後周 人物列錶
郭威 Guo Wei柴榮 Chai Rong柴宗訓 Chai Zongxun
郭威 Guo Wei
後周  (904年954年)
字: 文仲
網筆號: 聖神恭肅文武孝皇帝
廟號: 太祖
籍貫: 邢州堯山
陵墓: 嵩陵
開端終結
在位951年954年
广顺951年953年

  後周太祖郭威
  生卒:904-954
  在位:951年-954年
  表字:文仲
  邢州堯山(今河北省隆堯縣西)人。年少時孤貧,初為軍吏,後漢時拜為樞密副使。
  公元948年,他奉命討平了李守貞的叛亂,後封為鄴都留守兼天雄軍節度使。公元950年,後漢隱帝劉承祐猜忌他,派使者要到魏州殺郭威郭威起兵反漢,下令攻進了京城,允許士兵大搶10天。7天後郭威進入汴京,縱軍大肆搶掠,並逼太後任他為“監國”,奪得國政。公元951年正月丁卯日,他又稱帝,國號為周,定都汴京,建年號為“廣順”,史稱後周。
  簡介:郭威生年未詳,卒於後周顯德元年(公元954年)。五代時後周開國皇帝,廟號“太祖”。郭威字文仲,邢州堯山人。父郭簡為後晉順州刺史。劉文恭攻破順州,郭簡被殺,郭威年方數歲,其母不久也死去,郭威衹得依潞州人常氏為生。十八歲投潞州留守李繼韜部下為軍卒。
  郭威勇武有力,豪爽負氣,深為李繼韜所賞識。有一次,郭威酒醉殺人,為官府拘押。李繼韜暗中將其放走,後又招至麾下。後李繼韜為唐莊宗所殺,其部衆悉為收編。郭威因略通文墨、書算,升為軍吏。及至扯晉為契丹所滅,郭威歸附劉知遠部下。劉知遠起兵太原,即位稱帝,封郭威為執掌揮務的樞密副使,並在臨終時將太子劉承祐托孤於郭威和史弘肇。劉知遠在位一年便因病逝世。太子劉承祐即位,是為後漢隱帝,進封郭威為樞密使。當時河中節度使李守貞、永興節度使趙思綰、鳳翔節度使王景崇相繼擁兵造反。朝廷屢次出兵討伐,均無功而返。
  隱帝劉承祐遂命郭威率兵出徵。郭威至河中後立柵築壘,分兵圍困。李守貞屢次突圍,均被挫敗,相持日久,城中糧草俱盡。郭威遂下令四面攻打,一舉攻進城中,李守貞自焚而死。永興趙思綰、鳳翔王景崇相繼歸降,使風雨飄搖的後漢政權轉危為安。 之後,郭威又移師北伐,大敗契丹,以功進封鄴都留守、天雄軍節度使,兼樞密使,河北諸州郡皆聽郭威節制。
  因“權高震主”,後漢隱帝與朝臣對郭威十分疑忌。於是隱帝與親信李業密謀,詔令馬軍指揮使郭崇誅滅郭威及宣徽使王峻;詔令鎮寧軍節度李弘義誅殺侍衛步軍指揮使王殷,以企一舉鏟除郭威勢力。不料李弘義反以詔書密示於王殷。王殷即派人嚮郭威告急。郭威見事情緊急,即采用謀士魏仁浦之計,偽作詔書,宣稱隱帝令郭威誅殺諸位將領。於是群情激憤,推舉郭威起兵討伐,以“清君側”。
  隱帝見郭威起兵造反,遂將郭威在京眷屬全部誅殺,並派兵抵禦郭威。然而此時郭威大權在握,聲威素著,各鎮節度使紛紛倒戈擁戴郭威,隱帝被郭允明殺死於趙村。郭威帶兵入京,並派人刺殺欲繼位稱帝的劉氏宗室武寧節度劉贇,迫使太後臨朝聽政,以郭威監國。次年正月,郭威正式登基稱帝,改國號為周。
