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高尔基童年和青少年
高爾基出生於一個貧苦的家庭，他的祖父是伏爾加河上的纖夫，他的父親是一個木匠而且很早就去世了。他來到外祖父傢裏生活，外祖父是一個兇悍的人，並且他的兩個舅舅為爭奪傢産鬧得不可開交。這個時代在俄羅斯社會不平等正在成為文學的一個重要題材和社會衝突的原因。具體情況可在《童年》中找到。
從他十歲開始高爾基就得自己賺錢為生，一開始拾垃圾。他青少年時期做過許多不同的活：信使、廚房裏的雜工、賣鳥、售貨員、畫聖像、船上的雜工、面包店的學徒、工地上的雜工、晚間的看守人、鐵路職工和在律師事務所中做雜工。參見《在人間》。 18世紀80年代後期他來到喀山並被成功地被那裏的大學接受為大學生。在這裏他接觸到了運動。他在一個面包坊工作，這個面包坊同時也是一個秘密馬剋思主義小組的圖書館。他很好學，讀了許多書，靠自學的方式獲得了許多，但不係統的知識。他與他的同學之間的差別很大，因此他幾乎沒有朋友。這有可能是1887年一次未成功的自殺企圖的原因。在這個過程中他的肺被損壞，從此他一直患肺結核。在《我的大學》中提到。
作傢和活動傢
由於他與組織的接觸從1889年開始沙皇開始註意到他。同年他將他的一首詩寄給一個詩人，但卻受到了毀滅性的批評。此後一段時間裏他放棄了文學創作。他徒步跋涉穿越俄羅斯、烏剋蘭，翻越高加索山脈一直到第比利斯。在那裏他接觸到其他者和大學生。這些人鼓勵他將他的經歷寫下來。1892年9月12日他的第一部小說在當地的一份報紙上被發表。他使用了馬剋西姆-高爾基（苦人）作為筆名。
此後他去薩馬拉並在那裏的一份地方報紙獲得了一個記者的工作。1894年他發表的一部小說正式奠定了他的作傢地位。1898年發表的小說集也很受歡迎。1901年聖彼得堡的一次學生示威被血腥後他寫了《海燕之歌》，這首詩經常在聚會上被朗誦。
他的話劇《小市民》（1901年）和《底層》（1902年）被發表後他如此有名，以至於所有當局他的企圖都遭到強烈的反對。由於他簽署了一份反對官方對那次學生事件的報道的文章他被流放到剋裏米亞，在那裏他受到了他的朋友和敬仰者的隆重歡迎。當沙皇尼古拉二世將他接收為俄羅斯科學院名譽院士的决定否决時，許多知名的院士對此提出，包括安東-契訶夫。1905年1月9日沙皇再次血腥毫無武裝的平民示威後，高爾基對此提出。為此他被關押。外國傳媒對此事表示極為氣憤，這一舉動迫使沙皇政府釋放高爾基。
十月前
1905年二月後俄羅斯的氣氛稍有開放，高爾基在這段時間裏不斷地寫文章和參加集會宣傳。通過他參加創辦的《新生命》雜志他認識了列寧，列寧在該雜志做總編輯。
但此後壓迫又加強後他便出國了。在法國他反對西方國傢嚮在日俄戰爭中被削弱的貸款。當西方國傢决定嚮貸款後他寫了一篇侮辱性的小文章《美麗的法國》。在美國他企圖為捐款，但他的敵人使用他與他的女隨行者並未結婚來誹謗他，因此這次捐款幾乎毫無效果。
他寫了《母親》，列寧給了這部小說很高的評價，後來這部小說在蘇聯成為一部經典著作。
在他反對上述貸款後他無法再回到。從1907年到1913年他在意大利卡普裏島上渡過。這段時間裏他幾乎衹為俄羅斯工作。他和列寧一起成立了一個培養傢和宣傳員的學校，接見了許多特地來拜訪他的人。他收到許多來自俄羅斯各地的信，在這些信中許多人將他們的希望和憂愁講給他聽，他也回覆了許多信。
在這段時間裏他和列寧發生了第一次衝突。對高爾基來說宗教是非常重要的。列寧將此看做是"偏離了馬剋思主義"。這次衝突的直接原因是高爾基的一篇小文《懺悔》，在這篇文章中他試圖將教與馬剋思主義結合起來。1913年這個衝突再次爆發。
1913年就羅曼諾夫王朝掌權300周年的特赦給予高爾基重返俄羅斯的機會。
