dà xī  (1606nián～1647nián)

zì：	bǐng wú
wǎngbǐhào：	gāo huáng dì
miàohào：	xī tài zǔ
kāiduān zhōngjié zàiwèi 1643nián 1646nián 义武 1643nián 1644nián 大顺 1644niánshíyīyuè 1646niánshíèryuè 

　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng （ 1606 nián 9 yuè 18 rì － 1647 nián 1 yuè 2 rì）， zì bǐng wú， hào jìng xuān， míng mò nóng mín qǐ yì lǐng xiù。 qīng tíng hé dì zhù jiē jí wén rén zhǐ kòng qí céng jīng jìn xíng guò duō cì dà tú shā， dàn yòu rén rèn wéi， lèi sì zhǐ kòng yòu hěn dà xián yí jī yú zhèng zhì shàng de duì lì 'ér fēi kè guān shì shí。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng zì bǐng zhōng， hào jìng xuān， míng wàn lì gǔ sān shí sì nián（ 1606 nián） 9 yuè 18 rì chū shēng yú shǎn xī shěng dìng biān xiàn hǎo tān xiāng liú qú cūn（ gǔ chēng liǔ shù jiàn bǎo），《 míng shǐ》 chēng tā yǔ lǐ zì chéng tóng nián shēng， zhāng xiàn zhōng shàoshí céng dú guò shū， chéng rén hòu cān jūn， gòngyì wéi bǔ kuài、 biān bīng。 yīn fàn fǎ dāng zhǎn， zhù jiāng chén hóng fàn guān qí zhuàng mào， wéi zhī qiú qíng yú zǒng bīng guān wáng wēi， zhòng dǎ yī bǎi jūn gùn chú míng， cóng cǐ biàn liú luò xiāng jiān。 míng chóng zhēn sān nián（ 1630 nián）， zhāng xiàn zhōng jī jí xiǎng yìng wáng jiā yìn de fǎn míng hào zhào zài mǐ zhī qǐ yì， zì hào bā dà wáng， yī zuò xī yíng bā dà wáng。 cì nián， cān jiā wáng zì yòng lián jūn， wéi sān shí liù yíng zhī yī。 tā yīng yǒng shàn zhàn hěn kuài chéng wéi sān shí liù yíng de zhù yào shǒu lǐng bìng yǐ néng móu shàn zhàn de bā dà wáng chū míng。 wáng jiā yìn sǐ hòu， yǔ lǐ zì chéng děng guī fù gāo yíng xiáng， gāo yíng xiáng chēng chuǎng wáng， zhāng xiàn zhōng 、 lǐ zì chéng hào chuǎngjiàng， chóng zhēn bā nián (1635 nián ) cānyù xíng yáng zhī huì， yì jué jìn qǔ， xiàn zhōng yǔ gāo yíng xiáng děng gòng gōng lüè dōng fāng。 bù jiǔ zhāng xiàn zhōng yǔ lǐ zì chéng yīn xiǎo gù kāi shǐ fēn liè， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài bù gōng cháng jiāng liú yù， lǐ zì chéng gōng huáng hé liú yù。 shí nián（ 1637 nián）， zāo míng jūn zǒng bīng guān zuǒ liáng yù bù de jìn gōng， zhāng xiàn zhōng de qǐ yì bù duì yán zhòng shòu sǔn， běn rén yě shòu shāng， zhèng zhì shàng fā shēng dòng yáo。 cì nián zhēngyuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài běn bù yì jūn jìn zhù gǔ chéng（ jīn shǔ hú běi shěng gǔ chéng xiàn） shòu cháo tíng zhāo 'ān shòu yú fù jiāng。 zhù dì wáng jiā hé， yì míng tài píng zhèn， yǐ shì xiū bīng。 zhāng xiàn zhōng bèi zhāo 'ān， jì bù 'àn yuán 'ān pái qiǎn sàn yì jūn， gèng bù cān jiā duì lǐ zì chéng bù yì jūn de zhàn dǒu， ér shì bǎ shǒu yī dì jiā qiáng jūn shì xùn liàn， bǎo chí zì zhù quán。 chóng zhēn shí 'èr nián（ 1639 nián）， zhāng xiàn zhōng yīn duì guān fǔ fǔ bài guān liáo wú zhǐ jìng de suǒ huì、 qiāo zhà、 duì zì jǐ de diāo nán、 bù xìn rèn yǐ gǎn bù mǎn， jiā zhī shòu dào lǐ zì chéng de yǐng xiǎng， wǔ yuè chū jiǔ cǎi yòng “ bì shí dǎo xū ”“ yǐ zǒu zhì cí dí” de yòu xiào zhàn shù， zhòng jǔ fǎn míng de dà qí。 yǐ zǒu zhì dí， zhuǎn zhàn sì chuān jìng， shǐ míng jūn pí yú bènmìng。 shí sì nián， dà bài míng jūn yú kāi xiàn huáng líng chéng， cháng qū chū chuān， pò xiāng yáng， shā xiāng wáng zhū yì míng， jìn pò guāng zhōu děng dì。 míng dū shī yáng sì chāng yīn bìng zài shā shì qù shì。 shí liù nián jù wǔ chāng， chēng dà xī wáng。 bù jiǔ kè cháng shā， xuān bù miǎn zhēng sān nián qián liáng， cóng zhě yù zhòng。 chóng zhēn shí qī nián（ 1644 nián） 8 yuè 9 rì gōng pò chéng dū， xún fǔ lóng wén guāng， shǔ wáng zhū zhì shù jí qí pín fēi quán bù zì shā shēn wáng， qí tā guān yuán dāng liǎo fú lǔ。 yì jūn jìn rù chéng dū hào chēng 60 wàn dà jūn， hěn kuài kòng zhì liǎo sì chuān dà bù fēn dì qū de zhōu， xiàn， zài chéng dū， zhāng xiàn zhōng xiān hào chēng qín wáng， jiē zhe xuān gào jiàn lì dà xī guó， gǎi yuán dà shùn。 jiàn lì jiàn quán zhì dù， hòu chēng dì， yǐ chéng dū wéi xī jīng， 8 yuè 16 rì dēng jī wáng wèi。 shì nián dōng， jué wàng zhī xià， zài sì chuān jìn xíng kōng qián de shāo shā pò huài； yǐ kāi kē qǔ shì wéi míng， shā zhī shí fènzǐ yú qīng yáng gōng， yòu kēng chéng dū mín yú zhōng yuán， shā gè wèi jūn 98 wàn， qiǎn sì jiāng jūn fēn tú gè xiàn， jiāng yì wàn bǎo wù zhì rù jǐn jiāng， jué shuǐ fàng liú， zì wèi“ wú wéi hòu rén yòu yě”， cán rěn biàn tài zhì jí。 qīng shùn zhì sān nián（ 1646 nián 12 yuè 1 rì）， jú shì yuè lái yuè jǐn zhāng， ér zhāng què zì mìng bù fán， bù yǐ wéi rán。 10 yuè 20 rì， bù duì dào dá chuān běi xī chōng xiàn yǔ yán tíng xiàn jiāo jiè chù fèng huáng shān pō shí zhāng xiàn zhōng zhōng jiàn shēn wáng。（ bèi háo gé shè sǐ）
　　
　　 qǐ yì
　　 tiān qǐ mò nián， shǎn xī quán jìng zāi huāng bù duàn。 shǎn běi yòu fā shēng liǎo yán zhòng de gān hàn hé chóng zāi， hé miáo kū jiāo， è piǎo biàn yě。 yóu yú hǎi wài mào yì de cì jī， míng cháo fù shù de nán fāng dà piàn de tián mǔ bèi yòng yú jīng jì zuò wù de zhòngzhí， liáng shí chǎn liàng suí zhī xià jiàng， běi fāng dà hàn zé dǎo zhì liáng shí gèng wéi kuì fá， liáng jià kāi shǐ jié jié pān shēng， yǔ zhī xiāng duì yìng de shì， míng cháo zhōng yāng cái zhèng què yīn wéi zāi huāng zhī nián shuì shōu xiāng yìng jiǎn shǎo， suí zhe cái zhèng de jìn yī bù jié jù， zhèn jì chéng wéi kōng tán， ér méi yòu liǎo zhèn jì， nóng mín wú fǎ shēng huó xià qù， zuì zhōng zhǐ yòu dìng 'ér zǒu xiǎn， qǐ lái zào fǎn。 shǎn běi dì qū shǒu xiān bào fā liǎo nóng mín qǐ yì， bìng hěn kuài xíng chéng liáo yuán zhī shì。 zuì chū， yòu fǔ gǔ de wáng jiā yìn、 wáng zì yòng qǐ yì， tā men zhàn lǐng liǎo huáng lóng shān。 jiē zhe yí chuān wáng zuǒ guà、 ān zhài gāo yíng xiáng、 luò chuān zhāng cún mèng、 yán chuān wáng hé shàng、 hàn nán wáng dà liáng děng fēn qǐ xiǎng yìng， dǒu zhēng liè huǒ rán biàn liǎo shǎn xī quán jìng。 bù jiǔ， lǐ zì chéng zài mǐ zhī qǐ yì hòu cān jiā liǎo gāo yíng xiáng de yì jūn。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn sān nián（ 1630）， zhāng xiàn zhōng zài jiā xiāng jù jí shí bā zhài nóng mín yě zǔ zhì liǎo yī zhī duì wǔ xiǎng yìng wáng jiā yìn děng qǐ yì。 tā zì hào“ bā dà wáng”。 yóu yú tā“ shēn cháng shòu 'ér miàn wēi huáng， xū yī chǐ liù cùn， piào jìngguǒ xiá， jūn zhōng chēng wéi ‘ huáng hǔ ’”。 zhè yī duì wǔ chū shǔ wáng zì yòng， hòu zì chéng yī jūn。 yīn tā xiǎo shí dú guò yī diǎn shū， yòu shòu guò jūn shì xùn liàn， wéi rén duō zhì móu， guǒ gǎn yǒng měng， hěn kuài jiù xiǎn shì liǎo zhǐ huī cái néng， tā de bù zhòng chéng wéi dāng shí yǐ wáng zì yòng wéi méng zhù de sān shí liù yíng zhōng zuì qiángjìng de yī gè yíng。 cóng cǐ， zhāng xiàn zhōng suí zhe yì jūn， zhuǎn zhàn yú shǎn xī、 shān xī、 hé nán、 ān huī、 hú běi、 sì chuān děng dì， lǚ lì zhàn gōng。 tā de duì wǔ yě yóu jǐ qiān rén fā zhǎn dào jǐ wàn rén， chéng wéi zuì qiáng dà de yī zhī bù duì。 zài yǔ guān jūn de zuò zhàn zhōng qǐ zhe jǔ zú qīng zhòng de zuò yòng。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn liù nián（ 1633） dōng， yì jūn dà bù fēn dù guò huáng hé nán xià， zhāng xiàn zhōng suǒ bù shì yǐ gāo yíng xiáng wéi méng zhù de shí sān jiā zhī yī。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn qī nián（ 1634）， zhāng xiàn zhōng rù chuān， gōng xiàn kuí zhōu（ jīn chóngqìng fèng jié）， jìn wéi tài píng， chóngqìng nǚ zǒng bīng qín liáng yù tí bīng gǎn zhì， xiàn zhōng shè yú qín liáng yù jí qí shǒu xià " bái gān bīng " wēi míng， cāng huáng táo zǒu， qín liáng yù shuài jūn zhuī jī， yǔ zhèng hǎo huí chuān de 'ér zǐ mǎ xiáng lín qián hòu jiā jī， dǎ bài zhāng xiàn zhōng ， shǐ zhī tuì zǒu hú guǎng。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn bā nián（ 1635）， gè lù yì jūn bèi guān jūn wéi kùn yú hé nán。 wèile chōng chū bāo wéi juàn， shí sān jiā yì jūn shǒu lǐng， zài hé nán xíng yáng jǔ xíng liǎo jūn shì huì yì。 shāng tǎo jiēguǒ， jué dìng fēn bīng dìng xiàng， dǎ pò guān jūn de wéi jiǎo jìhuà。 huì hòu， zhāng xiàn zhōng hé lǐ zì chéng zài chuǎng wáng gāo yíng xiáng de shuài lǐng xià， xiàng dōng tǐng jìn。 zhè zhī dōng lù jūn de zhù lì jiù shì zhāng xiàn zhōng de bù duì。 tā de bù duì zuò zhàn yǒng měng， lián pò hé nán de gù shǐ hé 'ān huī de huò qiū děng zhōu xiàn， zhí zhǐ míng cháo de zhōng dū fèng yáng。
　　
　　 zuò wéi dōng lù jūn xiān fēng de zhāng xiàn zhōng bù duì， zài dà wù mí màn de qīng chén bāo wéi liǎo fèng yáng chéng。 bù dào bàn tiān gōng fū， jiù quán jiān liǎo shǒu wèi fèng yáng de liǎng wàn guān jūn， jī bì shǒu jiāng zhū guó zhèng děng rén， fú huò liǎo fèng yáng zhī fǔ yán róng xuān， bìng dāng zhe bǎi xìng de miàn， lìshǔ tā de zuì xíng hòu， chù yǐ sǐ xíng。 zhāng xiàn zhōng bǎ shèng lì pǐn hé fǔ kù lǐ de liáng shí， fēn gěi dāng dì de pín kǔ nóng mín， yòu jiào nóng mín hé sì xiāng bǎi xìng， kǎn guāng huáng líng de jǐ shí wàn zhū sōng bǎi， hái chāi chú liǎo zhōu wéi de jiàn zhù wù hé zhū yuán zhāng chū jiā de lóng xīng sì（ yòu míng huáng jué sì）， rán hòu fàng huǒ shāo liǎo huáng dì de zǔ fén。
　　
　　 zhè jiàn shì duì cháo tíng zhèn dòng hěn dà， chóng zhēn dì dé zhī xiāo xī hòu， lì jí chuān shàng sāngfú， páo dào tài miào， guì zài zǔ zōng de pái wèi xià fàng shēng dà kū； bìng xià lìng cháo tíng guān yuán sù yī sù shí bàn lǐ gōng wù， biǎo shì 'āi dào。 chóng zhēn dì chè liǎo bīng bù shàng shū de zhí， kǎn liǎo fèng yáng xún fǔ hé xún 'àn yù shǐ de tóu， yòu bǎ zǎo yǐ gé zhí xián zhù de wǔ shěng dū shī lā chū lái dìng liǎo sǐ zuì。 jìn guǎn rú cǐ yán lì， guān jūn réng rán dǎng bù zhù zhāng xiàn zhōng bù duì de zòng héng chí chěng hé jìn gōng。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng gōng xià fèng yáng hòu， yòu huī shī nán xià， jiē lián gōng kè lú zhōu（ jīn 'ān huī hé féi）、 ān qìng、 hé zhōu、 chú zhōu， yī zhí yán cháng jiāng dǎ dào jiāng sū de yí zhēng， yī lù suǒ xiàng pīmǐ。 hòu lái yòu huí shī xiàng xī， jīng yīng shān、 huò shān， tóng mǎ shǒu yìng bù huì shī yú hú běi má chéng。 jiē zhe， cóng hú běi jìn rù hé nán， yòu jìn rù shǎn xī， yóu shāng luò dǎ huí guān zhōng。 zhāng xiàn zhōng zhuǎn zhàn qiān lǐ， hū dōng hū xī， xuǎn zé guān jūn de bó ruò huán jié， dǎ pò liǎo guān jūn qǐ tú zài zhōng yuán wéi jiān yì jūn de zhàn lüè jìhuà。 zhāng xiàn zhōng huí dào guān zhōng hòu， yǔ gāo yíng xiáng zài fèng xiáng huì hé。 yòu zài shǎn xī yǔ míng cháo bīng bù shàng shū hóng chéng chóu tǒng shuài de guān jūn jìn xíng liǎo jǐ cì zhàn dǒu， hóng chéng chóu shǒu xià de dàjiàng， rú 'ài wàn nián、 cáo wén zhào děng réndōu bèi yì jūn zhǎn shā， guān jūn sǔn shī cǎn zhòng。 yì jūn suì zhuǎn 'ér zhí chā hé nán。