi duō yòng bì huà hé míng jìng zhuāng shì， huī huáng cuǐ càn。 gōng de dōng cè yòu zhēn cáng１２４ fú míng huà de huà láng， duō wéi wén yì fù xīng shí qī yì dà lì、 hé lán huà jiā de míng zuò。 zài wú yōu gōng de huā yuán nèi yòu yī zuò liù jiǎo liáng tíng， bèi chēng wéi zhōng guó chá tíng。 chá tíng cǎi yòng liǎo zhōng guó chuán tǒng de sǎn zhuàng yuán xíng wū dǐng、 shàng gài bì wǎ、 huáng jīn yuán zhù luò dì zhī chēng de jiàn zhù jié gòu。 tíng nèi zhuō yǐ wán quán fǎng zào dōng fāng shì yàng zhì zào。 tíng qián chù lì zhe yī zhǐ zhōng guó shì xiāng dǐng。 jù shuō dāng nián pǔ lǔ shì guó wáng cháng zài cǐ pǐn chá xiāo qiǎn。
　　 kē lóng dà jiào táng (CologneCathedral) shì shì jiè shàng zuì wán měi de gē tè shì jiào táng， wèi yú dé guó kē lóng shì zhōng xīn de lāi yīn hé pàn。 dōng xī cháng１４４．５５ mǐ， nán běi kuān８６．２５ mǐ， tīng gāo４３．３５ mǐ， dǐng zhù gāo１０９ mǐ， zhōng yāng shì liǎng zuò yǔ mén qiáng lián qì zài yī qǐ de shuāng jiān tǎ， zhè liǎng zuò１５７．３８ mǐ de jiān tǎ xiàng liǎng bǎ fēng lì de bǎo jiàn， zhí chā cāng qióng。 zhěng zuò jiàn zhù wù quán bù yóu mó guāng shí kuài qì chéng， zhàn dì８０００ píng fāng mǐ， jiàn zhù miàn jī yuē６０００ duō píng fāng mǐ。 zài dà jiào táng de sì zhōu lín lì zhe wú shù zuò xiǎo jiān tǎ， zhěng gè dà jiào táng chéng hēi sè， zài quán shì suǒ yòu de jiàn zhù zhōng gé wài yǐn rén zhù mù。
　　
　　 lì shǐ míng rén
　　 kāng dé（１７２４－１８０４）： shēng yú１７２４ nián４ yuè２２ rì，１７４０ nián rù gē ní sī bèi gé dà xué。 cóng１７４６ nián qǐ rèn jiā tíng jiào shī４ nián。１７５５ nián wán chéng dà xué xué yè， qǔ dé biān wài jiǎng shī zī gé， rèn jiǎng shī１５ nián。 zài cǐ qī jiān kāng dé zuò wéi jiào shī hé zhù zuò jiā， shēng wàng rì lóng。 chú jiǎng shòu wù lǐ xué hé shù xué wài， hái jiǎng shòu luó ji xué、 xíng 'ér shàng xué、 dào dé zhé xué、 huǒ qì hé zhù chéng xué、 zì rán dì lǐ děng。１８ shì jì６０ nián dài， zhè yī shí qī de zhù yào zhù zuò yòu：《 guān yú zì rán shén xué hé dào dé de yuán zé de míng què xìng yán jiū》（１７６４）、《 bǎ fù shù gài niàn yǐn jìn yú zhé xué zhōng de cháng shì》（１７６３）、《 shàng dì cún zài de lùn zhèng de wéi yī kě néng de gēn yuán》（１７６３）。 suǒ zhù《 shì líng zhě de huàn mèng》（１７６６） jiǎn yàn liǎo yòu guān jīng shén shì jiè de quán bù guān diǎn。１７７０ nián bèi rèn mìng wéi luó ji hé xíng 'ér shàng xué jiào shòu。 tóng nián fā biǎo《 lùn gǎn jué jiè hé lǐ zhì jiè de xíng shì hé yuán zé》。 cóng１７８１ nián kāi shǐ，９ nián nèi chū bǎn liǎo yī xì liè shè jí guǎng kuò lǐng yù de yòu dú chuàng xìng de wěi dà zhù zuò， duǎn qī nèi dài lái liǎo yīcháng zhé xué sī xiǎng shàng de gé mìng。 rú《 chún cuì lǐ xìng pī pàn》（１７８１）、《 shí jiàn lǐ xìng pī pàn》（１７８８）、《 pàn duàn lì pī pàn》（１７９０）。１７９３ nián《 zài lǐ xìng fàn wéi nèi de zōng jiào》 chū bǎn hòu bèi zhǐ kòng wéi làn yòng zhé xué， wāi qū bìng miè shì jī dū jiào de jī běn jiào yì； yú shì zhèng fǔ yào qiú kāng dé bù dé zài jiǎng kè hé zhù shù zhōng zài tán lùn zōng jiào wèn tí。 dàn１７９７ nián guó wáng sǐ hòu， tā yòu zài zuì hòu yī piān zhòng yào lùn wén《 xué yuàn zhī zhēng》（１７９８） zhōng chóngxīn lùn jí zhè yī wèn tí。《 cóng zì rán kē xué zuì gāo yuán lǐ dào wù lǐ xué de guò dù》 běn lái kě néng chéng wéi kāng dé zhé xué de zhòng yào bǔ chōng， dàn cǐ shū wèi néng wán chéng。１８０４ nián２ yuè１２ rì bìng shì。
　　 gē dé（１７４９－１８３２）： dé guó shī rén。 shēng yú lāi yīn hé pàn fǎ lán kè fú yī gè fù yù shì mín jiā tíng。１７６５ nián rù lāi bǐ xī dà xué xué fǎ lǜ， dàn gèng zuì xīn yú yì shù hé zì rán kē xué，１７７０ nián zhuǎn rù sī tè lā sī bǎo dà xué， shēn shòu lú suō děng xiān jìn sī xiǎng yǐng xiǎng。 cì nián jié shù xué yè， huí dào gù xiāng dāng lǜ shī， dàn zhù yào jīng lì què zài wén xué chuàng zuò。 cóng１７７５ nián， tā zài wèi mǎ gōng guó cóng zhèng shí nián， rèn wèi mǎ gōng guó shū mì yuàn gù wèn， zhù zhāng gǎi gé， dàn wèi shí xiàn。 gē dé yī shēng qín miǎn xiě zuò， què lì liǎo tā zuò wéi shì jiè dà zuò jiā de dì wèi。 qí zuò pǐn shù liàng zhī dà dá dào jīng rén dì bù，《 gē dé quán jí zuì hòu shǒu dìng běn》 dá４０ cè， tā shì shì hòu de bǔ chōng běn《 gē dé yí zhù》 dá２０ cè。 xiě yòu zhōng piān xiǎo shuō《 shàonián wéi tè zhī fán nǎo》， dài biǎo zuò shī jù《 fú shì dé》 shì xiàn shí zhù yì hé làng màn zhù yì xiāng jié hé de zhù zuò。
　　 bèi duō fēn（１７７０ héng１８２７ nián）： dé guó zuòqǔ jiā。 shēng yú bō 'ēn chéng， zì yòu suí fù xué gāng qín。１７８７ nián céng jīng dào wéi yě nà xiàng hǎi dùn xué xí zuòqǔ， bìng jié shí mò zhā tè。１７９２ nián dìng jū wéi yě nà， cóng shì jiào xué、 yǎn chū hé chuàng zuò。 bèi duō fēn shēng huó zài fǎ guó dà gé mìng、 ná pò lún zhàn zhēng hé wéi yě nà tǐ xì de fǎn dòng shí dài， ōu zhōu de mín zhù hé mín zú yì shí cǐ shí zhèng rì yì xīng qǐ。 tā de zuò pǐn zhèng fǎn yìng liǎo zhè xiē shí dài de tè zhēng， huò gē sòng yīng xióng， huò fǎn duì fēng jiàn， zhēng qǔ mín zhù zì yóu hé měi hǎo wèi lái。 qí zhù yào zuò pǐn yòu《 dì sān jiāo xiǎng qū》《 dì wǔ jiāo xiǎng qū》（《 mìng yùn》）、《 dì liù jiāo xiǎng qū》（《 tián yuán》）、《 dì jiǔ jiāo xiǎng qū》（《 hé chàng》）， yǐ jí《 bēi chuàng》 zòu míng qū、《 yuè guāng》 zòu míng qū děng。
　　 hēi gé 'ěr（１７７０－１８３１ nián）： dé guó wéi xīn zhù yì zhé xué jiā。 shēng yú dé guó nán bù sī tú jiā tè de yī gè shēn shì jiā tíng。１７８８ héng１７９３ nián zài tú bīn gēn shén xué yuàn xué xí， bì yè hòu dāng guò liù nián jiā tíng jiào shī， hòu zài niǔ lún bǎo zhōng xué dāng xiào cháng。１８１６ nián rèn hǎi dé bǎo dà xué zhé xué jiào shòu。１８３０ nián rèn bólín dà xué xiào cháng，１８３１ nián sǐ yú huò luàn。 zhù yào zhù zuò yòu：《 jīng shén xiàn xiàng xué》、《 luó ji xué》、《 zhé xué quán shū》、《 fǎ zhé xué yuán lǐ》》、《 zhé xué shǐ jiǎng yǎn lù》、《 lì shǐ zhé xué》 hé《 měi xué） děng。
　　 hǎi niè（１７９７－１８５６ nián）：１７９７ nián１２ yuè１３ rì shēng yú dé guó dù sài 'ěr duō fū， tóng nián hé shàonián shí qī jīng lì liǎo ná pò lún zhàn zhēng。１８１５ nián ná pò lún bīng bài hòu， céng zài yínháng gōng zuò。１８１９ nián hòu， céng zài bō 'ēn dà xué、 gē tíng gēn dà xué、 bólín dà xué xué xí。 zài bólín shí jié shí fǎ 'ēn hā gēn · fēng · ēn zé fū fù yǐ jí zuò jiā shā mǐ suǒ、 fù kǎi děng。 ēn zé fū fù jiā de wén xué shā lóng shì bólín de wén xué zhōng xīn。 zài tā de yǐng xiǎng xià， hǎi niè de dì yī bù《 shī jí》 yú１８２１ nián zài bólín chū bǎn。１８２３ nián fā biǎo《 bēi jù héng héng shū qíng chāqǔ》。１８２４ nián１ yuè chóngfǎn gé tíng gēn dà xué xué xí fǎ lǜ， bìng jì xù xiě shī， wán chéng liǎo《 hái xiāng jí》。１８２５ nián huò fǎ xué bó shì xué wèi。《 hái xiāng jí》 zēng dìng hòu yǔ《 hā 'ěr cí shān yóu jì》 hé《 běi hǎi jì yóu》 zhōng de dì yī bù fēn zǔ shī， yú１８２６ nián huì biān wéi《 lǚ xíng jì》 fā biǎo， yǐn qǐ qiáng liè de fǎn xiǎng。１８２７ nián《 lǚ xíng jì》 dì２ juàn chū bǎn。 cóng yīng guó lǚ xíng huí dào hàn bǎo hòu， tā de《 gē jí》 chū bǎn， shōu rù zài cǐ zhī qián fā biǎo de dà bù shī gē， diàn dìng liǎo hǎi niè zuò wéi jié chū de shū qíng shī rén de dì wèi。１８２９ nián《 lǚ xíng jì》 dì３ juàn chū bǎn。 yǐ hòu hǎi niè lù xù fā biǎo liǎo《 fǎ lán xī xiàn zhuàng》、《 lùn fǎ guó de huà jiā》、《 dé guó jìn dài wén xué shǐ lüè》、《 lù dé wéi xī · bó 'ěr nà， hēng lì xī · hǎi niè de bèi wáng lù》、《 dé guó， yī gè dōng tiān de tóng huà》 děng wén zhāng hèshī gē。１８４８ nián５ yuè wán quán tān huàn， tā yǐ jīng rén de yì lì jiān chí xiě zuò， kǒu shòu wán chéng shī jí《 luó màn cǎi luó》， yú１８５１ nián chū bǎn。 hòu hái xiě liǎo yī xiē sǎnwén zuò pǐn。１８５６ nián２ yuè１７ rì， hǎi niè zài bā lí shì shì。