高爾基對1917年的十月的悲觀看法是他與列寧發生第二次大衝突的原因。高爾基從原則上同意社會，但他認為俄羅斯民族還不成熟，大衆還需要形成必要的知覺才能從他們的不幸中起義。後來他說他當時"害怕無産階級會瓦解我們所擁有的唯一的力量：布爾什維剋的、獲得培養的工人。這個瓦解會長時間地破壞社會本身......"。
反對派和
後高爾基立刻組織了一係列協會來防止他所擔心的科學和文化的沒落。"提高學者生活水平委員會"的目的是保護特別受到饑餓、寒冷和無常威脅的知識分子而成立的。他組織了一份報紙來反對列寧的《真理報》和反對"私刑"和"權力的毒藥"。1918年這份雜志被禁止。高爾基與列寧之間的分歧是如此之大以至於列寧勸告高爾基到外國療養院去治療他的肺結核。
從1921年到1924年他在柏林渡過。他不信任列寧的繼承人，因此在列寧死後也沒有回到。他打算重返意大利，意大利的法西斯政府在經過一段猶豫後同意他去索倫托。他在那裏一直待到1927年，在那裏他寫了《回憶列寧》，在這部文章中他將列寧稱為他最愛戴的人。此外他還在寫兩部他的長篇小說。
蘇聯模範作傢
1927年10月22日蘇聯科學院决定就高爾基開始寫作35周年授予他無産階級作傢的稱號。當他此後不久回到蘇聯後他受到了許多榮譽：他被授予列寧勳章，成為蘇聯中央委員會成員。蘇聯全國慶祝他的60歲生日，許多單位以他命名。他的誕生地被改名為高爾基市。
許多他的適合於社會主義現實派的作品被宣揚，其它作品卻默而不言。尤其是《母親》（這是高爾基唯一一部主人公是一個無産階級工人的作品）成為蘇聯文學的榜範。
在高爾基最後的這段時間裏他稱他過去對的悲觀主義是錯誤的，他成為斯大林的模範作傢。他周遊蘇聯，對最近幾年來取得的進步表示吃驚，這些進步的陰暗面他似乎沒有註意到。大多數時間裏他住在莫斯科附近的一座洋房中並被受到剋格勃間諜的時時刻刻的監視。他依然試圖對大衆進行啓蒙教育和提拔年輕的作傢。
1936年6月18日高爾基因肺炎逝世。他被斯大林害死或死於托洛茨基主義者的陰謀的傳說未被證實。
From 1906 to 1913 and from 1921 to 1929 he lived abroad, mostly in Capri, Italy; after his return to the Soviet Union he accepted the cultural policies of the time, although he was not permitted to leave the country.Serge,Memoirs,268,Ivanov,"Pochemu",101-2,127-8,131.
Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod and became an orphan at the age of ten. In 1880, at the age of twelve, he ran away from home in an effort to find his grandmother. Gorky was brought up by his grandmother, an excellent storyteller. Her death deeply affected him, and after an attempt at suicide in December 1887, he travelled on foot across the Russian Empire for five years, changing jobs and accumulating impressions used later in his writing.