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn jiǔ nián（ 1636） chū， yì jūn bù duì yǐ fā zhǎn zhuàng dà dào jǐ shí wàn rén， zài hé nán huì hé shí， cháng lián yíng bǎi lǐ， ér dāng shí zhāng xiàn zhōng de bù duì jiù yòu shí wàn rén yǐ shàng。 jiǔ yuè， chuǎng wáng gāo yíng xiáng bù xìng yù fú bèi fú， zhuàng liè xī shēng。 lǐ zì chéng děng dà bù zhuǎn zhàn yú tóng guān yǐ xī dì qū， zhāng xiàn zhōng suǒ bù suì chéng wéi tóng guān yǐ dōng dì qū guān jūn gōng jī de zhù yào mù biāo。 zhāng xiàn zhōng suǒ bù zhuǎn zhàn yú 'è、 yù、 wǎn shí， duō cì dǎ bài guān jūn。“ rù hé nán xí pò xǔ zhōu， shā zuǒ liáng yù xiōng”， huò wù zī jù wàn。 sān yuè， zài 'ān qìng jiā diàn de zhàn dǒu zhōng yòu jī bì míng jiāng pān kě dà děng rén。 dàn shì， yóu yú yì jūn gè bù quē fá tǒng yī bù shǔ hé xié tóng xíng dòng， měi bù gè zì wéi zhàn， chóng zhēn shí yī nián（ 1638） chūn， gè lù yì jūn jūn lián zāo cuò zhé。 tè bié shì chóng zhēn shí nián（ 1637） sì yuè， míng cháo bīng bù shàng shū、 nèi gé dà xué shì yáng sì chāng cèhuà liǎo“ sì zhèng”、“ liù yú”、“ shí miàn zhāng wǎng” de wéi jiǎo zhàn lüè， lǐ zì chéng zài shǎn xī zāo dào jǐ cì shī bài， liú guó néng děng yě zài hé nán guī shùn cháo tíng， dū gěi zhāng xiàn zhōng de duì wǔ dài lái liǎo jù dà de kùn nán。 zhāng xiàn zhōng zài jìn xí nán yáng de zhàn dǒu zhōng bèi zuǒ liáng yù jūn jī bài， běn rén yě shòu liǎo shāng， xìng bèi bù xià sūn kě wàng lì jiù tuō xiǎn， suì dài bù duì tuì jū gǔ chéng（ jīn shǔ hú běi）。 zài guān jūn de qiáng dà gōng shì xià， wèile bǎo cún shí lì， zhāng xiàn zhōng zài gǔ chéng、 luó rǔ cái zài yún yáng， fēn bié jiē shòu liǎo bīng bù shàng shū xióng wén càn de“ zhāo fǔ”。 shòu“ zhāo fǔ” hòu， zhāng xiàn zhōng jù jué jiē shòu gǎi biān hé diào qiǎn， bù jiē shòu guān xián， bǎo chí liǎo dú lì xìng。 tā bǎ sì wàn rén de bù duì fēn bù zài zǒng bù gǔ chéng de sì jiāo， fēn sì yíng， gè shè yī yuán dàjiàng shuài lǐng。 zài xiū zhěng qī jiān， jí cǎo tún liáng， dǎ zào jūn qì， zhāo bīng mǎi mǎ， xùn liàn shì zú。 zhāng xiàn zhōng hái jīng cháng qǐng rén gěi tā jiǎng《 sūn zǐ bīng fǎ》， bìng jié hé zhàn lì， zǒng jié jīng yàn hé jiào xùn， děng dài shí jī dōng shān zài qǐ。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn shí 'èr nián（ 1639） wǔ yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng zài gǔ chéng zhòng jǔ yì qí。 yì jūn hěn kuài dǎ kuǎ shǒu bèi gǔ chéng guān jūn， shā liǎo xiàn lìng ruǎn zhī diàn hé xún 'àn yù shǐ lín míng qiú， chāi huǐ chéng yuán， jié kù zòng qiú。 míng jiān jūn dào zhāng dà jīng hé mǎ tíng bǎo、 xú qǐ zuò bèi pò tóu jiàng。 zhāng xiàn zhōng lí kāi gǔ chéng shí， bǎ guān fǔ shàng xià dà xiǎo guān yuán xiàng tā suǒ huì de míng dān、 shù zì hé shí jiān， dū xiáng xì dì xiě zài chéng nèi wài de qiáng bì shàng， shǐ bǎi xìng kàn qīng liǎo míng cháo zhèng zhì de fǔ xiǔ。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng zài qǐ shí， luó rǔ cái、 mǎ shǒu yìng bù yě qǐ 'ér xiǎng yìng， bìng dào gǔ chéng yǔ zhāng xiàn zhōng huì hé。 yǐn fú zài shāng luò shān zhōng de lǐ zì chéng yě zhòng zhěng qí gǔ， jīng hú běi yún、 jūn dì qū jìn rù hé nán。 nóng mín qǐ yì de fēng huǒ， yòu yī cì zài zhōng yuán dà dì shàng xióng xióng rán shāo qǐ lái。
　　
　　 xióng wén càn dé zhī yì jūn zài qǐ de xiāo xī， lì jí diào zuǒ liáng yù hé luó dài lǐng bīng zhuī jiǎo。 zhāng xiàn zhōng jiāng dà jūn mái fú zài fáng xiàn yǐ xī de luó hóu shān， zhāng wǎng bù zhèn， bìng pài chū yī zhī duì wǔ yáng gōng bài tuì， yǐn yòu guān jūn rù shān， fú bīng wéi gōng， guān jūn yī wàn duō rén quán bù kuì sàn， luó dài bèi huó zhuō， zuǒ liáng yù diū kuī qì jiá， fú 'ān 'ér táo， lián jūn fú yìn xìn yě diū shī liǎo。 chóng zhēn dì yī nù zhī xià， chè liǎo xióng wén càn de zhí， bìng yú dài shā； zuǒ liáng yù jiàng sān jí， dài zuì suí jūn lì gōng。 jiē zhe， gǎi pài dà xué shì、 bīng bù shàng shū yáng sì chāng dū shī， zǒng dū yǐ xià bìng tīng jié zhì， zài cì zhǎn kāi duì nóng mín jūn de dà guī mó wéi jiǎo。
　　
　　 yáng sì chāng yī dào xiāng yáng， jiù pāo chū tā cèhuà de“ sì zhèng”、“ liù yú”、“ shí miàn zhāng wǎng” de zhàn lüè。 huì shī shí wàn， bìng xí hé nán、 sì chuān、 shǎn xī、 yún yáng zhū fǔ zhèn jiànglǐng， fēn 'ě chōng yào， zhù yào rèn wù shì quán lì wéi jiǎo zhāng xiàn zhōng hé lǐ zì chéng。 qǐ chū， zhāng xiàn zhōng bù liǎo jiě qíng kuàng， jiē lián shī lì， fēi cháng bèi dòng。 hòu lái tōng guò qíng bào mō qīng liǎo guān jūn dǐ xì， tā shuō fú luó rǔ cái， liǎng jūn lián hé， jiā qiáng liǎo yì jūn de lì liàng。 yì jūn“ yǐ zǒu zhì dí”、“ bì shí jī xū”、 chū méi wú cháng de zhàn shù duì fù guān jūn。 tóng shí， zhāng xiàn zhōng jiā qiáng liǎo qíng bào gōng zuò， pài chū hěn duō jī líng de jūn shì bàn chéng shāng rén xiǎo fàn， sì chù tàn tīng xiāo xī。 lǎo bǎi xìng yě cháng bǎ guān jūn de dòng xiàng gào sù yì jūn， hái cháng gěi zhāng xiàn zhōng de duì wǔ zuò xiàng dǎo。 yīn cǐ， néng jí shí zhǎng wò dí qíng， xùn sù cǎi qǔ jūn shì xíng dòng， dǎ dé guān jūn cuò shǒu bù jí。 rán hòu xùn sù zhuǎn yí， shǐ guān jūn mō bù qīng yì jūn de qù xiàng， nán yǐ zhuī jī。 guān jūn de zhù lì bù duì bù shì pū kōng， jiù shì zāo dào mái fú 'ér sǔn bīng zhé jiāng。 dàn shì， yì jūn bèi kùn zài guān jūn de bāo wéi juàn lǐ fēi cháng bù lì， suí shí dōuyòu bèi wéi jiān de wēi xiǎn。 wèicǐ， zhāng xiàn zhōng rèn wéi bì xū chè dǐ fěn suì guān jūn de wéi jiǎo jìhuà， tiào chū juàn wài qù zuò zhàn， cái néng gèng yòu lì dì dǎ jī guān jūn。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn shí sān nián（ 1640） rùn zhēngyuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng zài gǒu píng guān bèi zuǒ liáng yù jī bài， shuài bù tū rù sì chuān。 rù chuān tú zhōng， zài tài píng xiàn de mǎ nǎo shān yòu shòu dào zhèng chóng jiǎn hé zuǒ liáng yù de jiā jī， shāng wáng cǎn zhòng。 jiē zhe yòu shòu dào hú guǎng jūn、 sì chuān jūn hé shǎn xī jūn de zhuī jī dǔ jié， yì jūn lián shòu zhòngchuāng， tuì jū xīng 'ān guī zhōu shān zhōng， yòu bèi zuǒ liáng yù děng jūn wéi zhù， yì jūn xiàn yú kùn jìng。 wèicǐ， zhāng xiàn zhōng lì yòng yáng sì chāng hé zuǒ liáng yù de máo dùn， pài rén xié zhòng bǎo huì zuǒ liáng yù， shuō：“ xiàn zhōng zài， gù gōng jiàn zhòng。 gōng suǒ bù duō shā lüè， ér gé bù cāi qiě zhuān。 wú xiàn zhōng， jí gōng miè bù jiǔ yǐ。” zuǒ liáng yù dǒu zhì sōng xiè， zhāng xiàn zhōng chéng jī shōu jù sàn wáng， zài shān mín de bāng zhù xià， zǒu chū xīng 'ān， yǔ luó rǔ cái děng bù huì hé。 zhāng xiàn zhōng yòu lì yòng sì chuān xún fǔ shào jié chūn hé yáng sì chāng zhī jiān de máo dùn， jí zhōng bīng lì， měng gōng shào jié chūn fáng shǒu de xīn níng（ jīn sì chuān kāi jiāng）。 shào jié chūn gēn běn méi yòu xiǎng dào yì jūn rú cǐ shén sù， guān jūn yī chù jí kuì。 yì jūn tū pò xīn níng fáng xiàn hòu， shùn lì dì jìn rù liǎo sì chuān。 yì jūn de rù chuān， dǎ pò liǎo yáng sì chāng de wéi jiǎo jìhuà， bìng zài jūn shì shàng yě cóng fáng yù zhuǎn rù liǎo jìn gōng。 yáng sì chāng gāng bì zì yòng， mǎn yǐ wéi guān jūn yǐ bǎ zhāng xiàn zhōng 、 luó rǔ cái děng bù bāo wéi zài 'è、 chuān、 shǎn sān shěng jiāo jiè dì qū， shèng lì zài wò liǎo。 dàn shí jì shàng shì“ zǒng dū zhī lìng bù néng xíng yú jiàngshuài， jiàngshuài zhī lìng bù néng xíng yú shì zú”。 zhāng xiàn zhōng jìn liàng bì miǎn yǔ guān jūn dǎ zhèn dì zhàn， ér cǎi qǔ“ yǐ zǒu zhì dí” de cè lüè， yī zhòu yè néng xíng sān bǎi yú lǐ， kuài sù liú dòng， cháng cháng bǎ guān jūn gǎo dé gù cǐ shī bǐ， fù bèi shòu dí， pí yú bènmìng。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn shí sān nián shí 'èr yuè， yáng sì chāng yǎn kàn wú fǎ xiāo miè yì jūn， jiù cǎi yòng“ zhāo fǔ” bàn fǎ， wàng tú fēn huà wǎ jiě。 tā xuān bù shè miǎn luó rǔ cái zuì， guī jiàng zhě shòu yǐ guān zhí， wéi bù shè zhāng xiàn zhōng ， yòu néng qín huò zhāng xiàn zhōng zhě shǎng wàn jīn， fēng hóu jué。 dàn dì 'èr tiān yáng sì chāng zhù dì de qiáng bì shàng jiù chū xiàn“ yòu néng zhǎn dū shī lái xiàn zhě， shǎng yín sān qián” de bù gào。 yì jūn zhēn fēng xiāng duì de huí jī， shǐ dé yáng sì chāng fēi cháng jù sàng， bìng huái yí zuǒ yòu dū tōng yì jūn。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn shí sì nián（ 1641） zhēngyuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng yǐ zài sì chuān zhuǎn zhàn liǎo jìn bàn nián。 zhè shí， yì jūn zài kāi xiàn huáng líng chéng bèi guān jūn zuǒ liáng yù bù zhuī jí， zuǒ bù cān jiāng liú shì jié、 yóu jī guō kāi lì lì jí chū zhàn， yì jūn yǐ yì dài láo， zhāng xiàn zhōng chōu chū yī zhī jīng bīng rào dào guān jūn hòu fāng chū jī。 zuǒ liáng yù táo zǒu， liú shì jié、 guō kāi lì bèi jī bì， guān jūn jiàngshì sǐ shāng guò bàn， yì jūn huò dé quán shèng。
　　
　　 jiē zhe， zhāng xiàn zhōng huī shī chū chuān， yī zhòu yè jí xíng jūn， bīng fēng zhí zhǐ 'è zhōng。 dāng yì jūn dào dá dāng yáng shí， zhù shǒu de guān jūn hái zài shuì mèng zhī zhōng。 zhāng xiàn zhōng hái zuò liǎo yī shǒu gē yáo cháo xiào guān jūn：“ qián yòu shào xún fǔ（ shào jié chūn）， cháng lái tuán zhuǎn wǔ； hòu yòu liào cān jūn（ liào dà hēng）， bù zhàn suí wǒ xíng。 hǎo gè yáng gé bù（ yáng sì chāng）， lí wǒ sān tiān lù！”
　　
　　 èr yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài bù gōng kè xiāng yáng。 xiāng yáng shì míng cháo de jūn shì zhòng zhèn， jūn xū xiǎng yín， dū jù jí zài chéng nèi。 zhāng xiàn zhōng yǐ suǒ huò xiǎng yín， fēn shí wàn liǎng zhèn jì jī mín， bìng jiāng xiāng wáng zhū yì míng hé guì yáng wáng zhū cháng fǎ děng chǔsǐ。 yì jūn shòu dào bǎi xìng de yōng hù， huān shēng léi dòng。 zhì cǐ， zhāng xiàn zhōng wán quán fěn suì liǎo yáng sì chāng de“ sì zhèng liù yú” jìhuà， chè dǐ cuī huǐ liǎo tā suǒ wèi de“ shí miàn wǎng”。 yáng sì chāng tīng shuō zhāng xiàn zhōng huī jūn chū chuān， jí máng táo huí yí chāng。 zài shā shì tā dé zhī lǐ zì chéng gōng pò luò yáng， shā liǎo fú wáng de xiāo xī， zì zhī sǐ zuì nán táo， yīn 'ér yōu jù 'ér sǐ。 zuǒ liáng yù bèi xiāozhí， dài zuì lǐng bīng。
　　