　　 mén dé 'ěr sōng（ Mendelssohn，１８０９－１８４７）：１８０９ nián２ yuè３ rì shēng yú dé guó hàn bǎo， fù mǔ jūn wéi yóu tài rén。１２ suì kāi shǐ chuàng zuò，１７ suì jí wán chéng《 zhòng xià yè zhī mèng xù qū》，２１ suì qǐ yán jiū hé zhěng lǐ bā hè de zuò pǐn， wéi zhè wèi yīnyuè zhī fù de zuò pǐn dé yǐ fù shēng zuò chū liǎo zuì zhòng yào de gòng xiàn。２７ suì zài lāi bǐ xī rèn zhǐ huī，１８４３ nián chuàng bàn dé guó dì yī suǒ yīnyuè xué yuàn，３８ suì shí jí bìng gù。 tā zài duǎn zàn de yī shēng zhōng chuàng zuò liǎo dà liàng de gè zhǒng tǐ cái de yīnyuè zuò pǐn， zuò pǐn fēng gé wēn róu shū shì、 yōu měi tián jìng、 wán zhěng yán jǐn、 jí shǎo máo dùn chōng tū、 fù yú shī yì huàn xiǎng， fǎn yìng chū tā shēng huó shàng de 'ān dìng fù zú。 tā de jiāo xiǎng qū《 sū gé lán》、《 yì dà lì》， xù qū《 fēn gé 'ěr shān dòng》，《 píng jìng de hǎi yǔ xìng fú de háng xíng》，《 e xiǎo diào xiǎo tí qín xié zòu qū》 děngdōu shì zhù míng zuò pǐn。《 zhòng xià yè zhī mèng xù qū》 shì yīnyuè zuò pǐn zhōng zuì zǎo miáo xiě shén xiān jìng jiè de。 tā hái dú chuàng liǎo“ wú cí gē” de gāng qín qū tǐ cái， gòng bā cè sì shí bā shǒu， xíng xiàng shēng dòng duō zī， shì zǎo qī biāo tí yīnyuè de dài biǎo。 yǐ tā wéi zhōng xīn de lāi bǐ xī lè pài duì shí jiǔ shì jì dé guó yīnyuè shēng huó chǎn shēng liǎo hěn dà de yǐng xiǎng。
　　 wǎ gé nà（ RichardWagner，１８１３－１８８３ nián）：１８１３ nián５ yuè２２ rì shēng yú lāi bǐ xī。 zì yòu xǐ 'ài bèi duō fēn、 mò zhā tè hé wéi bó de yīnyuè， zì xué gāng qín hé zuòqǔ。 tóng shí， yě shòu suō shì bǐ yà、 gē dé、 xí lè de xì jù yǐng xiǎng，１５ suì shí jiù xiě liǎo yī chū５ mù de shī bēi jù， wǎn nián yòu shòu shū běn huá、 ní cǎi shèn zhì fú luò yī dé děng zhé xué jiā de yǐng xiǎng。１８３３ nián xià tiān zài wéi 'ěr cí bǎo dān rèn gē jù zhǐ huī， bìng kāi shǐ gē jù chuàng zuò。１８４０ nián xiě chéng《 lí 'ēn jì》，１８４１ nián chuàng zuò liǎo tā de dì yī bù gē jù dài biǎo zuò《 piào bó de hé lán rén》。１８４３ nián bèi rèn mìng wéi dé lěi sī dùn gōng tíng gē jù yuàn zhǐ huī。１８４５ nián yǎn chū tā gēn jù dé guó chuán shuō suǒ zuò de《 tānɡ háo sài》。１８４９ nián hòu， zài guó wài liú wáng１５ nián。１８７５ nián wán chéng liǎo《 ní bó lóng gēn zhǐ huán》 de quán bù xiě zuò， bìng yú１８７６ nián８ yuè zài xīn luò chéng de bài luó yī tè jù yuàn shàng yǎn， huò jí dà chéng gōng。 qí zhù míng de zuò pǐn shàng yòu《 luó 'ēn gé lín》、《 tè lǐ sī tǎn yǔ yī suǒ 'ěr dé》、《 niǔ lún bǎo de míng gē shǒu》 děng。 qí zhù zuò yòu《 lùn dé guó yīnyuè》、《 yì shù yǔ gé mìng》、《 wèi lái de yì shù zuò pǐn》 yǐ jí《 gē jù yǔ xì jù》 děng。１８８３ nián２ yuè１３ rì shì shì。 tā de yīnyuè xì jù de wǔ tái zuò pǐn jù yòu jí wéi shēn yuǎn de yì yì， tè diǎn shì dōushì yóu zì jǐ chuàng zuò de（ bāo kuò qíng jié、 rén wù、 jù cí、 biǎo xiàn fāng fǎ hé yīnyuè）。 tā duì yīnyuè xíng shì běn shēn cóng bù gǎn xīng qù， zhǐ bǎ tā zuò wéi qíng gǎn de hé xīn lǐ de biǎo xiàn shǒu duàn 'ér yǐ。 tā chè dǐ gǎi gé liǎo zuòqǔ de jì shù， cóng 'ér duì yīnyuè zuò wéi yī zhǒng yì shù de fā zhǎn jù yòu jué dìng xìng de yǐng xiǎng， bìng dǎo zhì biǎo xiàn zhù yì yīnyuè de xíng chéng。
　　 mǎ kè sī（１８１８－１８８３ nián）：１８１８ nián５ yuè５ rì chū shēng yú dé guó pǔ lǔ shì lāi yīn shěng tè lì 'ěr chéng yī gè yóu tài rén lǜ shī jiā tíng。１８３５ héng１８４１ nián， xiān hòu zài bō 'ēn dà xué hé bólín dà xué gōng dú fǎ xué， dé zhé xué bó shì xué wèi。１８４２ nián rèn lāi yīn bào zhù biān，１８４３ nián hé yàn nī jié hūn bìng qiān jū bā lí。１８４４ nián hé 'ēn gé sī huì jiàn， hé zhù《 shén shèng jiā zú》（１８４４ nián）、《 dé yì zhì yì shí xíng tài》（１８４５ héng１８４６ nián）。１８４７ nián１１ yuè chū xí gòng chǎn zhù yì zhě tóng méng dì 'èr cì dài biǎo dà huì，１８４８ nián２ yuè fā biǎo yǔ 'ēn gé sī hé xiě de《 gòng chǎn dǎng xuān yán》；１８４８ nián 'ōu zhōu gé mìng bào fā hòu huí dào dé guó， chuàng bàn《 xīn lāi yīn bào》；１８４０ nián bèi qū zhú chū pǔ lǔ shì， xiān dào bā lí， hòu dìng jū lún dūn；１８６４ nián zài lún dūn chuàng lì“ guó jì gōng rén xié huì”（ jí dì yī guó jì）， lǐng dǎo guó jì gōng rén yùn dòng， kāi zhǎn fǎn duì jī huì zhù yì de dǒu zhēng。１８８３ nián３ yuè１４ rì yǔ shì cháng cí， hé xiān tā liǎng nián shì shì de fū rén yàn nī yī qǐ， ān zàng zài lún dūn de hǎi gé tè gōng mù。
　　 ēn gé sī（１８２０ héng１８９５ nián）：１８２０ nián１１ yuè２８ rì chū shēng yú dé guó pǔ lǔ shì lāi yīn shěng bā mén shì yī gè fǎng zhì gōng chǎng zhù jiā tíng。１８３７ nián zhōng xué hái wèi bì yè， jiù dào bù lái méi yī jiā dà mào yì gōng sī jīng shāng，１８４１ nián zài bù bīng pào tuán fú bīng yì， tóng shí zài bólín dà xué tīng zhé xué kè， cān jiā liǎo qīng nián hēi gé 'ěr pài xiǎo zǔ。１８４２ nián９ yuè dào yīng guó màn chè sī tè qí fù yǔ rén hé yíng de qǐ yè gōng zuò。１８４４ nián zài bā lí yǔ mǎ kè sī xiāng jiàn， bìng yú dāng nián hé zhù《 shén shèng jiā zú》。１８４５ nián chū bǎn《 yīng guó gōng rén jiē jí zhuàng kuàng》， tóng nián chūn qiān jū bù lǔ sài 'ěr， yǔ mǎ kè sī hé zhù《 dé yì zhì yì shí xíng tài》，１８４８ nián２ yuè yòu gòng tóng fā biǎo《 gòng chǎn dǎng xuān yán》。１８４８ nián dé guó gé mìng bào fā， céng qīn zì cān jiā wǔ zhuāng qǐ yì。１８５０ nián１１ yuè chóngfǎn yīng guó jīng shāng， zài jīng jì shàng zhī chí hé bāng zhù mǎ kè sī。 cān jiā chuàng jiàn hé lǐng dǎo dì yī guó jì de gōng zuò。１８７７－１８７８ nián xiě chéng《 fǎn dù lín lùn》；１８８５ nián zhěng lǐ chū bǎn liǎo《 zī běn lùn》 dì 'èr juàn；１８９４ nián chū bǎn liǎo dì sān juàn。１８８９ nián lǐng dǎo jiàn lì dì 'èr guó jì。１８９５ nián 8 yuè 5 rì zài lún dūn bìng shì。
　　 ào tuō · féng · bǐ sī mài（ OttoVonBismarck，１８１５－１８９８） shì dé guó jìn dài shǐ shàng yī wèi jǔ zú qīng zhòng de rén wù。 zuò wéi pǔ lǔ shì dé guó róng kè zī chǎn jiē jí de zuì zhù míng de zhèng zhì jiā hé wài jiāo jiā， tā shì“ cóng shàng zhì xià” tǒng yī dé guó de dài biǎo rén wù。 bǐ sī mài yú１８１５ nián４ yuè１ rì chū shēng yú pǔ lǔ shì bó lán dēng bǎo 'ā 'ěr tè mǎ kè xuě 'ēn háo sēn zhuāng yuán yī jiā dà róng kè guì zú shì jiā。 yòu shí shòu guò liáng hǎo jiào yù， céng jīng zài gē tíng gēn dà xué hé bólín dà xué xué xí fǎ lǜ、 lì shǐ hé wài yǔ。 dà xué qī jiān， tā céng yǔ tóng xué zuò guò２７ cì jué dǒu。 bì yè hòu fú bīng yì。 bǐ sī mài tǐ gé qiáng zhuàng、 gè xìng cū yě， wèile zhuī qiú mù biāo kě yǐ bù zé shǒu duàn， chí xiàn shí zhù yì tài dù。１８３９ nián yǐ hòu， tā huí dào zì jǐ de lǐng dì， jīng yíng zhuāng yuán jīng jì， cǎi yòng xīn de gēng zuò fāng fǎ， gǎi jìn nóng jù， zuò wù lún zhǒng， jìn xíng shāng pǐn shēng chǎn。