As a journalist working in provincial newspapers, he wrote under the pseudonym Иегудиил Хламида (Jehudiel Khlamida— suggestive of "cloak-and-dagger" by the similarity to the Greek chlamys, "cloak"). He began using the pseudonym Gorky (literally "bitter") in 1892, while working in Tiflis newspaper Кавказ (The Caucasus). The name reflected his simmering anger about life in Russia and a determination to speak the bitter truth. Gorky's first book Очерки и рассказы (Essays and Stories) in 1898 enjoyed a sensational success and his career as a writer began. Gorky wrote incessantly, viewing literature less as an aesthetic practice (though he worked hard on style and form) than as a moral and political act that could change the world. He described the lives of people in the lowest strata and on the margins of society, revealing their hardships, humiliations, and brutalization, but also their inward spark of humanity.
Gorky’s reputation as a unique literary voice from the bottom strata of society and as a fervent advocate of Russia's social, political, and cultural transformation (by 1899, he was openly associating with the emerging Marxist social-democratic movement) helped make him a celebrity among both the intelligentsia and the growing numbers of "conscious" workers. At the heart of all his work was a belief in the inherent worth and potential of the human person (личность, lichnost'). He counterposed vital individuals, aware of their natural dignity, and inspired by energy and will, to people who succumb to the degrading conditions of life around them. Still, both his writings and his letters reveal a "restless man" (a frequent self-description) struggling to resolve contradictory feelings of faith and skepticism, love of life and disgust at the vulgarity and pettiness of the human world.
He publicly opposed the Tsarist regime and was arrested many times. Gorky befriended many revolutionaries and became Lenin's personal friend after they met in 1902. He exposed governmental control of the press (see Matvei Golovinski affair). In 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary Academician of Literature, but Nicholas II ordered this annulled. In protest, Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Korolenko left the Academy.
The years 1900 to 1905 saw a growing optimism in Gorky’s writings. He became more involved in the opposition movement, for which he was again briefly imprisoned in 1901. In 1904, having severed his relationship with the Moscow Art Theatre in the wake of conflict with Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, Gorky returned to Nizhny Novgorod to establish a theatre of his own. Both Constantin Stanislavski and Savva Morozov provided financial support for the venture. Stanislavski saw in Gorky's theatre an opportunity to develop the network of provincial theatres that he hoped would reform the art of the stage in Russia, of which he had dreamed since the 1890s. He sent some pupils from the Art Theatre School—as well as Ioasaf Tikhomirov, who ran the school—to work there. By the autumn, however, after the censor had banned every play that the theatre proposed to stage, Gorky abandoned the project. Now a financially-successful author, editor, and playwright, Gorky gave financial support to the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), though he also supported liberal appeals to the government for civil rights and social reform. The brutal shooting of workers marching to the Tsar with a petition for reform on January 9, 1905 (known as the "Bloody Sunday"), which set in motion the Revolution of 1905, seems to have pushed Gorky more decisively toward radical solutions. He now became closely associated with Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik wing of the party—though it is not clear whether he ever formally joined and his relations with Lenin and the Bolsheviks would always be rocky. His most influential writings in these years were a series of political plays, most famously The Lower Depths (1902). In 1906, the Bolsheviks sent him on a fund-raising trip to the United States, where in the Adirondack Mountains Gorky wrote his famous novel of revolutionary conversion and struggle, Мать (Mat’, The Mother). His experiences there—which included a scandal over his traveling with his lover rather than his wife—deepened his contempt for the "bourgeois soul" but also his admiration for the boldness of the American spirit. While briefly imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress during the abortive 1905 Russian Revolution, Gorky wrote the play Children of the Sun, nominally set during an 1862 cholera epidemic, but universally understood to relate to present-day events.