　　 yì jūn jiē zhe yòu dù cháng jiāng gōng xià fán chéng， yǔ luó rǔ cái hé bīng běi shàng。 sì yuè， gōng yìng shān bù xià， zhuǎn gōng suí zhōu， kè zhī。 liù yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài bù dǎ nán yáng， dōng lüè xìn yáng。 qī yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng yòu xiàn yún xī， zhì xìn yáng。 yáng sì chāng sǐ hòu， chóng zhēn dì mìng shǎn xī sān biān zǒng dū dīng qǐ ruì jiē rèn dū shī， jì xù wéi jiǎo yì jūn。 yuán zài yī biān guān wàng bù zhàn de zuǒ liáng yù， yì shuài bù qián lái zhuī jī zhāng xiàn zhōng 。 qiū bā yuè zhāng xiàn zhōng zài xìn yáng wéi zuǒ liáng yù bù suǒ bài， dài shāng chū shāng chéng， zǒu yīng shān fāng xiàng， yòu bèi wáng yǔn chéng jī bài，“ zhòng dào sàn qiě jìn， cóng qí zhǐ shù shí”。 zài cǐ zhī qián， luó rǔ cái yǔ zhāng xiàn zhōng bù hé， tóubèn liǎo chuǎng wáng lǐ zì chéng。 xìn yáng bài hòu， zhāng xiàn zhōng yě wǎng tóu lǐ zì chéng。 lǐ zì chéng“ yǐ bù qū yù zhī， bù cóng， zì chéng yù shā zhī”， wéi luó rǔ cái zǔ zhǐ。 luó rǔ cái sī zèng wǔ bǎi qí， zhāng xiàn zhōng zì hé nán jīng 'ān huī dōng xià。 zhè shí， lǐ zì chéng de yì jūn zhèng wéi gōng kāi fēng。 dū shī dīng qǐ ruì hé zuǒ liáng yù děng guān jūn zhù lì， dū běi shàng jiù yuán kāi fēng。 nián dǐ， zhāng xiàn zhōng chéng jiān xiàn bó zhōu， rù yīng、 huò shān qū， yǔ“ gé zuǒ wǔ yíng” xiāng jiàn，“ gé zuǒ wǔ yíng” shì yóu lǎo huí huí mǎ shǒu yìng、 gé lǐ yǎn hè yī lóng、 zuǒ jīn wáng hè jǐn、 zhēng shì wáng liú xī yáo、 luàn dì wáng lìn yǎng chéng wǔ yíng lián jūn zǔ chéng de。 cóng cǐ， yì jūn de shēng shì yòu fù zhèn。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn shí wǔ nián（ 1642） èr yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài huì hé hòu de yì jūn， gōng xiàn shū chéng、 liù 'ān， jìn kè lú zhōu， shā zhī fǔ zhèng lǚ xiáng。 yòu lián xià wú wéi、 lú jiāng， bìng zài cháo hú xùn liàn shuǐ jūn。 jiē zhe yòu dǎ bài liǎo zǒng bīng guān huáng dé gōng、 liú liáng zuǒ de guān jūn。 zhāng xiàn zhōng yì jūn de shèng lì， shǐ“ jiāng nán dà zhèn”。 fèng yáng zǒng dū gāo dǒu guāng、 ān qìng xún fǔ zhèng 'èr yáng bèi dài zhì， qǐ yòng mǎ shì yīng dài zhī。 shí yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng yì jūn bèi guān jūn liú liáng zuǒ bù jī bài， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài bù xī zǒu dān shuǐ。“ gé zuǒ wǔ yíng” běi tóu lǐ zì chéng。 zuǒ liáng yù wéi bì lǐ zì chéng， jìn chè hú guǎng bīng dōng xià。 zhāng xiàn zhōng chéng jī gōng zhàn huáng méi。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn shí liù nián（ 1643） zhēngyuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài bù chéng yè gōng xià dān zhōu。 sān yuè， yì jūn lián xià dān shuǐ、 huáng zhōu、 má chéng。 zài má chéng， zhāng xiàn zhōng zhāo mù dé shù wàn rén。 wǔ yuè， yì jūn xī qǔ hàn yáng， cóng yā dàn zhōu dù guò cháng jiāng， xùn sù gōng zhàn wǔ chāng fǔ chéng。 wǔ chāng wéi chǔ wáng zhū huá kuí de wáng fǔ suǒ zài dì。 shǒu chéng guān lì wén fēng 'ér táo， chǔ wáng suǒ mù bīng wéi zhī nèi yìng， dà kāi chéng mén yíng jiē yì jūn。 zhāng xiàn zhōng chǔsǐ chǔ wáng hòu，“ jìn qǔ gōng zhōng jīn yín gè bǎi wàn， niǎn zài shù bǎi chē bù jìn”。 fā yín liù bǎi yú wàn liǎng， zhèn jì wǔ chāng、 hàn yáng、 liù 'ān děng dì jī mín。
　　
　　 zài wǔ chāng， zhāng xiàn zhōng zì chēng“ dà xī wáng”， jiàn lì liǎo dà xī nóng mín zhèng quán。 shè liù bù hé wǔ jūn dū dū fǔ， jí wěi pài dì fāng guān lì。“ gǎi wǔ chāng yuē tiān shòu fǔ， jiāng xià yuē shàng jiāng xiàn”， bìng kāi kē qǔ shì， zhāo lǎn rén cái， gòng lù qǔ jìn shì sān shí míng， lǐn shàn shēng sì shí bā míng， dū shòu yǐ zhōu xiàn guān zhí。 zhè shí， lǐ zì chéng yě zài xiāng yáng jiàn hào chēng wáng， bìng duì zhāng xiàn zhōng zhàn jù wǔ chāng shí fēn bù mǎn。 lǐ zì chéng shǐ rén hè yuē：“ lǎo huí huí yǐ jiàng， cáo gé zuǒ jiē sǐ， xíng jí rǔ yǐ。” cǐ shí， zuǒ liáng yù bīng fù xī shàng， dà xī zhèng quán guān lì duō bèi qín shā。“ xiàn zhōng jù， móu qù zhī”。 liǎng jìng xiāng jiē， xíng chéng liǎo bìng lì de liǎng dà nóng mín jūn shì lì。 zhāng xiàn zhōng lì ruò， wú fǎ yǔ lǐ zì chéng duì kàng。 bā yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài bù nán xià hú nán， yǐ 'èr shí wàn zhòng bīng gōng zhàn yuè zhōu。 suí hòu jìn gōng cháng shā， míng zǒng bīng yǐn xiān mín、 hé yī dé tóu jiàng。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng zhàn jù cháng shā hòu， xuān bù miǎn zhēng sān nián shuì liáng。 jiē zhe， yòu gōng qǔ héng zhōu jí qí suǒ shǔ zhōu xiàn， suǒ dào zhī chù， yì jūn jì lǜ yán míng。 qīng rén liú xiàn tíng jìzǎi shuō：“ yú wén zhāng xiàn zhōng lái héng zhōu， bù lù yī rén， yǐ wèn lóu shèng gōng， zé guǒ rán yě。”
　　
　　 jiǔ yuè， yì jūn gōng zhàn yǒng zhōu， bīng wēi suǒ zhèn， shǐ guǎng dōng nán xióng、 sháo zhōu shǔ xiàn de guān bīng“ bū cuàn yī kōng”。 míng fēn xún nán sháo fù shǐ wáng sūn lán xià dé zì yì 'ér sǐ。 shí yuè， yì jūn zhàn lǐng yáng sì chāng lǎo jiā cháng dé fǔ wǔ líng xiàn， duì yáng sì chāng fù zǐ jí qí jiā zú zhàng shì zuò 'è de zuì xíng jìn xíng liǎo qīng suàn。 zhāng xiàn zhōng fā de lìng pái yuē：“ zhào dé zhū（ zhū） zéi yáng mǒu， xī nián céng diào tiān xià bīng mǎ， gǎn kàng tiān bīng， mǒu xìng zǎo sǐ yú wú rěn（ rèn） yǐ。 jīn guò wǔ líng， nǎi bǐ fáng wū tǔ tián， fén mù zài cǐ。 zhǐ bù guī shùn zú yǐ， wèihé shuān tóng xiāng shēn shì shù， dào chù lì tuán。 hé jiāng jiǔ zú jìn zhū， fén mù jìn jué， fáng wū jìn xíng shāo huǐ； bà zhàn tǔ tián， chá hái xiǎo mín。 yòu zhuō yáng xìng yī rén zhě， shǎng yín shí liǎng； zhuō qí zǐ sūn xiōng dì zhě， shǎng qiān jīn。 wèicǐ pái yǎng gāi fǔ。” shuō míng yì jūn duì guān shēn 'è bà de wú bǐ zēng hèn。
　　
　　 zài yì jūn gōng zhàn wǔ líng de tóng shí， zhāng xiàn zhōng lǐng bīng xiàng jiāng xī píng xiāng jìn gōng， xiàn wànzǎi， fēn bīng liǎng lù gōng xià yuán zhōu。 yuán zhōu shì jiāng yòu mén hù， shī qù yuán zhōu， zé“ jiāng yòu quán shěng jiē huài， zé liǎng guǎng yān hóu duàn， ér jīn líng zhī fān lí chè yǐ” ④。 zài zuǒ liáng yù guān jūn de fǎn gōng xià， yuán zhōu yòu wéi guān jūn duó qǔ。 yóu yú zuǒ liáng yù bù shì bīng bào nüè， míng tíng bèi pò chè huí qí bīng， yǐ zhāo mù dāng dì bīng shù shǒu。 zhāng xiàn zhōng lì yòng guān jūn diào huàn de shí jī， tū xí jí 'ān， lián zhàn jí shuǐ、 yǒng xīn、 ān fú、 tài hé děng xiàn， bìng fēn shè dì fāng guān lì， ān fǔ bǎi xìng， zài cì duó huí yuán zhōu。 shí 'èr yuè， zài jiāng xī zǒng dū lǚ dà qì dài bīng fǎn pū xià， jí 'ān děng xiàn yòu xiān hòu shī xiàn。 zhāng xiàn zhōng zài jiāng xī shòu zǔ hòu， suí jí huí shī zài jù yuè zhōu。 míng tíng jí pài zuǒ liáng yù yí zhèn wǔ chāng， bìng fēn bīng liǎng lù， yī gōng yuè zhōu， yī gōng jiāng xī yuán zhōu， liǎng dì zài dù gěi guān jūn zhàn lǐng。 wèicǐ， zhāng xiàn zhōng jué dìng běi shàng， zài jiā yú（ jīn hú běi jìng nèi） yán jiāng yī dài mái fú bù duì， dà bài zuǒ liáng yù de jīng ruì bù duì， shǐ“ liáng yù jūn， suì bù zhèn”。 zhāng xiàn zhōng yòu zài yán tú shōu jiàng guān jūn， biān wéi xīn fù yíng， jūn róng jiào qián gèng shèng。 zhè shí， zhāng xiàn zhōng kòng zhì liǎo hú nán quán bù， jí hú běi nán bù， guǎng dōng、 guǎng xī běi bù de guǎng dà dì qū。 wèile jiāng lái de fā zhǎn， zhāng xiàn zhōng jué dìng jìn jūn sì chuān。
　　
　　 chóng zhēn shí qī nián（ 1644） zhēngyuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài bù xiàng sì chuān jìn fā。 yì jūn gōng kè kuí zhōu，“ zhì wàn xiàn， shuǐ zhǎng， liú tún sān yuè”。 jiē zhe， lián kè liáng shān、 zhōng zhōu hé fú zhōu， jī bài zǒng bīng cáo yīng， pò fó tú guān， míng cháo sì chuān zǒng bīng qín liáng yù shuài bīng lái zhàn， yì bèi yì jūn jī bài。 yì jūn gōng kè lú zhōu hòu， yú liù yuè 'èr shí rì zhàn lǐng chuān běi zhòng zhèn chóngqìng。 cóng hàn zhōng táo lái de ruì wáng zhū cháng hào、 xún fǔ chén shì qí、 bīng bèi fù shǐ chén xūn、 zhī fǔ wáng xíng jiǎn děng yī pī míng cháo zōng shì hé guān liáo， bèi yì jūn fú huò bìng chù sǐ。 qī yuè chū sì rì， zhāng xiàn zhōng mìng liú tíng jǔ shǒu zhòng qìng。 tā qīn zì shuài yì jūn， fēn sān lù xiàng sì chuān shǒu fǔ chéng dū tǐng jìn。 yán lù zhōu xiàn“ wàng fēng wǎ jiě， fēng huǒ shù bǎi lǐ bù jué， chéng dū dà zhèn”。 sì chuān xún fǔ lóng wén guāng yóu shùn qìng chí yuán chéng dū， yòu diào zǒng bīng liú zhèn fān jí fù jìn tǔ bīng shǒu chéng。 yī shí“ chéng dū yuán bīng sì jí， xiàn zhōng shǐ qí zhòng wěi wéi yuán bīng， hùn rù chéng zhōng， lóng wén guāng bù néng biàn”。 bā yuè chū qī rì， yì jūn cóng sì miàn tóng shí gōng chéng， lǐ yìng wài hé， sān rì chéng pò。
　　
　　 bā yuè chū jiǔ rì， nóng mín jūn gōng kè chéng dū。 míng fān chéng dū wáng zhū zhì shù、 tài píng wáng zhū zhì lù zì shā， sì chuān xún fǔ lóng wén guāng、 xún 'àn yù shǐ liú zhī bó、 àn chá fù shǐ zhāng jì mèng děng míng cháo pài zhù sì chuān de zhù yào guān yuán yīn jù bù tóu jiàng， jūn bèi nóng mín jūn chǔsǐ。“ chū， lǐ zì chéng shǐ mǎ kē rù chuān， gōng xiàn shùn qìng。” jiǔ yuè， mìng jiāng mǎ kē jù shǒu mián zhōu， zhāng xiàn zhōng pài 'ài néng qí wǎng gōng zhī bù kè， qīn zì qù zhǐ huī， mǎ kē bài zǒu hàn zhōng。 shí yuè， lǐ dìng guó gōng kè bǎo níng； sūn kě wàng xià lóng 'ān， shǐ wáng yùn xíng shǒu zhī， yòu shuài bīng gōng mào zhōu， kè zhī。 jiē zhe， ài néng qí yòu gōng kè yǎ zhōu。 zhì cǐ， sì chuān dà bù dì qū bèi zhāng xiàn zhōng de nóng mín jūn suǒ kòng zhì。
　　
　　 shí yī yuè shí liù rì， zhāng xiàn zhōng zài chéng dū chēng dì， jiàn guó hào“ dà xī”， gǎi yuán“ dà shùn”， yǐ chéng dū wéi xī jīng。 dà xī zhèng quán jiàn lì hòu， shè zhì zuǒ yòu chéngxiàng， liù bù shàng shū děng wén wǔ guān yuán。 mìng“ wāng zhào lín wéi zuǒ chéngxiàng， yán xī mìng wéi yòu chéngxiàng”。 yǐ wáng guó lín、 jiāng dǐng zhèn、 gōng wán jìng děng wéi shàng shū。 dà xī zhèng quán bān xíng《 tōng tiān lì》， shè qián jú zhù“ dà shùn tōng bǎo” xíng yòng。 kāi kē qǔ shì， xuǎn bá sān shí rén wéi jìn shì， rèn wéi jùn xiàn gè guān。 dà xī zhèng quán xuān bù， duì xī nán gè zú bǎi xìng“ juān miǎn biān jìng sān nián zū fù”。 zhāng xiàn zhōng de hào lìng sēn yán， bù xǔ“ shàn zì zhāo bīng”，“ shàn shòu mín cí”，“ shàn qǔ běn tǔ fù nǚ wéi qī”， wéi zhě zhèng fǎ。 zhāng xiàn zhōng fēng sì gè yǎng zǐ wéi wáng， sūn kě wàng wéi píng dōng wáng， liú wén xiù wéi fǔ nán wáng， lǐ dìng guó wéi 'ān xī wáng， ài néng qí wéi dìng běi wáng。
　　
　　 zài jūn shì shàng， dà xī zhèng quán shè wǔ jūn dū dū fǔ， zhōng jūn wáng shàng lǐ， qián jūn wáng dìng guó， hòu jūn féng shuāng lǐ， zuǒ jūn mǎ yuán lì， yòu jūn zhāng huà lóng。 fēn bīng yī bǎi 'èr shí yíng， yòu“ hǔ wēi、 bào tāo、 lóng tāo、 yīng yáng wéi sù wèi”， shè dū dū lǐng zhī。 chéng wài shè dà yíng shí， xiǎo yíng shí 'èr， zhōng zhì lǎo yíng， míng wéi yù yíng， xiàn zhōng jū zhī。 yòu mìng sūn kě wàng wéi píng dōng jiāng jūn， jiān shí jiǔ yíng； lǐ dìng guó wéi 'ān xī jiāng jūn， jiān shí liù yíng； liú wén xiù wéi fǔ nán jiāng jūn， jiān shí wǔ yíng； ài néng qí wéi dìng běi jiāng jūn， jiān 'èr shí yíng。 fēn bīng sì chū，“ suì jù yòu quán shǔ”。
　　