１８４７ nián， bǐ sī mài chéng wéi pǔ lǔ shì yì huì yì yuán；１８５１ héng１８５８ nián bèi rèn mìng wéi pǔ lǔ shì bāng zhù dé yì zhì lián bāng dài biǎo huì de dài biǎo，１８５９ nián rèn zhù 'é gōng shǐ，１８６１ nián gǎi rèn zhù fǎ gōng shǐ。１８６２ nián rèn pǔ lǔ shì zǎi xiāng jiān wài jiāo dà chén， jí lì tuī xíng“ tiě xuè zhèng cè”， zhù zhāng tōng guò zhàn zhēng， yóu pǔ lǔ shì tǒng yī dé guó。 tā xiāng jì fā dòng liǎo duì dān mài、 ào dì lì hé fǎ guó de zhàn zhēng， zhú bù shí xiàn liǎo dé guó tǒng yī。１８７１ nián bǐ sī mài chū rèn xīn chéng lì hòu de dé yì zhì dì guó zǎixiàng， bìng shòu fēng wéi gōng jué。 cǐ hòu de２０ nián jiān， tā quán qīng cháo yě。 duì nèi jiā qiáng pǔ lǔ shì hé dì guó zhèng fǔ de quán lì， cù jìn róng kè hé zī chǎn jiē jí de lián méng hé jīng jì shōu yì， zhèn yā gōng rén yùn dòng； duì wài cǎi qǔ xiàn shí zhù yì tài dù， zhēng bà 'ōu zhōu， bìng xiàng hǎi wài jī jí kuò zhāng， tā běn rén chéng wéi１９ shì jì xià bàn qī 'ōu zhōu zhèng zhì wǔ tái shàng de fēng yún rén wù。１８９０ nián， tā bèi xīn huáng wēi lián 'èr shì mìng lìng cí zhí， huí dào zhuāng yuán。１８９８ nián qù shì。
　　 ā dào fū · xī tè lè（ AdolfHitler， 1889-1945） dé guó fǎ xī sī zhù yì tóu hào dú cái zhě， dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn yuán xiōng。 1889 nián shēng yú 'ào xiōng dì guó bù láo nǎo， 1933 nián chū rèn dé guó zǒng lǐ， xuān bù dé guó wéi“ dé yì zhì dì sān dì guó”， shǐ dé guó bǎi tuō jīng jì dà xiāo tiáo。 tā sī huǐ《 fán 'ěr sài hé yuē》， fēng kuáng kuò chōng jūn duì， zhàn lǐng 'ào dì lì、 jié kè sī luò fá kè děng guó。 1939 nián 9 yuè 1 rì rù qīn bō lán， 3 rì， yīng fǎ duì dé xuān zhàn， dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn bào fā。 1941 nián 6 yuè 22 rì rù qīn sū lián。 1945 nián 4 yuè 30 rì zài zǒng lǐ fǔ dì bǎo zì shā。
　　 bèi 'ěr tuō · bù lāi xī tè１８９８ nián２ yuè１０ rì shēng yú dé guó bā fá lì yà shěng 'ào gé sī bǎo zhèn。 nián qīng shí rèn jù yuàn biān jù hé dǎo yǎn。 céng tóu shēn gōng rén yùn dòng。１９３３ nián hòu liú wáng 'ōu zhōu dà lù。１９４１ nián jīng sū lián qù měi guó， dàn zhàn hòu zāo pò hài，１９４７ nián fǎn huí 'ōu zhōu。１９４８ nián qǐ dìng jū dōng bólín。１９５１ nián yīn duì xì jù de gòng xiàn 'ér huò guó jiā jiǎng jīn。１９５５ nián huò liè níng hé píng jiǎng jīn。 tā yī zhí cóng chàng dǎo gē jù gǎi gé rù shǒu， zài lǐ lùn hé shí jiàn shàng jìn xíng shǐ shī jù shí yàn， tè bié xī shōu zhōng guó xì jù yì shù jīng yàn， zhú bù xíng chéng liǎo dú tè de biǎo yǎn fāng fǎ。 tā de zhù yào xì jù lǐ lùn zhù zuò yòu：《 méi xīn kǎo fū》 děng。 dài biǎo xìng jù zuò yòu：《 mǔ qīn》、《 sì chuān hǎo rén》、《 gāo jiā suǒ huī lán jì》、《 gā lì lüè chuán》 děng děng。
　　 ní cǎi（ FriedrichwilhelmNietzsche1844-1900） shì dé guó xiàn dài zhù míng zhé xué jiā。 tā chū shēn yú yī gè xiāng cūn mù shī de jiā tíng。 fù qīn shè huì dì wèi bù gāo， dàn yīn yǔ guó wáng yòu gù jiāo， yīn cǐ dé dào hòu zhě de 'ēn chǒng。 ní cǎi cóng xiǎo jiē shòu guì zú tè quán jiē jí de jiào yù， tā men jiā zhōng de shēng huó fāng shì yě shì guì zú shì de。 ní cǎi 1864 nián jìn rù bō 'ēn dà xué dú shū， yī nián hòu zhuǎn rù lāi bǐ xī dà xué， xué xí yǔ yán xué hé shén xué。 tā xǐ huān wén yì， tā hòu lái de zhù zuò xǔ duō shì yǐ wén xué tǐ cái xiě chéng de。 ní cǎi de zhé xué huó dòng yī bān kě fēn wéi sān gè shí qī。 dì yī gè shí qī： 1870 nián zhì 1876 nián。 zhè yī shí qī tā zhù yào shòu dào shū běn huá de yǐng xiǎng。 tā zhè shí de zhù yào zhù zuò shì《 bēi jù de qǐ yuán》（ 1872）。 dì 'èr gè shí qī： 1877 nián zhì 1882 nián。 zhè yī shí qī tā zhù yào shòu liǎo kǒng dé hé sī bīn sài de yǐng xiǎng。 zhù yào zhù zuò shì《 rén xìng de， tài rén xìng de》（ 1878），《 zhāoxiá》（ 1881）。 dì sān gè shí qī： 1883 nián zhì 1889 nián。 zhè shí tā lì qiú bǎi tuō qí tā zhé xué jiā de yǐng xiǎng。 dú lì chuàng zào zì jǐ de zhé xué tǐ xì。 zhè shí tā de zhù yào zhé xué zhù zuò shì《 chá lā tú sī tè lā rú shì shuō》（ sì juàn 1883-1891），《 shàn 'è zhī bǐ 'àn》（ 1886），《 dào dé tǐ xì lùn》（ 1887）。 tā de zì chuán xìng zhù zuò《 kàn zhè gè rén！》（ 1908） yǐ jí tā zhé xué sī xiǎng de zǒng jié xìng zhù zuò《 quán lì yì zhì》（ 1895， wèi wán chéng） dōushì zhè shí xiě chū， sǐ hòu chū bǎn de。
　　
　　
　　 wài jiāo
　　 fèng xíng yǔ xī fāng jié méng de wài jiāo zhèng cè， wài jiāo zhèng cè de zhòng diǎn yǐ cì shì： tuī dòng shēn huà hé kuò dà 'ōu méng， tuī dòng 'ōu zhōu yī tǐ huà jìn chéng， jiā qiáng yǐ 'ōu zhōu wéi hé xīn chuán tǒng yǒu yì， gǒng gù yǔ běi yuē de guān xì bìng zhì lì yú jiàn lì 'ōu zhōu dú lì 'ān quán hé fáng wù tǐ xì。 mò kè 'ěr zǒng lǐ shàng tái yǐ hòu， jiā qiáng tóng měi guó de jǐn mì lián méng， jiā qiáng kuà dà xī yáng liǎng 'àn jīng jì hé zuò， bǎo chí hé fā zhǎn yǔ 'é luó sī de guān xì， zài jīng jì shàng dà lì kāi tuò zhōng dōng 'ōu xīn xīng shì chǎng， jiā qiáng yǔ zhōng guó， yìn dù děng yòu guó jì yǐng xiǎng lì fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de guān xì， móu qiú zài yǐ lián hé guó wéi kuàng jià guó jì zǔ zhì zhōng fā huī gèng jī jí zuò yòng。
　　 yǔ zhōng guó guān xì：１９７２ nián１０ yuè１１ rì， lián bāng dé guó yǔ zhōng guó jiàn lì wài jiāo guān xì（１９４９ nián１０ yuè２７ rì， mín zhù dé guó yǔ zhōng guó jiàn jiāo）。 jìn nián lái， zhōng dé liǎng guó zài gè lǐng yù de hù lì yǒu hǎo hé zuò bù duàn qǔ dé xīn jìn zhǎn， zài guó jì shì wù zhōng de cuō shāng yǔ hé zuò rì yì jiā qiáng。 dàn shì mò kè 'ěr zǒng lǐ shàng tái yǐ hòu， yóu yú liǎng guó zài xīzàng wèn tí shàng rèn shí bù tóng， dǎo zhì liǎng guó guān xì yī dù jǐn zhāng， jīng guò shuāng fāng nǔ lì， liǎng guó guān xì jī běn huī fù zhèng cháng。
　　
　　 tǐ yù
　　 dà sài jǔ bàn jīng lì
　　1936 nián bólín 'ào yùn huì
　　1974 nián dé guó shì jiè bēi
　　2006 nián dé guó shì jiè bēi
　　1972 nián mù ní hēi 'ào yùn huì
　　
　　 dé guó bù jǐn shèng chǎn pí jiǔ， yě shèng chǎn F1 chē shǒu， qí zhōng chē wáng mài kè 'ěr · shū mǎ hè jiù lái zì dé guó。 xiàn yì chē shǒu zhōng chú liǎo tā de dì dì RalfSchumacher hái yòu hǎi fěi 'ěr dé， luó sī bó gé yǐ jí sū dì 'ěr shěn chōng。
　　 tián jìng、 yóu yǒng、 sài tǐng、 zú qiú， dōushì dé guó duì de chuán tǒng qiáng xiàng。 zhōng cháng páo xuǎn shǒu dí - bào màn、 tiào gāo nǚ xuǎn shǒu hēng kè 'ěr、 tiào yuǎn xuǎn shǒu dé léi kè sī lè、 biāo qiāng xuǎn shǒu xī - lún kè， dōushì lì shǐ shàng zhù míng de tián jìng yùn dòng yuán。 yóu yǒng jiè lǎo jiāng yòu gé luó sī、 gé lā shī、 shī nài dé、 gé wéi ní gé 'ěr， tā mendōu zài gè zì de xiàng mù shàng chuàng zào guò shì jiè jì lù。 qián tiào yuǎn shì jiè guànjūn dé léi kè sī lè， céng zài 1992 nián hé 2000 nián 'ào yùn huì shí zhāi qǔ jīn pái。 shū màn shì dé guó duì nán zǐ 800 mǐ xī ní 'ào yùn huì guànjūn。 37 suì de tiě bǐng lǎo jiāng lǐ dé 'ěr， céng jīng ná guò wǔ cì shì jiè guànjūn。 dé guó sài tǐng duì zé shì shì jiè yī liú qiáng duì。
