| 字： | 秉吾 | ||||||||||||
| 网笔号： | 高皇帝 | ||||||||||||
| 庙号： | 西太祖 | ||||||||||||
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张献忠字秉忠，号敬轩，明万历古三十四年（1606年）9月18日出生于陕西省定边县郝滩乡刘渠村（古称柳树涧堡），《明史》称他与李自成同年生，张献忠少时曾读过书，成人后参军，供役为捕快、边兵。因犯法当斩，主将陈洪范观其状貌，为之求情于总兵官王威，重打一百军棍除名，从此便流落乡间。 明崇祯三年（1630年），张献忠积极响应王嘉胤的反明号召在米脂起义，自号八大王，一作西营八大王。次年，参加王自用联军，为三十六营之一。他英勇善战很快成为三十六营的主要首领并以能谋善战的八大王出名。 王嘉胤死后，与李自成等归附高迎祥，高迎祥称闯王，张献忠、李自成号闯将，崇祯八年(1635年)参与荥阳之会，议决进取，献忠与高迎祥等共攻略东方。不久张献忠与李自成因小故开始分裂，张献忠率部攻长江流域，李自成攻黄河流域。十年（1637年），遭明军总兵官左良玉部的进攻，张献忠的起义部队严重受损，本人也受伤，政治上发生动摇。次年正月，张献忠率本部义军进驻谷城（今属湖北省谷城县）受朝庭招安授予副将。驻地王家河，易名太平镇，以示休兵。 张献忠被招安，既不按原安排遣散义军，更不参加对李自成部义军的战斗，而是把守一地加强军事训练，保持自主权。崇祯十二年（1639年），张献忠因对官府腐败官僚无止境的索贿、敲诈、对自己的刁难、不信任已感不满，加之受到李自成的影响，五月初九采用“避实捣虚”“以走致辞敌”的有效战术，重举反明的大旗。以走制敌，转战四川境，使明军疲于奔命。十四年，大败明军于开县黄陵城，长驱出川，破襄阳，杀襄王朱翊铭，进破光州等地。明督师杨嗣昌因病在沙市去世。十六年据武昌，称大西王。不久克长沙，宣布免征三年钱粮，从者愈众。崇祯十七年（1644年）8月9日攻破成都，巡府龙文光，蜀王朱至澍及其嫔妃全部自杀身亡，其他官员当了俘虏。义军进入成都号称60万大军，很快控制了四川大部分地区的州，县，在成都，张献忠先号称秦王，接着宣告建立大西国，改元大顺。建立健全制度，后称帝，以成都为西京，8月16日登基王位。 是年冬，绝望之下，在四川进行空前的烧杀破坏；以开科取士为名，杀知识分子于青羊宫，又坑成都民于中园，杀各卫军98万，遣四将军分屠各县，将亿万宝物掷入锦江，决水放流，自谓“无为后人有也”，残忍变态至极。清顺治三年（1646年12月1日），局势越来越紧张，而张却自命不凡，不以为然。10月20日，部队到达川北西充县与盐亭县交界处凤凰山坡时张献忠中箭身亡。（被豪格射死）
起义
天启末年，陕西全境灾荒不断。陕北又发生了严重的干旱和虫灾，禾苗枯焦，饿殍遍野。由于海外贸易的刺激，明朝富庶的南方大片的田亩被用于经济作物的种植，粮食产量随之下降，北方大旱则导致粮食更为匮乏，粮价开始节节攀升，与之相对应的是，明朝中央财政却因为灾荒之年税收相应减少，随着财政的进一步拮据，赈济成为空谈，而没有了赈济，农民无法生活下去，最终只有铤而走险，起来造反。陕北地区首先爆发了农民起义，并很快形成燎原之势。最初，有府谷的王嘉胤、王自用起义，他们占领了黄龙山。接着宜川王左挂、安寨高迎祥、洛川张存孟、延川王和尚、汉南王大梁等纷起响应，斗争烈火燃遍了陕西全境。不久，李自成在米脂起义后参加了高迎祥的义军。
崇祯三年（1630），张献忠在家乡聚集十八寨农民也组织了一支队伍响应王嘉胤等起义。他自号“八大王”。由于他“身长瘦而面微黄，须一尺六寸，僄劲果侠，军中称为‘黄虎’”。这一队伍初属王自用，后自成一军。因他小时读过一点书，又受过军事训练，为人多智谋，果敢勇猛，很快就显示了指挥才能，他的部众成为当时以王自用为盟主的三十六营中最强劲的一个营。从此，张献忠随着义军，转战于陕西、山西、河南、安徽、湖北、四川等地，屡立战功。他的队伍也由几千人发展到几万人，成为最强大的一支部队。在与官军的作战中起着举足轻重的作用。
崇祯六年（1633）冬，义军大部分渡过黄河南下，张献忠所部是以高迎祥为盟主的十三家之一。
崇祯七年（1634）， 张献忠入川，攻陷夔州（今重庆奉节），进围太平，重庆女总兵秦良玉提兵赶至，献忠慑于秦良玉及其手下"白杆兵"威名，苍惶逃走，秦良玉率军追击，与正好回川的儿子马祥麟前后夹击，打败张献忠，使之退走湖广。
崇祯八年（1635），各路义军被官军围困于河南。为了冲出包围圈，十三家义军首领，在河南荥阳举行了军事会议。商讨结果，决定分兵定向，打破官军的围剿计划。会后，张献忠和李自成在闯王高迎祥的率领下，向东挺进。这支东路军的主力就是张献忠的部队。他的部队作战勇猛，连破河南的固始和安徽的霍丘等州县，直指明朝的中都凤阳。
作为东路军先锋的张献忠部队，在大雾弥漫的清晨包围了凤阳城。不到半天工夫，就全歼了守卫凤阳的两万官军，击毙守将朱国正等人，俘获了凤阳知府颜容暄，并当着百姓的面，历数他的罪行后，处以死刑。张献忠把胜利品和府库里的粮食，分给当地的贫苦农民，又叫农民和四乡百姓，砍光皇陵的几十万株松柏，还拆除了周围的建筑物和朱元璋出家的龙兴寺（又名皇觉寺），然后放火烧了皇帝的祖坟。
这件事对朝廷震动很大，崇祯帝得知消息后，立即穿上丧服，跑到太庙，跪在祖宗的牌位下放声大哭；并下令朝廷官员素衣素食办理公务，表示哀悼。崇祯帝撤了兵部尚书的职，砍了凤阳巡抚和巡按御史的头，又把早已革职闲住的五省督师拉出来定了死罪。尽管如此严厉，官军仍然挡不住张献忠部队的纵横驰骋和进攻。
张献忠攻下凤阳后，又挥师南下，接连攻克庐州（今安徽合肥）、安庆、和州、滁州，一直沿长江打到江苏的仪征，一路所向披靡。后来又回师向西，经英山、霍山，同马守应部会师于湖北麻城。接着，从湖北进入河南，又进入陕西，由商雒打回关中。张献忠转战千里，忽东忽西，选择官军的薄弱环节，打破了官军企图在中原围歼义军的战略计划。张献忠回到关中后，与高迎祥在凤翔会合。又在陕西与明朝兵部尚书洪承畴统率的官军进行了几次战斗，洪承畴手下的大将，如艾万年、曹文诏等人都被义军斩杀，官军损失惨重。义军遂转而直插河南。
崇祯九年（1636）初，义军部队已发展壮大到几十万人，在河南会合时，常连营百里，而当时张献忠的部队就有十万人以上。九月，闯王高迎祥不幸遇伏被俘，壮烈牺牲。李自成等大部转战于潼关以西地区，张献忠所部遂成为潼关以东地区官军攻击的主要目标。张献忠所部转战于鄂、豫、皖时，多次打败官军。“入河南袭破许州，杀左良玉兄”，获物资巨万。三月，在安庆家店的战斗中又击毙明将潘可大等人。但是，由于义军各部缺乏统一部署和协同行动，每部各自为战，崇祯十一年（1638）春，各路义军均连遭挫折。特别是崇祯十年（1637）四月，明朝兵部尚书、内阁大学士杨嗣昌策划了“四正”、“六隅”、“十面张网”的围剿战略，李自成在陕西遭到几次失败，刘国能等也在河南归顺朝廷，都给张献忠的队伍带来了巨大的困难。张献忠在进袭南阳的战斗中被左良玉军击败，本人也受了伤，幸被部下孙可望力救脱险，遂带部队退居谷城（今属湖北）。在官军的强大攻势下，为了保存实力，张献忠在谷城、罗汝才在郧阳，分别接受了兵部尚书熊文灿的“招抚”。受“招抚”后，张献忠拒绝接受改编和调遣，不接受官衔，保持了独立性。他把四万人的部队分布在总部谷城的四郊，分四营，各设一员大将率领。在休整期间，集草屯粮，打造军器，招兵买马，训练士卒。张献忠还经常请人给他讲《孙子兵法》，并结合战例，总结经验和教训，等待时机东山再起。