　　 bù jiǔ， sì chuān gè dì de míng cháo jiànglǐng céng yīng、 lǐ zhàn chūn、 yú dà hǎi、 wáng xiáng、 yáng zhǎn、 cáo xūn děng， fēn fēn jù jí bīng mǎ， xí jī dà xī nóng mín jūn， tú shā dà xī zhèng quán dì fāng guān yuán， gěi dà xī zhèng quán hěn dà wēi xié。 duì cǐ， zhāng xiàn zhōng jìn xíng liǎo yán lì de zhèn yā。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng mìng sūn kě wàng wǎng qǔ hàn zhōng， bèi lǐ zì chéng bù jiāng hè zhēn jī bài。 zhāng xiàn zhōng qīn wǎng jiù yuán， dào jīng zǐ tóng qī qū shān，“ yǎng shì shén miào， tí 'é zhāng xìng， yuē：‘ cǐ wú zǔ yě。’ zhuī shàng zūn hào， yuē shǐ zǔ gāo huáng dì”。 mìng xiū miào kè shí sì zhī。 bù jiāng liú jìn zhōng rù jù bǎo níng fǔ， bù jiāng mǎ yuán lì kè shùn qìng shǒu zhī。 yǐ yǒu nián yuán dàn guò hòu， zhāng xiàn zhōng yú chū sān rì duì bù xià shuō：“ sān guó yǐ lái， hàn zhōng yuán shǔ sì chuān， jīn wú dìng dū yú chuān， bù qǔ hàn zhōng， nán miǎn tā rén dé lǒng wàng shǔ hū？ wén chuǎng wáng qiǎn mǎ kuàng shǒu hàn zhōng， kuàng yōng cái 'ěr， ruò bù zǎo qǔ， tā rì yì yǐ néng rén， zé nán tú yě。” wèile bǎo zhèng sì chuān de 'ān quán， tā pài píng dōng、 hǔ wēi 'èr jiāng jūn， xiàng běi píng dìng hàn nán dì qū。 yòu mìng dū dū zhāng guǎng cái zǎo miè céng yīng， yǐ biàn dǎ kāi dōng xià de dào lù。 shí liù rì， nóng mín jūn qí míng、 zhāng guǎng cái liǎng jūn qí fā， bù zhī lǐ zì chéng yǐ hè zhēn dài mǎ kuàng。 jiēguǒ dà xī jūn de sān wàn bīng mǎ bèi hè zhēn bù jī bài。
　　
　　 dà shùn 'èr nián（ qīng shùn zhì 'èr nián， 1645） xià， nán míng fú wáng hóng guāng zhèng quán miè wáng。 shí yī yuè， qīng cháo yòng jiǎo fǔ jiān shī de cè lüè yī miàn yǐ hé luò huì wéi dìng xī dàjiàng jūn jìn jiǎo sì chuān， yī miàn pài rén xià zhào yòu jiàng zhāng xiàn zhōng ， quàn shuō tā guī shùn qīng cháo。 zhào shū shuō：“ zhāng xiàn zhōng qián cǐ rǎo luàn， jiē míng cháo zhī shì”， biǎo shì liàng jiě，“ zhāng xiàn zhōng rú shěn shí tiān shí， shuài zhòng lái guī， zì dāng yōu jiā zhuó xù， shì shì zǐ sūn， yǒng xiǎng fù guì”。 bìng wēi xié shuō“ cháng chí yán guān wàng， bù zǎo yíng jiàng， dà jūn jì zhì， huǐ zhī wú jí”。 rán 'ér zhāng xiàn zhōng zhì zhī bù lǐ， fǎn 'ér zēng qiáng liǎo kàng qīng de jué xīn。 zhè shí， hé luò huì shuài lǐng de qīng jūn bèi shǎn xī de yì jūn suǒ qiān zhì， suǒ yǐ yī zhí méi yòu rù chuān。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng de dà xī zhèng quán hé nóng mín jūn， chú liǎo yǔ míngzhāozài sì chuān de cán yú jūn duì duì kàng wài， hái yào tóng sì chuān de dì zhù wǔ zhuāng zuò dǒu zhēng。 yuán chuān shǎn zǒng dū fán yī héng réng rèn yuán zhí， nán míng zhèng quán yòu rèn mìng yuán dà xué shì wáng yìng xióng wéi bīng bù shàng shū zǒng dū chuān hú yún guì jūn wù， bìng cì shàng fāng bǎo jiàn biànyíxíngshì， zhù zhā zūn yì， zhù chí duì zhāng xiàn zhōng zuò zhàn。 shì nián sān yuè， míng sì chuān xún fǔ mǎ qián pài fù jiāng céng yīng dài bīng gōng xiàn chóngqìng。 jiē zhe， gé bù wáng yìng xióng huì bīng zūn yì， fù jiāng yáng zhǎn、 tú lóng、 mò zōng wén、 jiǎ dēng lián děng qǐng fù chuān nán。“ qǐ gān liáng chén wéi zǒng tǒng， fù yǐ hóu tiān xī、 tú lóng， hé cān jiāng yáng zhǎn， yóu jī mǎ yìng shì、 yú cháo zōng suǒ xié kuì zú， dé sān wàn rén。” yú sān yuè gōng xiàn xù zhōu， dà xī nóng mín jūn sǔn shī yī qiān yú rén。 shí fù jiāng cáo yīng、 cān zhèng liú lín cháng jí bù jiāng yú dà hǎi、 lǐ zhàn chūn、 zhāng tiān xiāng děng， dū shòu fán yī héng jié zhì， yòu bīng shí yú wàn。 tā men bù duàn dì xiàng nóng mín jūn fā dòng gōng jī， wàng tú huī fù shī dì。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng shí zhù zhā jīn shān pū， yù sù qīng xīn fù bù jiān zhě， liú jìn zhōng jiàn yuē：“ shēng líng bù kě wàng shā yě。” zhāng xiàn zhōng bù nà， fǎn diào liú jìn zhōng huí jīn shān pū huì jiǎo， liú jìn zhōng yí zhī， suì xiàng běi zǒu tóu qīng jūn。
　　
　　 dà shùn sān nián chū， qīng cháo gǎi pài sù qīn wáng háo gé wéi jìng yuǎn dàjiàng jūn， hé wú sān guì děng tǒng shuài mǎn hàn dà jūn， quán lì xiàng dà xī nóng mín jūn pū lái。 dāng shí， míng cān jiāng yáng zhǎn lǐng bīng fù duó chuān nán zhōu xiàn， shuài shī běi zhǐ， yǔ zhāng xiàn zhōng de bù duì jī zhàn yú péng shān de jiāng kǒu， zhāng xiàn zhōng dà bài， tuì huí chéng dū。 yáng zhǎn yóu nán miàn bī xiàng chéng dū。 wáng yìng xióng yòu pài céng yīng wéi zǒng bīng， wáng xiáng wéi cān jiāng， lián shī jìn gōng， zǔ dǎng nóng mín jūn de dōng xià。 tā men duì dà xī nóng mín jūn jìn xíng fēng kuáng de xí jī， yán zhòng dì wēi xié zhe dà xī nóng mín zhèng quán。 duì cǐ， zhāng xiàn zhōng zhēn fēng xiāng duì， jǐyǔ jiān jué de huí jī。 wǔ yuè， háo gé shuài qīng jūn gōng zhàn hàn zhōng。
　　
　　 qī yuè， wèile běi shàng shǎn xī kàng jī qīng jūn， zhāng xiàn zhōng jué dìng fàng qì chéng dū。 bìng“ jìn shā qí qī qiè， yī zǐ shàng yòu， yì pū shā zhī”。 tā duì sūn kě wàng shuō：“ wǒ yì yī yīng xióng， bù kě liú yòu zǐ wéi rén suǒ qín， rǔ zhōng wéi shì zǐ yǐ。 míng cháo sān bǎi nián zhèng tǒng， wèi bì jù jué， yì tiān yì yě。 wǒ sǐ， ěr jí guī míng， wú wéi bù yì。” biǎo míng liǎo zhāng xiàn zhōng lián míng kàng qīng de jué xīn。 jiē zhe， fēn qí bīng wéi sì， bìng mìng lìng sì wèi jiāng jūn， gè shuài bīng shí yú wàn xiàng shǎn xī jìn fā。 jiǔ yuè jiān， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài bù lí kāi chéng dū， běi shàng yíng jī qīng jūn。 shí yī yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng dà jūn zhā yíng yú xī chōng fèng huáng shān。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng zhī sǐ
　　 dāng shí xíng shì jǐn zhāng， yuán dà xī jūn jiànglǐng liú jìn zhōng pàn biàn hòu， xiān zài hé zhōu（ jīn sì chuān hé chuān） tóng míng jūn céng yīng gòu jié， hòu yòu chū bǎo níng（ jīn sì chuān làng zhōng） qù， tóu jiàng liǎo nán xià de qīng jūn tǒng shuài háo gé。 qīng jūn yǐ liú jìn zhōng wéi xiàng dǎo， dài lǐng qīng jūn jìn rù chuān běi。 shí yī yuè 'èr shí liù rì， háo gé pài hù jūn tǒng lǐng 'áo bài děng jiànglǐng， fēn shuài bā qí hù jūn qīng zhuāng jí jìn， chū qí bù yì， duì nóng mín jūn fā qǐ tū rán xí jī。 èr shí qī rì chén， qīng jūn gé tài yáng xī yǔ zhāng xiàn zhōng de nóng mín jūn xiāng yù。 miàn duì zhè yì wài de tū rán lái xí， zhāng xiàn zhōng lín jí yìng zhàn， zhǐ huī nóng mín jūn mǎ bù bīng fēn liǎng miàn kàng jī qīng jūn。 zhè shí， qīng jūn tǒng shuài háo gé shuài dà jūn jì zhì， qiǎn cān lǐng gé bù kù děng xiàng nóng mín jūn yòu yì jìn gōng， dū tǒng zhǔn tǎ gōng jī nóng mín jūn zuǒ yì。 zhàn dǒu dǎ dé fēi cháng jī liè， qīng jūn jiànglǐng gé bù kù děng bèi nóng mín jūn jī bì， nóng mín jūn yě zāo dào liǎo cǎn zhòng de sǔn shī。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng “ chū bùwèi bèi， wén bīng zhì， yóu yǐ wéi tā kòu， shēn yī mǎng bàn bì， yāo chā sān shǐ， yǐn yá jiāng lín hé shì zhī。” liú jìn zhōng wéi qīng jiāng zhǐ diǎn shuō：“ cǐ bā dà wáng yě。” qīng jiāng jí fā 'àn jiàn shè zhī， zhāng xiàn zhōng bù xìng zhōng jiàn。 shí nián jǐn sì shí 'èr suì。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng sǐ hòu， tā de bù zhòng“ yǐ jǐn rù guǒ shī， mái yú pì chù， ér dùn”。 qīng jūn“ qiú dé fā 'ér zhǎn zhī， xiāo qí shǒu yú chéng dū”。 lìng jù qīng jìng yuǎn dàjiàng jūn hé shuò sù qīn wáng háo gé děng zòu bào：“ chén shuài shī yú shí yī yuè 'èr shí liù rì zhì nán bù， zhēn dé nì zéi zhāng xiàn zhōng ， liè yíng xī chōng xiàn jìng， suí lìng hù jūn tǒng lǐng 'áo bài、 bā tú lǔ děng， fēn lǐng bā qí hù jūn xiān fā。 chén tǒng dà jūn xīng yè jiān chéng jì jìn， yú cì rì lí míng dǐ xī chōng。 xiàn zhōng jìn shuài mǎ bù zéi bīng jù shī， áo bài děng fèn jī dà pò zhī， zhǎn xiàn yú zhèn。” dàn shì yòu liáng xīn de qīng nián lì shǐ xué jiā méi yòu fā xiàn qīng jūn bào gào zhāng xiàn zhōng shī tǐ de wén jiàn。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng sǐ hòu， tā de bù jiāng sūn kě wàng、 lǐ dìng guó、 liú wén xiù、 ài néng qí、 féng shuāng lǐ děng shuài lǐng nóng mín jūn xiàng nán， zài chóngqìng shòu dào míng jūn céng yīng bù de zǔ jī， nóng mín jūn jī bì shǒu jiāng céng yīng hòu， jì xù xiàng guì zhōu fāng xiàng zhuǎn yí。 hòu yǔ nán míng lián hé， gòng tóng kàng jī qīng jūn， zhuǎn zhàn zài xī nán gè shěng de guǎng dà dì qū， jiān chí liǎo jìn 'èr shí nián， zhí dào qīng cháo de kāng xī chū nián。
　　
　　 fù : zhāng xiàn zhōng qiān chuán chén yín zhī mí
　　300 duō nián qián， zhāng xiàn zhōng xié dài dǎ jié 'ér lái de qiān chuán jīn yín zhū bǎo cóng chéng dū shùn shuǐ nán xià， zài sì chuān péng shān xiàn jiāng kǒu zhèn“ lǎo hǔ tān” yī dài zāo dào chuān xī guān liáo yáng zhǎn de tū xí， qiān chuán jīn yín zhū bǎo jué dà dū fēn suí chuán duì chén luò jiāng zhōng； 300 duō nián lái， zhè yī shǐ shí chéng wéi chuán shuō。 4 yuè 20 rì， péng shān xiàn chéng kāi jiàn yǐn shuǐ gōng chéng， yī shī gōng duì zài mín jiāng“ lǎo hǔ tān” hé chuáng shàng yòng wā jué jī kāi wā pū shè guǎn dào de gōu cáo shí， yī chǎn jiù chǎn chū yī kǔn gòng 10 méi yín dìng。 jù péng shān xiàn wén guǎn bù mén chū bù jiàn dìng， zhè pī bèi wā jué chū tǔ de yín dìng wéi míng dài guān yín， tā wéi pò jiě zhāng xiàn zhōng zài cǐ“ qiān chuán chén yín” zhī mí zhǎo dào liǎo zhèng jù。
　　
　　 kāi wā xiǔ mù fù zhōng gǔn chū yín dìng
　　
　　 jù jīn tiān《 huá xī dū shì bào》 bào dào， 4 yuè 20 rì shàng wǔ， péng shān xiàn mín jiāng dà qiáo fù jìn de lǎo hǔ tān hé chuáng yǐn shuǐ gōng chéng jiàn shè gōng dì yī pài máng lù。 10 shí 30 fēn zuǒ yòu， yī liàng wā jué jī zhào lì cóng hé chuáng 3 mǐ shēn chù jué qǐ yī chǎn shā tǔ， kě shì bàn suí zhè chǎn shā tǔ luò dì de， hái yòu yī jié hēi bù liù qiū xiàng xiǔ mù yī yàng de dōng xī。 zhè xiǔ mù cóng wā jué jī dǒu zǐ lǐ gǔn luò dào dì miàn hòu， zhǎ yǎn jiān， yī méi méi wū hēi fā liàng de“ tiě tuó tuó” chēng pò xiǔ mù de dù zǐ gǔn liǎo chū lái， yī nóng mín jīng jiào：“ yín zǐ！ yín zǐ！” zhōu wéi de rén lì jí wéi shàng lái， jǐn jǐ fēn zhōng， yín dìng jiù bèi jiǎn shí dé yī gè bù liú。
　　
　　 bǎo hù quán lì zǔ zhǐ yín dìng wài liú
　　
　　 jiù zài yín dìng bèi wéi guān qún zhòng jiǎn zǒu hòu， gōng dì fù zé rén xùn sù xiàng péng shān xiàn wén tǐ jú yǐ jí péng shān xiàn zhèng fǔ bàn gōng shì huì bào qíng kuàng。 péng shān xiàn wén wù zhù guǎn děng xiāng guān bù mén fù zé rén xùn sù gǎn wǎng xiàn chǎng， jìn xíng kān yàn diào chá， quán lì shè fǎ zǔ zhǐ chū tǔ yín dìng wài liú。 péng shān xiàn wén tǐ jú、 gōng 'ān jú lì jí zǔ chéng qīng chá xiǎo zǔ， pài chū 'èr sān shí rén shēn rù shuāng jiāng děng cūn mō dǐ diào chá， xiàng qún zhòng xuān chuán wén wù bǎo hù fǎ， gǔ lì qún zhòng bǎ jiǎn dào de yín dìng zì jué juān xiàn chū lái， bìng yóu péng shān xiàn zhèng fǔ xiàng juān xiàn wén wù de qún zhòng jìn xíng jiǎng lì。 mù qián gāi xiàng gōng zuò shàng zài jìn xíng zhī zhōng。
　　
　　 kāi fā shìdàng shí hòu zài xiàn yí zhǐ
　　
