| Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin | |||||
| 约翰·克里斯蒂安·弗里德里希·荷尔德林 | |||||
| 出生地： | 德国 内卡河 劳芬 | ||||
| 去世地： | 德国图宾根 | ||||
阅读荷尔德林 Friedrich Hölderlin在诗海的作品!!! | |||||
荷尔德林在蒂宾根神学院学习期间开始创作诗歌，早期作品受克洛普施托克和席勒的影响，洋溢着革命热情，多以古典颂歌体的形式讴歌自由、和谐、友谊和大自然。后来的诗歌中，把人道主义思想和对祖国的爱交织在一起，逐渐转向古希腊的诗歌和自由韵律的形式，艺术上臻于完美。代表作有《自由颂》、《人类颂》、《为祖国而死》、《日落》、《梅农为狄奥提玛而哀叹》、《漫游者》、《返回家乡》、《爱琴海群岛》以及《给大地母亲》、《莱茵河》、《怀念》等。他唯一的书信体小说《许佩里昂》是他的成名作。主人公许佩里昂是一位18世纪的希腊青年，他热爱生活、渴望自由，参加了1770年反抗土耳其的斗争。在腐朽的社会现实中理想成了泡影，心爱的狄奥提玛又不幸死去，于是感到悲观和孤独。小说具有强烈的抒情色彩，语言十分优美。写于1796～1800年的悲剧《恩培多克勒之死》（未完成）写公元前5世纪古希腊哲学家恩培多克勒跳进埃特纳火山口的故事，喻示新事物的产生必须彻底毁掉旧事物。
荷尔德林还翻译了索福克勒斯的两部悲剧《奥狄浦斯王》和《安提戈涅》，译本受到很高的评价。
荷尔德林的作品表达了自己使祖国摆脱专制主义的理想，他对古希腊的不倦的追求是对德国现状的批评。他主张对一代新人进行教育，使他们的个性得到全面而和谐的发展。他的作品多带有乌托邦色彩的古典主义的内涵，同时又注重主观感情的抒发，流露出忧郁、孤独的情绪，反映出理想和现实之间的不可调和，具有浪漫主义的特色。荷尔德林用他的作品在古典主义和浪漫主义之间架设了一座沟通的桥梁。诗人在他生前以及19世纪未被重视，到20世纪初被重新发现，他作品的价值重新被认识。
荷尔德林，德国著名抒情诗人，死后乎被遗忘了近一百年，直到20世纪中叶，才在德国被重新发现，并在欧洲建立了声誉。
生于斯瓦比亚的小城劳芬父亲早故，母亲是牧师之女。曾先后在登肯尔多夫和毛尔布龙隐修院学校学，1788-1793年在图宾根大学神学院获硕士学位，有资格担任神职。但他后来并担任牧师职务，因为他接受的基督教教条同他潜心研究的希腊神话并不相容。他把希腊诸神看成是真实存在的力量。对他来说，诗人 的职责就是在神和人之间起到中介作用。
1793年结识席勒，他的些诗歌如《许涪里翁》都发表在席勒的刊物《新塔莉亚》上，这些诗受法国命精神的鼓舞，歌颂自由、人类、和谐、友谊和大自然。
1798年后因身心交瘁处于神分裂状态，仍完成了《许涪里翁》第二卷、《恩沛多克勒斯之死》、《梅农哀叹狄奥提马》、《面和葡萄酒》等名作，翻译了索福克勒斯的《安提戈涅》和《俄底浦斯》。
1843年在图宾根去世，后36年是在精神失常下度过的。
Hölderlin was born in Lauffen am Neckar in the Duchy of Württemberg. He studied Theology at the Tübinger Stift (seminary of the Protestant Church in Württemberg), where he was friends and roommates with the future philosophers Georg Hegel and Friedrich Schelling.
In 1807, having become largely insane, he was brought into the home of Ernst Zimmer, a Tübingen carpenter with literary leanings, who was an admirer of his Hyperion. For the next 36 years, Hölderlin would live in Zimmer's house, in a tower room overlooking the beautiful Neckar valley, being cared for by the Zimmer family until his death in 1843.
Work
The poetry of Hölderlin, widely recognized today as one of the highest points of German literature, slipped into obscurity shortly after his death; his illness and reclusion made him fade from his contemporaries' consciousness – and, even though selections of his work were being published by his friends already during his lifetime.
In fact, Hölderlin was a man of his time, an early supporter of the French Revolution – in his youth at the Seminary of Tübingen, he and some colleagues from a "republican club" planted a "Tree of Freedom" in the market square, prompting the Grand-Duke himself to admonish the students at the seminary. He was at first carried away by Napoleon, whom he honors in one of his couplets (it should be noted that his exact contemporary Beethoven also initially dedicated his Eroica to the Corsican general).
Like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Schiller, his older contemporaries, Hölderlin was a fervent admirer of ancient Greek culture, but had a very personal understanding of it. In the great poems of his maturity, Hölderlin would generally adopt a large-scale, expansive and unrhymed style. Together with these long hymns and elegies – which included Der Archipelagus ("The Archipelago"), Brot und Wein ("Bread and Wine") and Patmos – he also cultivated a crisper, more concise manner in epigrams and couplets, and in short poems like the famous Hälfte des Lebens ("The Middle of Life"). In his years of madness, he would occasionally pen ingenuous rhymed quatrains, sometimes of a childlike beauty, which he would sign with fantastic names (such as "Scardanelli").
Influence
Hölderlin was a poet-thinker who wrote, fragmentarily, on poetic theory and philosophical matters. His theoretical works, such as the essays Das Werden im Vergehen ("Becoming in Dissolution") and Urteil und Sein ("Judgement and Being") are insightful and important if somewhat tortuous and difficult to parse. They raise many of the key problems also addressed by his Tübingen roommates Hegel and Schelling.
Music
Hölderlin's poetry has inspired many composers, perhaps the most famous example being the Schicksalslied by Brahms, a setting of Hyperions Schicksalslied. Other composers to have made settings of his poems include Peter Cornelius, Hans Pfitzner, Richard Strauss (Drei Hymnen), Max Reger (An die Hoffnung), Richard Wetz (Hyperion), Josef Matthias Hauer, Stefan Wolpe, Paul Hindemith (whose First Piano Sonata is inspired by Hölderlin's poem 'Der Main'), Benjamin Britten, Hans Werner Henze (whose Seventh Symphony is also partly inspired by Hölderlin), Bruno Maderna (Hyperion, Stele an Diotima), Heinz Holliger (the Scardanelli-Zyklus), Hans Zender (Hölderlin lesen I-IV), György Kurtág (who planned an opera on Hölderlin), György Ligeti (Hölderlin-Phantasien), Hanns Eisler (Hollywood Liederbuch), Viktor Ullmann (who wrote settings in Terezin concentration camp), Hans Zender, Wolfgang von Schweinitz, Walter Zimmermann (Hyperion, an epistolary opera) and Wolfgang Rihm. Robert Schumann's late piano suite Gesänge der Fruhe was inspired by Hölderlin, as was Luigi Nono's string quartet Stille, an Diotima and in Prometeo
Cinema
A 2004 film, The Ister, is based on Martin Heidegger's 1942 lecture course (published as Hölderlin's Hymn "The Ister"). The film features Jean-Luc Nancy, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Bernard Stiegler, and Hans-Jürgen Syberberg.
A 1981-82 television drama, "Untertänigst Scardanelli" (The Loyal Scardanelli), directed by Jonatan Briel in Berlin.