| 字： | 秉吾 | ||||||||||||
| 網筆號： | 高皇帝 | ||||||||||||
| 廟號： | 西太祖 | ||||||||||||
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張獻忠字秉忠，號敬軒，明萬歷古三十四年（1606年）9月18日出生於陝西省定邊縣郝灘鄉劉渠村（古稱柳樹澗堡），《明史》稱他與李自成同年生，張獻忠少時曾讀過書，成人後參軍，供役為捕快、邊兵。因犯法當斬，主將陳洪範觀其狀貌，為之求情於總兵官王威，重打一百軍棍除名，從此便流落鄉間。 明崇禎三年（1630年），張獻忠積極響應王嘉胤的反明號召在米脂起義，自號八大王，一作西營八大王。次年，參加王自用聯軍，為三十六營之一。他英勇善戰很快成為三十六營的主要首領並以能謀善戰的八大王出名。 王嘉胤死後，與李自成等歸附高迎祥，高迎祥稱闖王，張獻忠、李自成號闖將，崇禎八年(1635年)參與滎陽之會，議决進取，獻忠與高迎祥等共攻略東方。不久張獻忠與李自成因小故開始分裂，張獻忠率部攻長江流域，李自成攻黃河流域。十年（1637年），遭明軍總兵官左良玉部的進攻，張獻忠的起義部隊嚴重受損，本人也受傷，政治上發生動搖。次年正月，張獻忠率本部義軍進駐𠔌城（今屬湖北省𠔌城縣）受朝庭招安授予副將。駐地王傢河，易名太平鎮，以示休兵。 張獻忠被招安，既不按原安排遣散義軍，更不參加對李自成部義軍的戰鬥，而是把守一地加強軍事訓練，保持自主權。崇禎十二年（1639年），張獻忠因對官府腐敗官僚無止境的索賄、敲詐、對自己的刁難、不信任已感不滿，加之受到李自成的影響，五月初九采用“避實搗虛”“以走緻辭敵”的有效戰術，重舉反明的大旗。以走製敵，轉戰四川境，使明軍疲於奔命。十四年，大敗明軍於開縣黃陵城，長驅出川，破襄陽，殺襄王朱翊銘，進破光州等地。明督師楊嗣昌因病在沙市去世。十六年據武昌，稱大西王。不久剋長沙，宣佈免徵三年錢糧，從者愈衆。崇禎十七年（1644年）8月9日攻破成都，巡府竜文光，蜀王朱至澍及其嬪妃全部自殺身亡，其他官員當了俘虜。義軍進入成都號稱60萬大軍，很快控製了四川大部分地區的州，縣，在成都，張獻忠先號稱秦王，接着宣告建立大西國，改元大順。建立健全制度，後稱帝，以成都為西京，8月16日登基王位。 是年鼕，絶望之下，在四川進行空前的燒殺破壞；以開科取士為名，殺知識分子於青羊宮，又坑成都民於中園，殺各衛軍98萬，遣四將軍分屠各縣，將億萬寶物擲入錦江，决水放流，自謂“無為後人有也”，殘忍變態至極。清順治三年（1646年12月1日），局勢越來越緊張，而張卻自命不凡，不以為然。10月20日，部隊到達川北西充縣與????亭縣交界處鳳凰山坡時張獻忠中箭身亡。（被豪格射死）
起義
天啓末年，陝西全境災荒不斷。陝北又發生了嚴重的幹旱和蟲災，禾苗枯焦，餓殍遍野。由於海外貿易的刺激，明朝富庶的南方大片的田畝被用於經濟作物的種植，糧食産量隨之下降，北方大旱則導致糧食更為匱乏，糧價開始節節攀升，與之相對應的是，明朝中央財政卻因為災荒之年稅收相應減少，隨着財政的進一步拮据，賑濟成為空談，而沒有了賑濟，農民無法生活下去，最終衹有鋌而走險，起來造反。陝北地區首先爆發了農民起義，並很快形成燎原之勢。最初，有府𠔌的王嘉胤、王自用起義，他們占領了黃竜山。接着宜川王左挂、安寨高迎祥、洛川張存孟、延川王和尚、漢南王大梁等紛起響應，鬥爭烈火燃遍了陝西全境。不久，李自成在米脂起義後參加了高迎祥的義軍。
崇禎三年（1630），張獻忠在家乡聚集十八寨農民也組織了一支隊伍響應王嘉胤等起義。他自號“八大王”。由於他“身長瘦而面微黃，須一尺六寸，僄勁果俠，軍中稱為‘黃虎’”。這一隊伍初屬王自用，後自成一軍。因他小時讀過一點書，又受過軍事訓練，為人多智謀，果敢勇猛，很快就顯示了指揮才能，他的部衆成為當時以王自用為盟主的三十六營中最強勁的一個營。從此，張獻忠隨着義軍，轉戰於陝西、山西、河南、安徽、湖北、四川等地，屢立戰功。他的隊伍也由幾千人發展到幾萬人，成為最強大的一支部隊。在與官軍的作戰中起着舉足輕重的作用。
崇禎六年（1633）鼕，義軍大部分渡過黃河南下，張獻忠所部是以高迎祥為盟主的十三傢之一。
崇禎七年（1634）， 張獻忠入川，攻陷夔州（今重慶奉節），進圍太平，重慶女總兵秦良玉提兵趕至，獻忠懾於秦良玉及其手下"白桿兵"威名，蒼惶逃走，秦良玉率軍追擊，與正好回川的兒子馬祥麟前後夾擊，打敗張獻忠，使之退走湖廣。
崇禎八年（1635），各路義軍被官軍圍困於河南。為了衝出包圍圈，十三傢義軍首領，在河南滎陽舉行了軍事會議。商討結果，决定分兵定嚮，打破官軍的圍剿計劃。會後，張獻忠和李自成在闖王高迎祥的率領下，嚮東挺進。這支東路軍的主力就是張獻忠的部隊。他的部隊作戰勇猛，連破河南的固始和安徽的霍丘等州縣，直指明朝的中都鳳陽。
作為東路軍先鋒的張獻忠部隊，在大霧彌漫的清晨包圍了鳳陽城。不到半天工夫，就全殲了守衛鳳陽的兩萬官軍，擊斃守將朱國正等人，俘獲了鳳陽知府顔容暄，並當着百姓的面，歷數他的罪行後，處以死刑。張獻忠把勝利品和府庫裏的糧食，分給當地的貧苦農民，又叫農民和四鄉百姓，砍光皇陵的幾十萬株鬆柏，還拆除了周圍的建築物和朱元璋出傢的竜興寺（又名皇覺寺），然後放火燒了皇帝的祖墳。
這件事對朝廷震動很大，崇禎帝得知消息後，立即穿上喪服，跑到太廟，跪在祖宗的牌位下放聲大哭；並下令朝廷官員素衣素食辦理公務，表示哀悼。崇禎帝撤了兵部尚書的職，砍了鳳陽巡撫和巡按御史的頭，又把早已革職閑住的五省督師拉出來定了死罪。儘管如此嚴厲，官軍仍然擋不住張獻忠部隊的縱橫馳騁和進攻。
張獻忠攻下鳳陽後，又揮師南下，接連攻剋廬州（今安徽合肥）、安慶、和州、滁州，一直沿長江打到江蘇的儀徵，一路所嚮披靡。後來又回師嚮西，經英山、霍山，同馬守應部會師於湖北麻城。接着，從湖北進入河南，又進入陝西，由商雒打回關中。張獻忠轉戰千裏，忽東忽西，選擇官軍的薄弱環節，打破了官軍企圖在中原圍殲義軍的戰略計劃。張獻忠回到關中後，與高迎祥在鳳翔會合。又在陝西與明朝兵部尚書洪承疇統率的官軍進行了幾次戰鬥，洪承疇手下的大將，如艾萬年、曹文詔等人都被義軍斬殺，官軍損失慘重。義軍遂轉而直插河南。
崇禎九年（1636）初，義軍部隊已發展壯大到幾十萬人，在河南會合時，常連營百裏，而當時張獻忠的部隊就有十萬人以上。九月，闖王高迎祥不幸遇伏被俘，壯烈犧牲。李自成等大部轉戰於潼關以西地區，張獻忠所部遂成為潼關以東地區官軍攻擊的主要目標。張獻忠所部轉戰於鄂、豫、皖時，多次打敗官軍。“入河南襲破許州，殺左良玉兄”，獲物資巨萬。三月，在安慶傢店的戰鬥中又擊斃明將潘可大等人。但是，由於義軍各部缺乏統一部署和協同行動，每部各自為戰，崇禎十一年（1638）春，各路義軍均連遭挫折。特別是崇禎十年（1637）四月，明朝兵部尚書、內閣大學士楊嗣昌策劃了“四正”、“六隅”、“十面張網”的圍剿戰略，李自成在陝西遭到幾次失敗，劉國能等也在河南歸順朝廷，都給張獻忠的隊伍帶來了巨大的睏難。張獻忠在進襲南陽的戰鬥中被左良玉軍擊敗，本人也受了傷，幸被部下孫可望力救脫險，遂帶部隊退居𠔌城（今屬湖北）。在官軍的強大攻勢下，為了保存實力，張獻忠在𠔌城、羅汝纔在鄖陽，分別接受了兵部尚書熊文燦的“招撫”。受“招撫”後，張獻忠拒絶接受改編和調遣，不接受官銜，保持了獨立性。他把四萬人的部隊分佈在總部𠔌城的四郊，分四營，各設一員大將率領。在休整期間，集草屯糧，打造軍器，招兵買馬，訓練士卒。張獻忠還經常請人給他講《孫子兵法》，並結合戰例，總結經驗和教訓，等待時機東山再起。
崇禎十二年（1639）五月，張獻忠在𠔌城重舉義旗。義軍很快打垮守備𠔌城官軍，殺了縣令阮之鈿和巡按御史林銘球，拆毀城垣，劫庫縱囚。明監軍道張大經和馬廷寶、徐起祚被迫投降。張獻忠離開𠔌城時，把官府上下大小官員嚮他索賄的名單、數字和時間，都詳細地寫在城內外的墻壁上，使百姓看清了明朝政治的腐朽。
張獻忠再起時，羅汝纔、馬守應部也起而響應，並到𠔌城與張獻忠會合。隱伏在商雒山中的李自成也重整旗鼓，經湖北鄖、均地區進入河南。農民起義的烽火，又一次在中原大地上熊熊燃燒起來。
熊文燦得知義軍再起的消息，立即調左良玉和羅岱領兵追剿。張獻忠將大軍埋伏在房縣以西的羅猴山，張網布陣，並派出一支隊伍佯攻敗退，引誘官軍入山，伏兵圍攻，官軍一萬多人全部潰散，羅岱被活捉，左良玉丟盔棄甲，伏鞍而逃，連軍符印信也丟失了。崇禎帝一怒之下，撤了熊文燦的職，並予逮殺；左良玉降三級，帶罪隨軍立功。接着，改派大學士、兵部尚書楊嗣昌督師，總督以下並聽節制，再次展開對農民軍的大規模圍剿。
