后周 人物列表
郭威 Guo Wei柴荣 Chai Rong柴宗训 Chai Zongxun
郭威 Guo Wei
后周  (904年954年)
字: 文仲
网笔号: 圣神恭肃文武孝皇帝
庙号: 太祖
籍贯: 邢州尧山
陵墓: 嵩陵
开端终结
在位951年954年
广顺951年953年

  后周太祖郭威
  生卒:904-954
  在位:951年-954年
  表字:文仲
  邢州尧山(今河北省隆尧县西)人。年少时孤贫,初为军吏,后汉时拜为枢密副使。
  公元948年,他奉命讨平了李守贞的叛乱,后封为邺都留守兼天雄军节度使。公元950年,后汉隐帝刘承祐猜忌他,派使者要到魏州杀郭威郭威起兵反汉,下令攻进了京城,允许士兵大抢10天。7天后郭威进入汴京,纵军大肆抢掠,并逼太后任他为“监国”,夺得国政。公元951年正月丁卯日,他又称帝,国号为周,定都汴京,建年号为“广顺”,史称后周。
  简介:郭威生年未详,卒于后周显德元年(公元954年)。五代时后周开国皇帝,庙号“太祖”。郭威字文仲,邢州尧山人。父郭简为后晋顺州刺史。刘文恭攻破顺州,郭简被杀,郭威年方数岁,其母不久也死去,郭威只得依潞州人常氏为生。十八岁投潞州留守李继韬部下为军卒。
  郭威勇武有力,豪爽负气,深为李继韬所赏识。有一次,郭威酒醉杀人,为官府拘押。李继韬暗中将其放走,后又招至麾下。后李继韬为唐庄宗所杀,其部众悉为收编。郭威因略通文墨、书算,升为军吏。及至扯晋为契丹所灭,郭威归附刘知远部下。刘知远起兵太原,即位称帝,封郭威为执掌挥务的枢密副使,并在临终时将太子刘承祐托孤于郭威和史弘肇。刘知远在位一年便因病逝世。太子刘承祐即位,是为后汉隐帝,进封郭威为枢密使。当时河中节度使李守贞、永兴节度使赵思绾、凤翔节度使王景崇相继拥兵造反。朝廷屡次出兵讨伐,均无功而返。
  隐帝刘承祐遂命郭威率兵出征。郭威至河中后立栅筑垒,分兵围困。李守贞屡次突围,均被挫败,相持日久,城中粮草俱尽。郭威遂下令四面攻打,一举攻进城中,李守贞自焚而死。永兴赵思绾、凤翔王景崇相继归降,使风雨飘摇的后汉政权转危为安。 之后,郭威又移师北伐,大败契丹,以功进封邺都留守、天雄军节度使,兼枢密使,河北诸州郡皆听郭威节制。
  因“权高震主”,后汉隐帝与朝臣对郭威十分疑忌。于是隐帝与亲信李业密谋,诏令马军指挥使郭崇诛灭郭威及宣徽使王峻;诏令镇宁军节度李弘义诛杀侍卫步军指挥使王殷,以企一举铲除郭威势力。不料李弘义反以诏书密示于王殷。王殷即派人向郭威告急。郭威见事情紧急,即采用谋士魏仁浦之计,伪作诏书,宣称隐帝令郭威诛杀诸位将领。于是群情激愤,推举郭威起兵讨伐,以“清君侧”。
  隐帝见郭威起兵造反,遂将郭威在京眷属全部诛杀,并派兵抵御郭威。然而此时郭威大权在握,声威素著,各镇节度使纷纷倒戈拥戴郭威,隐帝被郭允明杀死于赵村。郭威带兵入京,并派人刺杀欲继位称帝的刘氏宗室武宁节度刘赟,迫使太后临朝听政,以郭威监国。次年正月,郭威正式登基称帝,改国号为周。
  郭威生于乱世,长于军伍,勇武有力,豪爽负气,略通兵法,善抚将士,以军功累迁至枢密使高位。终以军事实力为后盾,取后汉而代之,是五代时期军人专权的代表人物。
  生平
  郭威出身于贫苦人家,读过些书,知道民间疾苦。即位后,他对宰相王峻说:“我是穷苦中长大,碰到机运当了皇帝,不敢重敛百姓以豪华自己。”他生活节俭,又减轻了一些赋税,削减了一些严刑峻法,并对大臣们说:“我长期生活在军队中,没有什么大学问,不知道治国平天下的道理。你们文武大臣,不论有什么建议,只要利国益民的,都可以向我提出,不过文字要简洁、切实,不要冗长、修饰。”臣下提出的不少好建议,他也果然能虚心接受、采纳。他又能留心搜罗人才,所任用的魏仁浦、李毂、王溥、范质等人都能忠于职守,遵守法度,君臣合力,逐渐改革了一些弊政,使北方地区的经济,政治形势渐渐趋向好转。因此,郭威在五代十国时期,算得上是一个好皇帝。
  离世