　　 zhù míng chēng gān tiào gāo xuǎn shǒu luó bīn gé、 nǚ zǐ qiān qiú míng jiāng kù bó nǔ sī、 nǚ zǐ tiě bǐng xuǎn shǒu wéi lǔ dá、 yóu yǒng míng jiāng 'ā 'ěr mǔ xī kè、 shè jī duì de lāi 'áng hā tè、 kù zé 'ěr děng， dōushì xīn yī dài dé guó guó jiā duì duì yuán zhōng de jiǎo jiǎo zhě。 zài 4x400 mǐ jiē lì xiàng mù shàng， néng gòu chū chǎng de yùn dòng yuán zhōng yòu yī wèi céng shì 1997 nián shì jǐn sài gāi xiàng mù jīn pái huò dé zhě， jiào bù lǐ yuē 'ěr。 lǎo jiāng kù bó nǔ sī， céng huò dé guò yà tè lán dà 'ào yùn huì nǚ zǐ qiān qiú jīn pái， tā zài 2004 nián 7 yuè jǔ xíng de quán guó jǐn biāo sài shàng， rú yuàn yǐ cháng de ná dào liǎo gè rén de dì qī gè quán guó guànjūn， tā yě jiāng cān jiā yǎ diǎn 'ào yùn huì de juézhú。
　　 dé guó zú qiú shuǐ píng yī zhí pái zài shì jiè de qián liè， jié zhì 2007 nián， dé guó guó jiā zú qiú duì yǐ huò dé sān zuò nán zú shì jiè bēi hé liǎng zuò nǚ zú shì jiè bēi。 dé guó zú qiú jiá jí lián sài（ dé jiá） yě shì 'ōu zhōu wǔ dà lián sài zhī yī。 zài 2006 nián dé guó běn tǔ jǔ bàn de shì jiè bēi zhōng， dé guó suī rán zhǐ yòu dì 3 míng， kě tā men zài zhè jiè bǐ sài zhōng de biǎo xiàn yě shì lìng rén mǎn yì de。
　　 dé guó tǒng yī hòu yǐ jīng cān jiā guò sān jiè 'ào yùn huì， gòng huò dé 67 méi jīn pái， 56 méi yín pái， 81 méi tóng pái。
　　 xià miàn shì dé guó duì zài zhè jǐ jiè xià jì 'ào yùn huì zhōng de chéng jì：
　　 nián fèn jīn pái yín pái tóng pái míng cì
　　19923321283
　　19962018273
　　20001417265
　　20041416186
　　
　　 zhàn hòu dé guó jīng jì xùn sù fā zhǎn de yuán yīn
　　1. zhàn hòu（ èr zhàn） dé guó qīng chú fǎ xī sī zhù yì， shè huì bǐ jiào wěn dìng
　　2. shì xíng guó mín jīng jì fēi jūn shì huà， bǎ yòu xiàn de guó lì jí zhōng dào jīng jì jiàn shè zhōng
　　3. měi guó de fú zhí zhèng cè bāng zhù
　　4. zhèng fǔ qiáng diào shì chǎng guī lǜ de zuò yòng
　　5. zhòng shì jiào yù hé kē jì， láo dòng zhě sù zhì gāo
　　60 nián dài chū， lián bāng dé guó chéng wéi xī 'ōu zuì qiáng dà de jīng jì dà guó

　　Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland (help·info), IPA: [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357,021 km² and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With over 82 million inhabitants, it comprises the largest population among the member states of the European Union and is home to the third-highest number of international migrants worldwide.
　　
　　A region named Germania inhabited by several Germanic peoples has been known and documented before 100 AD. Since the 10th century German territories have formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire that lasted until 1806. During the period, in the 16th century, the northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, the country was first unified amidst the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. After World War II, Germany was divided into two separate states along the lines of allied occupation in 1949. The two states became reunified again in 1990. West Germany was a founding member of the EC in 1957, which became the European Union in 1993. It is part of the borderless Schengen zone and adopted the common European currency, the Euro, in 1999.
　　
　　Germany is a federal parliamentary republic of sixteen states (Bundesländer). The capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G4 nations, and signed the Kyoto protocol. It is the world's third largest economy by nominal GDP and the largest exporter of goods in 2007. In absolute terms, Germany allocates the second biggest annual budget of development aid in the world, while its military expenditure ranked sixth. The country has developed a high standard of living and established a comprehensive system of social security. It holds a key position in European affairs and maintains a multitude of close partnerships on a global level. Germany is recognized as a scientific and technological leader in several fields.
　　
　　History
　　Main articles: History of Germany, Germanic peoples, Germania, and List of country name etymologies
　　The ethnogenesis of the Germanic tribes is assumed to have occurred during the Nordic Bronze Age, or at the latest, during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, the tribes began expanding south, east and west in the 1st century BC, coming into contact with the Celtic tribes of Gaul as well as Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe. Little is known about early Germanic history, except through their recorded interactions with the Roman Empire, etymological research and archaeological finds.
　　
　　Expansion of the Germanic tribes 750 BC – AD 1Under Augustus, the Roman General Publius Quinctilius Varus began to invade Germania (a term used by the Romans running roughly from the Rhine to the Ural Mountains) , and it was in this period that the Germanic tribes became familiar with Roman tactics of warfare while maintaining their tribal identity. In AD 9, three Roman legions led by Varus were defeated by the Cheruscan leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Modern Germany, as far as the Rhine and the Danube, thus remained outside the Roman Empire. By AD 100, the time of Tacitus' Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus) , occupying most of the area of modern Germany. The 3rd century saw the emergence of a number of large West Germanic tribes: Alamanni, Franks, Chatti, Saxons, Frisians, Sicambri, and Thuringii. Around 260, the Germanic peoples broke through the Limes and the Danube frontier into Roman-controlled lands.
　　
　　Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
　　
　　Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire (1341 parchment)The medieval empire stemmed from a division of the Carolingian Empire in 843, which was founded by Charlemagne on 25 December 800, and existed in varying forms until 1806, its territory stretching from the Eider River in the north to the Mediterranean coast in the south. Often referred to as the Holy Roman Empire (or the Old Empire) , it was officially called the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ("Sacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicæ") starting in 1448, to adjust the title to its then reduced territory.
　　
　　Under the reign of the Ottonian emperors (919–1024) , the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia, and Bavaria were consolidated, and the German king was crowned Holy Roman Emperor of these regions in 962. Under the reign of the Salian emperors (1024–1125) , the Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy, although the emperors lost power through the Investiture Controversy. Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254) , the German princes increased their influence further south and east into territories inhabited by Slavs (Ostsiedlung). Northern German towns grew prosperous as members of the Hanseatic League.