楊嗣昌一到襄陽，就拋出他策劃的“四正”、“六隅”、“十面張網”的戰略。會師十萬，並檄河南、四川、陝西、鄖陽諸撫鎮將領，分扼衝要，主要任務是全力圍剿張獻忠和李自成。起初，張獻忠不瞭解情況，接連失利，非常被動。後來通過情報摸清了官軍底細，他說服羅汝纔，兩軍聯合，加強了義軍的力量。義軍“以走製敵”、“避實擊虛”、出沒無常的戰術對付官軍。同時，張獻忠加強了情報工作，派出很多機靈的軍士扮成商人小販，四處探聽消息。老百姓也常把官軍的動嚮告訴義軍，還常給張獻忠的隊伍做嚮導。因此，能及時掌握敵情，迅速采取軍事行動，打得官軍措手不及。然後迅速轉移，使官軍摸不清義軍的去嚮，難以追擊。官軍的主力部隊不是撲空，就是遭到埋伏而損兵折將。但是，義軍被睏在官軍的包圍圈裏非常不利，隨時都有被圍殲的危險。為此，張獻忠認為必須徹底粉碎官軍的圍剿計劃，跳出圈外去作戰，才能更有力地打擊官軍。
崇禎十三年（1640）閏正月，張獻忠在枸坪關被左良玉擊敗，率部突入四川。入川途中，在太平縣的瑪瑙山又受到鄭崇儉和左良玉的夾擊，傷亡慘重。接着又受到湖廣軍、四川軍和陝西軍的追擊堵截，義軍連受重創，退居興安歸州山中，又被左良玉等軍圍住，義軍陷於睏境。為此，張獻忠利用楊嗣昌和左良玉的矛盾，派人攜重寶賄左良玉，說：“獻忠在，故公見重。公所部多殺掠，而閣部猜且專。無獻忠，即公滅不久矣。”左良玉鬥志鬆懈，張獻忠乘機收聚散亡，在山民的幫助下，走出興安，與羅汝纔等部會合。張獻忠又利用四川巡撫邵捷春和楊嗣昌之間的矛盾，集中兵力，猛攻邵捷春防守的新寧（今四川開江）。邵捷春根本沒有想到義軍如此神速，官軍一觸即潰。義軍突破新寧防綫後，順利地進入了四川。義軍的入川，打破了楊嗣昌的圍剿計劃，並在軍事上也從防禦轉入了進攻。楊嗣昌剛愎自用，滿以為官軍已把張獻忠、羅汝纔等部包圍在鄂、川、陝三省交界地區，勝利在握了。但實際上是“總督之令不能行於將帥，將帥之令不能行於士卒”。張獻忠盡量避免與官軍打陣地戰，而采取“以走製敵”的策略，一晝夜能行三百餘裏，快速流動，常常把官軍搞得顧此失彼，腹背受敵，疲於奔命。
崇禎十三年十二月，楊嗣昌眼看無法消滅義軍，就采用“招撫”辦法，妄圖分化瓦解。他宣佈赦免羅汝纔罪，歸降者授以官職，唯不赦張獻忠，有能擒獲張獻忠者賞萬金，封侯爵。但第二天楊嗣昌駐地的墻壁上就出現“有能斬督師來獻者，賞銀三錢”的佈告。義軍針鋒相對的回擊，使得楊嗣昌非常沮喪，並懷疑左右都通義軍。
崇禎十四年（1641）正月，張獻忠已在四川轉戰了近半年。這時，義軍在開縣黃陵城被官軍左良玉部追及，左部參將劉士傑、遊擊郭開力立即出戰，義軍以逸待勞，張獻忠抽出一支精兵繞到官軍後方出擊。左良玉逃走，劉士傑、郭開力被擊斃，官軍將士死傷過半，義軍獲得全勝。
接着，張獻忠揮師出川，一晝夜急行軍，兵鋒直指鄂中。當義軍到達當陽時，駐守的官軍還在睡夢之中。張獻忠還作了一首歌謠嘲笑官軍：“前有邵巡撫（邵 捷春），常來團轉舞；後有廖參軍（廖大亨），不戰隨我行。好個楊閣部（楊嗣昌），離我三天路！”
二月，張獻忠率部攻剋襄陽。襄陽是明朝的軍事重鎮，軍需餉銀，都聚集在城內。張獻忠以所獲餉銀，分十萬兩賑濟饑民，並將襄王朱翊銘和貴陽王朱常法等處死。義軍受到百姓的擁護，歡聲雷動。至此，張獻忠完全粉碎了楊嗣昌的“四正六隅”計劃，徹底摧毀了他所謂的“十面網”。楊嗣昌聽說張獻忠揮軍出川，急忙逃回宜昌。在沙市他得知李自成攻破洛陽，殺了福王的消息，自知死罪難逃，因而憂懼而死。左良玉被削職，帶罪領兵。
義軍接着又渡長江攻下樊城，與羅汝纔合兵北上。四月，攻應山不下，轉攻隨州，剋之。六月，張獻忠率部打南陽，東略信陽。七月，張獻忠又陷鄖西，至信陽。楊嗣昌死後，崇禎帝命陝西三邊總督丁啓睿接任督師，繼續圍剿義軍。原在一邊觀望不戰的左良玉，亦率部前來追擊張獻忠。秋八月張獻忠在信陽為左良玉部所敗，帶傷出商城，走英山方向，又被王允成擊敗，“衆道散且盡，從騎止數十”。在此之前，羅汝纔與張獻忠不合，投奔了闖王李自成。信陽敗後，張獻忠也往投李自成。李自成“以部麯遇之，不從，自成欲殺之”，為羅汝纔阻止。羅汝纔私贈五百騎，張獻忠自河南經安徽東下。這時，李自成的義軍正圍攻開封。督師丁啓睿和左良玉等官軍主力，都北上救援開封。年底，張獻忠乘間陷亳州，入英、霍山區，與“革左五營”相見，“革左五營”是由老回回馬守應、革裏眼賀一竜、左金王賀錦、爭世王劉希堯、亂地王藺養成五營聯軍組成的。從此，義軍的聲勢又復振。
崇禎十五年（1642）二月，張獻忠率匯合後的義軍，攻陷舒城、六安，進剋廬州，殺知府鄭履祥。又連下無為、廬江，並在巢湖訓練水軍。接着又打敗了總兵官黃得功、劉良佐的官軍。張獻忠義軍的勝利，使“江南大震”。鳳陽總督高鬥光、安慶巡撫鄭二陽被逮治，起用馬士英代之。十月，張獻忠義軍被官軍劉良佐部擊敗，張獻忠率部西走鄲水。“革左五營”北投李自成。左良玉為避李自成，盡撤湖廣兵東下。張獻忠乘機攻占黃梅。
崇禎十六年（1643）正月，張獻忠率部乘夜攻下鄲州。三月，義軍連下鄲水、黃州、麻城。在麻城，張獻忠招募得數萬人。五月，義軍西取漢陽，從鴨蛋洲渡過長江，迅速攻占武昌府城。武昌為楚王朱華奎的王府所在地。守城官吏聞風而逃，楚王所募兵為之內應，大開城門迎接義軍。張獻忠處死楚王後，“盡取宮中金銀各百萬，輦載數百車不盡”。發銀六百餘萬兩，賑濟武昌、漢陽、六安等地饑民。
在武昌，張獻忠自稱“大西王”，建立了大西農民政權。設六部和五軍都督府，及委派地方官吏。“改武昌曰天授府，江夏曰上江縣”，並開科取士，招攬人才，共錄取進士三十名，廩膳生四十八名，都授以州縣官職。這時，李自成也在襄陽建號稱王，並對張獻忠占據武昌十分不滿。李自成使人賀曰：“老回回已降，曹革左皆死，行及汝矣。”此時，左良玉兵復西上，大西政權官吏多被擒殺。“獻忠懼，謀去之”。兩境相接，形成了並立的兩大農民軍勢力。張獻忠力弱，無法與李自成對抗。八月，張獻忠率部南下湖南，以二十萬重兵攻占嶽州。隨後進攻長沙，明總兵尹先民、何一德投降。
張獻忠占據長沙後，宣佈免徵三年稅糧。接着，又攻取衡州及其所屬州縣，所到之處，義軍紀律嚴明。清人劉獻廷記載說：“餘聞張獻忠來衡州，不戮一人，以問婁聖公，則果然也。”
九月，義軍攻占永州，兵威所震，使廣東南雄、韶州屬縣的官兵“逋竄一空”。明分巡南韶副使王孫蘭嚇得自縊而死。十月，義軍占領楊嗣昌老傢常德府武陵縣，對楊嗣昌父子及其傢族仗勢作惡的罪行進行了清算。張獻忠發的令牌曰：“照得朱（誅）賊楊某，昔年曾調天下兵馬，敢抗天兵，某幸早死於吾忍（刃）矣。今過武陵，乃彼房屋土田，墳墓在此。衹不歸順足矣，為何拴同鄉紳士庶，到處立團。合將九族盡誅，墳墓盡掘，房屋盡行燒毀；霸占土田，查還小民。有捉楊姓一人者，賞銀十兩；捉其子孫兄弟者，賞千金。為此牌仰該府。”說明義軍對官紳惡霸的無比憎恨。
在義軍攻占武陵的同時，張獻忠領兵嚮江西萍鄉進攻，陷萬載，分兵兩路攻下袁州。袁州是江右門戶，失去袁州，則“江右全省皆壞，則兩廣咽喉斷，而金陵之藩籬撤矣”④。在左良玉官軍的反攻下，袁州又為官軍奪取。由於左良玉部士兵暴虐，明廷被迫撤回其兵，以招募當地兵戍守。張獻忠利用官軍調換的時機，突襲吉安，連占吉水、永新、安福、泰和等縣，並分設地方官吏，安撫百姓，再次奪回袁州。十二月，在江西總督呂大器帶兵反撲下，吉安等縣又先後失陷。張獻忠在江西受阻後，隨即回師再據嶽州。明廷急派左良玉移鎮武昌，並分兵兩路，一攻嶽州，一攻江西袁州，兩地再度給官軍占領。為此，張獻忠决定北上，在嘉魚（今湖北境內）沿江一帶埋伏部隊，大敗左良玉的精銳部隊，使“良玉軍，遂不振”。張獻忠又在沿途收降官軍，編為新附營，軍容較前更盛。這時，張獻忠控製了湖南全部，及湖北南部，廣東、廣西北部的廣大地區。為了將來的發展，張獻忠决定進軍四川。
崇禎十七年（1644）正月，張獻忠率部嚮四川進發。義軍攻剋夔州，“至萬縣，水漲，留屯三月”。接着，連剋梁山、忠州和涪州，擊敗總兵曹英，破佛圖關，明朝四川總兵秦良玉率兵來戰，亦被義軍擊敗。義軍攻剋瀘州後，於六月二十日占領川北重鎮重慶。從漢中逃來的瑞王朱常浩、巡撫陳士奇、兵備副使陳纁、知府王行儉等一批明朝宗室和官僚，被義軍俘獲並處死。七月初四日，張獻忠命劉廷舉守重慶。他親自率義軍，分三路嚮四川首府成都挺進。沿路州縣“望風瓦解，烽火數百裏不絶，成都大震”。四川巡撫竜文光由順慶馳援成都，又調總兵劉鎮藩及附近土兵守城。一時“成都援兵四集，獻忠使其衆偽為援兵，混入城中，竜文光不能辨”。八月初七日，義軍從四面同時攻城，裏應外合，三日城破。
八月初九日，農民軍攻剋成都。明藩成都王朱至澍、太平王朱至淥自殺，四川巡撫竜文光、巡按御史劉之渤、按察副使張繼孟等明朝派駐四川的主要官員因拒不投降，均被農民軍處死。“初，李自成使馬珂入川，攻陷順慶。”九月，命將馬珂據守綿州，張獻忠派艾能奇往攻之不剋，親自去指揮，馬珂敗走漢中。十月，李定國攻剋保寧；孫可望下竜安，使王運行守之，又率兵攻茂州，剋之。接着，艾能奇又攻剋雅州。至此，四川大部地區被張獻忠的農民軍所控製。