  郭威生於亂世,長於軍伍,勇武有力,豪爽負氣,略通兵法,善撫將士,以軍功纍遷至樞密使高位。終以軍事實力為後盾,取後漢而代之,是五代時期軍人專權的代表人物。
  生平
  郭威出身於貧苦人傢,讀過些書,知道民間疾苦。即位後,他對宰相王峻說:“我是窮苦中長大,碰到機運當了皇帝,不敢重斂百姓以豪華自己。”他生活節儉,又減輕了一些賦稅,削減了一些嚴刑峻法,並對大臣們說:“我長期生活在軍隊中,沒有什麽大學問,不知道治國平天下的道理。你們文武大臣,不論有什麽建議,衹要利國益民的,都可以嚮我提出,不過文字要簡潔、切實,不要冗長、修飾。”臣下提出的不少好建議,他也果然能虛心接受、采納。他又能留心搜羅人才,所任用的魏仁浦、李轂、王溥、範質等人都能忠於職守,遵守法度,君臣合力,逐漸改革了一些弊政,使北方地區的經濟,政治形勢漸漸趨嚮好轉。因此,郭威在五代十國時期,算得上是一個好皇帝。
  離世
  公元954年正月,郭威病重。他自己知道難以恢復,便囑咐養子郭榮(日後的周世宗)說:“我不行了,你趕快替我修建陵墓,不要讓靈柩留在宮中太久。陵墓務必從簡,別去驚動,擾害百姓,不要用許多工匠,不要派宮人守陵,也用不着在陵墓前立上石人石獸,衹要用紙衣裝殮,用瓦棺作槨就可以了。安葬後,可以招募陵墓附近的百姓30戶,蠲免他們的徭役,讓他們守護陵墓。陵墓前替我立一塊石碑,上面刻幾句話,就說我平生習慣於節儉,遺詔命令用衣瓦棺。”又告誡郭榮說:“我從前西徵時,見到唐朝帝王的十八座陵寢統統被人發掘、盜竊,這都是由於陵墓裏藏着許多金銀財寶的緣故,而漢文帝因為一貫節儉,簡單地安葬在霸陵原上,陵墓到今天還完好無損。你到了每年的寒食節,可以派人來掃我的墓,如果不派人來,在京城裏遙祭也可以。但是,你要叫人在河府(今河北省河間縣)、魏府(今河北省大名市東南)各葬一副劍甲,在澶州(今河南省濮陽縣)葬一件通天冠絳紗袍,在東京葬一件平天冠袞竜袍。這件事你切不可忘了。”接着,他大封群臣,命郭榮繼位說:“我看當世的文才,莫過於範質、王溥,如今他倆並列為宰相,你有了好輔弼,我死也瞑目了。”當晚(壬辰日),郭威病死於汴京宮中的滋德殿。郭威死後的廟號為太祖。
  評價
  郭威在位期間,對改革纍朝弊政頗有成績。免除後漢所設額外苛斂以及中唐以來地方官進奉的“羨餘物色”;廢止了後晉、後漢一些極殘忍的刑法;民衆與蕃人“一聽私便交易”,諸州所差散從親事官等,一齊遣散;對纍朝極為嚴酷的????、酒、皮革的禁令稍予放寬;廢除京城內無名額的僧尼寺院等。對恢復農業生産,郭威也采取了有效措施。授無主田土給數十萬歸中原的幽州饑民,放免其差稅。以田分給現佃戶充永業 ,使編戶增加3萬多 。無主荒地聽任農民耕墾為永業,提高農民生産的積極性。在提倡節儉、嚴懲貪官、嚴禁軍隊擾民等方面,郭威也推行了一些有益的措施,使唐末以來極為混亂的北方社會開始走上安定的道路。
  【郭威的軍事指揮藝術】
  郭威是一位軍事傢,他的軍事才能直接影響了後來的柴榮、趙匡胤。