　　
　　Martin Luther, (1483–1546) initiated the Protestant Reformation.The edict of the Golden Bull in 1356 provided the basic constitution of the empire that lasted until its dissolution. It codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors who ruled some of the most powerful principalities and archbishoprics. Beginning in the 15th century, the emperors were elected nearly exclusively from the Habsburg dynasty of Austria.
　　
　　The monk Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses questioning the Roman Catholic Church in 1517, thereby sparking the Protestant Reformation. A separate Lutheran church was acknowledged as the newly sanctioned religion in many German states after 1530. Religious conflict led to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) , which devastated German lands. The population of the German states was reduced by about 30%. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended religious warfare among the German states, but the empire was de facto divided into numerous independent principalities. From 1740 onwards, the dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1806, the Imperium was overrun and dissolved as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.
　　
　　See also: Medieval demography and German eastward expansion
　　
　　Restoration and revolution (1814–1871)
　　
　　Frankfurt Parliament in 1848Following the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Congress of Vienna convened in 1814 and founded the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) , a loose league of 39 sovereign states. Disagreement with restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, demanding unity and freedom. These, however, were followed by new measures of repression on the part of the Austrian statesman Metternich. The Zollverein, a tariff union, profoundly furthered economic unity in the German states. During this era many Germans had been stirred by the ideals of the French Revolution, and nationalism became a more significant force, especially among young intellectuals. For the first time, the colours of black, red and gold were chosen to represent the movement, which later became the national colours.
　　
　　In light of a series of revolutionary movements in Europe, which successfully established a republic in France, intellectuals and commoners started the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. The monarchs initially yielded to the revolutionaries' liberal demands. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, leading to a temporary setback for the movement. Conflict between King William I of Prussia and the increasingly liberal parliament erupted over military reforms in 1862, and the king appointed Otto von Bismarck the new Prime Minister of Prussia. Bismarck successfully waged war on Denmark in 1864. Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Federation (Norddeutscher Bund) and to exclude Austria, formerly the leading German state, from the affairs of the remaining German states.
　　
　　German Empire (1871–1918)
　　
　　Foundation of modern Germany in Versailles-France, 1871. Bismarck is at the centre in a white uniformThe state known as Germany was unified as a modern nation-state in 1871, when the German Empire was forged, with the Kingdom of Prussia as its largest constituent. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich) was proclaimed in Versailles on 18 January 1871. The Hohenzollern dynasty of Prussia ruled the new empire, whose capital was Berlin. The empire was a unification of all the scattered parts of Germany except Austria (Kleindeutschland, or "Lesser Germany"). Beginning in 1884, Germany began establishing several colonies outside of Europe.
　　
　　In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Emperor William I's foreign policy secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolating France by diplomatic means, and avoiding war. Under William II, however, Germany, like other European powers, took an imperialistic course leading to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had been previously involved were not renewed, and new alliances excluded the country. Specifically, France established new relationships by signing the Entente Cordiale with the United Kingdom and securing ties with the Russian Empire. Aside from its contacts with Austria-Hungary, Germany became increasingly isolated.
　　
　　Imperial Germany (1871–1918) , with the dominant Kingdom of Prussia in blue.Germany's imperialism reached outside of its own country and joined many other powers in Europe to claim their share of Africa. The Berlin Conference divided Africa between the European powers. Germany owned several pieces of land on Africa including German East Africa, South-West Africa, Togo, and Cameroon. The Scramble for Africa caused tension between the great powers that may have contributed to the conditions that led to World War I.
　　
　　The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 triggered World War I. Germany, as part of the unsuccessful Central Powers, suffered defeat against the Allied Powers in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. The German Revolution broke out in November 1918, and Emperor William II and all German ruling princes abdicated. An armistice putting an end to the war was signed on 11 November and Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. Its negotiation, contrary to traditional post-war diplomacy, excluded the defeated Central Powers. The treaty was perceived in Germany as a humiliating continuation of the war by other means and its harshness is often cited as having facilitated the later rise of Nazism in the country.
　　
　　Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
　　
　　Billboard advertising Die Dreigroschenoper by Bertolt Brecht. The Weimar era was dominated by political unrest and cultural liberation.After the success of the German Revolution in November 1918, a republic was proclaimed. The Weimar Constitution came into effect with its signing by President Friedrich Ebert on 11 August 1919. The German Communist Party was established by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in 1918, and the German Workers Party, later known as the National Socialist German Workers Party or Nazi Party, was founded in January 1919.
　　
　　Suffering from the Great Depression, the harsh peace conditions dictated by the Treaty of Versailles, and a long succession of more or less unstable governments, the political masses in Germany increasingly lacked identification with their political system of parliamentary democracy. This was exacerbated by a wide-spread right-wing (monarchist, völkisch, and Nazi) Dolchstoßlegende, a political myth which claimed that Germany lost World War I because of the German Revolution, not because of military defeat. On the other hand, radical left-wing communists, such as the Spartacist League, had wanted to abolish what they perceived as "capitalist rule" in favour of a Räterepublik. Paramilitary troops were set up by several parties and there were thousands of politically motivated murders. The paramilitaries intimidated voters and seeded violence and anger among the public, which suffered from high unemployment and poverty. After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, President Paul von Hindenburg, seeing little alternative and pushed by right-wing advisors, appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933.
　　
　　Third Reich (1933–1945)
　　
　　Adolf Hitler.On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag was set on fire. Some basic democratic rights were quickly abrogated afterwards under an emergency decree. An Enabling Act gave Hitler's government full legislative power. Only the Social Democratic Party of Germany voted against it; the Communists were not able to present opposition, as their deputies had already been murdered or imprisoned. A centralised totalitarian state was established by a series of moves and decrees making Germany a single-party state. Industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements, to shift the economy towards a war production base. In 1936 German troops entered the demilitarized Rhineland, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policies proved inadequate. Emboldened, Hitler followed from 1938 onwards a policy of expansionism to establish Greater Germany. To avoid a two-front war, Hitler concluded the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with the Soviet Union, a pact which he later broke.
　　
　　In 1939, the growing tensions from nationalism, militarism, and territorial issues led to the Germans launching a blitzkrieg on September 1 against Poland, followed two days later by declarations of war by Britain and France, marking the beginning of World War II. Germany quickly gained direct or indirect control of the majority of Europe.
　　
　　Berlin in ruins after World War II, Potsdamer Platz 1945On 22 June 1941, Hitler broke the pact with the Soviet Union by opening the Eastern Front and invading the Soviet Union. Shortly after Japan attacked the American base at Pearl Harbor, Germany declared war on the United States. Although initially the German army rapidly advanced into the Soviet Union, the Battle of Stalingrad marked a major turning point in the war. Subsequently, the German army commenced retreating on the Eastern Front. D-Day marked a major turning point on the Western front, as Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy and made rapid advances into German territory. Germany's defeat soon followed. On 8 May 1945, the German armed forces surrendered after the Red Army occupied Berlin.
　　
　　In what later became known as The Holocaust, the Third Reich regime enacted governmental policies directly subjugating many parts of society: Jews, Communists, Roma, homosexuals, freemasons, political dissidents, priests, preachers, religious opponents, and the disabled, amongst others. During the Nazi era, about eleven million people were murdered in the Holocaust, including six million Jews and three million Poles. World War II and the Nazi genocide were responsible for about 35 million dead in Europe.
　　
　　Division and reunification (1945–1990)
　　
　　Allied occupation zones in 1946The war resulted in the death of nearly ten million German soldiers and civilians; large territorial losses; the expulsion of about 15 million Germans from its former eastern territories and other countries; and the destruction of multiple major cities. The national territory and Berlin were partitioned by the Allies into four military occupation zones. The sectors controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States were merged on 23 May 1949, to form the Federal Republic of Germany; on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone established the German Democratic Republic. They were informally known as "West Germany" and "East Germany" and the two parts of Berlin as "West Berlin" and "East Berlin". The eastern and western countries opted for East Berlin and Bonn as their respective capitals. However, West Germany declared the status of its capital Bonn as provisional, in order to emphasize its stance that the two-state solution was an artificial status quo that was to be overcome one day.
　　
　　West Germany — established as a liberal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy" — was allied with the United States, the UK and France. The country eventually came to enjoy prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s (Wirtschaftswunder). West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1958. Across the border, East Germany was at first occupied by, and later (May 1955) allied with, the USSR. An authoritarian country with a Soviet-style command economy, but many of its citizens looked to the West for political freedoms and economic prosperity. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961 to stop East Germans from escaping to West Germany, became a symbol of the Cold War. However, tensions between East and West Germany were somewhat reduced in the early 1970s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, which included the de facto acceptance of Germany's territorial losses in World War II.
　　
　　The Berlin Wall in front of the Brandenburg Gate shortly after the opening in 1989In the face of a growing migration of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and mass demonstrations during the summer of 1989, East German authorities unexpectedly eased the border restrictions in November, allowing East German citizens to travel to the West. Originally intended as a pressure valve to retain East Germany as a state, the opening of the border actually led to an acceleration of the reform process in East Germany, which finally concluded with the Two Plus Four Treaty a year later on 12 September 1990 and German reunification on 3 October 1990. Under the terms of the treaty, the four occupying powers renounced their rights under the Instrument of Surrender, and Germany regained full sovereignty. Based on the Bonn-Berlin-Act, adopted by the parliament on 10 March 1994, the capital of the unified state was chosen to be Berlin, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a Bundesstadt (federal city) retaining some federal ministries. The move of the government was completed in 1999.
　　
　　Since reunification, Germany has taken a leading role in the European Union and NATO. Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent a force of German troops to Afghanistan as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban. These deployments were controversial, since after the war, Germany was bound by law to only deploy troops for defence roles. Deployments to foreign territories were understood not to be covered by the defence provision; however, the parliamentary vote on the issue effectively legalised the participation in a peacekeeping context.
　　
　　Geography
　　
　　Altitude levelsThe territory of Germany covers 357,021 km² (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km² (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km² (3,011 sq mi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 63rd largest in the world. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft)) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the north-west and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the north-east. Between lie the forested uplands of central Germany and the low-lying lands of northern Germany (lowest point: Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres (11.6 ft) below sea level), traversed by some of Europe's major rivers such as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Because of its central location, Germany shares borders with more European countries than any other country on the continent. Its neighbours are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, France and Luxembourg in the south-west and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north-west.