十一月十六日，張獻忠在成都稱帝，建國號“大西”，改元“大順”，以成都為西京。大西政權建立後，設置左右丞相，六部尚書等文武官員。命“汪兆麟為左丞相，嚴錫命為右丞相”。以王國麟、江鼎鎮、龔完敬等為尚書。大西政權頒行《通天歷》，設錢局鑄“大順通寶”行用。開科取士，選拔三十人為進士，任為郡縣各官。大西政權宣佈，對西南各族百姓“蠲免邊境三年租賦”。張獻忠的號令森嚴，不許“擅自招兵”，“擅受民詞”，“擅取本土婦女為妻”，違者正法。張獻忠封四個養子為王，孫可望為平東王，劉文秀為撫南王，李定國為安西王，艾能奇為定北王。
在軍事上，大西政權設五軍都督府，中軍王尚禮，前軍王定國，後軍馮雙禮，左軍馬元利，右軍張化竜。分兵一百二十營，有“虎威、豹韜、竜韜、鷹揚為宿衛”，設都督領之。城外設大營十，小營十二，中置老營，名為禦營，獻忠居之。又命孫可望為平東將軍，監十九營；李定國為安西將軍，監十六營；劉文秀為撫南將軍，監十五營；艾能奇為定北將軍，監二十營。分兵四出，“遂據有全蜀”。
不久，四川各地的明朝將領曾英、李占春、於大海、王祥、楊展、曹勳等，紛紛聚集兵馬，襲擊大西農民軍，屠殺大西政權地方官員，給大西政權很大威脅。對此，張獻忠進行了嚴厲的鎮壓。
張獻忠命孫可望往取漢中，被李自成部將賀珍擊敗。張獻忠親往救援，道經梓潼七麯山，“仰視神廟，題額張姓，曰：‘此吾祖也。’追上尊號，曰始祖高皇帝”。命修廟刻石祀之。部將劉進忠入據保寧府，部將馬元利剋順慶守之。乙酉年元旦過後，張獻忠於初三日對部下說：“三國以來，漢中原屬四川，今吾定都於川，不取漢中，難免他人得隴望蜀乎？聞闖王遣馬爌守漢中，爌庸纔耳，若不早取，他日易以能人，則難圖也。”為了保證四川的安全，他派平東、虎威二將軍，嚮北平定漢南地區。又命都督張廣纔早滅曾英，以便打開東下的道路。十六日，農民軍其名、張廣纔兩軍齊發，不知李自成以賀珍代馬爌。結果大西軍的三萬兵馬被賀珍部擊敗。
大順二年（清順治二年，1645）夏，南明福王弘光政權滅亡。十一月，清朝用剿撫兼施的策略一面以何洛會為定西大將軍進剿四川，一面派人下詔誘降張獻忠，勸說他歸順清朝。詔書說：“張獻忠前此擾亂，皆明朝之事”，表示諒解，“張獻忠如審識天時，率衆來歸，自當優加擢敘，世世子孫，永享富貴”。並威脅說“倘遲延觀望，不早迎降，大軍既至，悔之無及”。然而張獻忠置之不理，反而增強了抗清的决心。這時，何洛會率領的清軍被陝西的義軍所牽製，所以一直沒有入川。
張獻忠的大西政權和農民軍，除了與明朝在四川的殘餘軍隊對抗外，還要同四川的地主武裝作鬥爭。原川陝總督樊一蘅仍任原職，南明政權又任命原大學士王應熊為兵部尚書總督川湖雲貴軍務，並賜尚方寶劍便宜行事，駐紮遵義，主持對張獻忠作戰。是年三月，明四川巡撫馬乾派副將曾英帶兵攻陷重慶。接着，閣部王應熊會兵遵義，副將楊展、屠竜、莫宗文、賈登聯等請復川南。“起甘良臣為總統，副以侯天錫、屠竜，合參將楊展，遊擊馬應試、餘朝宗所攜潰卒，得三萬人。”於三月攻陷敘州，大西農民軍損失一千餘人。時副將曹英、參政劉鱗長及部將於大海、李占春、張天相等，都受樊一蘅節制，有兵十餘萬。他們不斷地嚮農民軍發動攻擊，妄圖恢復失地。
張獻忠時駐紮金山鋪，欲肅清新附不堅者，劉進忠諫曰：“生靈不可妄殺也。”張獻忠不納，反調劉進忠回金山鋪會剿，劉進忠疑之，遂嚮北走投清軍。
大順三年初，清朝改派肅親王豪格為靖遠大將軍，和吳三桂等統率滿漢大軍，全力嚮大西農民軍撲來。當時，明參將楊展領兵復奪川南州縣，率師北指，與張獻忠的部隊激戰於彭山的江口，張獻忠大敗，退回成都。楊展由南面逼嚮成都。王應熊又派曾英為總兵，王祥為參將，聯師進攻，阻擋農民軍的東下。他們對大西農民軍進行瘋狂的襲擊，嚴重地威脅着大西農民政權。對此，張獻忠針鋒相對，給予堅决的回擊。五月，豪格率清軍攻占漢中。
七月，為了北上陝西抗擊清軍，張獻忠决定放棄成都。並“盡殺其妻妾，一子尚幼，亦撲殺之”。他對孫可望說：“我亦一英雄，不可留幼子為人所擒，汝終為世子矣。明朝三百年正統，未必遽絶，亦天意也。我死，爾急歸明，毋為不義。”表明了張獻忠聯明抗清的决心。接着，分其兵為四，並命令四位將軍，各率兵十餘萬嚮陝西進發。九月間，張獻忠率部離開成都，北上迎擊清軍。十一月，張獻忠大軍紮營於西充鳳凰山。
張獻忠之死
當時形勢緊張，原大西軍將領劉進忠叛變後，先在合州（今四川合川）同明軍曾英勾結，後又出保寧（今四川閬中）去，投降了南下的清軍統帥豪格。清軍以劉進忠為嚮導，帶領清軍進入川北。十一月二十六日，豪格派護軍統領鰲拜等將領，分率八旗護軍輕裝疾進，出其不意，對農民軍發起突然襲擊。二十七日晨，清軍隔太陽溪與張獻忠的農民軍相遇。面對這意外的突然來襲，張獻忠臨急應戰，指揮農民軍馬步兵分兩面抗擊清軍。這時，清軍統帥豪格率大軍繼至，遣參領格布庫等嚮農民軍右翼進攻，都統準塔攻擊農民軍左翼。戰鬥打得非常激烈，清軍將領格布庫等被農民軍擊斃，農民軍也遭到了慘重的損失。
張獻忠“初不為備，聞兵至，猶以為他寇，身衣蟒半臂，腰插三矢，引牙將臨河視之。”劉進忠為清將指點說：“此八大王也。”清將急發暗箭射之，張獻忠不幸中箭。時年僅四十二歲。
張獻忠死後，他的部衆“以錦褥裹屍，埋於僻處，而遁”。清軍“求得發而斬之，梟其首於成都”。另據清靖遠大將軍和碩肅親王豪格等奏報：“臣帥師於十一月二十六日至南部，偵得逆賊張獻忠，列營西充縣境，隨令護軍統領鰲拜、巴圖魯等，分領八旗護軍先發。臣統大軍星夜兼程繼進，於次日黎明抵西充。獻忠盡率馬步賊兵拒師，鰲拜等奮擊大破之，斬獻於陣。”但是有良心的青年歷史學家沒有發現清軍報告張獻忠屍體的文件。
張獻忠死後，他的部將孫可望、李定國、劉文秀、艾能奇、馮雙禮等率領農民軍嚮南，在重慶受到明軍曾英部的阻擊，農民軍擊斃守將曾英後，繼續嚮貴州方向轉移。後與南明聯合，共同抗擊清軍，轉戰在西南各省的廣大地區，堅持了近二十年，直到清朝的康熙初年。
附:張獻忠千船沉銀之謎
300多年前，張獻忠攜帶打劫而來的千船金銀珠寶從成都順水南下，在四川彭山縣江口鎮“老虎灘”一帶遭到川西官僚楊展的突襲，千船金銀珠寶絶大都分隨船隊沉落江中；300多年來，這一史實成為傳說。4月20日，彭山縣城開建引水工程，一施工隊在岷江“老虎灘”河床上用挖掘機開挖鋪設管道的溝槽時，一鏟就鏟出一捆共10枚銀錠。據彭山縣文管部門初步鑒定，這批被挖掘出土的銀錠為明代官銀，它為破解張獻忠在此“千船沉銀”之謎找到了證據。
開挖朽木腹中滾出銀錠
據今天《華西都市報》報道，4月20日上午，彭山縣岷江大橋附近的老虎灘河床引水工程建設工地一派忙碌。10時30分左右，一輛挖掘機照例從河床3米深處掘起一鏟砂土，可是伴隨這鏟砂土落地的，還有一截黑不溜秋像朽木一樣的東西。這朽木從挖掘機鬥子裏滾落到地面後，眨眼間，一枚枚烏黑發亮的“鐵砣砣”撐破朽木的肚子滾了出來，一農民驚叫：“銀子！銀子！”周圍的人立即圍上來，僅幾分鐘，銀錠就被揀拾得一個不留。
保護全力阻止銀錠外流
就在銀錠被圍觀群衆揀走後，工地負責人迅速嚮彭山縣文體局以及彭山縣政府辦公室匯報情況。彭山縣文物主管等相關部門負責人迅速趕往現場，進行勘驗調查，全力設法阻止出土銀錠外流。彭山縣文體局、公安局立即組成清查小組，派出二三十人深入雙江等村摸底調查，嚮群衆宣傳文物保護法，鼓勵群衆把揀到的銀錠自覺捐獻出來，並由彭山縣政府嚮捐獻文物的群衆進行奬勵。目前該項工作尚在進行之中。
開發適當時候再現遺址
昨日，在彭山縣文管所，記者有幸目睹了一枚銀錠。但見銀錠烏黑中泛着亮光，其邊緣雖有些殘損，但銀錠身上鑄造時打上的“崇禎16年8月，紋銀50兩”字樣清晰可見。按照包裝的容積計算，挖掘出的銀錠應為10枚。
據彭山縣文體局局長謝開遠介紹，300多年來，張獻忠在彭山縣江口鎮沉銀之說一直是世人難解的一道謎團。此次挖掘出土的銀錠，無論從銀錠本身還是其外包裝，都與史料記載相吻合，從而證實了張獻忠300多年前在此沉銀之說完全符合歷史真實。文體局將在適當時候再現張獻忠沉銀遺址。
張獻忠的一樁公案
——從成都大悲寺屠戮士子事件說起
耿法
明崇禎十六年（公元1643年）十一月，張獻忠率大西軍主力開進四川，第二年八月攻占成都，除少數地區外，四川省絶大部分都已處於大西軍管轄之下。張獻忠遂正式建立大西政權，他本人初稱大西國王，隨即又稱帝，定年號大順，以成都為西京，蜀王府邸為宮殿。僅僅隔了一年，即大順二年（1645年），在張獻忠一手策劃下，成都發生了一樁舉世罕見、駭人聽聞的屠殺讀書人的事件。