　　 zuó rì， zài péng shān xiàn wén guǎn suǒ， jì zhě yòu xìng mù dǔ liǎo yī méi yín dìng。 dàn jiàn yín dìng wū hēi zhōng fàn zhe liàng guāng， qí biān yuán suī yòu xiē cán sǔn， dàn yín dìng shēn shàng zhù zào shí dǎ shàng de“ chóng zhēn 16 nián 8 yuè， wén yín 50 liǎng” zì yàng qīng xī kě jiàn。 àn zhào bāo zhuāng de róng jī jì suàn， wā jué chū de yín dìng yìng wéi 10 méi。
　　
　　 jù péng shān xiàn wén tǐ jú jú cháng xiè kāi yuǎn jiè shào， 300 duō nián lái， zhāng xiàn zhōng zài péng shān xiàn jiāng kǒu zhèn chén yín zhī shuō yī zhí shì shì rén nán jiě de yī dào mí tuán。 cǐ cì wā jué chū tǔ de yín dìng， wú lùn cóng yín dìng běn shēn hái shì qí wài bāo zhuāng， dū yǔ shǐ liào jìzǎi xiāng wěn hé， cóng 'ér zhèng shí liǎo zhāng xiàn zhōng 300 duō nián qián zài cǐ chén yín zhī shuō wán quán fú hé lì shǐ zhēn shí。 wén tǐ jú jiāng zài shìdàng shí hòu zài xiàn zhāng xiàn zhōng chén yín yí zhǐ。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng de yī zhuāng gōng 'àn
　　 héng héng cóng chéng dū dà bēi sì tú lù shì zǐ shì jiàn shuō qǐ
　　 gěng fǎ
　　
　　 míng chóng zhēn shí liù nián（ gōng yuán 1643 nián） shí yī yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng shuài dà xī jūn zhù lì kāi jìn sì chuān， dì 'èr nián bā yuè gōng zhàn chéng dū， chú shǎo shù dì qū wài， sì chuān shěng jué dà bù fēn dōuyǐ chǔyú dà xī jūn guǎn xiá zhī xià。 zhāng xiàn zhōng suì zhèng shì jiàn lì dà xī zhèng quán， tā běn rén chū chēng dà xī guó wáng， suí jí yòu chēng dì， dìng nián hào dà shùn， yǐ chéng dū wéi xī jīng， shǔ wáng fǔ dǐ wéi gōng diàn。 jǐn jǐn gé liǎo yī nián， jí dà shùn 'èr nián（ 1645 nián）， zài zhāng xiàn zhōng yī shǒu cèhuà xià， chéng dū fā shēng liǎo yī zhuāng jǔ shì hǎn jiàn、 hài rén tīng wén de tú shā dú shū rén de shì jiàn。
　　
　　 zhè nián shí yī yuè， zhāng xiàn zhōng xuān bù jǔ xíng“ tè kē” kǎo shì， xià lìng gè fǔ xiàn shēng yuán yī lǜ qián wǎng chéng dū fù kǎo， wéi mìng zhě yǐ jūn fǎ lùn chù。 yú shì， gè dì shì zǐ luò yì bù jué cóng shuǐ lù、 lù lù bèi sòng wǎng chéng dū， jí zhōng zài dà bēi sì。 dài gè dì shì zǐ jī běn dào qí hòu， zhāng xiàn zhōng tū rán zhǎo jiè kǒu pài zhòng bīng bāo wéi dà bēi sì， jiāng quán bù yìng shì shì zǐ tǒng tǒng shā sǐ， sǐ zhě rén shù dá wǔ qiān duō rén。 zhè zhēn shì sì chuān dú shū rén gèn gǔ wèi yòu de yīcháng hào jié。 dà bēi sì yī shí shī jī rú shān， xuè liú chéng hé， bǐ mò chéng qiū zhǒng， shǐ chēng dà bēi sì tú lù shì zǐ shì jiàn。 yuán lái， suǒ wèi“ tè kē” kǎo shì yā gēn 'ér shì gè jīng xīn cèhuà de piàn jú。 zhāng xiàn zhōng yīn dà xī zhèng quán de gè dì guān yuán bù duàn bèi sì chuān dì fāng shì lì bǔ shā， sì chuān gè dì fǎn kàng dà xī zhèng quán de làng cháo yuè lái yuè měng liè， yú shì qiān nù yú sì chuān bǎi xìng， yóu qí qiān nù yú sì chuān de wén huà rén， rèn wéi gè dì shēng yuán shì shì shēn jiē céng de zhù tǐ yǔ jīng yīng， xià jué xīn dà guī mó bào fù， shè xià zhè yī jì cè jù 'ér jiān zhī， yī wǎng dǎ jìn。 zhěng gè sì chuān shěng jǐn yǎ 'ān yī dì yóu yú dà xī zhèng quán zhù dāng dì jiān jūn hǎo mèng xuán shì xiān zhī xī nèi qíng， yòu xīn shēng yì zhì， mì móu fǎn shuǐ， yú shì wěi zào zhāng xiàn zhōng de zhào shū yuē：“ yǎ xì biān dì， chéng píng shí zì zhuān xīn wén mò， jīn qiāng yí bù shí qiè fā， jiǔ yǐ qì shī shū 'ér shì gān lǔ yǐ。 bīn xīng zhī diǎn， yí sì yì rì。” suì jiāng yǐ jīng qǐ chéng zài tú zhōng de yǎ zhōu shēng yuán quán bù zhuī huí， shǐ tā men xìng miǎn yú nán。 sì chuān qí tā gè dì shēng yuán jīhū bèi yī wǎng dǎ jìn。 cǐ shì jiàn duì sì chuān zhī shí wén huà jiè shì gè zhì mìng zhòngchuāng， rú cǐ duì dú shū rén shè xià yìng shì piàn jú jiā yǐ jí tǐ xuè xīng tú shā zhě， zài zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng yě shì jué wú jǐn yòu de。
　　
　　 rú hé kàn dài dà bēi sì tú lù shì zǐ shì jiàn？ lì dài shǐ jí shàng dū bǎ cǐ shì zuò wéi zhāng xiàn zhōng zài sì chuān dà tú shā de zuì zhuàng zhī yī， yǔ cǐ shì bìng tí de hái yòu gāi nián shí yī yuè 'èr shí 'èr rì zhāng xiàn zhōng hàn rán xià lìng jiāng chéng dū“ chéng nèi jū mín yī lǜ shā jué”， jūn duì bǎ jū mín qū gǎn dào chéng dū nán mén jí tǐ jiù xíng， shā rén wú shù， jiē zhe chuán lìng gè xiāng zhèn cūn mín“ jūn kě yí jū chéng dū chéng nèi wéi jīng dū jū mín”， hòu lái yòu yī bǎ dà huǒ jiāng chéng dū fén huǐ， qí zhuàng cǎn jué rén huán。 jiě fàng hòu yī xiē shǐ jiā yīn zhāng xiàn zhōng shì nóng mín qǐ yì lǐng xiù， duì cǐ huò huì mò rú shēn， bù zhì yī cí， huò bù gù shǐ shí， qiān fāng bǎi jì wéi zhāng xiàn zhōng biàn hù kāi tuō， bāo kuò xuè rǎn dà bēi sì shì jiàn hé tú shā chéng dū shì mín shì jiàn zài nèi。 biàn hù de lǐ yóu zhù yào shì： zhāng xiàn zhōng shì míng mò nóng mín qǐ yì de jié chū lǐng xiù， fēng jiàn tǒng zhì zhě chū yú jiē jí chóu hèn， xù yì kuā dà qí shā rén shù zì， wū miè zhāng xiàn zhōng “ tú shǔ”； zhāng xiàn zhōng zài chéng dū jiàn lì zhèng quán chū qī， bìng méi yòu dà kāi shā jiè， xiāng dāng zhòng shì yán lǎn sì chuān dì fāng rén cái， kāi kē qǔ shì， yě zhèng shì wèile yán lǎn rén cái， céng jīng kāi kē liǎng cì， yìng shì zhě pō wéi yǒng yuè； zhǐ shì hòu lái yóu yú sì chuān guān shēn dì zhù dà sì pàn luàn， xíng shì rì yì yán jùn， nán míng hóng guāng cháo tíng cǐ shí yòu chéng liǎo sì chuān guān shēn dì zhù xīn mù zhōng de zhèng tǒng qí zhì， yán zhòng wēi xié dào dà xī zhèng quán de shēng sǐ cún wáng， zhāng xiàn zhōng cái bù dé bù dà kāi shā jiè； dāng rán zhāng xiàn zhōng běn rén yóu yú lì shǐ jú xiàn xìng，“ zhèn fǎn” chǎn shēng guò jī xíng wéi， shā rén miàn guò kuān liǎo xiē， dǎo zhì dà xī zhèng quán zhú jiàn sàng shī mín xīn， zhè yě shì yīngdāng jì qǔ de lì shǐ jiào xùn。 kàn lái， zhè zhǒng guān diǎn sì hū biàn zhèng dé hěn， yī shí chōng chì yú gè zhǒng lì shǐ shū jí。 nà shí， shuí yào lùn zhèng yī xià zhāng xiàn zhōng xiōng cán de lì shǐ zhēn shí miàn mào， jiē lù zhāng xiàn zhōng shè“ tè kē” kǎo shì piàn jú， xuè xīng tú shā dú shū rén de zuì 'è xíng jìng， shì yào mào zhàn zài wū miè nóng mín qǐ yì de fǎn dòng lì chǎng shàng de zhèng zhì fēng xiǎn de。
　　
　　 fēng jiàn tǒng zhì zhě duì zhāng xiàn zhōng “ tú shǔ” què shí yòu kuā dà qí cí de yī miàn， rú《 míng shǐ》 juàn sān líng jiǔ zhōng shuō zhāng xiàn zhōng “ gòng shā nán nǚ liù wàn wàn yòu qí”， xiǎn rán shì xù yì kuā dà liǎo， míng dài hòu qī dāng shí quán guó rén kǒu zǒng shù zhǐ yòu liù qiān duō wàn。 dàn shì zhāng xiàn zhōng zài sì chuān xuè xīng tú shā mín zhòng hé zhī shí fènzǐ bì jìng shì shǐ shí， jué bù néng yīn wèitā shì nóng mín qǐ yì lǐng xiù 'ér huí bì， huò zhě xún zhǎo zhǒng zhǒng jiè kǒu yǐ kāi tuō、 jiǎn qīng、 dàn huà qí zuì zé。 yǐ dà bēi sì tú lù shì zǐ shì jiàn lái shuō， zhāng xiàn zhōng jué bù shì 'ǒu rán xīn xuè lái cháo yī shí chōng dòng zhī jǔ。 jiù qián liǎng cì kāi kē qǔ shì 'ér yán， zǎo yǐ yǐn hán zhe xuè xīng wèi。 zhāng xiàn zhōng guī dìng“ wèi qǔ tóng shēng bù xǔ duǒ shǎn， yǐ zhōng zhě bù dé níng jiā， wèi zhōng zhě bù dé zài xiāng jū zhù”，“ xiù cái zài xiāng zào yán shēng shì， bìng jiā juàn jìn qū rù chéng zhōng， shí rén yī jié， yī jiā yòu shì， lián zuò jiǔ jiā”。 hái guī dìng shuí jiā ruò yòu fù xiōng dǎn gǎn zǔ náo zǐ dì fù shì， bì jiāng shòu dào yán chéng。 zhè zhǒng bà wáng yìng shàng gōng shì de“ kāi kē qǔ shì” qǐ shì zūn zhòng dú shū rén？ qǐ bù xià pò lǎo bǎi xìng de dǎn？ cū tōng wén mò de zhāng xiàn zhōng hángwǔ duō nián， yōng yòu qiáng dà de jūn shì shí lì， mǎn nǎo zǐ chēng wáng chēng dì sī xiǎng， tā dài biǎo de shí jì shàng shì yī zhǒng yóu mín sī xiǎng hé yóu mín wén huà， duì wén huà rén shǐ zhōng bào zhe miè shì、 chóu hèn、 dīfáng、 kòng zhì hé lì yòng de tài dù， cháng ruò wén huà rén shāo bù shùn cóng， biàn yào qí rén tóu luò dì。 tā yú dà shùn 'èr nián 'èr yuè shí sān rì lì de yī kuài“ shèng yù bēi”， pō néng biǎo míng tā de zhēn shí sī xiǎng， bēi wén zhǐ yòu liǎng jù huà：“ tiān yòu wàn wù yǔ rén， rén wú yī wù yǔ tiān。 guǐ shén míng míng， zì sī zì liàng。” zhè lǐ de“ tiān”， zhǐ de jiù shì tā zì jǐ， tā rèn wéi zì jǐ dài biǎo shàng tiān， yǐ jiāng wàn wù 'ēn cì yú sì chuān de bǎi xìng， ér sì chuān de bǎi xìng yòu fù yú tā de dà 'ēn dà dé， shí zài wàng 'ēn fù yì， tā duì sì chuān mín zhòng bǎi xìng shì jí qí shī wàng 'ér yuàn hèn de。 tā shēn zhī， guǎng dà shēng yuán jí dú shū rén shì lǎo bǎi xìng de tóu nǎo， shì shēn jiē céng de gǔgàn， shì tā zuì nán jià yù de rén qún。 yī dàn xíng shì biàn dé yán jùn， biàn dé yú tā bù lì， tā jiù yào duì sì chuān bǎi xìng dà kāi shā jiè， shǒu dāng qí chōng de dāng rán shì xiān chú qù dú shū rén zhè yī xīn fù zhī huàn。 wéi dá cǐ mùdì， zhāng xiàn zhōng zhè gè wǔ fū méi yòu rèn hé gù jì， jìng gǎn mào tiān xià zhī dà bù wěi， shè xià“ tè kē” kǎo shì piàn jú， bù xī gōng rán shī xìn yú pǔ tiān xià yìng shì shì zǐ， yī shǒu zhì zào liǎo xuè xǐ dà bēi sì cǎn 'àn。 duì zhè zhǒng miè jué rén xìng、 miè jué wén huà de jí qí yě mán de shòu xìng， bì xū háo bù liú qíng dì jǐyǔ jiē lù hé shēn kè pī pàn， zhè cái shì lì shǐ wéi wù zhù yì de zhèng què tài dù。
　　
　　 jù《 shǔ pò jìng》 jìzǎi， mǒu rì wǎn， tā de yī yòu zǐ jīng guò táng qián， zhāng huàn zǐ wèi yìng， jí xià lìng shā zhī。 dì 'èr tiān chén qǐ hòu huǐ， zé wèn qī qiè men zuó wǎn wèihé bù jiù， yòu xià lìng jiāng zhū qī qiè yǐ jí shā yòu zǐ de dāo fǔ shǒu xī shù shā sǐ。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng xué zhū yuán zhāng bō rén pí，“ xiān shī yú shǔ fǔ zōng shì， cì jí bù qū wén wǔ guān， yòu cì jí xiāng shēn， yòu cì jí běn yíng jiāng shēng。 fán suǒ bō rén pí， shèn yǐ shí huī， shí yǐ dào cǎo， zhí yǐ zhú gān， chā lì yú wáng fǔ qián jiē zhī liǎng bàng， jiā dào lěi lěi， liè qiān bǎi rén， yáo wàng rú sòng zàng yǒng”。 zhāng xiàn zhōng chuàng zào liǎo xǔ duō shā rén de míng táng， pì rú pài qiǎn jiāng jūn men sì miàn chū jī，“ fēn tú gè zhōu xiàn”， míng yuē“ cǎo shā”。 shàng cháo de shí hòu， bǎi guān zài xià biān guì zhe， tā zhāo hū shù shí zhǐ gǒu xià diàn， gǒu wén shuí jiù bǎ shuí lā chū qù zhǎn liǎo， zhè jiào“ tiān shā”。 tā xiǎng shā dú shū rén， jiù kāi kē qǔ shì， jiāng shù qiān sì chuān xué zǐ piàn lái shā guāng。
　　
　　 měi tú shā yī dì， dū xiáng xì jì lù suǒ shā rén shù， qí zhōng jì yòu rén tóu jǐ dà duī， rén shǒu zhǎng jǐ dà duī， rén 'ěr duǒ jǐ dà duī。 dǎ xià má chéng hòu， tā bǎ fù nǚ de xiǎo jiǎo kǎn xià lái duī chéng shān， dài zhe tā zuì xīn 'ài de yī gè xiǎo qiè qù cān guān。 xiǎo qiè xiào zhe shuō：“ hǎo kàn hǎo kàn， zhǐ shì měi zhōng bù zú， yào zài yòu yī shuāng xiù měi de xiǎo jiǎo fàng zài dǐng duān， jiù zài hǎo yě bù guò liǎo。” zhāng xiàn zhōng xiào mǐ mǐ dì shuō：“ nǐ de jiǎo jiù zuì xiù měi。” yú shì bǎ xiǎo qiè de jiǎo duǒ xià lái fàng dào“ shān jiān” shàng。 zhāng xiàn zhōng bīng bài kuì tuì， gèng shì shā fù nǚ yān zì hòu chōng jūn liáng。 rú yù shàng yòu yùn zhě， bào fù yàn qí nán nǚ。 duì huái bào zhōng yīng yòu 'ér zé jiāng qí pāo zhì kōng zhōng， xià yǐ dāo jiān jiē zhī， guān qí shǒu zú fēi wǔ 'ér qǔ lè。 shāo dà yī xiē de 'ér tóng huò shàonián， zé shù bǎi rén yī qún， yòng chái xīn diǎn huǒ wéi chéng juàn， shì bīng juàn wài yòng máo jǐ cì shā， kàn qí hūháo luàn zǒu yǐ zhù xīng zhì。