崇祯十二年（1639）五月，张献忠在谷城重举义旗。义军很快打垮守备谷城官军，杀了县令阮之钿和巡按御史林铭球，拆毁城垣，劫库纵囚。明监军道张大经和马廷宝、徐起祚被迫投降。张献忠离开谷城时，把官府上下大小官员向他索贿的名单、数字和时间，都详细地写在城内外的墙壁上，使百姓看清了明朝政治的腐朽。
张献忠再起时，罗汝才、马守应部也起而响应，并到谷城与张献忠会合。隐伏在商雒山中的李自成也重整旗鼓，经湖北郧、均地区进入河南。农民起义的烽火，又一次在中原大地上熊熊燃烧起来。
熊文灿得知义军再起的消息，立即调左良玉和罗岱领兵追剿。张献忠将大军埋伏在房县以西的罗猴山，张网布阵，并派出一支队伍佯攻败退，引诱官军入山，伏兵围攻，官军一万多人全部溃散，罗岱被活捉，左良玉丢盔弃甲，伏鞍而逃，连军符印信也丢失了。崇祯帝一怒之下，撤了熊文灿的职，并予逮杀；左良玉降三级，带罪随军立功。接着，改派大学士、兵部尚书杨嗣昌督师，总督以下并听节制，再次展开对农民军的大规模围剿。
杨嗣昌一到襄阳，就抛出他策划的“四正”、“六隅”、“十面张网”的战略。会师十万，并檄河南、四川、陕西、郧阳诸抚镇将领，分扼冲要，主要任务是全力围剿张献忠和李自成。起初，张献忠不了解情况，接连失利，非常被动。后来通过情报摸清了官军底细，他说服罗汝才，两军联合，加强了义军的力量。义军“以走制敌”、“避实击虚”、出没无常的战术对付官军。同时，张献忠加强了情报工作，派出很多机灵的军士扮成商人小贩，四处探听消息。老百姓也常把官军的动向告诉义军，还常给张献忠的队伍做向导。因此，能及时掌握敌情，迅速采取军事行动，打得官军措手不及。然后迅速转移，使官军摸不清义军的去向，难以追击。官军的主力部队不是扑空，就是遭到埋伏而损兵折将。但是，义军被困在官军的包围圈里非常不利，随时都有被围歼的危险。为此，张献忠认为必须彻底粉碎官军的围剿计划，跳出圈外去作战，才能更有力地打击官军。
崇祯十三年（1640）闰正月，张献忠在枸坪关被左良玉击败，率部突入四川。入川途中，在太平县的玛瑙山又受到郑崇俭和左良玉的夹击，伤亡惨重。接着又受到湖广军、四川军和陕西军的追击堵截，义军连受重创，退居兴安归州山中，又被左良玉等军围住，义军陷于困境。为此，张献忠利用杨嗣昌和左良玉的矛盾，派人携重宝贿左良玉，说：“献忠在，故公见重。公所部多杀掠，而阁部猜且专。无献忠，即公灭不久矣。”左良玉斗志松懈，张献忠乘机收聚散亡，在山民的帮助下，走出兴安，与罗汝才等部会合。张献忠又利用四川巡抚邵捷春和杨嗣昌之间的矛盾，集中兵力，猛攻邵捷春防守的新宁（今四川开江）。邵捷春根本没有想到义军如此神速，官军一触即溃。义军突破新宁防线后，顺利地进入了四川。义军的入川，打破了杨嗣昌的围剿计划，并在军事上也从防御转入了进攻。杨嗣昌刚愎自用，满以为官军已把张献忠、罗汝才等部包围在鄂、川、陕三省交界地区，胜利在握了。但实际上是“总督之令不能行于将帅，将帅之令不能行于士卒”。张献忠尽量避免与官军打阵地战，而采取“以走制敌”的策略，一昼夜能行三百余里，快速流动，常常把官军搞得顾此失彼，腹背受敌，疲于奔命。
崇祯十三年十二月，杨嗣昌眼看无法消灭义军，就采用“招抚”办法，妄图分化瓦解。他宣布赦免罗汝才罪，归降者授以官职，唯不赦张献忠，有能擒获张献忠者赏万金，封侯爵。但第二天杨嗣昌驻地的墙壁上就出现“有能斩督师来献者，赏银三钱”的布告。义军针锋相对的回击，使得杨嗣昌非常沮丧，并怀疑左右都通义军。
崇祯十四年（1641）正月，张献忠已在四川转战了近半年。这时，义军在开县黄陵城被官军左良玉部追及，左部参将刘士杰、游击郭开力立即出战，义军以逸待劳，张献忠抽出一支精兵绕到官军后方出击。左良玉逃走，刘士杰、郭开力被击毙，官军将士死伤过半，义军获得全胜。
接着，张献忠挥师出川，一昼夜急行军，兵锋直指鄂中。当义军到达当阳时，驻守的官军还在睡梦之中。张献忠还作了一首歌谣嘲笑官军：“前有邵巡抚（邵 捷春），常来团转舞；后有廖参军（廖大亨），不战随我行。好个杨阁部（杨嗣昌），离我三天路！”
二月，张献忠率部攻克襄阳。襄阳是明朝的军事重镇，军需饷银，都聚集在城内。张献忠以所获饷银，分十万两赈济饥民，并将襄王朱翊铭和贵阳王朱常法等处死。义军受到百姓的拥护，欢声雷动。至此，张献忠完全粉碎了杨嗣昌的“四正六隅”计划，彻底摧毁了他所谓的“十面网”。杨嗣昌听说张献忠挥军出川，急忙逃回宜昌。在沙市他得知李自成攻破洛阳，杀了福王的消息，自知死罪难逃，因而忧惧而死。左良玉被削职，带罪领兵。
义军接着又渡长江攻下樊城，与罗汝才合兵北上。四月，攻应山不下，转攻随州，克之。六月，张献忠率部打南阳，东略信阳。七月，张献忠又陷郧西，至信阳。杨嗣昌死后，崇祯帝命陕西三边总督丁启睿接任督师，继续围剿义军。原在一边观望不战的左良玉，亦率部前来追击张献忠。秋八月张献忠在信阳为左良玉部所败，带伤出商城，走英山方向，又被王允成击败，“众道散且尽，从骑止数十”。在此之前，罗汝才与张献忠不合，投奔了闯王李自成。信阳败后，张献忠也往投李自成。李自成“以部曲遇之，不从，自成欲杀之”，为罗汝才阻止。罗汝才私赠五百骑，张献忠自河南经安徽东下。这时，李自成的义军正围攻开封。督师丁启睿和左良玉等官军主力，都北上救援开封。年底，张献忠乘间陷亳州，入英、霍山区，与“革左五营”相见，“革左五营”是由老回回马守应、革里眼贺一龙、左金王贺锦、争世王刘希尧、乱地王蔺养成五营联军组成的。从此，义军的声势又复振。
崇祯十五年（1642）二月，张献忠率汇合后的义军，攻陷舒城、六安，进克庐州，杀知府郑履祥。又连下无为、庐江，并在巢湖训练水军。接着又打败了总兵官黄得功、刘良佐的官军。张献忠义军的胜利，使“江南大震”。凤阳总督高斗光、安庆巡抚郑二阳被逮治，起用马士英代之。十月，张献忠义军被官军刘良佐部击败，张献忠率部西走郸水。“革左五营”北投李自成。左良玉为避李自成，尽撤湖广兵东下。张献忠乘机攻占黄梅。
崇祯十六年（1643）正月，张献忠率部乘夜攻下郸州。三月，义军连下郸水、黄州、麻城。在麻城，张献忠招募得数万人。五月，义军西取汉阳，从鸭蛋洲渡过长江，迅速攻占武昌府城。武昌为楚王朱华奎的王府所在地。守城官吏闻风而逃，楚王所募兵为之内应，大开城门迎接义军。张献忠处死楚王后，“尽取宫中金银各百万，辇载数百车不尽”。发银六百余万两，赈济武昌、汉阳、六安等地饥民。
在武昌，张献忠自称“大西王”，建立了大西农民政权。设六部和五军都督府，及委派地方官吏。“改武昌曰天授府，江夏曰上江县”，并开科取士，招揽人才，共录取进士三十名，廪膳生四十八名，都授以州县官职。这时，李自成也在襄阳建号称王，并对张献忠占据武昌十分不满。李自成使人贺曰：“老回回已降，曹革左皆死，行及汝矣。”此时，左良玉兵复西上，大西政权官吏多被擒杀。“献忠惧，谋去之”。两境相接，形成了并立的两大农民军势力。张献忠力弱，无法与李自成对抗。八月，张献忠率部南下湖南，以二十万重兵攻占岳州。随后进攻长沙，明总兵尹先民、何一德投降。
张献忠占据长沙后，宣布免征三年税粮。接着，又攻取衡州及其所属州县，所到之处，义军纪律严明。清人刘献廷记载说：“余闻张献忠来衡州，不戮一人，以问娄圣公，则果然也。”