這年十一月，張獻忠宣佈舉行“特科”考試，下令各府縣生員一律前往成都赴考，違命者以軍法論處。於是，各地士子絡繹不絶從水路、陸路被送往成都，集中在大悲寺。待各地士子基本到齊後，張獻忠突然找藉口派重兵包圍大悲寺，將全部應試士子統統殺死，死者人數達五千多人。這真是四川讀書人亙古未有的一場浩劫。大悲寺一時屍積如山，血流成河，筆墨成丘塚，史稱大悲寺屠戮士子事件。原來，所謂“特科”考試壓根兒是個精心策劃的騙局。張獻忠因大西政權的各地官員不斷被四川地方勢力捕殺，四川各地反抗大西政權的浪潮越來越猛烈，於是遷怒於四川百姓，尤其遷怒於四川的文化人，認為各地生員是士紳階層的主體與精英，下决心大規模報復，設下這一計策聚而殲之，一網打盡。整個四川省僅雅安一地由於大西政權駐當地監軍郝孟旋事先知悉內情，又心生異志，密謀反水，於是偽造張獻忠的詔書曰：“雅係邊地，承平時自專心文墨，今羌夷不時竊發，久已棄詩書而事幹櫓矣。賓興之典，宜俟異日。”遂將已經啓程在途中的雅州生員全部追回，使他們幸免於難。四川其他各地生員幾乎被一網打盡。此事件對四川知識文化界是個致命重創，如此對讀書人設下應試騙局加以集體血腥屠殺者，在中國歷史上也是絶無僅有的。
如何看待大悲寺屠戮士子事件？歷代史籍上都把此事作為張獻忠在四川大屠殺的罪狀之一，與此事並提的還有該年十一月二十二日張獻忠悍然下令將成都“城內居民一律殺絶”，軍隊把居民驅趕到成都南門集體就刑，殺人無數，接着傳令各鄉鎮村民“均可移居成都城內為京都居民”，後來又一把大火將成都焚毀，其狀慘絶人寰。解放後一些史傢因張獻忠是農民起義領袖，對此或諱莫如深，不置一詞，或不顧史實，千方百計為張獻忠辯護開脫，包括血染大悲寺事件和屠殺成都市民事件在內。辯護的理由主要是：張獻忠是明末農民起義的傑出領袖，封建統治者出於階級仇恨，蓄意誇大其殺人數字，污衊張獻忠“屠蜀”；張獻忠在成都建立政權初期，並沒有大開殺戒，相當重視延攬四川地方人才，開科取士，也正是為了延攬人才，曾經開科兩次，應試者頗為踴躍；衹是後來由於四川官紳地主大肆叛亂，形勢日益嚴峻，南明弘光朝廷此時又成了四川官紳地主心目中的正統旗幟，嚴重威脅到大西政權的生死存亡，張獻忠纔不得不大開殺戒；當然張獻忠本人由於歷史局限性，“鎮反”産生過激行為，殺人面過寬了些，導致大西政權逐漸喪失民心，這也是應當記取的歷史教訓。看來，這種觀點似乎辯證得很，一時充斥於各種歷史書籍。那時，誰要論證一下張獻忠兇殘的歷史真實面貌，揭露張獻忠設“特科”考試騙局，血腥屠殺讀書人的罪惡行徑，是要冒站在污衊農民起義的反動立場上的政治風險的。
封建統治者對張獻忠“屠蜀”確實有誇大其詞的一面，如《明史》捲三零九中說張獻忠“共殺男女六萬萬有奇”，顯然是蓄意誇大了，明代後期當時全國人口總數衹有六千多萬。但是張獻忠在四川血腥屠殺民衆和知識分子畢竟是史實，决不能因為他是農民起義領袖而回避，或者尋找種種藉口以開脫、減輕、淡化其罪責。以大悲寺屠戮士子事件來說，張獻忠絶不是偶然心血來潮一時衝動之舉。就前兩次開科取士而言，早已隱含着血腥味。張獻忠規定“未取童生不許躲閃，已中者不得寧傢，未中者不得在鄉居住”，“秀纔在鄉造言生事，並傢眷盡驅入城中，十人一結，一傢有事，連坐九傢”。還規定誰傢若有父兄膽敢阻撓子弟赴試，必將受到嚴懲。這種霸王硬上弓式的“開科取士”豈是尊重讀書人？豈不嚇破老百姓的膽？粗通文墨的張獻忠行伍多年，擁有強大的軍事實力，滿腦子稱王稱帝思想，他代表的實際上是一種遊民思想和遊民文化，對文化人始終抱着蔑視、仇恨、提防、控製和利用的態度，倘若文化人稍不順從，便要其人頭落地。他於大順二年二月十三日立的一塊“聖諭碑”，頗能表明他的真實思想，碑文衹有兩句話：“天有萬物與人，人無一物與天。鬼神明明，自思自量。”這裏的“天”，指的就是他自己，他認為自己代表上天，已將萬物恩賜於四川的百姓，而四川的百姓有負於他的大恩大德，實在忘恩負義，他對四川民衆百姓是極其失望而怨恨的。他深知，廣大生員即讀書人是老百姓的頭腦，士紳階層的骨幹，是他最難駕馭的人群。一旦形勢變得嚴峻，變得於他不利，他就要對四川百姓大開殺戒，首當其衝的當然是先除去讀書人這一心腹之患。為達此目的，張獻忠這個武夫沒有任何顧忌，竟敢冒天下之大不韙，設下“特科”考試騙局，不惜公然失信於普天下應試士子，一手製造了血洗大悲寺慘案。對這種滅絶人性、滅絶文化的極其野蠻的獸性，必須毫不留情地給予揭露和深刻批判，這纔是歷史唯物主義的正確態度。
據《蜀破鏡》記載，某日晚，他的一幼子經過堂前，張喚子未應，即下令殺之。第二天晨起後悔，責問妻妾們昨晚為何不救，又下令將諸妻妾以及殺幼子的刀斧手悉數殺死。
張獻忠學朱元璋剝人皮，“先施於蜀府宗室，次及不屈文武官，又次及鄉紳，又次及本營將升。凡所剝人皮，滲以石灰，實以稻草，植以竹竿，插立於王府前街之兩旁，夾道纍纍，列千百人，遙望如送葬俑”。張獻忠創造了許多殺人的名堂，譬如派遣將軍們四面出擊，“分屠各州縣”，名曰“草殺”。上朝的時候，百官在下邊跪着，他招呼數十衹狗下殿，狗聞誰就把誰拉出去斬了，這叫“天殺”。他想殺讀書人，就開科取士，將數千四川學子騙來殺光。
每屠殺一地，都詳細記錄所殺人數，其中記有人頭幾大堆，人手掌幾大堆，人耳朵幾大堆。打下麻城後，他把婦女的小腳砍下來堆成山，帶着他最心愛的一個小妾去參觀。小妾笑着說：“好看好看，衹是美中不足，要再有一雙秀美的小腳放在頂端，就再好也不過了。”張獻忠笑咪咪地說：“你的腳就最秀美。”於是把小妾的腳剁下來放到 “山尖”上。張獻忠兵敗潰退，更是殺婦女腌漬後充軍糧。如遇上有孕者，刨腹驗其男女。對懷抱中嬰幼兒則將其拋擲空中，下以刀尖接之，觀其手足飛舞而取樂。稍大一些的兒童或少年，則數百人一群，用柴薪點火圍成圈，士兵圈外用矛戟刺殺，看其呼號亂走以助興致。
《溫江縣志》上說，溫江縣由於張獻忠的屠剿，“人類幾滅”。張獻忠死去十三年後（1659年）清查戶口，全縣僅存32戶，男31丁，女23口，“榛榛莽莽，如天地初闢”。民國《簡陽縣志》捲十九：“明末兵荒為厲，概成曠野，僅存土著14戶”。
中國史上想改朝換代的流氓軍閥，互相殘殺起來比任何人都厲害，就是為了不讓對手獲得土地與人民，不讓對手比自己更強大，寧願一切都毀滅！
滿族徵服漢族，始終貫徹一個既定方針：屠殺。對蒙古人和朝鮮人卻不是這樣。努爾哈赤的清軍占領遼東地區後，先是擔心當地窮人無法生活而造反，把遼東地區的貧民都抓起來殺掉，稱“殺窮鬼”。兩年後，清軍又怕遼東的富人不堪壓迫而反抗，又把遼東地區的富人幾乎殺光，稱為“殺富戶”。共殺遼民300多萬，遼東地區的漢民基本殆盡。皇太極破錦州，三日搜殺，婦孺不免；掠濟南，城中積屍13萬。
揚州城破，揚州頓成地獄，死者達80餘萬。比地獄更難忘是人民引頸受戮的場面。史載：衹要遇見一個滿族士兵，“南人不論多寡，皆垂首匍伏，引頸受刀，無一敢逃者。”一個清兵，遇見近五十名青壯男子，清兵橫刀一呼：“蠻子來!蠻子來!”這些人皆戰戰兢兢，無一敢動。這個清兵押着這些人(無捆綁)去殺人場，無一人敢反抗，甚至沒一人敢跑。到刑場後，清兵喝令： “跪!”呼啦啦全部跪倒，任其屠殺。
江陰一縣，就殺了17萬人，全城僅50人幸存。嘉定三屠殺了50多萬。1649年占領湖南湘潭後屠城；同年平定大同的反清運動，大同全城軍民被屠盡，“附逆抗拒”州縣及汾州全城也不分良莠一概屠殺；1650年攻破廣州時屠城，“屠戮甚慘，居民幾無噍類……纍骸燼成阜，行人於二三裏外望如積雪”。
張獻忠與清兵入侵使四川人口由600多萬銳減至50萬，衹剩下10%左右。整個中國， “縣無完村，村無完傢，傢無完人，人無完婦”。敢反抗的忠勇之士幾被殺盡，留下的大抵是一些順服的奴才。此外，滿清又殺苗民一百萬，殺回民數百萬，把漠北蒙古的準葛爾部落殺到最後一個幼童！在世界歷史上都是罕見的殘忍！
滿清入關後，對朱傢宗室，可謂殘酷至極，除魯王朱以海一係逃至菲律賓得以存留外，其餘幾乎全部斬盡殺絶。崇禎帝的長子被多爾袞絞死，其第二子隱姓埋名在民間數十年後，不慎暴露了身份，年已七十多歲的他，和他的兩個兒子仍被康熙帝下令凌遲處死，明朝永歷帝儘管逃到了緬甸，還是被清朝抓回雲南，全家被殺。