　　
　　Climate
　　
　　Alpine scenery in BavariaMost of Germany has a temperate seasonal climate in which humid westerly winds predominate. The climate is moderated by the North Atlantic Drift, which is the northern extension of the Gulf Stream. This warmer water affects the areas bordering the North Sea including the peninsula of Jutland and the area along the Rhine, which flows into the North Sea. Consequently in the north-west and the north, the climate is oceanic; rainfall occurs year round with a maximum during summer. Winters there are mild and summers tend to be cool, though temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for prolonged periods. In the east, the climate is more continental; winters can be very cold, summers can be very warm, and long dry periods are often recorded. Central and southern Germany are transition regions which vary from moderately oceanic to continental. Again, the maximum temperature can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) in summer.
　　
　　Environment
　　
　　The largest wind farm and solar power capacity in the world is installed in Germany. Renewable energy generated 14% of the country's total electricity consumption in 2007.Phytogeographically, Germany is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. The territory of Germany can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed forests, Central European mixed forests and Western European broadleaf forests.
　　
　　Germany is known for its environmental consciousness. Germans generally consider anthropogenic causes to be a major factor in global warming and are almost unanimous in thinking that action is necessary, but are more divided than people in other countries on the urgency of such action. Germany is committed to the Kyoto protocol and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, recycling, the use of renewable energy and supports sustainable development on a global level. Nevertheless the country's carbon dioxide emissions per capita is among the highest in the EU but remains significantly lower compared to Australia, Canada, Saudi Arabia or the United States.
　　
　　Emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution. Acid rain, resulting from sulphur dioxide emissions is damaging forests. Pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in former eastern Germany have been reduced. The government under Chancellor Schröder announced intent to end the use of nuclear power for producing electricity. Germany is working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive. Germany's last glaciers in Alpine regions is experiencing deglaciation. Natural hazards are river flooding in spring and stormy winds occurring in all regions.
　　
　　Government
　　
　　The Reichstag is the old and new site of the German parliament.Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). By calling the document Grundgesetz, rather than Verfassung (constitution), the authors expressed the intention that it would be replaced by a proper constitution once Germany was reunited as one state. Amendments to the Grundgesetz generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of the parliament; the articles guaranteeing fundamental rights, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the right to resist attempts to overthrow the constitution are valid in perpetuity and cannot be amended. Despite the initial intention, the Grundgesetz remained in effect after the German reunification in 1990, with only minor amendments.
　　
　　President Horst KöhlerThe Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor)—currently Angela Merkel—is the head of government and exercises executive power, similar to the role of a Prime Minister in other parliamentary democracies. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the Bundestag (Federal Diet) and Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together form a unique type of legislative body. The Bundestag is elected through direct elections, yet abiding proportional representation. The members of the Bundesrat represent the governments of the sixteen federal states and are members of the state cabinets. The respective state governments have the right to appoint and remove their envoys at any time.
　　
　　The Bundespräsident (President)—currently Horst Köhler—is the head of state, invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the Bundesversammlung (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates. The second highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident (President of the Bundestag), who is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the Chancellor, who is nominated by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the Bundestag. The Chancellor can be removed by a constructive motion of no confidence by the Bundestag, where constructive implies that the Bundestag simultaneously elects a successor.
　　
　　Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany although smaller parties, such as the liberal Free Democratic Party (which has had members in the Bundestag since 1949) and the Alliance '90/The Greens (which has controlled seats in parliament since 1983) have also played important roles.
　　
　　States
　　
　　Germany comprises 16 states (Länder, Bundesländer), which are further subdivided into 439 districts (Kreise) and cities (kreisfreie Städte) (2004).
　　
　　State Capital Area ( km²) Population
　　Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,752 10,717,000
　　Bavaria (Bayern) Munich (München) 70,549 12,444,000
　　Berlin Berlin 892 3,400,000
　　Brandenburg Potsdam 29,477 2,568,000
　　Bremen Bremen 404 663,000
　　Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,735,000
　　Hesse (Hessen) Wiesbaden 21,115 6,098,000
　　Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin 23,174 1,720,000
　　Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen) Hanover (Hannover) 47,618 8,001,000
　　North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen) Düsseldorf 34,043 18,075,000
　　Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz) Mainz 19,847 4,061,000
　　Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 1,056,000
　　Saxony (Sachsen) Dresden 18,416 4,296,000
　　Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt) Magdeburg 20,445 2,494,000
　　Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,763 2,829,000
　　Thuringia (Thüringen) Erfurt 16,172 2,355,000
　　
　　States and cities in Germany.
　　
　　Foreign relations
　　
　　Germany is a founding member of the EC in 1957, which became the European Union in 1993. It maintains close relations with its neighbours to coordinate EU politics.Germany has played a leading role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France since the end of World War II. The alliance was especially close in the late 1980s and early 1990s under the leadership of Christian Democrat Helmut Kohl and Socialist François Mitterrand. Germany is at the forefront of European states seeking to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European political, defence and security apparatus.
　　
　　Since its establishment on 23 May 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany kept a notably low profile in international relations, because of both its recent history and its occupation by foreign powers. During the Cold War, Germany's partition by the Iron Curtain made it a symbol of East-West tensions and a political battleground in Europe. However, Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik was a key factor in the détente of the 1970s. In 1999 Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's government defined a new basis for German foreign policy by taking a full part in the decisions surrounding the NATO war against Yugoslavia and by sending German troops into combat for the first time since World War II.
　　
　　Chancellor Angela Merkel hosting the G8 summit in HeiligendammGermany and the United States are close allies. The 1948 Marshall Plan, U.S. support (JCS 1067) during the rebuilding process (Industrial plans for Germany) after World War II, as well as fraternisation (War children) and food support (food policy) and strong cultural ties have crafted a strong bond between the two countries, although Schröder's very vocal opposition to the Iraq War suggested the end of Atlanticism and a relative cooling of German-American relations. The two countries are also economically interdependent; 8.8% of German exports are U.S.-bound and 6.6% of German imports originate from the U.S. The other way around, 8.8% of U.S. exports ship to Germany and 9.8% of U.S. imports come from Germany. Other signs of the close ties include the continuing position of German-Americans as the largest ethnic group in the U.S. and the status of Ramstein Air Base (near Kaiserslautern) as the largest U.S. military community outside the U.S.
　　
　　Development aid
　　The development policy of the Federal Republic of Germany is an independent area of German foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.
　　
　　Germany's official development aid and humanitarian aid for 2007 amounted to 8.96 billion euros (12.26 billion dollars), an increase of 5.9 per cent from 2006. It has become the world's second biggest aid donor after the United States. Germany spent 0.37 per cent of its gross domestic product (GDP) on development, which is below the government's target of increasing aid to 0.51 per cent of GDP by 2010. The international target of 0.7% of GNP would have not reached either.
　　
　　Military
　　
　　The Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is participating in a UNIFIL II operation off the coast of Lebanon.Germany's military, the Bundeswehr, is a defence force with Heer (Army), Marine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air Force), Zentraler Sanitätsdienst (Central Medical Services) and Streitkräftebasis (Joint Support Service) branches. Military Service is compulsory for men at the age of 18, and conscripts serve nine-month tours of duty. Conscientious objectors may instead opt for an equal length of Zivildienst (roughly translated as civilian service), or a six year commitment to (voluntary) emergency services like a fire department, the Red Cross or the THW. In 2003, military spending constituted 1.5% of the country's GDP. In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence, currently Franz Josef Jung. If Germany went to war, which according to the constitution is allowed only for defensive purposes, the Chancellor would become commander in chief of the Bundeswehr.
　　
　　As of October 2006, the German military had almost 9,000 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of various international peacekeeping forces, including 1,180 troops stationed in Bosnia-Herzegovina; 2,844 Bundeswehr soldiers in Kosovo; 750 soldiers stationed as a part of EUFOR in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and 2,800 German troops in the NATO-led ISAF force in Afghanistan. As of February 2007, Germany had about 3,000 ISAF troops in Afghanistan, the third largest contingent after the United States (14,000) and the United Kingdom (5,200).
　　
　　Law
　　
　　The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in KarlsruheThe Judiciary of Germany is independent of the executive and the legislative branches. Germany has a civil or statute law system that is based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) , located in Karlsruhe, is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review. It acts as the highest legal authority and ensures that legislative and judicial practice conforms to the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Basic Law). It acts independently of the other state bodies, but cannot act on its own behalf.
　　
　　Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949Germany's supreme court system, called Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes, is specialized. For civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the Federal Court of Justice, located in Karlsruhe and Leipzig. The courtroom style is inquisitorial. Other Federal Courts are the Federal Labour Court in Erfurt, the Federal Social Court in Kassel, the Federal Finance Court in Munich and the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig.
　　
　　Criminal law and private law are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch respectively. The German penal system is aimed towards rehabilitation of the criminal; its secondary goal is the protection of the general public. To achieve the latter, a convicted criminal can be put in preventive detention (Sicherheitsverwahrung) in addition to the regular sentence if he is considered to be a threat to the general public. The Völkerstrafgesetzbuch regulates the consequences of crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes. It gives German courts universal jurisdiction if prosecution by a court of the country where the crime was committed, or by an international court, is not possible.
　　
　　State level
　　
　　German state police officer in HamburgLegislative power is divided between the federation and the state level. The Basic Law presumes that all legislative power remains at the state level unless otherwise designated by the Basic Law itself. In some areas, federal and state level have concurrent legislative power. In such cases, the federate level has power to legislation "if and to the extent that the establishment of equal living conditions throughout the federal territory or the maintenance of legal or economic unity renders federal regulation necessary in the national interest" (Art. 72 Basic Law).
　　
　　Any federal law overrides state law if the legislative power lies at the federal level. A famous example is the Hessian permission of the death penalty that goes against the ban of capital punishment by the Basic Law, rendering the Hessian provision invalid. The Bundesrat is the federal organ through which the states participate in national legislation. State participation in federal legislation is necessary if the law falls within the area of concurrent legislative power, requires states to administer federal regulations, or if designated so by the Basic Law. Every state with the exception of Schleswig-Holstein (whose constitutional jurisdiction is exercised by the Bundesverfassungsgericht in procuration) has its own constitutional courts. The Amtsgerichte, Landgerichte and Oberlandesgerichte are state courts of general jurisdiction. They are competent whether the action is based on federal or state law.