九月，义军攻占永州，兵威所震，使广东南雄、韶州属县的官兵“逋窜一空”。明分巡南韶副使王孙兰吓得自缢而死。十月，义军占领杨嗣昌老家常德府武陵县，对杨嗣昌父子及其家族仗势作恶的罪行进行了清算。张献忠发的令牌曰：“照得朱（诛）贼杨某，昔年曾调天下兵马，敢抗天兵，某幸早死于吾忍（刃）矣。今过武陵，乃彼房屋土田，坟墓在此。只不归顺足矣，为何拴同乡绅士庶，到处立团。合将九族尽诛，坟墓尽掘，房屋尽行烧毁；霸占土田，查还小民。有捉杨姓一人者，赏银十两；捉其子孙兄弟者，赏千金。为此牌仰该府。”说明义军对官绅恶霸的无比憎恨。
在义军攻占武陵的同时，张献忠领兵向江西萍乡进攻，陷万载，分兵两路攻下袁州。袁州是江右门户，失去袁州，则“江右全省皆坏，则两广咽喉断，而金陵之藩篱撤矣”④。在左良玉官军的反攻下，袁州又为官军夺取。由于左良玉部士兵暴虐，明廷被迫撤回其兵，以招募当地兵戍守。张献忠利用官军调换的时机，突袭吉安，连占吉水、永新、安福、泰和等县，并分设地方官吏，安抚百姓，再次夺回袁州。十二月，在江西总督吕大器带兵反扑下，吉安等县又先后失陷。张献忠在江西受阻后，随即回师再据岳州。明廷急派左良玉移镇武昌，并分兵两路，一攻岳州，一攻江西袁州，两地再度给官军占领。为此，张献忠决定北上，在嘉鱼（今湖北境内）沿江一带埋伏部队，大败左良玉的精锐部队，使“良玉军，遂不振”。张献忠又在沿途收降官军，编为新附营，军容较前更盛。这时，张献忠控制了湖南全部，及湖北南部，广东、广西北部的广大地区。为了将来的发展，张献忠决定进军四川。
崇祯十七年（1644）正月，张献忠率部向四川进发。义军攻克夔州，“至万县，水涨，留屯三月”。接着，连克梁山、忠州和涪州，击败总兵曹英，破佛图关，明朝四川总兵秦良玉率兵来战，亦被义军击败。义军攻克泸州后，于六月二十日占领川北重镇重庆。从汉中逃来的瑞王朱常浩、巡抚陈士奇、兵备副使陈纁、知府王行俭等一批明朝宗室和官僚，被义军俘获并处死。七月初四日，张献忠命刘廷举守重庆。他亲自率义军，分三路向四川首府成都挺进。沿路州县“望风瓦解，烽火数百里不绝，成都大震”。四川巡抚龙文光由顺庆驰援成都，又调总兵刘镇藩及附近土兵守城。一时“成都援兵四集，献忠使其众伪为援兵，混入城中，龙文光不能辨”。八月初七日，义军从四面同时攻城，里应外合，三日城破。
八月初九日，农民军攻克成都。明藩成都王朱至澍、太平王朱至渌自杀，四川巡抚龙文光、巡按御史刘之渤、按察副使张继孟等明朝派驻四川的主要官员因拒不投降，均被农民军处死。“初，李自成使马珂入川，攻陷顺庆。”九月，命将马珂据守绵州，张献忠派艾能奇往攻之不克，亲自去指挥，马珂败走汉中。十月，李定国攻克保宁；孙可望下龙安，使王运行守之，又率兵攻茂州，克之。接着，艾能奇又攻克雅州。至此，四川大部地区被张献忠的农民军所控制。
十一月十六日，张献忠在成都称帝，建国号“大西”，改元“大顺”，以成都为西京。大西政权建立后，设置左右丞相，六部尚书等文武官员。命“汪兆麟为左丞相，严锡命为右丞相”。以王国麟、江鼎镇、龚完敬等为尚书。大西政权颁行《通天历》，设钱局铸“大顺通宝”行用。开科取士，选拔三十人为进士，任为郡县各官。大西政权宣布，对西南各族百姓“蠲免边境三年租赋”。张献忠的号令森严，不许“擅自招兵”，“擅受民词”，“擅取本土妇女为妻”，违者正法。张献忠封四个养子为王，孙可望为平东王，刘文秀为抚南王，李定国为安西王，艾能奇为定北王。
在军事上，大西政权设五军都督府，中军王尚礼，前军王定国，后军冯双礼，左军马元利，右军张化龙。分兵一百二十营，有“虎威、豹韬、龙韬、鹰扬为宿卫”，设都督领之。城外设大营十，小营十二，中置老营，名为御营，献忠居之。又命孙可望为平东将军，监十九营；李定国为安西将军，监十六营；刘文秀为抚南将军，监十五营；艾能奇为定北将军，监二十营。分兵四出，“遂据有全蜀”。
不久，四川各地的明朝将领曾英、李占春、于大海、王祥、杨展、曹勋等，纷纷聚集兵马，袭击大西农民军，屠杀大西政权地方官员，给大西政权很大威胁。对此，张献忠进行了严厉的镇压。
张献忠命孙可望往取汉中，被李自成部将贺珍击败。张献忠亲往救援，道经梓潼七曲山，“仰视神庙，题额张姓，曰：‘此吾祖也。’追上尊号，曰始祖高皇帝”。命修庙刻石祀之。部将刘进忠入据保宁府，部将马元利克顺庆守之。乙酉年元旦过后，张献忠于初三日对部下说：“三国以来，汉中原属四川，今吾定都于川，不取汉中，难免他人得陇望蜀乎？闻闯王遣马爌守汉中，爌庸才耳，若不早取，他日易以能人，则难图也。”为了保证四川的安全，他派平东、虎威二将军，向北平定汉南地区。又命都督张广才早灭曾英，以便打开东下的道路。十六日，农民军其名、张广才两军齐发，不知李自成以贺珍代马爌。结果大西军的三万兵马被贺珍部击败。
大顺二年（清顺治二年，1645）夏，南明福王弘光政权灭亡。十一月，清朝用剿抚兼施的策略一面以何洛会为定西大将军进剿四川，一面派人下诏诱降张献忠，劝说他归顺清朝。诏书说：“张献忠前此扰乱，皆明朝之事”，表示谅解，“张献忠如审识天时，率众来归，自当优加擢叙，世世子孙，永享富贵”。并威胁说“倘迟延观望，不早迎降，大军既至，悔之无及”。然而张献忠置之不理，反而增强了抗清的决心。这时，何洛会率领的清军被陕西的义军所牵制，所以一直没有入川。
张献忠的大西政权和农民军，除了与明朝在四川的残余军队对抗外，还要同四川的地主武装作斗争。原川陕总督樊一蘅仍任原职，南明政权又任命原大学士王应熊为兵部尚书总督川湖云贵军务，并赐尚方宝剑便宜行事，驻扎遵义，主持对张献忠作战。是年三月，明四川巡抚马乾派副将曾英带兵攻陷重庆。接着，阁部王应熊会兵遵义，副将杨展、屠龙、莫宗文、贾登联等请复川南。“起甘良臣为总统，副以侯天锡、屠龙，合参将杨展，游击马应试、余朝宗所携溃卒，得三万人。”于三月攻陷叙州，大西农民军损失一千余人。时副将曹英、参政刘鳞长及部将于大海、李占春、张天相等，都受樊一蘅节制，有兵十余万。他们不断地向农民军发动攻击，妄图恢复失地。
张献忠时驻扎金山铺，欲肃清新附不坚者，刘进忠谏曰：“生灵不可妄杀也。”张献忠不纳，反调刘进忠回金山铺会剿，刘进忠疑之，遂向北走投清军。
大顺三年初，清朝改派肃亲王豪格为靖远大将军，和吴三桂等统率满汉大军，全力向大西农民军扑来。当时，明参将杨展领兵复夺川南州县，率师北指，与张献忠的部队激战于彭山的江口，张献忠大败，退回成都。杨展由南面逼向成都。王应熊又派曾英为总兵，王祥为参将，联师进攻，阻挡农民军的东下。他们对大西农民军进行疯狂的袭击，严重地威胁着大西农民政权。对此，张献忠针锋相对，给予坚决的回击。五月，豪格率清军攻占汉中。
七月，为了北上陕西抗击清军，张献忠决定放弃成都。并“尽杀其妻妾，一子尚幼，亦扑杀之”。他对孙可望说：“我亦一英雄，不可留幼子为人所擒，汝终为世子矣。明朝三百年正统，未必遽绝，亦天意也。我死，尔急归明，毋为不义。”表明了张献忠联明抗清的决心。接着，分其兵为四，并命令四位将军，各率兵十余万向陕西进发。九月间，张献忠率部离开成都，北上迎击清军。十一月，张献忠大军扎营于西充凤凰山。
张献忠之死
当时形势紧张，原大西军将领刘进忠叛变后，先在合州（今四川合川）同明军曾英勾结，后又出保宁（今四川阆中）去，投降了南下的清军统帅豪格。清军以刘进忠为向导，带领清军进入川北。十一月二十六日，豪格派护军统领鳌拜等将领，分率八旗护军轻装疾进，出其不意，对农民军发起突然袭击。二十七日晨，清军隔太阳溪与张献忠的农民军相遇。面对这意外的突然来袭，张献忠临急应战，指挥农民军马步兵分两面抗击清军。这时，清军统帅豪格率大军继至，遣参领格布库等向农民军右翼进攻，都统准塔攻击农民军左翼。战斗打得非常激烈，清军将领格布库等被农民军击毙，农民军也遭到了惨重的损失。