大悲寺屠戮士子事件，再次表明了歷史上農民起義及其領袖人物的時代局限性和自身嚴重的缺陷。具體到張獻忠，此人暴戾成性，反復無常，目光短淺，缺乏起碼的人道主義和政治見識，導致他後來一手製造了數起滅絶人性的大慘案。他當了短命的偏居一隅的四川土皇帝對四川百姓當然是個災難，但相對來說又實在是件幸事，因為他的權力所限衹能危害四川一地；倘若他真的成為中國一代帝王，建立了一個朝代，那麽必然是一個禍害全國百姓的暴君，罪惡將大得多，而决不會有什麽高瞻遠矚的政治作為，對中國歷史進步不會有任何推動作用。他的刑罰極其殘酷，包括拿活人剝皮之類。他的義子、心腹孫可望也像他一樣多次使用剝皮酷刑對付不聽從他的主張的臣民。因此魯迅先生說：“大明一朝，以剝皮始，以剝皮終，可謂始終不變。”（《且介亭雜文·病後雜談》）張獻忠的私人生活更是荒淫無恥，稱帝之後僅後妃就多達三百餘人，並使用大批太監用於後宮服務，他的腐化程度與李自成後期相比有過之而無不及。他也同歷代封建統治者一樣，下令各地恭避禦諱，不準人們使用“獻”字與“忠”字，甚至連以往歷代留傳下來的石碑上的“獻”和“忠”字都一律要鏟掉，以至後人嘆息“蜀無完碑”。
由於郭沫若先生《甲申三百年祭》的影響巨大，對李自成大順政權因驕傲自滿、腐化蛻變而招致失敗的歷史教訓，人們談論得很多，見諸報刊的有關文章也已不少，但對於與李自成齊名的另一位重要的農民起義領袖張獻忠及大西政權則有所忽略，有關研究文章也較少。筆者希望重提張獻忠屠戮讀書人的這一樁公案，把真實的歷史告訴人們，尤其是下一代。
Chongzhen eight years (1635), and the brightest volunteer army is trapped in the Henan government troops. For out of encirclement, 13 volunteer army chief, held in Henan Xingyang military conference. Discuss the results, decided to divide our forces orientation, plan to break the siege of government troops. After the meeting, Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zi Cheng Chuang Wang Gao Yingxiang, led in the east march. Zhe Zhi Zhang Xianzhong Eastern Group is the main force troops. His forces fight fierce, Crack Gushi Henan and Anhui huoqiu other counties, directed at both the Ming Fengyang.
Chongzhen nine (1636) early, volunteer army forces had grown to hundreds of thousands, in Henan meet, often with Barry camp, the troops at a time when there are thousands of Zhang Xianzhong over. September, captured in an ambush Chuang Wang Gao Yingxiang unfortunately, died a heroic death. Li Zicheng fought in Tongguan most other areas west, east Tongguan Zhang Xianzhong his troops became the main objective of regional government troops attack. Zhang Xianzhong his troops fought in Hubei, Henan, Anhui, the repeated defeat government troops. "Into the state of Henan Province Xu Xi Po, killing Zuo Liangyu brother", was made goods giant million. March, the fighting in Anqing has killed the store next to Pan, who can be great. However, due to the lack of unified ministries volunteer army deployment and concerted action, each separately and Chongzhen 10 year (1638) spring, and the brightest volunteers to have suffered a setback. Particularly Chongzhen decade (1637) April, Ming Bingbushangshu, 内阁大学士 Yang Sichang planning the "four is" and "six corner", "10 face sheets net" encirclement strategy, Li Zi Cheng in Shanxi were several failures Liu Henan submission to the court, etc. Also, the team gave Zhang Xianzhong tremendous difficulties. Zhang Xianzhong into the attack in the battle were Zuo Liangyu Nanyang military defeat, I was hurt, fortunately was expected to force Sun to save his men out of danger, then bring troops retreated SPEED (modern Hubei). Strong offensive in the government troops, in order to preserve their strength, Zhang Xianzhong in Gokseong, Luo Rucai in Yunyang were accepted Bingbushangshu Xiongwen Can the "pacify." Subject to "pacify", the adaptation and Zhang Xianzhong refused to accept the assignment, do not accept the offering, he maintained his independence. He distributed four million people in the military headquarters in the suburbs Gokseong, four battalions, each with a commanding lead. During the break, set Tsaotun food, building weapons of war, recruiting, training his soldiers. Zhang Xianzhong often asked people to tell him, "Art of War", combined with wars, sum up experience and lessons, waiting for a chance to stage a comeback.
Zhang Xianzhong resurgence, the Luoru Cai, Ma Shou should also played while the Department of response, and to join Gokseong and Zhang Xianzhong. Hidden in the mountains in the business Luo Li Zicheng also rallied, with Hubei Yun, both into the Henan region. Peasant uprising in the war, once again burning up the Central Plains.