  郭威討伐李守貞之戰,就集中表現了郭威的韜略。以下是戰爭經過:
  後漢劉承佑(開國皇帝劉知遠之子)即位之後,李守貞夥同趙思綰、王景崇,發起叛亂。劉承佑先派白文珂、郭從義、常思等人討伐。白文珂、郭從義、常思等人擊敗李守貞後,李守貞退守河中城,閉門不戰。白文珂、郭從義、常思等人圍城,從春天一直圍到夏天,始終沒有攻破河中城。
  劉承佑衹好請出老帥郭威,由郭威出馬。郭威攻破河中城的方法很特別。以下引用《如果這是宋史》中的表述。
  就這樣,趙匡胤跟着郭威一路行軍,在公元948年8月20日到達了河中。河中城下戰雲密佈,軍營林立,本就被圍得水泄不通的李守貞更加不愁寂寞。
  春天就已經到達的白文珂、郭從義、常思並不是無能之輩,他們早已經把李守貞擊敗,衹是沒辦法攻破河中城而已。不過這也難怪他們,這年頭什麽都可以被忽視,什麽國計民生啊,經濟環境啊,人權完善指數啊,通通都沒有市場,衹有一件事,哪個當局哪個單位都積極地貫徹執行,那就是高築墻廣積糧備戰備荒。衹要這兩件事做好了,那麽你就能兩耳不聞城外事,一心衹過小日子。可要是這兩樣做得不到位,那麽在這樣的世道裏,你隨時隨地都有可能被殺死,或者被餓死。
  而李守貞深知此中利害,他的河中城城高墻厚,城裏兵多糧廣,從一開始就打定了死守河中拒不投降的主意,任憑白文珂等人想盡了辦法攻城,他就是玩命死撐。因為他知道,時間的優勢站在他這邊,他每多撐一天,距離劉承佑的江山崩潰的日子就近了一天。就這樣,他撐來撐去,終於把他的老熟人,後漢王國的最後一張底牌郭威給撐來了。
  郭威到了,他先是稍事休整。這期間,他並沒有假惺惺地去賣自己的老臉,勸李守貞投降,更沒有故做姿態,去訓斥甚至懲罰久攻不下的白文珂等人藉以振奮軍心,他衹是帶上了些人,輕裝簡騎地圍着河中城轉了幾圈。之後,他下達了第一道命令。
  令——即刻起開始築寨。
  具體情況是――常思築寨於河中城南,白文珂築寨於河中城西,郭威自領中軍築寨於河中城東,留城北一地空缺,不設人馬。同時徵調周邊五縣百姓近兩萬人,在三寨和河中城之間築起了連接不斷的小型堡壘,來保護新建的營寨。
  命令一出,全軍嘩然。這是要幹什麽?為什麽不乘着生力軍新來,一鼓作氣全力攻城,就此把河中城拿下?這不是坐失良機嗎?築寨是幹什麽?是為了更好的圍困?河中城和李守貞早已經是甕中之鱉,衹需要不斷地攻城,就算不能攻破,也會遲早耗盡城中的人力糧草,火到豬頭爛,到時候自然滅亡。何必要大費周折,先幹起水泥瓦匠的玩意兒?這完全沒有意義,衹會讓自己的士兵勞累,讓敵人贏得難得的喘息之機,結果是增加了取勝的難度。
  面對質疑,郭威不動聲色,他的沉默讓所有人都閉上了嘴。接下來的日子,趙匡胤和所有人都鬱悶地對着高大巍峨的河中城城墻呲牙,那上面本來慘兮兮的李守貞的人變得悠閑自在,甚至能舒舒服服地曬太陽。而城下的大兵們就混得矬了,他們得監工看料,如果工程進度慢,還得時不時地搭把手,混得像些拿不着工資的農民工。