　　
　　Many of the fundamental matters in administrative law remain in the jurisdiction of the states, though most states base their own laws in that area on the 1976 Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (Administrative Proceedings Act) in important points of administrative law. The Oberverwaltungsgerichte are the highest levels in administrative jurisdiction concerning the state administrations, unless the question of law concerns federal law or state law identical to federal law. In such cases, final appeal to the Federal Administrative Court is possible.
　　
　　Demographics
　　
　　Berlin is the largest city with a population of 3.4 million people.With over 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union. However, its fertility rate of 1.39 children per mother is one of the lowest in the world, and the federal statistics office estimates the population will shrink to between 69 and 74 million by 2050 (69 million assuming a net migration of +100,000 per year; 74 million assuming a net migration of +200,000 per year). Germany has a number of larger cities, the most populous being Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt and Stuttgart. By far the largest conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region, including Düsseldorf (the capital of NRW) and the cities of Cologne, Essen, Dortmund, Duisburg, and Bochum.
　　
　　Population of German territories 1800 - 2000 and immigrant population from 1975 - 2000As of December 2004, about seven million foreign citizens were registered in Germany, and 19% of the country's residents were of foreign or partially foreign descent. The young are more likely to be of foreign descent than the old. 30% of Germans aged 15 years and younger have at least one parent born abroad. In the big cities 60% of children aged 5 years and younger have at least one parent born abroad. The largest group (2.3 million) is from Turkey, and a majority of the rest are from European states such as Italy, Serbia, Greece, Poland, and Croatia. The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the third-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 10 million of all 191 million migrants, or about 12% of the population of Germany. As a consequence of restrictions of Germany's formerly rather unrestricted laws on asylum and immigration, the number of immigrants seeking asylum or claiming German ethnicity (mostly from the former Soviet Union) has been declining steadily since 2000.
　　
　　Religion
　　
　　The Cologne Cathedral at the Rhine river is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Christianity is the largest religious denomination in Germany with 53 million adherents (64%). The second largest religion is Islam with 3.3 million adherents (4%) followed by Buddhism and Judaism, both with around 200,000 adherents (ca. 0.25%). Hinduism has some 90,000 adherents (0.1%). All other religious communities in Germany have fewer than 50,000 (or less than 0.05%) adherents. About 24.4 million Germans (29.6%) have no registered religious denomination.
　　
　　Protestantism is concentrated in the north and east and Roman Catholicism is concentrated in the south and west. Both denominations comprise about 31% of the population each. The current Pope, Benedict XVI, was born in Bavaria. Non-religious people, including atheists and agnostics amount to 29.6% of the population, and are especially numerous in the former East Germany and major metropolitan areas.
　　
　　Of the 3.3 million Muslims most are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shiites. 1.7% of the country's overall population declares themselves Orthodox Christians, Serbs and Greeks being the most numerous. Germany has Western Europe's third-largest Jewish population. In 2004, twice as many Jews from former Soviet republics settled in Germany as in Israel, bringing the total Jewish population to more than 200,000, compared to 30,000 prior to German reunification. Large cities with significant Jewish populations include Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich. Around 250,000 active Buddhists live in Germany; 50% of them are Asian immigrants.
　　
　　According to the Eurobarometer Poll 2005, 47% of German citizens agreed with the statement "I believe there is a God", whereas 25% agreed with "I believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 25% said "I do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".
　　
　　Languages
　　
　　Knowledge of German in the European Union and some other European countriesGerman is the official and predominantly spoken language in Germany. It is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission, along with English and French. Recognized native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Sorbian, Romany and Frisian. They are officially protected by the ECRML. Most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Polish, the Balkan languages and Russian.
　　
　　The standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside English, Dutch and the Frisian languages. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the East (extinct) and North Germanic languages. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words derived from Latin, Greek, a smaller amount from French, and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet. In addition to the 26 standard letters, German has three vowels with Umlaut, namely ä, ö and ü, as well as the Eszett or scharfes S (sharp s) which is written "ß" or alternatively " ss ".
　　
　　German dialects are distinguished from varieties of standard German. The German dialects are the traditional local varieties and are traced back to the different German tribes. Many of them are not easily understandable to someone who knows only standard German, since they often differ from standard German in lexicon, phonology and syntax.
　　
　　Around the world, German is spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers and also about 80 million non-native speakers. German is the main language of about 90 million people (18%) in the EU. 67% of the German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language, 27% in at least two languages other than their own.
　　
　　Economy
　　
　　Frankfurt is a major financial centre and a global aviation hub.Germany is the largest national economy in Europe, the third largest by nominal GDP in the world, and ranked fifth by GDP (PPP) . Growth in 2007 was 2.4% and is predicted to retain this level in the following years. Since the age of industrialisation the country has been motor, innovator and beneficiary of an ever more globalized economy. The export of goods "Made in Germany" is one of the main factors of the country's wealth. Germany is the world's top exporter with $1.133 trillion exported in 2006 (Eurozone countries are included) and generates a trade surplus of €165 billion . The service sector contributes around 70% to the total GDP, the industry 29.1% and agriculture 0.9%. Most of the country's products are in engineering, especially in automobiles, machinery, metals, and chemical goods. Germany is the leading producer of wind turbines and solar power technology in the world. The largest, annual, international trade fairs and congresses are held in several German cities such as Hanover, Frankfurt and Berlin.
　　
　　Among the world's largest stock market signed companies measured by revenue, the Fortune Global 500, 37 companies are headquartered in Germany. The ten biggest are Daimler, Volkswagen, Allianz (the most profitable company), Siemens, Deutsche Bank (2nd most profitable company), E.ON, Deutsche Post, Deutsche Telekom, Metro and BASF. Among the largest employers are also Deutsche Post, Robert Bosch and Edeka. Well known global brands are Mercedes Benz, SAP, BMW, adidas, Audi, Porsche and Nivea.
　　
　　Germany was the world's leading exporter of goods in 2007.Germany is a strong advocate of closer European economic and political integration, and its commercial policies are increasingly determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and EU single market legislation. Germany uses the common European currency, the euro, and its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. After the German reunification in 1990, the standard of living and annual income remains significantly higher in the former West German states. The modernisation and integration of the eastern German economy continues to be a long-term process scheduled to the year 2019, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $80 billion. The overall unemployment rate has constantly fallen since 2005 and reached a 14-year-Low in November 2007 with 8.1%. The percentage is ranging from 6.7% in former Western Germany to 13.4% in former Eastern Germany. The former government of Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder launched a comprehensive set of reforms of labour market and welfare-related institutions. The current government runs a restrictive fiscal policy and has cut regular jobs in the public sector aiming for a balanced federal budget in 2008.
　　
　　Infrastructure
　　
　　Hamburg Harbour is the second-largest port city in Europe and ninth-largest port in the world.In 2002 Germany was the world's fifth largest consumer of energy, and two-thirds of its primary energy was imported. In the same year, Germany was Europe's largest consumer of electricity; electricity consumption that year totalled 512.9 billion kilowatt-hours. Government policy emphasizes conservation and the development of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, biomass, hydro, and geothermal. As a result of energy-saving measures, energy efficiency (the amount of energy required to produce a unit of gross domestic product) has been improving since the beginning of the 1970s. The government has set the goal of meeting half the country's energy demands from renewable sources by 2050. In 2000 the government and the German nuclear power industry agreed to phase out all nuclear power plants by 2021. However, renewable energy is playing a more modest role in energy consumption. In 2006 energy consumption was met by the following sources: oil (35.7%) , coal, including lignite (23.9%) , natural gas (22.8%) , nuclear (12.6%) , hydro and wind power (1.3%) , and other (3.7%).
　　
　　The ICE 3 trainsetBy its central position in Europe, Germany is an important transportation hub. This is reflected in its dense and modern transportation networks. Probably most famous is the extensive motorway (Autobahn) network that ranks worldwide third largest in its total length and features lack of blanket speed limits on the majority of routes.
　　
　　Germany has established a polycentric network of high-speed trains. The InterCityExpress or ICE is predominantly serving major German cities and destinations in neighbouring countries. The train speed varies from 160 km/h to 300 km/h and is the most advanced service category of the Deutsche Bahn. Connections are offered in either 30-minute, hourly or bi-hourly intervals.
　　
　　Science
　　
　　Max Planck presents Albert Einstein with the Max-Planck medal in 1929.Germany has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific fields. The Nobel Prize has been awarded to 98 German laureates. The work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Max Born developed further. They were preceded by physicists such as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In Germany and many other countries X-rays are called "Röntgenstrahlen" (Röntgen-rays). Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication. Through his construction of the first laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879, Wilhelm Wundt is credited with the establishment of psychology as an independent empirical science. Alexander von Humboldt's work as a natural scientist and explorer was foundational to biogeography.
　　
　　Extensive Cleanroom complex for Microelectronic Manufacturing in StuttgartNumerous significant mathematicians were born in Germany, including Carl Friedrich Gauss, David Hilbert, Bernhard Riemann, Gottfried Leibniz, Karl Weierstrass and Hermann Weyl. Germany has been the home of many famous inventors and engineers, such as Johannes Gutenberg, who is credited with the invention of movable type printing in Europe; Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first fully automatic digital computer. German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology.
　　
　　Important research institutions in Germany are the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft and the Fraunhofer Society. They are independently or externally connected to the university system and contribute to a considerable extent to the scientific output. The prestigious award Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize is granted to ten scientists and academics every year. With a maximum of €2.5 million per award it is one of highest endowed research prizes in the world.
　　
　　Education
　　
　　Kindergarten in HesseResponsibility for educational oversight in Germany lies primarily with the federal states individually whilst the government only has a minor role. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least ten years. Primary education usually lasts for four years and public schools are not stratified at this stage. In contrast, secondary education includes four types of schools based on a pupil's ability as determined by teacher recommendations: the Gymnasium includes the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies and attendance lasts eight or nine years depending on the state; the Realschule has a broader range of emphasis for intermediary students and lasts six years; the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education, and the Gesamtschule or comprehensive school combines the three approaches.