Yang Sichang one to Xiangyang, he put forward his plan of "four is" and "six corner", "10 net in face" strategy. Realignment of thousands, and Xi Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, all ask the town of Yunyang generals, red points briefly, its main task is to fully suppress Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng. At first, Zhang Xianzhong do not understand the situation, successive defeat, very passive. Later, through the ins and outs of information to find out the government troops, he persuaded Luoru Cai, military alliance, strengthened the power of volunteer army. Volunteer army "to take the enemy", "avoid the virtual strike" tactics of the Fuguan Jun haunted impermanence. Meanwhile, Zhang Xianzhong enhanced intelligence, sent a lot of clever sergeant dressed businessmen, hawkers, four lay ahead. People often tell the volunteers to the movement of government troops, but also often a guide to Zhang Xianzhong team. Therefore, to grasp the enemy, quickly to take military action, playing government troops by surprise. Then quickly transferred to the whereabouts of government troops lost in volunteers to difficult to chase. Not come away empty-handed government troops of the main forces that were ambushed soldiers off the expense will be. However, the volunteer army encirclement trapped in the government troops in a very negative, always has been to surround and annihilate the danger. To this end, Zhang Xianzhong that government troops crushed the siege must be thoroughly planned, getting bumped out to battle, to more effectively fight against government troops.
Chongzhen 10 years (1640) Run the first month, Ping Zhang Xianzhong off by Zuo Liangyu in Citrus medica defeat, led his troops broke into Sichuan. The way in Sichuan, in the Pacific County Agate Hill by Zheng Chongjian and Zuo Liangyu has the attack, suffered heavy casualties. Followed by Hubei and Hunan Army, Sichuan and Shaanxi army military chase intercept, volunteer army with serious injuries and retreated to the mountain state of Larix return, they were surrounded by Zuo Liangyu and other military, volunteer army in dire straits. To this end, using Yang Sichang and Zuo Liangyu Zhang Xianzhong contradiction sent to carry treasures bribery Zuo Liangyu, said: "Xianzhong in, so the public see the weight. Hall more Shalue Department, while the cabinet and special guess. No offer loyalty, that the public off numbered. "Zuo Liangyu fighting relaxed and everything is dead Zhang Xianzhong income opportunity, with the help of the mountain, out of Larix, and Luo Rucai Ministries join. Zhang Xianzhong took advantage of the spring and the Sichuan governor Shao Jie Yang Sichang contradiction between the concentration of troops, stormed the defense of the new spring Jie Shao Ning (now open river in Sichuan). Shao Jie Chun did not expect volunteers to so rapidly, government troops Yichujikui. Volunteers to break through after the new line of defense rather smoothly into Sichuan. Volunteer army of Sichuan, to break the encirclement of the Yang Sichang plan and the military from defensive to the offensive. Yang Sichang opinionated, thought that government troops have Zhang Xianzhong, Luo Rucai other units surrounded Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces border, won. But the fact is "that the Governor could not do in the generals, generals of the Order can not be OK in his soldiers." Zhang Xianzhong to avoid fighting with government troops positional warfare, and to "to take the enemy" strategy, one night can do it three hundred years, the rapid flow, often government troops Gaode loss, got hit, we were exhausted.