From 1906 to 1913, Gorky lived on the island of Capri, partly for health reasons and partly to escape the increasingly repressive atmosphere in Russia. He continued to support the work of Russian social-democracy, especially the Bolsheviks, and to write fiction and cultural essays. Most controversially, he articulated, along with a few other maverick Bolsheviks, a philosophy he called "God-Building", which sought to recapture the power of myth for the revolution and to create a religious atheism that placed collective humanity where God had been and was imbued with passion, wonderment, moral certainty, and the promise of deliverance from evil, suffering, and even death. Though 'God-Building' was suppressed by Lenin, Gorky retained his belief that "culture"—the moral and spiritual awareness of the value and potential of the human self—would be more critical to the revolution’s success than political or economic arrangements.
An amnesty granted for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty allowed Gorky to return to Russia in 1913, where he continued his social criticism, mentored other writers from the common people, and wrote a series of important cultural memoirs, including the first part of his autobiography. On returning to Russia, he wrote that his main impression was that "everyone is so crushed and devoid of God's image." The only solution, he repeatedly declared, was "culture".
During World War I, his apartment in Petrograd was turned into a Bolshevik staff room, but his relations with the Communists turned sour. After his newspaper Novaya Zhizn (Новая Жизнь, "New Life") fell prey to Bolshevik censorship, Gorky published a collection of essays critical of the Bolsheviks called Untimely Thoughts in 1918. (It would not be published in Russia again until the end of the Soviet Union.) The essays call Lenin a tyrant for his senseless arrests and repression of free discourse, and an anarchist for his conspiratorial tactics; Gorky compares Lenin to both the Tsar and Nechayev.
In August 1921, Nikolai Gumilyov, his friend, fellow writer and Anna Akhmatova's husband, was arrested by the Petrograd Cheka for his monarchist views. Gorky hurried to Moscow, obtained an order to release Gumilyov from Lenin personally, but upon his return to Petrograd he found out that Gumilyov had already been shot. In October, Gorky returned to Italy on health grounds: he had tuberculosis.
According to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Gorky's return to the Soviet Union was motivated by material needs. In Sorrento, Gorky found himself without money and without fame. He visited the USSR several times after 1929, and in 1932 Joseph Stalin personally invited him to return for good, an offer he accepted. In June 1929, Gorky visited Solovki (cleaned up for this occasion) and wrote a positive article about that Gulag camp, which had already gained ill fame in the West. Later he stated that everything he had written was under the control of censors. What he actually saw and thought when visiting the camp has been a highly discussed topic.
Gorky's return from Fascist Italy was a major propaganda victory for the Soviets. He was decorated with the Order of Lenin and given a mansion (formerly belonging to the millionaire Ryabushinsky, now the Gorky Museum) in Moscow and a dacha in the suburbs. One of the central Moscow streets, Tverskaya, was renamed in his honor, as was the city of his birth. The largest fixed-wing aircraft in the world in the mid-1930s, the Tupolev ANT-20 (photo), was also named Maxim Gorky. It was used for propaganda purposes and often demonstratively flew over the Soviet capital.
On October 11, 1931 Gorky read his fairy tale "A Girl and Death" to his visitors Joseph Stalin, Kliment Voroshilov and Vyacheslav Molotov, an event that was later depicted by Viktor Govorov on his painting. On that same day Stalin left his autograph on the last page of this work by Gorky:
Эта штука сильнее чем "Фауст" Гёте (любовь побеждает смерть) English: "This piece is stronger than Goethe's Faust (love defeats death)".
In 1933 Gorky edited an infamous book about the White Sea-Baltic Canal, presented as an example of "successful rehabilitation of the former enemies of proletariat".
With the increase of Stalinist repression and especially after the assassination of Sergei Kirov in December 1934, Gorky was placed under unannounced house arrest in his Moscow house.
The sudden death of his son Maxim Peshkov in May 1934 was followed by the death of Maxim Gorky himself in June 1936. Speculation has long surrounded the circumstances of his death. Stalin and Molotov were among those who carried Gorky's coffin during the funeral.
During the Bukharin show trials in 1938, one of the charges was that Gorky was killed by Yagoda's NKVD agents.