　　
　　《 wēn jiāng xiàn zhì》 shàng shuō， wēn jiāng xiàn yóu yú zhāng xiàn zhōng de tú jiǎo，“ rén lèi jǐ miè”。 zhāng xiàn zhōng sǐ qù shí sān nián hòu（ 1659 nián） qīng chá hù kǒu， quán xiàn jǐn cún 32 hù， nán 31 dīng， nǚ 23 kǒu，“ zhēn zhēn mǎng mǎng， rú tiān dì chū bì”。 mín guó《 jiǎn yáng xiàn zhì》 juàn shí jiǔ：“ míng mò bīng huāng wéi lì， gài chéng kuàng yě， jǐn cún tǔ zhù 14 hù”。
　　
　　 zhōng guó shǐ shàng xiǎng gǎi cháo huàn dài de liú máng jūn fá， hù xiāng cán shā qǐ lái bǐ rèn hé réndōu lì hài， jiù shì wèile bù ràng duì shǒu huò dé tǔ dì yǔ rén mín， bù ràng duì shǒu bǐ zì jǐ gèng qiáng dà， nìngyuàn yī qiēdōu huǐ miè！
　　
　　 mǎn zú zhēng fú hàn zú， shǐ zhōng guàn chè yī gè jì dìng fāng zhēn： tú shā。 duì měnggǔ rén hé cháo xiān rén què bù shì zhè yàng。 nǔ 'ěr hā chì de qīng jūn zhàn lǐng liáo dōng dì qū hòu， xiān shì dān xīn dāng dì qióng rén wú fǎ shēng huó 'ér zào fǎn， bǎ liáo dōng dì qū de pín mín dū zhuā qǐ lái shā diào， chēng“ shā qióng guǐ”。 liǎng nián hòu， qīng jūn yòu pà liáo dōng de fù rén bù kān yā pò 'ér fǎn kàng， yòu bǎ liáo dōng dì qū de fù rén jīhū shā guāng， chēng wéi“ shā fù hù”。 gòng shā liáo mín 300 duō wàn， liáo dōng dì qū de hàn mín jī běn dài jìn。 huáng tài jí pò jǐn zhōu， sān rì sōu shā， fù rú bù miǎn； lüè Jǐnán， chéng zhōng jī shī 13 wàn。
　　
　　 yáng zhōu chéng pò， yáng zhōu dùn chéng dì yù， sǐ zhě dá 80 yú wàn。 bǐ dì yù gèng nán wàng shì rén mín yǐn jǐng shòu lù de chǎng miàn。 shǐ zài： zhǐ yào yù jiàn yī gè mǎn zú shì bīng，“ nán rén bù lùn duō guǎ， jiē chuí shǒu pú fú， yǐn jǐng shòu dāo， wú yī gǎn táo zhě。” yī gè qīng bīng， yù jiàn jìn wǔ shí míng qīng zhuàng nán zǐ， qīng bīng héng dāo yī hū：“ mán zǐ lái ! mán zǐ lái !” zhè xiē rén jiē zhàn zhàn jīng jīng， wú yī gǎn dòng。 zhè gè qīng bīng yā zhe zhè xiē rén ( wú kǔn bǎng ) qù shā rén chǎng， wú yī rén gǎn fǎn kàng， shèn zhì méi yī rén gǎn páo。 dào xíng chǎng hòu， qīng bīng hèlìng：“ guì !” hū lā lā quán bù guì dǎo， rèn qí tú shā。
　　
　　 jiāng yīn yī xiàn， jiù shā liǎo 17 wàn rén， quán chéng jǐn 50 rén xìng cún。 jiā dìng sān tú shā liǎo 50 duō wàn。 1649 nián zhàn lǐng hú nán xiāng tán hòu tú chéng； tóng nián píng dìng dà tóng de fǎn qīng yùn dòng， dà tóng quán chéng jūn mín bèi tú jìn，“ fù nì kàng jù” zhōu xiàn jí fén zhōu quán chéng yě bù fēn liáng yǒu yī gài tú shā； 1650 nián gōng pò guǎng zhōu shí tú chéng，“ tú lù shèn cǎn， jū mín jǐ wú jiào lèi …… lěi hái jìn chéng fù， xíng rén yú 'èr sān lǐ wài wàng rú jī xuě”。
　　
　　 zhāng xiàn zhōng yǔ qīng bīng rù qīn shǐ sì chuān rén kǒu yóu 600 duō wàn ruì jiǎn zhì 50 wàn， zhǐ shèng xià 10% zuǒ yòu。 zhěng gè zhōng guó，“ xiàn wú wán cūn， cūn wú wán jiā， jiā wú wán rén， rén wú wán fù”。 gǎn fǎn kàng de zhōng yǒng zhī shì jǐ bèi shā jìn， liú xià de dà dǐ shì yī xiē shùn fú de nú cái。 cǐ wài， mǎn qīng yòu shā miáo mín yī bǎi wàn， shā huí mín shù bǎi wàn， bǎ mò běi měnggǔ de zhǔn gé 'ěr bù luò shā dào zuì hòu yī gè yòu tóng！ zài shì jiè lì shǐ shàng dōushì hǎn jiàn de cán rěn！
　　
　　 mǎn qīng rù guān hòu， duì zhū jiā zōng shì， kě wèi cán kù zhì jí， chú lǔ wáng zhū yǐ hǎi yī xì táo zhì fěi lǜ bīn dé yǐ cún liú wài， qí yú jīhū quán bù zhǎn jìn shā jué。 chóng zhēn dì de zhǎngzǐ bèi duō 'ěr ɡǔn jiǎo sǐ， qí dì 'èr zǐ yǐn xìng mái míng zài mín jiān shù shí nián hòu， bù shèn bào lù liǎo shēn fèn， nián yǐ qī shí duō suì de tā， hé tā de liǎng gè 'ér zǐ réng bèi kāng xī dì xià lìng líng chí chǔsǐ， míng cháo yǒng lì dì jìn guǎn táo dào liǎo miǎn diàn， hái shì bèi qīng cháo zhuā huí yún nán， quán jiā bèi shā。
　　
　　 dà bēi sì tú lù shì zǐ shì jiàn， zài cì biǎo míng liǎo lì shǐ shàng nóng mín qǐ yì jí qí lǐng xiù rén wù de shí dài jú xiàn xìng hé zì shēn yán zhòng de quē xiàn。 jù tǐ dào zhāng xiàn zhōng ， cǐ rén bào lì chéng xìng， fǎn fù wú cháng， mù guāng duǎn qiǎn， quē fá qǐ mǎ de rén dào zhù yì hé zhèng zhì jiàn shí， dǎo zhì tā hòu lái yī shǒu zhì zào liǎo shù qǐ miè jué rén xìng de dà cǎn 'àn。 tā dāng liǎo duǎn mìng de piān jū yī yú de sì chuān tǔ huáng dì duì sì chuān bǎi xìng dāng rán shì gè zāinàn， dàn xiāng duì lái shuō yòu shí zài shì jiàn xìng shì， yīn wéi tā de quán lì suǒ xiàn zhǐ néng wēi hài sì chuān yī dì； cháng ruò tā zhēn de chéng wéi zhōng guó yī dài dì wáng， jiàn lì liǎo yī gè cháo dài， nà me bì rán shì yī gè huò hài quán guó bǎi xìng de bào jūn， zuì 'è jiāng dà dé duō， ér jué bù huì yòu shénme gāo zhān yuǎn zhǔ de zhèng zhì zuò wéi， duì zhōng guó lì shǐ jìn bù bù huì yòu rèn hé tuī dòng zuò yòng。 tā de xíng fá jí qí cán kù， bāo kuò ná huó rén bāopí zhī lèi。 tā de yì zǐ、 xīn fù sūn kě wàng yě xiàng tā yī yàng duō cì shǐ yòng bāopí kù xíng duì fù bù tīng cóng tā de zhù zhāng de chén mín。 yīn cǐ lǔ xùn xiān shēng shuō：“ dà míng yīzhāo， yǐ bāopí shǐ， yǐ bāopí zhōng， kě wèi shǐ zhōng bù biàn。”（《 qiě jiè tíng zá wén · bìng hòu zá tán》） zhāng xiàn zhōng de sī rén shēng huó gèng shì huāng yín wú chǐ， chēng dì zhī hòu jǐn hòu fēi jiù duō dá sān bǎi yú rén， bìng shǐ yòng dà pī tàijiàn yòng yú hòu gōng fú wù， tā de fǔ huà chéng dù yǔ lǐ zì chéng hòu qī xiāng bǐ yòu guò zhī 'ér wú bù jí。 tā yě tóng lì dài fēng jiàn tǒng zhì zhě yī yàng， xià lìng gè dì gōng bì yù huì， bù zhǔn rén men shǐ yòng“ xiàn” zì yǔ“ zhōng” zì， shèn zhì lián yǐ wǎng lì dài liú chuán xià lái de shí bēi shàng de“ xiàn” hé“ zhōng” zì dū yī lǜ yào chǎn diào， yǐ zhì hòu rén tàn xī“ shǔ wú wán bēi”。
　　
　　 yóu yú guō mò ruò xiān shēng《 jiá shēn sān bǎi nián jì》 de yǐng xiǎng jù dà， duì lǐ zì chéng dà shùn zhèng quán yīn jiāo 'ào zì mǎn、 fǔ huà tuì biàn 'ér zhāo zhì shī bài de lì shǐ jiào xùn， rén men tán lùn dé hěn duō， jiàn zhū bào kān de yòu guān wén zhāng yě yǐ bù shǎo， dàn duì yú yǔ lǐ zì chéng qí míng de lìng yī wèi zhòng yào de nóng mín qǐ yì lǐng xiù zhāng xiàn zhōng jí dà xī zhèng quán zé yòu suǒ hū lüè， yòu guān yán jiū wén zhāng yě jiào shǎo。 bǐ zhě xī wàng chóngtí zhāng xiàn zhōng tú lù dú shū rén de zhè yī zhuāng gōng 'àn， bǎ zhēn shí de lì shǐ gào sù rén men， yóu qí shì xià yī dài。

　　Zhang Xianzhong word Bingzhong, No. Xue Xuan, 30 years old Ming Dynasty (1606) was born September 18 Dingbian County in Shaanxi Province Liu Hao Tan Xiang Qucun (ancient name Fort Willow Stream), "Ming Shi" stated that he and Li Zi Cheng Health the same year, Zhang Xianzhong had read little book, adult to join the army for the Battle for the Detective, border troops. When the cut due to break the law, Lord Chenhong Fan View Forget the Words, whom mitigation in Chief General Officer WANG Wei, removal of heavy fighting 100 Jun Gun will never be living on the countryside. Ming Chongzhen three years (1630), Zhang Xianzhong respond positively to the anti-Ming Wang Jiayin call in Mizhi uprising, since the number eight king, a king for the West Camp Eight. The following year, to participate in the king own coalition, as one of 36 camps. He fought soon became the main leader of 36 business and to be able to seek and skilled Eight famous king. Wang Jiayin death, so join themselves with Li Zi Cheng Gao Yingxiang, Gao Yingxiang said Chuang Wang, Zhang Xianzhong, Li Zicheng No. daring general, Chongzhen eight years (1635) Participation in Xingyang the Council resolved to progress, Xian-zhong and Gao Yingxiang other Raiders were the East. Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zi Cheng Soon it began to break up due to small, Zhang Xianzhong troops to attack the Yangtze River, Yellow River Li Zicheng attack. Decade (1637), was clearly the Department of Army Chief General Officer Zuo Liangyu offensive, Zhang Xianzhong the mutinous troops severely damaged, wounded himself politically shaken. The following year the first month, Yijun Zhang Xianzhong rate headquarters stationed SPEED (now part of Hubei Province, Valley County) granted amnesty by the lieutenant-court. Resident Royal River, renamed Taiping town, to show truce. Zhang Xianzhong pacified, not according to the original arrangements for severance volunteer army, but did not participate in the Department of volunteers to fight Li Zicheng, but guarded by a military training to strengthen and maintain autonomy. Chongzhen year (1639), Zhang Xianzhong official corruption because of the endless bureaucracy of bribery and extortion, on their own difficulties, mistrust has been satisfied, together with the impact by Li Zicheng, May Chujiu a "avoid the virtual trace" " to take the enemy's speech, "the effective tactics, heavy lift reverse out of the banner. To take the enemy, fought in Sichuan border, to clear the military exhausted. 14 years, defeated the Ming forces in Kaixian Huangling City, a long drive out of Sichuan, breaking Xiangyang, Zhu Yi-Ming killing expedition, Gwangju, etc. into the break. Ming Yang Sichang illness-shek died in Warsaw. 16 years, according to Wuchang, Onishi said Wang. Soon grams of Changsha, announced that land tax exemption for three years, from those more public. Chongzhen 17 years (1644) 9 August break Chengdu, Tsun Fu Long Wenguang, King Shu Zhu Shu and concubines to all committed suicide, other officials were taken prisoner. Volunteers to enter the Chengdu-called army of 600,000, and soon controlled most parts of Sichuan, state, county, in Chengdu, known as the King of Qin Zhang Xianzhong first, then declared the establishment of Atlantic States, reign title Dashun. Establish a sound system, after the emperor, to Chengdu for the Xijing, the throne ascended the throne on August 16. Is the winter of despair, in an unprecedented degree of burning and destruction in Sichuan; to open branches to take persons under the pretext of killing intellectuals in Qingyang Taoist Temple, another pit in the park in Chengdu, China, killing the Guards 980,000, severance four general sub-Tu counties, hundreds of millions of treasure will be thrown into the Jinjiang River and the water discharge summary from that "doing nothing for future generations, is also" extremely brutal metamorphosis. Qing Shunzhi three years (December 1, 1646), the situation is getting tense, but sheets are pretentious to stomach. October 20, forces sufficient to reach the West County and North Sichuan border Yanting Zhang Xianzhong Phoenix slopes, killed by arrows. (Shot by Haug)