Then, Zhang Xianzhong commanded the troops on the River, a night forced march, soldiers pointing E in front. When the volunteers to arrive Dangyang, the presence of government troops are still sleep. Zhang Xianzhong also ridiculed government troops made a song: "before the governor Shao (Shao Jie spring), and often turn to group dance; joined the army after the Liao (Liao Daheng), no war as I can. A Good Young Court Unit (Yang Sichang), I am three days away from the road! "
Volunteers to capture Fancheng followed by crossing the Yangtze River, together with Luo Rucai soldiers north. April, the attack should be Mountain high, to offensive Suizhou, grams. Jun, Zhang Xianzhong led his troops to fight in Nanyang, Xinyang slightly east. In July, Zhang Xianzhong another depression Yunxi to Xinyang. Yang Sichang death, Chong Zhen Emperor ordered the Governor of Shaanxi Normal triangular Governor Ding Qirui take over and continue to suppress the volunteer army. In watching and waiting is not the original war Zuo Liangyu, also led the troops to come chase Zhang Xianzhong. Autumn in August in Xinyang Zhang Xianzhong defeated by the Department for the Zuo Liangyu, Injured a mall, take the direction of the British Mountains, was again defeated Wang Yuncheng, "Chung San Road, and do, from riding only dozens." Prior to this, Luoru Cai and Zhang Xianzhong substandard, they go to the Chuang Wang Li Zicheng. After the defeat of Xinyang, Li Zi Cheng Zhang Xianzhong also to vote. Rereading the "case of the-steps, not from, from as Yusha the" for Luo Rucai stop. Luo Rucai 500 private gifts to ride, Zhang Xianzhong from Henan Anhui East through the next. At this time, the volunteer army is besieging Kaifeng Li Zicheng. Governor Division Ding Qirui and Zuo Liangyu and other main government troops are north rescue Kaifeng. End of the year, Zhang Xianzhong by Bozhou between depression, into the United Kingdom, Huoshan area, and the "reform camp left five" each other, "reform of the fifth left Camp" is the old Ma Shou-Ying Hui, leather in eye He Yilong, left Kim He-Jin, Wang war world Xi-Yao Liu, Lin Wang disorder to develop a coalition composed of five battalions. Since then, the volunteer army's momentum and revitalization.
Chongzhen 15 years (1642) in February, after the volunteer army Zhang Xianzhong rate of convergence, capture Shucheng, Luan, into grams of Luzhou, killing prefect Zhenglv Xiang. Also with the next inaction, Lujiang, and training in the lake water forces. Then they defeated the Famous Official Huang Gong, Liu Liangzuo government troops. Zhang Xianzhong volunteers to victory, "South earthquake." Governor fighting Fengyang high light, Anqing governor Zhenger Yang caught governance of establishing MA Shi-ying replaced. October, Zhang Xianzhong volunteer army defeated by government troops Liu Liangzuo Department, led his troops in the West take Dan Zhang Xianzhong water. "Leather left five camps" Beitou Li Zicheng. Zuo Liangyu to avoid Li Zi Cheng, make withdrawal of troops east under Huguang. Huang Mei Zhang Xianzhong took the opportunity to capture.
Zhang Xianzhong occupied Changsha, declare the food tax exemption for three years. Then, they took it and their respective counties Hampshire, wherever, volunteer army discipline. Qing Liu Xianting record, said: "I heard Zhang Xianzhong to Hampshire, Slaughter is not one to ask Lou Shenggong, it really has."
While the volunteer army captured Wuling, Jiangxi Pingxiang Zhang Xianzhong led troops to attack, set trap million, two-way divide our forces capture Yuanzhou. Jiang Yuanzhou the right portal, lost Yuanzhou, the "right-Jiang province are bad, the Guangdong and Guangxi throat off, while the barriers Jinling withdraw carry on" ④. Zuo Liangyu government troops in the counter-offensive, the Yuanzhou it as government troops capture. Department of soldiers as Zuo Liangyu oppressive, Ming court was forced to withdraw its soldiers to recruit local soldiers guarding. Zhang Xianzhong use of government troops exchange time, raid Jian, even accounting for Yoshimizu, Yongxin, Anfu, Taihe counties, and is divided into local officials, to appease the people, back again Yuanzhou. In December, leading troops in Jiangxi Governor Lu amplifier counterattack, the Jian counties successively fall. Zhang Xianzhong blocked in Jiangxi immediately after return in triumph and then, according to Yuezhou. Issue from the town of Wuchang urgently send Zuo Liangyu shift and divide our forces for two-way, one attack Yuezhou, an attack Jiangxi Yuanzhou, both to government troops re-occupied. To this end, Zhang Xianzhong decided to go north, in the char (now Hubei Province) along the river ambush on troops, defeated Zuo Liangyu's elite troops, so that "Liangyu Army, then weak." Zhang Xianzhong again in closing down government troops along the way, compiled for the new subsidiary business, the military capacity than the former flourished. At this time, Hunan, Zhang Xianzhong control all, and the southern Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, large areas of the north. For future development, Zhang Xianzhong decided to enter Sichuan.
In the military setting Atlantic political power 5 Military Government, the military Wangshang Li, Jun Wang Dingguo before and after the military Pingshuang Li, left the military Mayuan Li, Long Zhang Youjun. Divide our forces 120 battalion, the "Tiger, leopard Tao, Tao Long, Ying Yeung for the Old Guard," leader of the military governor set. City peripherals Camp 10, a small business 12, in the old camps set, called the Royal camp, Xian-zhong home of. Sun Life is expected to level further east for the General Supervisor 19 camps; John Reading as Anxijiangjun, 16 prison camp; a Tool To ask the Southern General, 15 prison camp; Ai can be odd for the North, General Supervisor 20 camps. Divide our forces go out, "thus far have all Shu."
Dashun years (clean Shunzhi years, 1645) Xia, Nan Mingfu Wang Hongguang regime destruction. In November, and Shi Qing Fu with suppressing the strategy side in what will be the West Los large general military offensive in Sichuan, sent edict side Seductive Zhang Xianzhong, to persuade him to pledge allegiance the Qing Dynasty. Edict said: "Zhang Xianzhong previously disturbed, all things Ming," said the understanding, "Zhang Xianzhong know if the trial days, leading his men to return from Syria as excellent plus pull out the ages of children and grandchildren will enjoy a lasting wealth." And threatened to "wait and see if the delay is not welcome back down, army Ji Zhi, Huizhiwuji." Zhang Xianzhong ignored, however, have strengthened the determination against the Qing Dynasty. At this time, what will be led by Luo Qing's volunteer army was held in check in Shaanxi, Sichuan, it has not.
Dashun in early, Prince Su Qing reassignment to Jingyuan Haug Great General, and Wu Sangui and other Manchu army command, full to the Atlantic forces impinge upon the peasants. At that time, Yang Ming will participate in exhibition wins to lead the troops complex southern Sichuan counties, rates of division north, south, and Zhang Xianzhong Pengshan troops fighting in the estuary, Zhang Xianzhong defeated, returned to Chengdu. Young has driven a development from the south of Chengdu. Ying Wang Ying Xiong also sent to Chief General, Wang Xiang as the reference to the Joint Division attacking, blocking the eastern army under farmers. They were wild Atlantic peasant army attacks, a serious threat to Atlantic power of peasants. In this regard, Zhang Xianzhong tit for tat, to give resolute counterattacks. May, Haug rate of the Qing captured Hanzhong.
Zhang Xianzhong death, his department will be expected to Sun, Mr John Reading, a Tool to Qi Ai, Feng Shuangli peasant army led by the south such as in Chongqing by the British Department of the Ming troops have preemptive, farmers, after the British army killed Morimasa has continued to Guizhou the direction of transfer. Ming after joint, joint fight against the Qing, fought in the vast areas in the southwestern provinces, insisted for nearly two decades until the early years of Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi.
Get out of silver ingots ventral excavation Kuchiki
Crowd in silver bullion is picking gone, the site quickly to head style Pengshan County Council and report back Pengshan county government office. Pengshan County Heritage and other relevant departments in charge of people rushed to the scene to conduct an inquest investigation unearthed full trying to stop the outflow of silver bullion. Style Pengshan County Council, the Public Security Bureau immediately set up inventory group, 30 were sent two further pairs of the villages of Jiang thoroughly investigated, to publicize conservation, and encouraging people to donate out consciously picked up the silver ingots by Pengshan County heritage of the people to donate reward. Currently the work is still ongoing.
According to thank the Secretary Pengshan County Kaiyuan style introduced 300 years, Zhang Xianzhong in Pengshan County jiankouzhen Silver Shen said the world has always been a puzzling mystery. The excavated silver ingots, silver ingots itself or in terms of its packaging, are consistent with historical records, which confirmed Shen Zhang Xianzhong 300 years ago, Silver said, in this fully in line with historical reality. Style will, in due course the site representation Zhang Xianzhong Shen silver.