In Soviet times, before and after his death, the complexities in Gorky's life and outlook were reduced to an iconic image (echoed in heroic pictures and statues dotting the countryside): Gorky as a great Russian writer who emerged from the common people, a loyal friend of the Bolsheviks, and the founder of the increasingly canonical "socialist realism". In turn, dissident intellectuals dismissed Gorky as a tendentious ideological writer[citation needed], though some Western writers[who?] noted Gorky's doubts and criticisms[citation needed]. Today, greater balance is to be found in works on Gorky, where we see a growing appreciation of the complex moral perspective on modern Russian life expressed in his writings [citation needed]. Some historians [who?] have begun to view Gorky as one of the most insightful observers of both the promises and moral dangers of revolution in Russia.
Selected works
Makar Chudra (Макар Чудра), short story, 1892
Chelkash (Челкаш), 1895
Malva, 1897
Creatures That Once Were Men, stories in English translation (1905)
This contained an introduction by G. K. Chesterton
Twenty-six Men and a Girl
Foma Gordeyev (Фома Гордеев), novel, 1899
Three of Them (Трое), 1900
The Song of the Stormy Petrel (Песня о Буревестнике), 1901
Song of a Falcon (Песня о Соколе),short story, 1902
The Life of Matvei Kozhemyakin (Жизнь Матвея Кожемякина)
The Mother (Мать), novel, 1907
A Confession (Исповедь), 1908
Okurov City (Городок Окуров), novel, 1908
My Childhood (Детство), 1913–1914
In the World (В людях), 1916
Chaliapin, articles in Letopis, 1917
Commemorative coin, released in the USSR on his 120th anniv. features his portrait and a stormy petrel over the storm seaUntimely Thoughts, articles, 1918
My Universities (Мои университеты), 1923
The Artamonov Business (Дело Артамоновых), 1927
Life of Klim Samgin (Жизнь Клима Самгина), epopeia, 1927–36
Reminiscences of Tolstoy (1919), Chekhov (1905–21), and Andreyev
V.I.Lenin (В.И.Ленин), reminiscence, 1924–31
The I.V. Stalin White Sea - Baltic Sea Canal, 1934 (editor-in-chief)
Drama
The Philistines (Мещане), 1901
The Lower Depths (На дне), 1902
Summerfolk (Дачники), 1904
Children of the Sun (Дети солнца), 1905
Barbarians, 1905
Enemies, 1906
Queer People, 1910
Vassa Zheleznova, 1910
The Zykovs, 1913
Counterfeit Money, 1913
Yegor Bulychov and Others, 1932
Dostigayev and Others, 1933
Adaptations
The German modernist theatre practitioner Bertolt Brecht based his epic play The Mother (1932) on Gorky's novel of the same name. Gorky's novel was also adapted for an opera by Valery Zhelobinsky in 1938. In 1912, the Italian composer Giacomo Orefice based his opera Radda on the character of Radda from Makar Chudra.
Works about Gorky
The Gorky Trilogy is a series of three feature films—The Childhood of Maxim Gorky, My Apprenticeship, and My Universities—directed by Mark Donskoi, filmed in the Soviet Union, released 1938-1940. The trilogy was adapted from Gorky's autobiography.
The Murder of Maxim Gorky. A Secret Execution by Arkady Vaksberg. (Enigma Books: New York, 2007. ISBN 978-1-929631-62-9.)
Quotations
"One has to be able to count if only so that at fifty one doesn't marry a girl of twenty"
"Если враг не сдается, его уничтожают" (If the enemy doesn't surrender, he shall be exterminated!)
"When work is a pleasure, life is a joy! When work is duty, life is slavery."
"One miserable being seeks another miserable being; then he's happy."
"Politics is the seedbed of social enmity, evil suspicions, shameless lies, morbid ambitions, and disrespect for the individual. Name anything bad in man, and it is precisely in the soil of political struggle that it grows with abundance."