张献忠“初不为备，闻兵至，犹以为他寇，身衣蟒半臂，腰插三矢，引牙将临河视之。”刘进忠为清将指点说：“此八大王也。”清将急发暗箭射之，张献忠不幸中箭。时年仅四十二岁。
张献忠死后，他的部众“以锦褥裹尸，埋于僻处，而遁”。清军“求得发而斩之，枭其首于成都”。另据清靖远大将军和硕肃亲王豪格等奏报：“臣帅师于十一月二十六日至南部，侦得逆贼张献忠，列营西充县境，随令护军统领鳌拜、巴图鲁等，分领八旗护军先发。臣统大军星夜兼程继进，于次日黎明抵西充。献忠尽率马步贼兵拒师，鳌拜等奋击大破之，斩献于阵。”但是有良心的青年历史学家没有发现清军报告张献忠尸体的文件。
张献忠死后，他的部将孙可望、李定国、刘文秀、艾能奇、冯双礼等率领农民军向南，在重庆受到明军曾英部的阻击，农民军击毙守将曾英后，继续向贵州方向转移。后与南明联合，共同抗击清军，转战在西南各省的广大地区，坚持了近二十年，直到清朝的康熙初年。
附:张献忠千船沉银之谜
300多年前，张献忠携带打劫而来的千船金银珠宝从成都顺水南下，在四川彭山县江口镇“老虎滩”一带遭到川西官僚杨展的突袭，千船金银珠宝绝大都分随船队沉落江中；300多年来，这一史实成为传说。4月20日，彭山县城开建引水工程，一施工队在岷江“老虎滩”河床上用挖掘机开挖铺设管道的沟槽时，一铲就铲出一捆共10枚银锭。据彭山县文管部门初步鉴定，这批被挖掘出土的银锭为明代官银，它为破解张献忠在此“千船沉银”之谜找到了证据。
开挖朽木腹中滚出银锭
据今天《华西都市报》报道，4月20日上午，彭山县岷江大桥附近的老虎滩河床引水工程建设工地一派忙碌。10时30分左右，一辆挖掘机照例从河床3米深处掘起一铲砂土，可是伴随这铲砂土落地的，还有一截黑不溜秋像朽木一样的东西。这朽木从挖掘机斗子里滚落到地面后，眨眼间，一枚枚乌黑发亮的“铁砣砣”撑破朽木的肚子滚了出来，一农民惊叫：“银子！银子！”周围的人立即围上来，仅几分钟，银锭就被拣拾得一个不留。
保护全力阻止银锭外流
就在银锭被围观群众拣走后，工地负责人迅速向彭山县文体局以及彭山县政府办公室汇报情况。彭山县文物主管等相关部门负责人迅速赶往现场，进行勘验调查，全力设法阻止出土银锭外流。彭山县文体局、公安局立即组成清查小组，派出二三十人深入双江等村摸底调查，向群众宣传文物保护法，鼓励群众把拣到的银锭自觉捐献出来，并由彭山县政府向捐献文物的群众进行奖励。目前该项工作尚在进行之中。
开发适当时候再现遗址
昨日，在彭山县文管所，记者有幸目睹了一枚银锭。但见银锭乌黑中泛着亮光，其边缘虽有些残损，但银锭身上铸造时打上的“崇祯16年8月，纹银50两”字样清晰可见。按照包装的容积计算，挖掘出的银锭应为10枚。
据彭山县文体局局长谢开远介绍，300多年来，张献忠在彭山县江口镇沉银之说一直是世人难解的一道谜团。此次挖掘出土的银锭，无论从银锭本身还是其外包装，都与史料记载相吻合，从而证实了张献忠300多年前在此沉银之说完全符合历史真实。文体局将在适当时候再现张献忠沉银遗址。
张献忠的一桩公案
——从成都大悲寺屠戮士子事件说起
耿法
明崇祯十六年（公元1643年）十一月，张献忠率大西军主力开进四川，第二年八月攻占成都，除少数地区外，四川省绝大部分都已处于大西军管辖之下。张献忠遂正式建立大西政权，他本人初称大西国王，随即又称帝，定年号大顺，以成都为西京，蜀王府邸为宫殿。仅仅隔了一年，即大顺二年（1645年），在张献忠一手策划下，成都发生了一桩举世罕见、骇人听闻的屠杀读书人的事件。
这年十一月，张献忠宣布举行“特科”考试，下令各府县生员一律前往成都赴考，违命者以军法论处。于是，各地士子络绎不绝从水路、陆路被送往成都，集中在大悲寺。待各地士子基本到齐后，张献忠突然找借口派重兵包围大悲寺，将全部应试士子统统杀死，死者人数达五千多人。这真是四川读书人亘古未有的一场浩劫。大悲寺一时尸积如山，血流成河，笔墨成丘冢，史称大悲寺屠戮士子事件。原来，所谓“特科”考试压根儿是个精心策划的骗局。张献忠因大西政权的各地官员不断被四川地方势力捕杀，四川各地反抗大西政权的浪潮越来越猛烈，于是迁怒于四川百姓，尤其迁怒于四川的文化人，认为各地生员是士绅阶层的主体与精英，下决心大规模报复，设下这一计策聚而歼之，一网打尽。整个四川省仅雅安一地由于大西政权驻当地监军郝孟旋事先知悉内情，又心生异志，密谋反水，于是伪造张献忠的诏书曰：“雅系边地，承平时自专心文墨，今羌夷不时窃发，久已弃诗书而事干橹矣。宾兴之典，宜俟异日。”遂将已经启程在途中的雅州生员全部追回，使他们幸免于难。四川其他各地生员几乎被一网打尽。此事件对四川知识文化界是个致命重创，如此对读书人设下应试骗局加以集体血腥屠杀者，在中国历史上也是绝无仅有的。
如何看待大悲寺屠戮士子事件？历代史籍上都把此事作为张献忠在四川大屠杀的罪状之一，与此事并提的还有该年十一月二十二日张献忠悍然下令将成都“城内居民一律杀绝”，军队把居民驱赶到成都南门集体就刑，杀人无数，接着传令各乡镇村民“均可移居成都城内为京都居民”，后来又一把大火将成都焚毁，其状惨绝人寰。解放后一些史家因张献忠是农民起义领袖，对此或讳莫如深，不置一词，或不顾史实，千方百计为张献忠辩护开脱，包括血染大悲寺事件和屠杀成都市民事件在内。辩护的理由主要是：张献忠是明末农民起义的杰出领袖，封建统治者出于阶级仇恨，蓄意夸大其杀人数字，污蔑张献忠“屠蜀”；张献忠在成都建立政权初期，并没有大开杀戒，相当重视延揽四川地方人才，开科取士，也正是为了延揽人才，曾经开科两次，应试者颇为踊跃；只是后来由于四川官绅地主大肆叛乱，形势日益严峻，南明弘光朝廷此时又成了四川官绅地主心目中的正统旗帜，严重威胁到大西政权的生死存亡，张献忠才不得不大开杀戒；当然张献忠本人由于历史局限性，“镇反”产生过激行为，杀人面过宽了些，导致大西政权逐渐丧失民心，这也是应当记取的历史教训。看来，这种观点似乎辩证得很，一时充斥于各种历史书籍。那时，谁要论证一下张献忠凶残的历史真实面貌，揭露张献忠设“特科”考试骗局，血腥屠杀读书人的罪恶行径，是要冒站在污蔑农民起义的反动立场上的政治风险的。
封建统治者对张献忠“屠蜀”确实有夸大其词的一面，如《明史》卷三零九中说张献忠“共杀男女六万万有奇”，显然是蓄意夸大了，明代后期当时全国人口总数只有六千多万。但是张献忠在四川血腥屠杀民众和知识分子毕竟是史实，决不能因为他是农民起义领袖而回避，或者寻找种种借口以开脱、减轻、淡化其罪责。以大悲寺屠戮士子事件来说，张献忠绝不是偶然心血来潮一时冲动之举。就前两次开科取士而言，早已隐含着血腥味。张献忠规定“未取童生不许躲闪，已中者不得宁家，未中者不得在乡居住”，“秀才在乡造言生事，并家眷尽驱入城中，十人一结，一家有事，连坐九家”。还规定谁家若有父兄胆敢阻挠子弟赴试，必将受到严惩。这种霸王硬上弓式的“开科取士”岂是尊重读书人？岂不吓破老百姓的胆？粗通文墨的张献忠行伍多年，拥有强大的军事实力，满脑子称王称帝思想，他代表的实际上是一种游民思想和游民文化，对文化人始终抱着蔑视、仇恨、提防、控制和利用的态度，倘若文化人稍不顺从，便要其人头落地。他于大顺二年二月十三日立的一块“圣谕碑”，颇能表明他的真实思想，碑文只有两句话：“天有万物与人，人无一物与天。鬼神明明，自思自量。”这里的“天”，指的就是他自己，他认为自己代表上天，已将万物恩赐于四川的百姓，而四川的百姓有负于他的大恩大德，实在忘恩负义，他对四川民众百姓是极其失望而怨恨的。他深知，广大生员即读书人是老百姓的头脑，士绅阶层的骨干，是他最难驾驭的人群。一旦形势变得严峻，变得于他不利，他就要对四川百姓大开杀戒，首当其冲的当然是先除去读书人这一心腹之患。为达此目的，张献忠这个武夫没有任何顾忌，竟敢冒天下之大不韪，设下“特科”考试骗局，不惜公然失信于普天下应试士子，一手制造了血洗大悲寺惨案。对这种灭绝人性、灭绝文化的极其野蛮的兽性，必须毫不留情地给予揭露和深刻批判，这才是历史唯物主义的正确态度。