　　Chongzhen eight years (1635), and the brightest volunteer army is trapped in the Henan government troops. For out of encirclement, 13 volunteer army chief, held in Henan Xingyang military conference. Discuss the results, decided to divide our forces orientation, plan to break the siege of government troops. After the meeting, Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zi Cheng Chuang Wang Gao Yingxiang, led in the east march. Zhe Zhi Zhang Xianzhong Eastern Group is the main force troops. His forces fight fierce, Crack Gushi Henan and Anhui huoqiu other counties, directed at both the Ming Fengyang.
　　Chongzhen nine (1636) early, volunteer army forces had grown to hundreds of thousands, in Henan meet, often with Barry camp, the troops at a time when there are thousands of Zhang Xianzhong over. September, captured in an ambush Chuang Wang Gao Yingxiang unfortunately, died a heroic death. Li Zicheng fought in Tongguan most other areas west, east Tongguan Zhang Xianzhong his troops became the main objective of regional government troops attack. Zhang Xianzhong his troops fought in Hubei, Henan, Anhui, the repeated defeat government troops. "Into the state of Henan Province Xu Xi Po, killing Zuo Liangyu brother", was made goods giant million. March, the fighting in Anqing has killed the store next to Pan, who can be great. However, due to the lack of unified ministries volunteer army deployment and concerted action, each separately and Chongzhen 10 year (1638) spring, and the brightest volunteers to have suffered a setback. Particularly Chongzhen decade (1637) April, Ming Bingbushangshu, 内阁大学士 Yang Sichang planning the "four is" and "six corner", "10 face sheets net" encirclement strategy, Li Zi Cheng in Shanxi were several failures Liu Henan submission to the court, etc. Also, the team gave Zhang Xianzhong tremendous difficulties. Zhang Xianzhong into the attack in the battle were Zuo Liangyu Nanyang military defeat, I was hurt, fortunately was expected to force Sun to save his men out of danger, then bring troops retreated SPEED (modern Hubei). Strong offensive in the government troops, in order to preserve their strength, Zhang Xianzhong in Gokseong, Luo Rucai in Yunyang were accepted Bingbushangshu Xiongwen Can the "pacify." Subject to "pacify", the adaptation and Zhang Xianzhong refused to accept the assignment, do not accept the offering, he maintained his independence. He distributed four million people in the military headquarters in the suburbs Gokseong, four battalions, each with a commanding lead. During the break, set Tsaotun food, building weapons of war, recruiting, training his soldiers. Zhang Xianzhong often asked people to tell him, "Art of War", combined with wars, sum up experience and lessons, waiting for a chance to stage a comeback.
　　Zhang Xianzhong resurgence, the Luoru Cai, Ma Shou should also played while the Department of response, and to join Gokseong and Zhang Xianzhong. Hidden in the mountains in the business Luo Li Zicheng also rallied, with Hubei Yun, both into the Henan region. Peasant uprising in the war, once again burning up the Central Plains.
　　Yang Sichang one to Xiangyang, he put forward his plan of "four is" and "six corner", "10 net in face" strategy. Realignment of thousands, and Xi Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, all ask the town of Yunyang generals, red points briefly, its main task is to fully suppress Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng. At first, Zhang Xianzhong do not understand the situation, successive defeat, very passive. Later, through the ins and outs of information to find out the government troops, he persuaded Luoru Cai, military alliance, strengthened the power of volunteer army. Volunteer army "to take the enemy", "avoid the virtual strike" tactics of the Fuguan Jun haunted impermanence. Meanwhile, Zhang Xianzhong enhanced intelligence, sent a lot of clever sergeant dressed businessmen, hawkers, four lay ahead. People often tell the volunteers to the movement of government troops, but also often a guide to Zhang Xianzhong team. Therefore, to grasp the enemy, quickly to take military action, playing government troops by surprise. Then quickly transferred to the whereabouts of government troops lost in volunteers to difficult to chase. Not come away empty-handed government troops of the main forces that were ambushed soldiers off the expense will be. However, the volunteer army encirclement trapped in the government troops in a very negative, always has been to surround and annihilate the danger. To this end, Zhang Xianzhong that government troops crushed the siege must be thoroughly planned, getting bumped out to battle, to more effectively fight against government troops.
　　Chongzhen 10 years (1640) Run the first month, Ping Zhang Xianzhong off by Zuo Liangyu in Citrus medica defeat, led his troops broke into Sichuan. The way in Sichuan, in the Pacific County Agate Hill by Zheng Chongjian and Zuo Liangyu has the attack, suffered heavy casualties. Followed by Hubei and Hunan Army, Sichuan and Shaanxi army military chase intercept, volunteer army with serious injuries and retreated to the mountain state of Larix return, they were surrounded by Zuo Liangyu and other military, volunteer army in dire straits. To this end, using Yang Sichang and Zuo Liangyu Zhang Xianzhong contradiction sent to carry treasures bribery Zuo Liangyu, said: "Xianzhong in, so the public see the weight. Hall more Shalue Department, while the cabinet and special guess. No offer loyalty, that the public off numbered. "Zuo Liangyu fighting relaxed and everything is dead Zhang Xianzhong income opportunity, with the help of the mountain, out of Larix, and Luo Rucai Ministries join. Zhang Xianzhong took advantage of the spring and the Sichuan governor Shao Jie Yang Sichang contradiction between the concentration of troops, stormed the defense of the new spring Jie Shao Ning (now open river in Sichuan). Shao Jie Chun did not expect volunteers to so rapidly, government troops Yichujikui. Volunteers to break through after the new line of defense rather smoothly into Sichuan. Volunteer army of Sichuan, to break the encirclement of the Yang Sichang plan and the military from defensive to the offensive. Yang Sichang opinionated, thought that government troops have Zhang Xianzhong, Luo Rucai other units surrounded Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces border, won. But the fact is "that the Governor could not do in the generals, generals of the Order can not be OK in his soldiers." Zhang Xianzhong to avoid fighting with government troops positional warfare, and to "to take the enemy" strategy, one night can do it three hundred years, the rapid flow, often government troops Gaode loss, got hit, we were exhausted.
　　Then, Zhang Xianzhong commanded the troops on the River, a night forced march, soldiers pointing E in front. When the volunteers to arrive Dangyang, the presence of government troops are still sleep. Zhang Xianzhong also ridiculed government troops made a song: "before the governor Shao (Shao Jie spring), and often turn to group dance; joined the army after the Liao (Liao Daheng), no war as I can. A Good Young Court Unit (Yang Sichang), I am three days away from the road! "
　　Volunteers to capture Fancheng followed by crossing the Yangtze River, together with Luo Rucai soldiers north. April, the attack should be Mountain high, to offensive Suizhou, grams. Jun, Zhang Xianzhong led his troops to fight in Nanyang, Xinyang slightly east. In July, Zhang Xianzhong another depression Yunxi to Xinyang. Yang Sichang death, Chong Zhen Emperor ordered the Governor of Shaanxi Normal triangular Governor Ding Qirui take over and continue to suppress the volunteer army. In watching and waiting is not the original war Zuo Liangyu, also led the troops to come chase Zhang Xianzhong. Autumn in August in Xinyang Zhang Xianzhong defeated by the Department for the Zuo Liangyu, Injured a mall, take the direction of the British Mountains, was again defeated Wang Yuncheng, "Chung San Road, and do, from riding only dozens." Prior to this, Luoru Cai and Zhang Xianzhong substandard, they go to the Chuang Wang Li Zicheng. After the defeat of Xinyang, Li Zi Cheng Zhang Xianzhong also to vote. Rereading the "case of the-steps, not from, from as Yusha the" for Luo Rucai stop. Luo Rucai 500 private gifts to ride, Zhang Xianzhong from Henan Anhui East through the next. At this time, the volunteer army is besieging Kaifeng Li Zicheng. Governor Division Ding Qirui and Zuo Liangyu and other main government troops are north rescue Kaifeng. End of the year, Zhang Xianzhong by Bozhou between depression, into the United Kingdom, Huoshan area, and the "reform camp left five" each other, "reform of the fifth left Camp" is the old Ma Shou-Ying Hui, leather in eye He Yilong, left Kim He-Jin, Wang war world Xi-Yao Liu, Lin Wang disorder to develop a coalition composed of five battalions. Since then, the volunteer army's momentum and revitalization.
　　Chongzhen 15 years (1642) in February, after the volunteer army Zhang Xianzhong rate of convergence, capture Shucheng, Luan, into grams of Luzhou, killing prefect Zhenglv Xiang. Also with the next inaction, Lujiang, and training in the lake water forces. Then they defeated the Famous Official Huang Gong, Liu Liangzuo government troops. Zhang Xianzhong volunteers to victory, "South earthquake." Governor fighting Fengyang high light, Anqing governor Zhenger Yang caught governance of establishing MA Shi-ying replaced. October, Zhang Xianzhong volunteer army defeated by government troops Liu Liangzuo Department, led his troops in the West take Dan Zhang Xianzhong water. "Leather left five camps" Beitou Li Zicheng. Zuo Liangyu to avoid Li Zi Cheng, make withdrawal of troops east under Huguang. Huang Mei Zhang Xianzhong took the opportunity to capture.