  就這樣,好多天之後,三個營寨都築好了,寨前的堡壘也都築好了,可郭威卻不放周邊五縣的百姓回傢,而他也沒有再下新的命令,全軍所要做的事,就是各就各位,排號進住剛剛蓋好的新傢。
  然後呢?沒有然後,郭威似乎把戰爭忘了,他每天似乎都很平靜的樣子,誰也不知道他在想什麽,也沒有人敢問(就連劉承佑都不敢問,他比誰都急,可是同樣沒辦法)。
  現實並沒有讓人們等多久,一天夜裏,久睏城中絶不露頭的李守貞突然率軍出擊,沒有準備的後漢軍一片慌亂,衹得放棄了堡壘,嚮新築的營寨裏撤退。奇怪的是,李守貞也沒有乘勝追擊,這本是他自開戰以來難得的戰機,他的軍隊在戰時的間隙裏全力以赴,把新建的堡壘都毀了,然後就馬上撤回城裏,再次開始堅守。
  等後漢軍重新集結,列隊出寨,準備痛扁敵人時,敵人已經不見了,他們的面前衹剩下了滿地的斷瓦殘垣。他們所能做的衹有你看着我,我看着你,腦子裏一片空白。
  就這樣全毀了?他們辛苦了好幾個月的成果就這麽都毀了?這個世界還有公平、公理和道義嗎?
  憤瞞、激動、勞累,再加上這些日子以來不斷積壓的鬱悶,讓這些火氣旺盛的大兵們再也控製不住,有人開始駡娘,有人卻大笑了起來,懂得什麽叫黑色幽默了吧?就是極度的詫異弄出了讓人接受不了反差,讓當事人無論如何接受不了,與其說這時候他們把李守貞恨到了骨頭裏,倒不如說實在是忍不住想把郭威這老混蛋從帥帳裏拖出來海K一頓。
  而這時他們終於聽到了郭威的第二條命令。
  令——再次築壘。
  軍營裏暴發出了空前巨大的粗口,真是太棒了,大兵們終於知道了那些徵調來的農民工們為什麽沒被遣散回傢了,這些人得重新勞動,把剛剛被毀的堡壘再築起來,而他們也別想閑着,以前幹什麽,現在起接着繼續練!衹不過他們很是奇怪,看起來這場戰爭的主角像是這些勤勞的農民工,而他們這些當兵的,衹不過是這些農民工的保鏢。
  但不管怎樣,軍令如山,又過了些日子,堡壘就又出現在河中城和後漢軍之間。
  之後的事情就像是復製粘貼,再復製粘貼的重複程序一樣無聊,不知道是出於什麽樣的心理,衹要堡壘出現,李守貞就會心急火燎,不計利害地率隊出城,不管用什麽樣的代價,都一定要把堡壘毀了,然後他才能稍微恢復點理智,帶着人馬逃回城。
  而郭威就像故意和他鬥氣一樣,衹要你來毀,我就馬上重建。如此周而復使,沒完沒了,這種單調無聊的工作竟然持續了――別驚訝,是接近整整一年!
  在這一年的時間裏,李守貞遠遠比郭威忙碌。他時常出現在城墻上,帶着越來越讓人難以揣摩的神情嚮城下測量。對,不是眺望,而是日復一日,隨時隨地嚮郭威領導的開封建築工程隊的進度行進精度測量。久而久之,他的部下們都掌握出了規律,那就是衹要城下的堡壘修到了一定的位置,他們就得出城運動了。
  衹不過,每一次出城拆除這些違法私建的建築之後,他們回去時的人馬都會少很多。其中有戰死的,有拆墻纍死的,還有藉機逃跑的。
  就這樣,不斷地拆、建,不斷地重複,李守貞帶得出來的人越來越少,拆不完的墻卻越來越多,當這種反比例指數越來越大時,郭威終於下達了第三條命令。
  令——攻城!