据《蜀破镜》记载，某日晚，他的一幼子经过堂前，张唤子未应，即下令杀之。第二天晨起后悔，责问妻妾们昨晚为何不救，又下令将诸妻妾以及杀幼子的刀斧手悉数杀死。
张献忠学朱元璋剥人皮，“先施于蜀府宗室，次及不屈文武官，又次及乡绅，又次及本营将升。凡所剥人皮，渗以石灰，实以稻草，植以竹竿，插立于王府前街之两旁，夹道累累，列千百人，遥望如送葬俑”。张献忠创造了许多杀人的名堂，譬如派遣将军们四面出击，“分屠各州县”，名曰“草杀”。上朝的时候，百官在下边跪着，他招呼数十只狗下殿，狗闻谁就把谁拉出去斩了，这叫“天杀”。他想杀读书人，就开科取士，将数千四川学子骗来杀光。
每屠杀一地，都详细记录所杀人数，其中记有人头几大堆，人手掌几大堆，人耳朵几大堆。打下麻城后，他把妇女的小脚砍下来堆成山，带着他最心爱的一个小妾去参观。小妾笑着说：“好看好看，只是美中不足，要再有一双秀美的小脚放在顶端，就再好也不过了。”张献忠笑咪咪地说：“你的脚就最秀美。”于是把小妾的脚剁下来放到 “山尖”上。张献忠兵败溃退，更是杀妇女腌渍后充军粮。如遇上有孕者，刨腹验其男女。对怀抱中婴幼儿则将其抛掷空中，下以刀尖接之，观其手足飞舞而取乐。稍大一些的儿童或少年，则数百人一群，用柴薪点火围成圈，士兵圈外用矛戟刺杀，看其呼号乱走以助兴致。
《温江县志》上说，温江县由于张献忠的屠剿，“人类几灭”。张献忠死去十三年后（1659年）清查户口，全县仅存32户，男31丁，女23口，“榛榛莽莽，如天地初辟”。民国《简阳县志》卷十九：“明末兵荒为厉，概成旷野，仅存土著14户”。
中国史上想改朝换代的流氓军阀，互相残杀起来比任何人都厉害，就是为了不让对手获得土地与人民，不让对手比自己更强大，宁愿一切都毁灭！
满族征服汉族，始终贯彻一个既定方针：屠杀。对蒙古人和朝鲜人却不是这样。努尔哈赤的清军占领辽东地区后，先是担心当地穷人无法生活而造反，把辽东地区的贫民都抓起来杀掉，称“杀穷鬼”。两年后，清军又怕辽东的富人不堪压迫而反抗，又把辽东地区的富人几乎杀光，称为“杀富户”。共杀辽民300多万，辽东地区的汉民基本殆尽。皇太极破锦州，三日搜杀，妇孺不免；掠济南，城中积尸13万。
扬州城破，扬州顿成地狱，死者达80余万。比地狱更难忘是人民引颈受戮的场面。史载：只要遇见一个满族士兵，“南人不论多寡，皆垂首匍伏，引颈受刀，无一敢逃者。”一个清兵，遇见近五十名青壮男子，清兵横刀一呼：“蛮子来!蛮子来!”这些人皆战战兢兢，无一敢动。这个清兵押着这些人(无捆绑)去杀人场，无一人敢反抗，甚至没一人敢跑。到刑场后，清兵喝令： “跪!”呼啦啦全部跪倒，任其屠杀。
江阴一县，就杀了17万人，全城仅50人幸存。嘉定三屠杀了50多万。1649年占领湖南湘潭后屠城；同年平定大同的反清运动，大同全城军民被屠尽，“附逆抗拒”州县及汾州全城也不分良莠一概屠杀；1650年攻破广州时屠城，“屠戮甚惨，居民几无噍类……累骸烬成阜，行人于二三里外望如积雪”。
张献忠与清兵入侵使四川人口由600多万锐减至50万，只剩下10%左右。整个中国， “县无完村，村无完家，家无完人，人无完妇”。敢反抗的忠勇之士几被杀尽，留下的大抵是一些顺服的奴才。此外，满清又杀苗民一百万，杀回民数百万，把漠北蒙古的准葛尔部落杀到最后一个幼童！在世界历史上都是罕见的残忍！
满清入关后，对朱家宗室，可谓残酷至极，除鲁王朱以海一系逃至菲律宾得以存留外，其余几乎全部斩尽杀绝。崇祯帝的长子被多尔衮绞死，其第二子隐姓埋名在民间数十年后，不慎暴露了身份，年已七十多岁的他，和他的两个儿子仍被康熙帝下令凌迟处死，明朝永历帝尽管逃到了缅甸，还是被清朝抓回云南，全家被杀。
大悲寺屠戮士子事件，再次表明了历史上农民起义及其领袖人物的时代局限性和自身严重的缺陷。具体到张献忠，此人暴戾成性，反复无常，目光短浅，缺乏起码的人道主义和政治见识，导致他后来一手制造了数起灭绝人性的大惨案。他当了短命的偏居一隅的四川土皇帝对四川百姓当然是个灾难，但相对来说又实在是件幸事，因为他的权力所限只能危害四川一地；倘若他真的成为中国一代帝王，建立了一个朝代，那么必然是一个祸害全国百姓的暴君，罪恶将大得多，而决不会有什么高瞻远瞩的政治作为，对中国历史进步不会有任何推动作用。他的刑罚极其残酷，包括拿活人剥皮之类。他的义子、心腹孙可望也像他一样多次使用剥皮酷刑对付不听从他的主张的臣民。因此鲁迅先生说：“大明一朝，以剥皮始，以剥皮终，可谓始终不变。”（《且介亭杂文·病后杂谈》）张献忠的私人生活更是荒淫无耻，称帝之后仅后妃就多达三百余人，并使用大批太监用于后宫服务，他的腐化程度与李自成后期相比有过之而无不及。他也同历代封建统治者一样，下令各地恭避御讳，不准人们使用“献”字与“忠”字，甚至连以往历代留传下来的石碑上的“献”和“忠”字都一律要铲掉，以至后人叹息“蜀无完碑”。
由于郭沫若先生《甲申三百年祭》的影响巨大，对李自成大顺政权因骄傲自满、腐化蜕变而招致失败的历史教训，人们谈论得很多，见诸报刊的有关文章也已不少，但对于与李自成齐名的另一位重要的农民起义领袖张献忠及大西政权则有所忽略，有关研究文章也较少。笔者希望重提张献忠屠戮读书人的这一桩公案，把真实的历史告诉人们，尤其是下一代。
Chongzhen eight years (1635), and the brightest volunteer army is trapped in the Henan government troops. For out of encirclement, 13 volunteer army chief, held in Henan Xingyang military conference. Discuss the results, decided to divide our forces orientation, plan to break the siege of government troops. After the meeting, Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zi Cheng Chuang Wang Gao Yingxiang, led in the east march. Zhe Zhi Zhang Xianzhong Eastern Group is the main force troops. His forces fight fierce, Crack Gushi Henan and Anhui huoqiu other counties, directed at both the Ming Fengyang.