　　Zhang Xianzhong occupied Changsha, declare the food tax exemption for three years. Then, they took it and their respective counties Hampshire, wherever, volunteer army discipline. Qing Liu Xianting record, said: "I heard Zhang Xianzhong to Hampshire, Slaughter is not one to ask Lou Shenggong, it really has."
　　While the volunteer army captured Wuling, Jiangxi Pingxiang Zhang Xianzhong led troops to attack, set trap million, two-way divide our forces capture Yuanzhou. Jiang Yuanzhou the right portal, lost Yuanzhou, the "right-Jiang province are bad, the Guangdong and Guangxi throat off, while the barriers Jinling withdraw carry on" ④. Zuo Liangyu government troops in the counter-offensive, the Yuanzhou it as government troops capture. Department of soldiers as Zuo Liangyu oppressive, Ming court was forced to withdraw its soldiers to recruit local soldiers guarding. Zhang Xianzhong use of government troops exchange time, raid Jian, even accounting for Yoshimizu, Yongxin, Anfu, Taihe counties, and is divided into local officials, to appease the people, back again Yuanzhou. In December, leading troops in Jiangxi Governor Lu amplifier counterattack, the Jian counties successively fall. Zhang Xianzhong blocked in Jiangxi immediately after return in triumph and then, according to Yuezhou. Issue from the town of Wuchang urgently send Zuo Liangyu shift and divide our forces for two-way, one attack Yuezhou, an attack Jiangxi Yuanzhou, both to government troops re-occupied. To this end, Zhang Xianzhong decided to go north, in the char (now Hubei Province) along the river ambush on troops, defeated Zuo Liangyu's elite troops, so that "Liangyu Army, then weak." Zhang Xianzhong again in closing down government troops along the way, compiled for the new subsidiary business, the military capacity than the former flourished. At this time, Hunan, Zhang Xianzhong control all, and the southern Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, large areas of the north. For future development, Zhang Xianzhong decided to enter Sichuan.
　　In the military setting Atlantic political power 5 Military Government, the military Wangshang Li, Jun Wang Dingguo before and after the military Pingshuang Li, left the military Mayuan Li, Long Zhang Youjun. Divide our forces 120 battalion, the "Tiger, leopard Tao, Tao Long, Ying Yeung for the Old Guard," leader of the military governor set. City peripherals Camp 10, a small business 12, in the old camps set, called the Royal camp, Xian-zhong home of. Sun Life is expected to level further east for the General Supervisor 19 camps; John Reading as Anxijiangjun, 16 prison camp; a Tool To ask the Southern General, 15 prison camp; Ai can be odd for the North, General Supervisor 20 camps. Divide our forces go out, "thus far have all Shu."
　　Dashun years (clean Shunzhi years, 1645) Xia, Nan Mingfu Wang Hongguang regime destruction. In November, and Shi Qing Fu with suppressing the strategy side in what will be the West Los large general military offensive in Sichuan, sent edict side Seductive Zhang Xianzhong, to persuade him to pledge allegiance the Qing Dynasty. Edict said: "Zhang Xianzhong previously disturbed, all things Ming," said the understanding, "Zhang Xianzhong know if the trial days, leading his men to return from Syria as excellent plus pull out the ages of children and grandchildren will enjoy a lasting wealth." And threatened to "wait and see if the delay is not welcome back down, army Ji Zhi, Huizhiwuji." Zhang Xianzhong ignored, however, have strengthened the determination against the Qing Dynasty. At this time, what will be led by Luo Qing's volunteer army was held in check in Shaanxi, Sichuan, it has not.
　　Dashun in early, Prince Su Qing reassignment to Jingyuan Haug Great General, and Wu Sangui and other Manchu army command, full to the Atlantic forces impinge upon the peasants. At that time, Yang Ming will participate in exhibition wins to lead the troops complex southern Sichuan counties, rates of division north, south, and Zhang Xianzhong Pengshan troops fighting in the estuary, Zhang Xianzhong defeated, returned to Chengdu. Young has driven a development from the south of Chengdu. Ying Wang Ying Xiong also sent to Chief General, Wang Xiang as the reference to the Joint Division attacking, blocking the eastern army under farmers. They were wild Atlantic peasant army attacks, a serious threat to Atlantic power of peasants. In this regard, Zhang Xianzhong tit for tat, to give resolute counterattacks. May, Haug rate of the Qing captured Hanzhong.
　　Zhang Xianzhong death, his department will be expected to Sun, Mr John Reading, a Tool to Qi Ai, Feng Shuangli peasant army led by the south such as in Chongqing by the British Department of the Ming troops have preemptive, farmers, after the British army killed Morimasa has continued to Guizhou the direction of transfer. Ming after joint, joint fight against the Qing, fought in the vast areas in the southwestern provinces, insisted for nearly two decades until the early years of Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi.
　　Get out of silver ingots ventral excavation Kuchiki
　　Crowd in silver bullion is picking gone, the site quickly to head style Pengshan County Council and report back Pengshan county government office. Pengshan County Heritage and other relevant departments in charge of people rushed to the scene to conduct an inquest investigation unearthed full trying to stop the outflow of silver bullion. Style Pengshan County Council, the Public Security Bureau immediately set up inventory group, 30 were sent two further pairs of the villages of Jiang thoroughly investigated, to publicize conservation, and encouraging people to donate out consciously picked up the silver ingots by Pengshan County heritage of the people to donate reward. Currently the work is still ongoing.
　　According to thank the Secretary Pengshan County Kaiyuan style introduced 300 years, Zhang Xianzhong in Pengshan County jiankouzhen Silver Shen said the world has always been a puzzling mystery. The excavated silver ingots, silver ingots itself or in terms of its packaging, are consistent with historical records, which confirmed Shen Zhang Xianzhong 300 years ago, Silver said, in this fully in line with historical reality. Style will, in due course the site representation Zhang Xianzhong Shen silver.
　　Geng Law
　　November that year, Zhang Xianzhong announces "teco" test, ordered all members of the prefectures of Health to Chengdu Fukao, disobedience act is committed by the Israeli army. Thus, a constant stream from the sea around the Scholars, the land was sent to Chengdu, concentrated in the Great Mercy Temple. When assembled, around the basic Scholars, Zhang Xianzhong suddenly surrounded by a massive excuse Dabei Temple, all Scholars will kill all the examination, the number of over 5000 people dead. This is really unprecedented in Sichuan scholars a calamity. Dabei Temple 1:00 corpse product such as mountains, rivers of blood, ink into a mound mound, known to history as Great Compassion Temple killing Scholars event. The original, so-called "teco" test from the realm of a well-planned fraud. Zhang Xianzhong around for Onishi regime officials have been killed by local forces in Sichuan, Sichuan against the Atlantic around the tide of increasingly violent power, then anger at the Sichuan people, in particular anger in Sichuan, intellectuals, that is a member of the gentry class students around the subject and elite, determined to massive retaliation, set the plan together and annihilate a clean sweep. Sichuan Yaan the only power in one place as Onishi Jianjun Hao Meng Xuan prior notice of a local insider, another heart is different ambitions, conspiracy defection, then forged Zhang Xianzhong's edict, saying: "Ya frontier line, bearing usually from concentrate Schwimmer, today Qiang Yi steal hair from time to time, long-abandoned poetry and literature and things carry on dry scull. Bin Xing Code, should different day soon. "ordered to have left the AGB in the way the state health workers recovered, so that they survived. Health and other parts of Sichuan, could hardly be caught. This event is an intellectual and cultural circles in Sichuan fatal hit, so on the reading exam scam people to collectively set the bloody massacre of those who, in Chinese history is unique.
　　How do Great Mercy Temple killing Scholars event? Regarded as a matter of ancient history books on the Holocaust Zhang Xianzhong counts in one of Sichuan, with the matter and noting also the year on Nov. 22 ordered the Chengdu Zhang Xianzhong flagrantly "action to exterminate all city residents," the military to driven to the south gate of Chengdu residents group on the criminal, murderous, then heralds the township village "can be moved to the city of Chengdu residents in Kyoto", and later a fire will burn in Chengdu, its like the most brutal. Some historians liberation is due to Zhang Xianzhong peasant uprising leaders, this or kept silent, or disregard of historical facts, do everything possible to justify Zhang Xianzhong defense, including the bloody massacre of Dabei Temple events and public events, including Chengdu. Defense of the main reasons are: Ming Zhang Xianzhong is an outstanding leader of peasant uprising, the feudal rulers because of class hatred, deliberately exaggerated the number of their murder, slander Zhang Xianzhong "Tu Shu"; Zhang Xianzhong in Chengdu, the early establishment of the regime, did not slaughter, considerable attention to recruiting local talent in Sichuan, open branches were admitted, it is also for talented people, has opened two branches, the candidate is eager; only later as big landlord in Sichuan gentry rebellion, the situation becomes serious, Hung Kuang Ming court at this time became the eyes of orthodox Sichuan gentry landlords banner, a serious threat to the survival of the regime Onishi, Zhang Xianzhong was compelled to slaughter; of course, I am due to historical limitations Zhang Xianzhong, "the town" generated excesses, killing a bit too wide , resulting in gradual loss of political power Onishi people, this is also should bear in mind the lessons of history. It appears that this view seems very dialectical, sometimes filled with all kinds of history books. At that time, anyone who argues about the true face of the history of Zhang Xianzhong brutal expose Zhang Xianzhong set "teco" exam scam, the bloody massacre of a reader's criminal acts, is to bear the peasant uprising of the reactionary slander standing position on the political risk.
　　Zhang Xianzhong feudal rulers "Tu Shu" really exaggerated side, such as "Ming Dynasty" Volume and nine, said Zhang Xianzhong "Six hundred million men and women were killed and strange", apparently deliberately exaggerated, the total population in the late Ming was only six over 10 million. But Zhang Xianzhong bloody massacres in the Sichuan people and intellectuals, after all, historical facts and must not be because he is a peasant uprising leader and avoid, or to find excuses to justify, mitigate, lessen their guilt. To Dabei temple killing Scholars incident, Zhang Xianzhong is not accidental impulse impulse move. To open branches on the first two were admitted, the smell of blood already implied. Zhang Xianzhong provision "does not take child health must not dodge, has been in are not allowed to Ning at home, not in those not in the rural living", "scholar in the village made made trouble, and family members do drive into the city, 10 people a knot, an emergency, even the ride nine. " Also provides that if father and brother would dare to block someone's children to go to trial, will be severely punished. Such a forcible type of "open branches were admitted as" Not a respect for the intellectual? It not a ladder, the people's guts? Basic understanding of Schwimmer's Zhang Xianzhong musicians for many years, has a strong military power, full head king became the emperor thought, he represents in fact a homeless vagrant thought and culture, intellectuals have always had contempt, hatred, watch, control and use of attitude, if the intellectuals do not obey little, they have to their heads chopped off. He was two years on February 13 Dashun Hitachi's an "Imperial Mandate monument," pretty well that his true ideology, the inscription is only two sentences: "God has all things and people, people without a thing and days. Spirits obviously, think to overrate themselves. "where" days ", referring to his own, he thought to represent God, all things have been a gift to the people of Sichuan, and Sichuan, the people have lost his Daendade, is ungrateful, He is extremely disappointed with the people in Sichuan and the public resentment. He knew, the majority of students were members of that reading the minds of the people, the gentry of the backbone, is his most difficult to control the crowd. Once the situation has become serious, becoming unfavorable to him, he will slaughter the people of Sichuan, of course, bear the brunt of the first scholars to remove this scourge. To this end, Zhang Xianzhong that Takeo has no scruples, dared to defy world opinion, set "teco" exam fraud, blatant dishonesty in the whole world at examination Scholars, single-handedly created a bloodbath Great Mercy Temple tragedy. This savage, wiping out a culture of most wild animal, must be ruthlessly exposed and given the profound criticism, this is the correct attitude towards historical materialism.
　　Zhang Xianzhong school emperor stripping of human skin, "Sincere in the Sichuan government imperial clan, sub and non-Qu Wenwu officials, but also time and gentry, but also time and the camp will be promoted. Where the stripping of human skin, infiltration with lime, real straw, plant with bamboo poles, Insert the stand on both sides of King Fuqian Street, lined countless, thousands of people out, look into the distance, such as funeral figurines. " Zhang Xianzhong created many killings of tricks, such as sending generals to attack on all fronts, "Tu the sub-counties," name "the grass and kill." Towards a time, the King in below their knees, he greeted dozens of dogs under the house, heard a dog who took who pulled out a cut, called "days of kill." He wanted to kill scholars, to open branches were admitted, students will cheat to kill thousands of Sichuan.
　　Change of dynasties in Chinese history to rogue warlords to kill each other up and powerful than anyone, is to prevent competitors access to land and people, let rivals more powerful than themselves, would rather destroy everything!
　　Jiangyin a county, and they killed 17 million people, the city only 50 survivors. Jiading 3 killed more than 50 million. After the 1649 occupation of Xiangtan, Hunan massacre; the same year, put down the anti-movement of Datong, Datong City of soldiers and civilians were slaughtered to make, "Betrayal resist" counties and the city is not divided Fenzhou good and bad Yigai massacre; in 1650 when the massacre break Guangzhou , "a very tragic killing, residents of several non-Jiao class ... ... tired skeletal embers into Fu, pedestrian in 23 years and looked like snow."
　　Dabei Temple massacre Scholars event, once again demonstrates the history of peasant uprisings and the leaders of the time limitations and their serious flaws. Specifically Zhang Xianzhong, violent person by nature, capricious, shortsighted, lack of basic humanitarian and political insight, led to his later single-handedly created a number of great tragedy from inhumane. He became a short-lived Pianju corner of Sichuan, the Sichuan people, of course Tu Huangdi was a disaster, but relatively speaking it is a blessing, because of his limited powers can only harm one place in Sichuan; if he really become the generation of the emperor established a dynasty, then the people must be a scourge of the country's tyrant, evil will be much larger, but never have any vision of politics as the history of China will not have any role in promoting progress. His penalty is extremely cruel, including peeling like to take the living. His adopted son, trusted Sun is expected to also use as many times as he skinned his torture claims against not follow the subjects. Therefore, Mr. Lu said: "The Ming dynasty and once to start stripping to stripping the end, indeed always the same." ("且介亭杂文 illness topics for"), Zhang Xianzhong's private life is shameless dissipation, only after the emperor as many as three hundred concubines who, using a large number of eunuchs for the Temple service, the extent of his corruption and Rereading Late less striking. He is also the same as with the feudal rulers, ordered to avoid all over Christine Yu taboo, people are not allowed to use the "offer" and the word "loyalty" and the words even before the stone ages handed down the "offer" and "loyalty" are all words to shovel out, and even later generations sigh, "No End Shu monument."

dà xīzhāng xiàn zhōng Zhang Xianzhong (1643nián～1646nián)

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