  郭威部全體士兵嗷嗷叫着衝嚮了河中城,他們的怒火和怨氣已經足足憋了有一年!李守貞,我們來了,你這一年來拆了我們多少堡壘,現在要你連本帶利都還回來!我們這就拆你的河中城……就這樣,三面強攻,北面放行,李守貞的士兵被這致命的一綫生機,以及在拆墻遊戲中玩得筋疲力盡的身體給徹底拖垮了。河中城被一鼓而下,李守貞貫徹了自己絶不投降的宗旨,城破後全家集體自焚。消息迅速地傳嚮了全國,不多久,又迅速地傳了回來,另外兩處的反叛,鳳翔節度使王景崇和永興軍節度使趙思綰很痛快地投降了,他們實在不想像李守貞那樣被郭威玩。
  一切搞定,大功告成。郭威用盡可量小的代價,得到了最圓滿的戰果。
  現在都明白了吧?郭威為什麽會在最初下達了那個莫名其妙的命令。的確,那時的李守貞和河中城就已經是甕中之鱉了,衹要不斷地攻城,不斷地消耗,就足以讓他們崩潰。勝利衹爭遲早——但是前提卻是要以戰具的毀壞和士兵們以可怕數字的死亡去換取。
  有必要那麽做嗎?一定要強攻纔行嗎?
  與其我主動去攻,去承擔損耗,為什麽不讓對方來攻我,讓對方來承受損失?也就是說,有沒有什麽辦法讓躲在城裏裝孫子的李守貞主動跑出來打我?
  答案是——有!
  郭威準確地分析出了李守貞的心理――死守無援,又突然看到郭威帶着大隊人馬來增援,不僅圍得更加水泄不通,更新添了一個個新建的營寨和堡壘在嚮他步步逼近……最後一根稻草能壓死駱駝,己到絶境的李守貞再也難以忍受這些本是無害的挑釁。
  於是,他衹能一次次冒險出城,以毀滅堡壘來維持自己還能生存下去的信心。
  就這樣,郭威衹是用一些業務不熟練,用料不講究,粗製濫造的豆腐渣工程,就達到了剋敵製勝的目的。最後,歷史可以考證的是,當這些事情發生時,趙匡胤都在現場。而歷史無法考證的是,趙匡胤要在郭威的第幾條命令下達時,才能明白主帥的用心。


  Birth and Death :904-954
  Xing Zhou Yaoshan (now in Hebei Longyao West) people. Isolated childhood poverty, first as Matrimony, thanks for the senator during the Later Han Fu Shi.
  Hidden Emperor see Guo Wei Rebellion, the defendant's dependents in Beijing, all of Heaven's Guo Wei and Guo Wei troops to resist. But this time Understandings in power, prestige factor with, owned by Dai Guowei towns Jiedushi turned against him, hidden Guoyun Ming emperor was killed in Zhaocun. Understandings of leading troops into Beijing, and want to send someone to assassinate the emperor to the throne Key Periods Liu Yun Liu Wuning imperial clan, forcing Empress Powerbut hearings to Wei Guo supervise the country. The following year the first month, Guo Wei emperor formally ascended the throne, changed the country for the week.