　　
　　The University of Heidelberg was established in 1386The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, assesses the skills of 15-year olds in OECD countries and a number of partner countries. In 2006, German schoolchildren improved their position on previous years, being ranked (statistically) significantly above average (rank 13) in science skills and statistically not significantly above or below average on mathematical skills (rank 20) and reading skills (rank 18). The socio-economic gradient was very high in Germany, the pupils' performance in Germany being more dependent on the socio-economic factors than in most other countries.
　　
　　To enter a university, high school students are required to take the Abitur examination, similar to A-levels; however, students possessing a diploma from a vocational school may also apply to enter. A special system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung allows pupils in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run school. Most German universities are state-owned and charge for tuition fees ranging from €50–500 per semester from each student.
　　
　　Germany's universities are recognised internationally, indicating the high education standards in the country. In the 2006 THES - QS World University Rankings, 10 German universities were ranked amongst the top 200 in the world.
　　
　　Culture
　　
　　Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) , composerGermany is often called Das Land der Dichter und Denker (the land of poets and thinkers). German culture began long before the rise of Germany as a nation-state and spanned the entire German-speaking world. From its roots, culture in Germany has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. As a result, it is difficult to identify a specific German tradition separated from the larger framework of European high culture. Another consequence of these circumstances is the fact, that some historical figures, such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Kafka and Paul Celan, though not citizens of Germany in the modern sense, must be seen in the context of the German cultural sphere to understand their historical situation, work and social relations.
　　
　　
　　Blaues Pferd I, 1911 by Franz Marc (1880–1916)Germany claims some of the world's most renowned classical music composers, including Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, Johannes Brahms and Richard Wagner. As of 2006, Germany is the fifth largest music market in the world and has influenced pop and rock music through artists such as Kraftwerk, Scorpions and Rammstein.
　　
　　Numerous German painters have enjoyed international prestige through their work in diverse artistic currents. Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald, and Albrecht Dürer were important artists of the Renaissance, Caspar David Friedrich of Romanticism, and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were important precursors of Romanesque. The region later became the site for significant works in styles such as Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. Germany was particularly important in the early modern movement, especially through the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, also from Germany, became one of world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century. The glass facade skyscraper was his idea.
　　
　　Philosophy
　　
　　Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) , philosopherGerman literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Various German authors and poets have won great renown, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularized German folklore on the international level. Influential authors of the 20th century include Thomas Mann, Berthold Brecht, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll, and Günter Grass.
　　
　　Germany's influence on philosophy is historically significant and many notable German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy since the Middle Ages. Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism, Immanuel Kant's, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling's and Johann Gottlieb Fichte's establishment of the classical German idealism, Karl Marx's and Friedrich Engels' formulation of Communist theory, Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism, Friedrich Nietzsche's development of Perspectivism, Martin Heidegger's works on Being, and the social theories of Jürgen Habermas were especially influential.
　　
　　Media
　　Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 34 million TV households. The many regional and national public broadcasters are organised in line with the federal political structure. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, and viewers can choose from a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels. Pay-TV services have not become popular or successful while public TV broadcasters ZDF and ARD offer a range of digital-only channels.
　　
　　Germany is home to some of the world's largest media conglomerates, including Bertelsmann and the publisher Axel Springer. Some of Germany's top free-to-air commercial TV networks are owned by ProSiebenSat1.
　　
　　The country's news is provided in English by news magazine Der Spiegel, state broadcaster Deutsche Welle and news site The Local.
　　
　　In November 2007 the top visited websites by German internet users have been Google, Ebay, Youtube, Yahoo, studiVZ and Wikipedia.
　　
　　Cinema
　　
　　The Berlinale Palast during the Berlin Film Festival in FebruaryGerman cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Austria-based director Fritz Lang, who became a German citizen in 1926 and whose career flourished in pre-war German film industry, is said to be a major influence on Hollywood cinema. His silent movie Metropolis (1927) is referred to as birth of modern Science Fiction movies.
　　
　　Marlene Dietrich in The Blue Angel in 1930, Germany's first major film with soundIn 1930 Austrian-American Josef von Sternberg directed The Blue Angel, which was the first major German sound film and it brought world fame to actress Marlene Dietrich. Impressionist documentary Berlin: Symphony of a Great City directed by Walter Ruttmann, is a prominent example of the city symphony genre. The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics in film.
　　
　　During the 1970-80s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films.
　　
　　More recently, films such as Das Boot (1981) , Lola rennt (Run Lola Run) (1998) , Das Experiment (2001) , Good Bye Lenin! (2003) , Gegen die Wand (Head-on) (2004) and Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) have enjoyed international success. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to the German production Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum) in 1979, to Nowhere in Africa in 2002, and to Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others) in 2007. Among the most famous German actors are Marlene Dietrich, Klaus Kinski, Hanna Schygulla, Armin Mueller-Stahl, Jürgen Prochnow and Thomas Kretschmann.
　　
　　The Berlin Film Festival, held annually since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film festivals. An international jury places emphasis on representing films from all over the world and awards the winner with the Golden and Silver Bears. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every second year in the city of Berlin, where the European Film Academy (EFA) is located. The Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam are the oldest large-scale film studios in the world and a centre for international film production.
　　
　　Sports
　　
　　The Allianz Arena is host to the football club Bayern Munich and was a venue for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.Sport forms an integral part of German life. Twenty-seven million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually. Football (soccer) is the most popular sport. With more than 6.3 million official members, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund ) is the largest sports organisation of this kind worldwide. The Bundesliga attracts the second highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world. The German national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974 and 1990 and the European Football Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996. Germany has hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and 2006 and the UEFA European Football Championship in 1988. Among the most successful and renowned footballers are Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Jürgen Klinsmann, Lothar Matthäus, and Oliver Kahn. Other popular spectator sports include handball, volleyball, basketball, ice hockey, and tennis.
　　
　　
　　Michael Schumacher has won seven Formula One championships.Germany is one of the leading motorsports countries in the world. Race winning cars, teams and drivers have come from Germany. The most successful Formula One driver in history, Michael Schumacher has set the most significant motorsport records during his career and won more Formula One championships and races than any other driver since Formula one's debut season in 1946. He is one of the highest paid sportsmen in history and became a Billionaire athlete. Constructers like BMW and Mercedes are among the leading teams in motorsport sponsoring. Porsche has won the 24 hours of Le Mans, a prestigious annual race held in France, 16 times. The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters is a popular series in Germany.
　　
　　Historically, German sportsmen have been some of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count, combining East and West German medals. In the 2004 Summer Olympics, Germany finished sixth in the medal count, while in the 2006 Winter Olympics they finished first. Germany has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice, in Berlin in 1936 and in Munich in 1972. The Winter Olympic Games took place once in 1936 when they were staged in the Bavarian twin towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen.
　　
　　Cuisine
　　
　　A Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte (Black Forest gateau)German cuisine varies greatly from region to region. The southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia, for instance, share a culinary culture with Switzerland and Austria. Pork, beef, and poultry are the main varieties of meat consumed in Germany, with pork being the most popular. Throughout all regions, meat is often eaten in sausage form. More than 1500 different types of sausage are produced in Germany. The most popular vegetables are potatoes, cabbage, carrots, turnip, spinach and beans. Organic food has gained a market share of around 3.0% and is predicted to be an increasing trend.
　　
　　A popular saying in Germany is: "Breakfast like an emperor, lunch like a king, and dine like a beggar." Breakfast is usually a selection of cereals and jam or honey with bread. Some Germans eat cold meats or cheese with bread for breakfast. More than 300 types of breads, sold in bakery shops, are known throughout the country.
　　
　　
　　A typical cheese and cold meat buffet served at private festivitiesAs a country with many immigrants, Germany has adopted many international dishes into its cuisine and daily eating habits. Italian dishes like Pizza and Pasta, Turkish and Arab dishes like Döner Kebab and Falafel are well established, especially in bigger cities. International burger chains, as well as Chinese and Greek restaurants, are widespread. Indian, Thai, Japanese, and other Asian cuisines have gained popularity in recent decades. Among high-profile restaurants in Germany the Michelin guide has awarded three stars, the highest designation, to nine restaurants; 15 more received two stars. German restaurants have become the world's second most decorated after eateries in France.
　　
　　Although wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, the national drink is beer. German beer consumption per person is declining but at 116 litres annually it is still among the highest in the world. Beer varieties include Alt, Bock, Dunkel, Kölsch, Lager, Malzbier, Pils, and Weizenbier. Among 18 surveyed western countries, Germany ranked 14th in the list of per capita consumption of soft drinks in general, while it ranked third in the consumption of fruit juices. Furthermore, sparkling mineral water and Schorle (its mixture with fruit juice) are extremely popular in Germany.
　　
　　Society
　　
　　Claudia Schiffer, modelGermany has promoted itself as Land of ideas. A campaign that has started in the year 2006 accompanying the Football World Cup Finals finds its continuation in 2008. The campaign focuses recent innovations in public and private institutions, universities and research institutes, companies, as well as social and cultural projects.
　　
　　Since the World Cup celebrations the internal and external perception of the country's image has changed. In regularly conducted global surveys known as the Anholt GMI Index, Germany as a nation brand, has become significantly and repeatedly higher ranked after the football tournament. Besides economic criteria people were asked to assess a country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, its people and its attractiveness to tourists. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation brand among 35 countries. Another global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognized for the most positive influence in the world, leading 22 investigated countries. A majority of 56% have a positive view of the country, while 18% have a negative view.
　　
　　Germans invest a large amount of money in international travel and domestic vacation trips (seaside resort in Sellin on the island Rügen)Germany is a legally and socially tolerant country towards homosexuals. Civil unions have been permitted since 2001. Gays and lesbians can legally adopt their partner's biological children (stepchild adoption). The two mayors of the largest German cities Berlin and Hamburg are openly gay politicians.
　　
　　During the last decade of the 20th century Germany has transformed its attitude towards immigrants considerably. Until the mid-nineties the opinion was widespread that Germany is not a country of immigration in spite of an approximately 10% population of non-German origin. After the end of the influx of so-called Gastarbeiter (blue-collar guest-workers), refugees were a tolerated exception to this point of view. Today the government and the German society are acknowledging the opinion, that controlled immigration should be allowed based on the qualification of immigrants.
　　
　　With an expenditure of €58 billion for international travel in 2005, Germans invested more money in travel than any other country. Most popular destinations were Austria, Spain, Italy and France.

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