Chongzhen nine (1636) early, volunteer army forces had grown to hundreds of thousands, in Henan meet, often with Barry camp, the troops at a time when there are thousands of Zhang Xianzhong over. September, captured in an ambush Chuang Wang Gao Yingxiang unfortunately, died a heroic death. Li Zicheng fought in Tongguan most other areas west, east Tongguan Zhang Xianzhong his troops became the main objective of regional government troops attack. Zhang Xianzhong his troops fought in Hubei, Henan, Anhui, the repeated defeat government troops. "Into the state of Henan Province Xu Xi Po, killing Zuo Liangyu brother", was made goods giant million. March, the fighting in Anqing has killed the store next to Pan, who can be great. However, due to the lack of unified ministries volunteer army deployment and concerted action, each separately and Chongzhen 10 year (1638) spring, and the brightest volunteers to have suffered a setback. Particularly Chongzhen decade (1637) April, Ming Bingbushangshu, 内阁大学士 Yang Sichang planning the "four is" and "six corner", "10 face sheets net" encirclement strategy, Li Zi Cheng in Shanxi were several failures Liu Henan submission to the court, etc. Also, the team gave Zhang Xianzhong tremendous difficulties. Zhang Xianzhong into the attack in the battle were Zuo Liangyu Nanyang military defeat, I was hurt, fortunately was expected to force Sun to save his men out of danger, then bring troops retreated SPEED (modern Hubei). Strong offensive in the government troops, in order to preserve their strength, Zhang Xianzhong in Gokseong, Luo Rucai in Yunyang were accepted Bingbushangshu Xiongwen Can the "pacify." Subject to "pacify", the adaptation and Zhang Xianzhong refused to accept the assignment, do not accept the offering, he maintained his independence. He distributed four million people in the military headquarters in the suburbs Gokseong, four battalions, each with a commanding lead. During the break, set Tsaotun food, building weapons of war, recruiting, training his soldiers. Zhang Xianzhong often asked people to tell him, "Art of War", combined with wars, sum up experience and lessons, waiting for a chance to stage a comeback.
Zhang Xianzhong resurgence, the Luoru Cai, Ma Shou should also played while the Department of response, and to join Gokseong and Zhang Xianzhong. Hidden in the mountains in the business Luo Li Zicheng also rallied, with Hubei Yun, both into the Henan region. Peasant uprising in the war, once again burning up the Central Plains.
Yang Sichang one to Xiangyang, he put forward his plan of "four is" and "six corner", "10 net in face" strategy. Realignment of thousands, and Xi Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, all ask the town of Yunyang generals, red points briefly, its main task is to fully suppress Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng. At first, Zhang Xianzhong do not understand the situation, successive defeat, very passive. Later, through the ins and outs of information to find out the government troops, he persuaded Luoru Cai, military alliance, strengthened the power of volunteer army. Volunteer army "to take the enemy", "avoid the virtual strike" tactics of the Fuguan Jun haunted impermanence. Meanwhile, Zhang Xianzhong enhanced intelligence, sent a lot of clever sergeant dressed businessmen, hawkers, four lay ahead. People often tell the volunteers to the movement of government troops, but also often a guide to Zhang Xianzhong team. Therefore, to grasp the enemy, quickly to take military action, playing government troops by surprise. Then quickly transferred to the whereabouts of government troops lost in volunteers to difficult to chase. Not come away empty-handed government troops of the main forces that were ambushed soldiers off the expense will be. However, the volunteer army encirclement trapped in the government troops in a very negative, always has been to surround and annihilate the danger. To this end, Zhang Xianzhong that government troops crushed the siege must be thoroughly planned, getting bumped out to battle, to more effectively fight against government troops.
Chongzhen 10 years (1640) Run the first month, Ping Zhang Xianzhong off by Zuo Liangyu in Citrus medica defeat, led his troops broke into Sichuan. The way in Sichuan, in the Pacific County Agate Hill by Zheng Chongjian and Zuo Liangyu has the attack, suffered heavy casualties. Followed by Hubei and Hunan Army, Sichuan and Shaanxi army military chase intercept, volunteer army with serious injuries and retreated to the mountain state of Larix return, they were surrounded by Zuo Liangyu and other military, volunteer army in dire straits. To this end, using Yang Sichang and Zuo Liangyu Zhang Xianzhong contradiction sent to carry treasures bribery Zuo Liangyu, said: "Xianzhong in, so the public see the weight. Hall more Shalue Department, while the cabinet and special guess. No offer loyalty, that the public off numbered. "Zuo Liangyu fighting relaxed and everything is dead Zhang Xianzhong income opportunity, with the help of the mountain, out of Larix, and Luo Rucai Ministries join. Zhang Xianzhong took advantage of the spring and the Sichuan governor Shao Jie Yang Sichang contradiction between the concentration of troops, stormed the defense of the new spring Jie Shao Ning (now open river in Sichuan). Shao Jie Chun did not expect volunteers to so rapidly, government troops Yichujikui. Volunteers to break through after the new line of defense rather smoothly into Sichuan. Volunteer army of Sichuan, to break the encirclement of the Yang Sichang plan and the military from defensive to the offensive. Yang Sichang opinionated, thought that government troops have Zhang Xianzhong, Luo Rucai other units surrounded Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces border, won. But the fact is "that the Governor could not do in the generals, generals of the Order can not be OK in his soldiers." Zhang Xianzhong to avoid fighting with government troops positional warfare, and to "to take the enemy" strategy, one night can do it three hundred years, the rapid flow, often government troops Gaode loss, got hit, we were exhausted.