  In AD 954 the first month, Guo Wei was seriously ill. He know it is difficult to restore, they asked the son Guo Rong (future and Chai), said: "I am to die, you quickly build tombs for me not to let the coffin to remain too long in the palace. Mausoleum must be a simple, do not disturb, disturbance harm people, do not use many craftsmen, do not send people waiting Palace Tomb, the mausoleum is also no need to stand on Shiren Shishou before, as long as the clothes for preparation of paper, with tile coffin for coffin on it. buried, you can recruit nearby tomb The people 30, Juan-free their lord, they guard tombs. tombs I stand for a piece of stone, inscribed a few words to say, my life, I used thrift, Yi Zhao command with clothing tile coffin. "Guo Rong said they warned : "When I used to expedition, see Tang Zhaodi all the king's 18 tomb was excavated, stolen, this is because many of tomb containing a treasure of reason, and because it has always been thrifty Han Wen, simple burial In Baling of the original, the tomb still intact today. you go to the Cold Food Festival each year, you can send someone to scan my tomb, if you do not send people to, to remember in the capital where you can. But, you want to get in River House (now Hejian County, Hebei Province), Wei dynasty (name City, Hebei Province, southeast of this) the funeral a sword A, states in Chan (Puyang County, Henan province) buried a Heavenly crown Crimson Gauze gowns, burial in Tokyo a Ping-day crown imperial robe robe. This is something you must never forget. "Then he closed his ministers was large, ordered Guo Rong succession, said:" I think when the world s talent, than quality Fan column Joints Now They tied for the prime minister, you have a good Fu Bi, I die a rest in peace. "night (Imjin Japanese), Guo Wei Bianjing palace Shigenori dead in the house. Guo Wei's death is Taizu posthumous names.
  Evaluate
  Guo Wei was a military strategist, his military to directly affect the subsequent Land System did, Kuangyin.
  Liucheng You had to ask the marshals Guo Wei, Guo Wei in negotiations by the. Guo Wei River in the city break the method is very special. The following quote "If it is Sung" in the statement.
  And Li Shouzhen know there is a world interest, and his thick and high river Naka Castle, the city soldiers and more food extensive set of the hit from the start, refused to surrender the river clinging to the idea, despite Bai Wenke and others approach exhausted siege He is your life hardcore. Because he knows the advantage of time standing on his side, his more support every day from the day of the collapse of Liu Chengyou the country nearest day. In this way, his support to support to, and finally to his old acquaintance, the Kingdom of the Later Han Guo Wei cards to support the last one came.
  Situation is - always thinking in the construction camp south of the river, Bai Wenke camp built in the west of the river, Guo Wei led from the building in the military camp in the east of the river, north of the city a place to stay vacant, no troops. Around the same time mobilized nearly two million people in five counties, and the river in three Walled City built a connection between the ongoing small fortress to protect the new go flat.
  In this way, several days later, the three go flat are built well, zhaiqian fortress also built well, can hold onto the surrounding five counties of Understandings are the people back home, but he has not been under the new command, the whole army to do thing in their places, Arranging residency at the newly uncovered new home.
  After the regrouping, etc. Han, lined up a camp, prepare the pain flat enemy, the enemy had disappeared, they only had the floor in front of the ruins of broken tile. Only you can do what they looked at me, I look at you, his mind blank.
  And then they finally heard the Understandings of the second command.
  In any case, an order, then after some time, appeared in the fortress on the river between the city and after the Han.
  Time during the year, far more than Guo Wei Li Shouzhen busy. He often appeared in the walls, with more and more people look to the city difficult to try to figure out the next measurement. Yes, not overlooking, but day after day, anytime, anywhere, led to the Understandings of the progress of Kaifeng road construction team accuracy of measurement. Over time, his men were all out to master the law, that is, as long as the amendments to the fortress city under a certain position, they come to town for exercise.
  Order - Siege!
  Now understand? Understandings of why that strange in the first command issued. Indeed, when the Li Shouzhen and river city already is Wengzhongzhibie, and as long as the siege continued, continue to consume enough to make them collapse. Sooner or later the victory is only war - but only if it is necessary to fight with the soldiers to terrible destruction and death in exchange for the number.
  The answer is - there!
  In this way, but with some business unskilled Understandings of materials used do not pay attention, shoddy shabby, to achieve the purpose of defeating the enemy. Finally, the history of the research is that when these things occur, Kuangyin are at the scene. And history can not research that Kuangyin the first few in Understandings of the time the order was given to understand the coach's intentions.
後周郭威 Guo Wei
(951年954年)
後一君主 >>: 世宗 睿武孝文皇帝 柴榮
    

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