Geng Law
November that year, Zhang Xianzhong announces "teco" test, ordered all members of the prefectures of Health to Chengdu Fukao, disobedience act is committed by the Israeli army. Thus, a constant stream from the sea around the Scholars, the land was sent to Chengdu, concentrated in the Great Mercy Temple. When assembled, around the basic Scholars, Zhang Xianzhong suddenly surrounded by a massive excuse Dabei Temple, all Scholars will kill all the examination, the number of over 5000 people dead. This is really unprecedented in Sichuan scholars a calamity. Dabei Temple 1:00 corpse product such as mountains, rivers of blood, ink into a mound mound, known to history as Great Compassion Temple killing Scholars event. The original, so-called "teco" test from the realm of a well-planned fraud. Zhang Xianzhong around for Onishi regime officials have been killed by local forces in Sichuan, Sichuan against the Atlantic around the tide of increasingly violent power, then anger at the Sichuan people, in particular anger in Sichuan, intellectuals, that is a member of the gentry class students around the subject and elite, determined to massive retaliation, set the plan together and annihilate a clean sweep. Sichuan Yaan the only power in one place as Onishi Jianjun Hao Meng Xuan prior notice of a local insider, another heart is different ambitions, conspiracy defection, then forged Zhang Xianzhong's edict, saying: "Ya frontier line, bearing usually from concentrate Schwimmer, today Qiang Yi steal hair from time to time, long-abandoned poetry and literature and things carry on dry scull. Bin Xing Code, should different day soon. "ordered to have left the AGB in the way the state health workers recovered, so that they survived. Health and other parts of Sichuan, could hardly be caught. This event is an intellectual and cultural circles in Sichuan fatal hit, so on the reading exam scam people to collectively set the bloody massacre of those who, in Chinese history is unique.
How do Great Mercy Temple killing Scholars event? Regarded as a matter of ancient history books on the Holocaust Zhang Xianzhong counts in one of Sichuan, with the matter and noting also the year on Nov. 22 ordered the Chengdu Zhang Xianzhong flagrantly "action to exterminate all city residents," the military to driven to the south gate of Chengdu residents group on the criminal, murderous, then heralds the township village "can be moved to the city of Chengdu residents in Kyoto", and later a fire will burn in Chengdu, its like the most brutal. Some historians liberation is due to Zhang Xianzhong peasant uprising leaders, this or kept silent, or disregard of historical facts, do everything possible to justify Zhang Xianzhong defense, including the bloody massacre of Dabei Temple events and public events, including Chengdu. Defense of the main reasons are: Ming Zhang Xianzhong is an outstanding leader of peasant uprising, the feudal rulers because of class hatred, deliberately exaggerated the number of their murder, slander Zhang Xianzhong "Tu Shu"; Zhang Xianzhong in Chengdu, the early establishment of the regime, did not slaughter, considerable attention to recruiting local talent in Sichuan, open branches were admitted, it is also for talented people, has opened two branches, the candidate is eager; only later as big landlord in Sichuan gentry rebellion, the situation becomes serious, Hung Kuang Ming court at this time became the eyes of orthodox Sichuan gentry landlords banner, a serious threat to the survival of the regime Onishi, Zhang Xianzhong was compelled to slaughter; of course, I am due to historical limitations Zhang Xianzhong, "the town" generated excesses, killing a bit too wide , resulting in gradual loss of political power Onishi people, this is also should bear in mind the lessons of history. It appears that this view seems very dialectical, sometimes filled with all kinds of history books. At that time, anyone who argues about the true face of the history of Zhang Xianzhong brutal expose Zhang Xianzhong set "teco" exam scam, the bloody massacre of a reader's criminal acts, is to bear the peasant uprising of the reactionary slander standing position on the political risk.
Zhang Xianzhong feudal rulers "Tu Shu" really exaggerated side, such as "Ming Dynasty" Volume and nine, said Zhang Xianzhong "Six hundred million men and women were killed and strange", apparently deliberately exaggerated, the total population in the late Ming was only six over 10 million. But Zhang Xianzhong bloody massacres in the Sichuan people and intellectuals, after all, historical facts and must not be because he is a peasant uprising leader and avoid, or to find excuses to justify, mitigate, lessen their guilt. To Dabei temple killing Scholars incident, Zhang Xianzhong is not accidental impulse impulse move. To open branches on the first two were admitted, the smell of blood already implied. Zhang Xianzhong provision "does not take child health must not dodge, has been in are not allowed to Ning at home, not in those not in the rural living", "scholar in the village made made trouble, and family members do drive into the city, 10 people a knot, an emergency, even the ride nine. " Also provides that if father and brother would dare to block someone's children to go to trial, will be severely punished. Such a forcible type of "open branches were admitted as" Not a respect for the intellectual? It not a ladder, the people's guts? Basic understanding of Schwimmer's Zhang Xianzhong musicians for many years, has a strong military power, full head king became the emperor thought, he represents in fact a homeless vagrant thought and culture, intellectuals have always had contempt, hatred, watch, control and use of attitude, if the intellectuals do not obey little, they have to their heads chopped off. He was two years on February 13 Dashun Hitachi's an "Imperial Mandate monument," pretty well that his true ideology, the inscription is only two sentences: "God has all things and people, people without a thing and days. Spirits obviously, think to overrate themselves. "where" days ", referring to his own, he thought to represent God, all things have been a gift to the people of Sichuan, and Sichuan, the people have lost his Daendade, is ungrateful, He is extremely disappointed with the people in Sichuan and the public resentment. He knew, the majority of students were members of that reading the minds of the people, the gentry of the backbone, is his most difficult to control the crowd. Once the situation has become serious, becoming unfavorable to him, he will slaughter the people of Sichuan, of course, bear the brunt of the first scholars to remove this scourge. To this end, Zhang Xianzhong that Takeo has no scruples, dared to defy world opinion, set "teco" exam fraud, blatant dishonesty in the whole world at examination Scholars, single-handedly created a bloodbath Great Mercy Temple tragedy. This savage, wiping out a culture of most wild animal, must be ruthlessly exposed and given the profound criticism, this is the correct attitude towards historical materialism.
Zhang Xianzhong school emperor stripping of human skin, "Sincere in the Sichuan government imperial clan, sub and non-Qu Wenwu officials, but also time and gentry, but also time and the camp will be promoted. Where the stripping of human skin, infiltration with lime, real straw, plant with bamboo poles, Insert the stand on both sides of King Fuqian Street, lined countless, thousands of people out, look into the distance, such as funeral figurines. " Zhang Xianzhong created many killings of tricks, such as sending generals to attack on all fronts, "Tu the sub-counties," name "the grass and kill." Towards a time, the King in below their knees, he greeted dozens of dogs under the house, heard a dog who took who pulled out a cut, called "days of kill." He wanted to kill scholars, to open branches were admitted, students will cheat to kill thousands of Sichuan.
Change of dynasties in Chinese history to rogue warlords to kill each other up and powerful than anyone, is to prevent competitors access to land and people, let rivals more powerful than themselves, would rather destroy everything!
Jiangyin a county, and they killed 17 million people, the city only 50 survivors. Jiading 3 killed more than 50 million. After the 1649 occupation of Xiangtan, Hunan massacre; the same year, put down the anti-movement of Datong, Datong City of soldiers and civilians were slaughtered to make, "Betrayal resist" counties and the city is not divided Fenzhou good and bad Yigai massacre; in 1650 when the massacre break Guangzhou , "a very tragic killing, residents of several non-Jiao class ... ... tired skeletal embers into Fu, pedestrian in 23 years and looked like snow."
Dabei Temple massacre Scholars event, once again demonstrates the history of peasant uprisings and the leaders of the time limitations and their serious flaws. Specifically Zhang Xianzhong, violent person by nature, capricious, shortsighted, lack of basic humanitarian and political insight, led to his later single-handedly created a number of great tragedy from inhumane. He became a short-lived Pianju corner of Sichuan, the Sichuan people, of course Tu Huangdi was a disaster, but relatively speaking it is a blessing, because of his limited powers can only harm one place in Sichuan; if he really become the generation of the emperor established a dynasty, then the people must be a scourge of the country's tyrant, evil will be much larger, but never have any vision of politics as the history of China will not have any role in promoting progress. His penalty is extremely cruel, including peeling like to take the living. His adopted son, trusted Sun is expected to also use as many times as he skinned his torture claims against not follow the subjects. Therefore, Mr. Lu said: "The Ming dynasty and once to start stripping to stripping the end, indeed always the same." ("且介亭杂文 illness topics for"), Zhang Xianzhong's private life is shameless dissipation, only after the emperor as many as three hundred concubines who, using a large number of eunuchs for the Temple service, the extent of his corruption and Rereading Late less striking. He is also the same as with the feudal rulers, ordered to avoid all over Christine Yu taboo, people are not allowed to use the "offer" and the word "loyalty" and the words even before the stone ages handed down the "offer" and "loyalty" are all words to shovel out, and even later generations sigh, "No End Shu monument."