Then, Zhang Xianzhong commanded the troops on the River, a night forced march, soldiers pointing E in front. When the volunteers to arrive Dangyang, the presence of government troops are still sleep. Zhang Xianzhong also ridiculed government troops made a song: "before the governor Shao (Shao Jie spring), and often turn to group dance; joined the army after the Liao (Liao Daheng), no war as I can. A Good Young Court Unit (Yang Sichang), I am three days away from the road! "
Volunteers to capture Fancheng followed by crossing the Yangtze River, together with Luo Rucai soldiers north. April, the attack should be Mountain high, to offensive Suizhou, grams. Jun, Zhang Xianzhong led his troops to fight in Nanyang, Xinyang slightly east. In July, Zhang Xianzhong another depression Yunxi to Xinyang. Yang Sichang death, Chong Zhen Emperor ordered the Governor of Shaanxi Normal triangular Governor Ding Qirui take over and continue to suppress the volunteer army. In watching and waiting is not the original war Zuo Liangyu, also led the troops to come chase Zhang Xianzhong. Autumn in August in Xinyang Zhang Xianzhong defeated by the Department for the Zuo Liangyu, Injured a mall, take the direction of the British Mountains, was again defeated Wang Yuncheng, "Chung San Road, and do, from riding only dozens." Prior to this, Luoru Cai and Zhang Xianzhong substandard, they go to the Chuang Wang Li Zicheng. After the defeat of Xinyang, Li Zi Cheng Zhang Xianzhong also to vote. Rereading the "case of the-steps, not from, from as Yusha the" for Luo Rucai stop. Luo Rucai 500 private gifts to ride, Zhang Xianzhong from Henan Anhui East through the next. At this time, the volunteer army is besieging Kaifeng Li Zicheng. Governor Division Ding Qirui and Zuo Liangyu and other main government troops are north rescue Kaifeng. End of the year, Zhang Xianzhong by Bozhou between depression, into the United Kingdom, Huoshan area, and the "reform camp left five" each other, "reform of the fifth left Camp" is the old Ma Shou-Ying Hui, leather in eye He Yilong, left Kim He-Jin, Wang war world Xi-Yao Liu, Lin Wang disorder to develop a coalition composed of five battalions. Since then, the volunteer army's momentum and revitalization.
Chongzhen 15 years (1642) in February, after the volunteer army Zhang Xianzhong rate of convergence, capture Shucheng, Luan, into grams of Luzhou, killing prefect Zhenglv Xiang. Also with the next inaction, Lujiang, and training in the lake water forces. Then they defeated the Famous Official Huang Gong, Liu Liangzuo government troops. Zhang Xianzhong volunteers to victory, "South earthquake." Governor fighting Fengyang high light, Anqing governor Zhenger Yang caught governance of establishing MA Shi-ying replaced. October, Zhang Xianzhong volunteer army defeated by government troops Liu Liangzuo Department, led his troops in the West take Dan Zhang Xianzhong water. "Leather left five camps" Beitou Li Zicheng. Zuo Liangyu to avoid Li Zi Cheng, make withdrawal of troops east under Huguang. Huang Mei Zhang Xianzhong took the opportunity to capture.
Zhang Xianzhong occupied Changsha, declare the food tax exemption for three years. Then, they took it and their respective counties Hampshire, wherever, volunteer army discipline. Qing Liu Xianting record, said: "I heard Zhang Xianzhong to Hampshire, Slaughter is not one to ask Lou Shenggong, it really has."
While the volunteer army captured Wuling, Jiangxi Pingxiang Zhang Xianzhong led troops to attack, set trap million, two-way divide our forces capture Yuanzhou. Jiang Yuanzhou the right portal, lost Yuanzhou, the "right-Jiang province are bad, the Guangdong and Guangxi throat off, while the barriers Jinling withdraw carry on" ④. Zuo Liangyu government troops in the counter-offensive, the Yuanzhou it as government troops capture. Department of soldiers as Zuo Liangyu oppressive, Ming court was forced to withdraw its soldiers to recruit local soldiers guarding. Zhang Xianzhong use of government troops exchange time, raid Jian, even accounting for Yoshimizu, Yongxin, Anfu, Taihe counties, and is divided into local officials, to appease the people, back again Yuanzhou. In December, leading troops in Jiangxi Governor Lu amplifier counterattack, the Jian counties successively fall. Zhang Xianzhong blocked in Jiangxi immediately after return in triumph and then, according to Yuezhou. Issue from the town of Wuchang urgently send Zuo Liangyu shift and divide our forces for two-way, one attack Yuezhou, an attack Jiangxi Yuanzhou, both to government troops re-occupied. To this end, Zhang Xianzhong decided to go north, in the char (now Hubei Province) along the river ambush on troops, defeated Zuo Liangyu's elite troops, so that "Liangyu Army, then weak." Zhang Xianzhong again in closing down government troops along the way, compiled for the new subsidiary business, the military capacity than the former flourished. At this time, Hunan, Zhang Xianzhong control all, and the southern Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, large areas of the north. For future development, Zhang Xianzhong decided to enter Sichuan.
In the military setting Atlantic political power 5 Military Government, the military Wangshang Li, Jun Wang Dingguo before and after the military Pingshuang Li, left the military Mayuan Li, Long Zhang Youjun. Divide our forces 120 battalion, the "Tiger, leopard Tao, Tao Long, Ying Yeung for the Old Guard," leader of the military governor set. City peripherals Camp 10, a small business 12, in the old camps set, called the Royal camp, Xian-zhong home of. Sun Life is expected to level further east for the General Supervisor 19 camps; John Reading as Anxijiangjun, 16 prison camp; a Tool To ask the Southern General, 15 prison camp; Ai can be odd for the North, General Supervisor 20 camps. Divide our forces go out, "thus far have all Shu."
Dashun years (clean Shunzhi years, 1645) Xia, Nan Mingfu Wang Hongguang regime destruction. In November, and Shi Qing Fu with suppressing the strategy side in what will be the West Los large general military offensive in Sichuan, sent edict side Seductive Zhang Xianzhong, to persuade him to pledge allegiance the Qing Dynasty. Edict said: "Zhang Xianzhong previously disturbed, all things Ming," said the understanding, "Zhang Xianzhong know if the trial days, leading his men to return from Syria as excellent plus pull out the ages of children and grandchildren will enjoy a lasting wealth." And threatened to "wait and see if the delay is not welcome back down, army Ji Zhi, Huizhiwuji." Zhang Xianzhong ignored, however, have strengthened the determination against the Qing Dynasty. At this time, what will be led by Luo Qing's volunteer army was held in check in Shaanxi, Sichuan, it has not.
Dashun in early, Prince Su Qing reassignment to Jingyuan Haug Great General, and Wu Sangui and other Manchu army command, full to the Atlantic forces impinge upon the peasants. At that time, Yang Ming will participate in exhibition wins to lead the troops complex southern Sichuan counties, rates of division north, south, and Zhang Xianzhong Pengshan troops fighting in the estuary, Zhang Xianzhong defeated, returned to Chengdu. Young has driven a development from the south of Chengdu. Ying Wang Ying Xiong also sent to Chief General, Wang Xiang as the reference to the Joint Division attacking, blocking the eastern army under farmers. They were wild Atlantic peasant army attacks, a serious threat to Atlantic power of peasants. In this regard, Zhang Xianzhong tit for tat, to give resolute counterattacks. May, Haug rate of the Qing captured Hanzhong.
Zhang Xianzhong death, his department will be expected to Sun, Mr John Reading, a Tool to Qi Ai, Feng Shuangli peasant army led by the south such as in Chongqing by the British Department of the Ming troops have preemptive, farmers, after the British army killed Morimasa has continued to Guizhou the direction of transfer. Ming after joint, joint fight against the Qing, fought in the vast areas in the southwestern provinces, insisted for nearly two decades until the early years of Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi.
Get out of silver ingots ventral excavation Kuchiki
Crowd in silver bullion is picking gone, the site quickly to head style Pengshan County Council and report back Pengshan county government office. Pengshan County Heritage and other relevant departments in charge of people rushed to the scene to conduct an inquest investigation unearthed full trying to stop the outflow of silver bullion. Style Pengshan County Council, the Public Security Bureau immediately set up inventory group, 30 were sent two further pairs of the villages of Jiang thoroughly investigated, to publicize conservation, and encouraging people to donate out consciously picked up the silver ingots by Pengshan County heritage of the people to donate reward. Currently the work is still ongoing.
According to thank the Secretary Pengshan County Kaiyuan style introduced 300 years, Zhang Xianzhong in Pengshan County jiankouzhen Silver Shen said the world has always been a puzzling mystery. The excavated silver ingots, silver ingots itself or in terms of its packaging, are consistent with historical records, which confirmed Shen Zhang Xianzhong 300 years ago, Silver said, in this fully in line with historical reality. Style will, in due course the site representation Zhang Xianzhong Shen silver.
Geng Law
November that year, Zhang Xianzhong announces "teco" test, ordered all members of the prefectures of Health to Chengdu Fukao, disobedience act is committed by the Israeli army. Thus, a constant stream from the sea around the Scholars, the land was sent to Chengdu, concentrated in the Great Mercy Temple. When assembled, around the basic Scholars, Zhang Xianzhong suddenly surrounded by a massive excuse Dabei Temple, all Scholars will kill all the examination, the number of over 5000 people dead. This is really unprecedented in Sichuan scholars a calamity. Dabei Temple 1:00 corpse product such as mountains, rivers of blood, ink into a mound mound, known to history as Great Compassion Temple killing Scholars event. The original, so-called "teco" test from the realm of a well-planned fraud. Zhang Xianzhong around for Onishi regime officials have been killed by local forces in Sichuan, Sichuan against the Atlantic around the tide of increasingly violent power, then anger at the Sichuan people, in particular anger in Sichuan, intellectuals, that is a member of the gentry class students around the subject and elite, determined to massive retaliation, set the plan together and annihilate a clean sweep. Sichuan Yaan the only power in one place as Onishi Jianjun Hao Meng Xuan prior notice of a local insider, another heart is different ambitions, conspiracy defection, then forged Zhang Xianzhong's edict, saying: "Ya frontier line, bearing usually from concentrate Schwimmer, today Qiang Yi steal hair from time to time, long-abandoned poetry and literature and things carry on dry scull. Bin Xing Code, should different day soon. "ordered to have left the AGB in the way the state health workers recovered, so that they survived. Health and other parts of Sichuan, could hardly be caught. This event is an intellectual and cultural circles in Sichuan fatal hit, so on the reading exam scam people to collectively set the bloody massacre of those who, in Chinese history is unique.
How do Great Mercy Temple killing Scholars event? Regarded as a matter of ancient history books on the Holocaust Zhang Xianzhong counts in one of Sichuan, with the matter and noting also the year on Nov. 22 ordered the Chengdu Zhang Xianzhong flagrantly "action to exterminate all city residents," the military to driven to the south gate of Chengdu residents group on the criminal, murderous, then heralds the township village "can be moved to the city of Chengdu residents in Kyoto", and later a fire will burn in Chengdu, its like the most brutal. Some historians liberation is due to Zhang Xianzhong peasant uprising leaders, this or kept silent, or disregard of historical facts, do everything possible to justify Zhang Xianzhong defense, including the bloody massacre of Dabei Temple events and public events, including Chengdu. Defense of the main reasons are: Ming Zhang Xianzhong is an outstanding leader of peasant uprising, the feudal rulers because of class hatred, deliberately exaggerated the number of their murder, slander Zhang Xianzhong "Tu Shu"; Zhang Xianzhong in Chengdu, the early establishment of the regime, did not slaughter, considerable attention to recruiting local talent in Sichuan, open branches were admitted, it is also for talented people, has opened two branches, the candidate is eager; only later as big landlord in Sichuan gentry rebellion, the situation becomes serious, Hung Kuang Ming court at this time became the eyes of orthodox Sichuan gentry landlords banner, a serious threat to the survival of the regime Onishi, Zhang Xianzhong was compelled to slaughter; of course, I am due to historical limitations Zhang Xianzhong, "the town" generated excesses, killing a bit too wide , resulting in gradual loss of political power Onishi people, this is also should bear in mind the lessons of history. It appears that this view seems very dialectical, sometimes filled with all kinds of history books. At that time, anyone who argues about the true face of the history of Zhang Xianzhong brutal expose Zhang Xianzhong set "teco" exam scam, the bloody massacre of a reader's criminal acts, is to bear the peasant uprising of the reactionary slander standing position on the political risk.
Zhang Xianzhong feudal rulers "Tu Shu" really exaggerated side, such as "Ming Dynasty" Volume and nine, said Zhang Xianzhong "Six hundred million men and women were killed and strange", apparently deliberately exaggerated, the total population in the late Ming was only six over 10 million. But Zhang Xianzhong bloody massacres in the Sichuan people and intellectuals, after all, historical facts and must not be because he is a peasant uprising leader and avoid, or to find excuses to justify, mitigate, lessen their guilt. To Dabei temple killing Scholars incident, Zhang Xianzhong is not accidental impulse impulse move. To open branches on the first two were admitted, the smell of blood already implied. Zhang Xianzhong provision "does not take child health must not dodge, has been in are not allowed to Ning at home, not in those not in the rural living", "scholar in the village made made trouble, and family members do drive into the city, 10 people a knot, an emergency, even the ride nine. " Also provides that if father and brother would dare to block someone's children to go to trial, will be severely punished. Such a forcible type of "open branches were admitted as" Not a respect for the intellectual? It not a ladder, the people's guts? Basic understanding of Schwimmer's Zhang Xianzhong musicians for many years, has a strong military power, full head king became the emperor thought, he represents in fact a homeless vagrant thought and culture, intellectuals have always had contempt, hatred, watch, control and use of attitude, if the intellectuals do not obey little, they have to their heads chopped off. He was two years on February 13 Dashun Hitachi's an "Imperial Mandate monument," pretty well that his true ideology, the inscription is only two sentences: "God has all things and people, people without a thing and days. Spirits obviously, think to overrate themselves. "where" days ", referring to his own, he thought to represent God, all things have been a gift to the people of Sichuan, and Sichuan, the people have lost his Daendade, is ungrateful, He is extremely disappointed with the people in Sichuan and the public resentment. He knew, the majority of students were members of that reading the minds of the people, the gentry of the backbone, is his most difficult to control the crowd. Once the situation has become serious, becoming unfavorable to him, he will slaughter the people of Sichuan, of course, bear the brunt of the first scholars to remove this scourge. To this end, Zhang Xianzhong that Takeo has no scruples, dared to defy world opinion, set "teco" exam fraud, blatant dishonesty in the whole world at examination Scholars, single-handedly created a bloodbath Great Mercy Temple tragedy. This savage, wiping out a culture of most wild animal, must be ruthlessly exposed and given the profound criticism, this is the correct attitude towards historical materialism.
Zhang Xianzhong school emperor stripping of human skin, "Sincere in the Sichuan government imperial clan, sub and non-Qu Wenwu officials, but also time and gentry, but also time and the camp will be promoted. Where the stripping of human skin, infiltration with lime, real straw, plant with bamboo poles, Insert the stand on both sides of King Fuqian Street, lined countless, thousands of people out, look into the distance, such as funeral figurines. " Zhang Xianzhong created many killings of tricks, such as sending generals to attack on all fronts, "Tu the sub-counties," name "the grass and kill." Towards a time, the King in below their knees, he greeted dozens of dogs under the house, heard a dog who took who pulled out a cut, called "days of kill." He wanted to kill scholars, to open branches were admitted, students will cheat to kill thousands of Sichuan.
Change of dynasties in Chinese history to rogue warlords to kill each other up and powerful than anyone, is to prevent competitors access to land and people, let rivals more powerful than themselves, would rather destroy everything!
Jiangyin a county, and they killed 17 million people, the city only 50 survivors. Jiading 3 killed more than 50 million. After the 1649 occupation of Xiangtan, Hunan massacre; the same year, put down the anti-movement of Datong, Datong City of soldiers and civilians were slaughtered to make, "Betrayal resist" counties and the city is not divided Fenzhou good and bad Yigai massacre; in 1650 when the massacre break Guangzhou , "a very tragic killing, residents of several non-Jiao class ... ... tired skeletal embers into Fu, pedestrian in 23 years and looked like snow."
Dabei Temple massacre Scholars event, once again demonstrates the history of peasant uprisings and the leaders of the time limitations and their serious flaws. Specifically Zhang Xianzhong, violent person by nature, capricious, shortsighted, lack of basic humanitarian and political insight, led to his later single-handedly created a number of great tragedy from inhumane. He became a short-lived Pianju corner of Sichuan, the Sichuan people, of course Tu Huangdi was a disaster, but relatively speaking it is a blessing, because of his limited powers can only harm one place in Sichuan; if he really become the generation of the emperor established a dynasty, then the people must be a scourge of the country's tyrant, evil will be much larger, but never have any vision of politics as the history of China will not have any role in promoting progress. His penalty is extremely cruel, including peeling like to take the living. His adopted son, trusted Sun is expected to also use as many times as he skinned his torture claims against not follow the subjects. Therefore, Mr. Lu said: "The Ming dynasty and once to start stripping to stripping the end, indeed always the same." ("且介亭杂文 illness topics for"), Zhang Xianzhong's private life is shameless dissipation, only after the emperor as many as three hundred concubines who, using a large number of eunuchs for the Temple service, the extent of his corruption and Rereading Late less striking. He is also the same as with the feudal rulers, ordered to avoid all over Christine Yu taboo, people are not allowed to use the "offer" and the word "loyalty" and the words even before the stone ages handed down the "offer" and "loyalty" are all words to shovel out, and even later generations sigh, "No End Shu monument."