  公元954年正月,郭威病重。他自己知道难以恢复,便嘱咐养子郭荣(日后的周世宗)说:“我不行了,你赶快替我修建陵墓,不要让灵柩留在宫中太久。陵墓务必从简,别去惊动,扰害百姓,不要用许多工匠,不要派宫人守陵,也用不着在陵墓前立上石人石兽,只要用纸衣装殓,用瓦棺作椁就可以了。安葬后,可以招募陵墓附近的百姓30户,蠲免他们的徭役,让他们守护陵墓。陵墓前替我立一块石碑,上面刻几句话,就说我平生习惯于节俭,遗诏命令用衣瓦棺。”又告诫郭荣说:“我从前西征时,见到唐朝帝王的十八座陵寝统统被人发掘、盗窃,这都是由于陵墓里藏着许多金银财宝的缘故,而汉文帝因为一贯节俭,简单地安葬在霸陵原上,陵墓到今天还完好无损。你到了每年的寒食节,可以派人来扫我的墓,如果不派人来,在京城里遥祭也可以。但是,你要叫人在河府(今河北省河间县)、魏府(今河北省大名市东南)各葬一副剑甲,在澶州(今河南省濮阳县)葬一件通天冠绛纱袍,在东京葬一件平天冠衮龙袍。这件事你切不可忘了。”接着,他大封群臣,命郭荣继位说:“我看当世的文才,莫过于范质、王溥,如今他俩并列为宰相,你有了好辅弼,我死也瞑目了。”当晚(壬辰日),郭威病死于汴京宫中的滋德殿。郭威死后的庙号为太祖。
  评价
  郭威在位期间,对改革累朝弊政颇有成绩。免除后汉所设额外苛敛以及中唐以来地方官进奉的“羡余物色”;废止了后晋、后汉一些极残忍的刑法;民众与蕃人“一听私便交易”,诸州所差散从亲事官等,一齐遣散;对累朝极为严酷的盐、酒、皮革的禁令稍予放宽;废除京城内无名额的僧尼寺院等。对恢复农业生产,郭威也采取了有效措施。授无主田土给数十万归中原的幽州饥民,放免其差税。以田分给现佃户充永业 ,使编户增加3万多 。无主荒地听任农民耕垦为永业,提高农民生产的积极性。在提倡节俭、严惩贪官、严禁军队扰民等方面,郭威也推行了一些有益的措施,使唐末以来极为混乱的北方社会开始走上安定的道路。
  【郭威的军事指挥艺术】
  郭威是一位军事家,他的军事才能直接影响了后来的柴荣、赵匡胤。
  郭威讨伐李守贞之战,就集中表现了郭威的韬略。以下是战争经过:
  后汉刘承佑(开国皇帝刘知远之子)即位之后,李守贞伙同赵思绾、王景崇,发起叛乱。刘承佑先派白文珂、郭从义、常思等人讨伐。白文珂、郭从义、常思等人击败李守贞后,李守贞退守河中城,闭门不战。白文珂、郭从义、常思等人围城,从春天一直围到夏天,始终没有攻破河中城。
  刘承佑只好请出老帅郭威,由郭威出马。郭威攻破河中城的方法很特别。以下引用《如果这是宋史》中的表述。
  就这样,赵匡胤跟着郭威一路行军,在公元948年8月20日到达了河中。河中城下战云密布,军营林立,本就被围得水泄不通的李守贞更加不愁寂寞。
  春天就已经到达的白文珂、郭从义、常思并不是无能之辈,他们早已经把李守贞击败,只是没办法攻破河中城而已。不过这也难怪他们,这年头什么都可以被忽视,什么国计民生啊,经济环境啊,人权完善指数啊,通通都没有市场,只有一件事,哪个当局哪个单位都积极地贯彻执行,那就是高筑墙广积粮备战备荒。只要这两件事做好了,那么你就能两耳不闻城外事,一心只过小日子。可要是这两样做得不到位,那么在这样的世道里,你随时随地都有可能被杀死,或者被饿死。
  而李守贞深知此中利害,他的河中城城高墙厚,城里兵多粮广,从一开始就打定了死守河中拒不投降的主意,任凭白文珂等人想尽了办法攻城,他就是玩命死撑。因为他知道,时间的优势站在他这边,他每多撑一天,距离刘承佑的江山崩溃的日子就近了一天。就这样,他撑来撑去,终于把他的老熟人,后汉王国的最后一张底牌郭威给撑来了。
  郭威到了,他先是稍事休整。这期间,他并没有假惺惺地去卖自己的老脸,劝李守贞投降,更没有故做姿态,去训斥甚至惩罚久攻不下的白文珂等人借以振奋军心,他只是带上了些人,轻装简骑地围着河中城转了几圈。之后,他下达了第一道命令。
  令——即刻起开始筑寨。
  具体情况是――常思筑寨于河中城南,白文珂筑寨于河中城西,郭威自领中军筑寨于河中城东,留城北一地空缺,不设人马。同时征调周边五县百姓近两万人,在三寨和河中城之间筑起了连接不断的小型堡垒,来保护新建的营寨。
  命令一出,全军哗然。这是要干什么?为什么不乘着生力军新来,一鼓作气全力攻城,就此把河中城拿下?这不是坐失良机吗?筑寨是干什么?是为了更好的围困?河中城和李守贞早已经是瓮中之鳖,只需要不断地攻城,就算不能攻破,也会迟早耗尽城中的人力粮草,火到猪头烂,到时候自然灭亡。何必要大费周折,先干起水泥瓦匠的玩意儿?这完全没有意义,只会让自己的士兵劳累,让敌人赢得难得的喘息之机,结果是增加了取胜的难度。
  面对质疑,郭威不动声色,他的沉默让所有人都闭上了嘴。接下来的日子,赵匡胤和所有人都郁闷地对着高大巍峨的河中城城墙呲牙,那上面本来惨兮兮的李守贞的人变得悠闲自在,甚至能舒舒服服地晒太阳。而城下的大兵们就混得矬了,他们得监工看料,如果工程进度慢,还得时不时地搭把手,混得像些拿不着工资的农民工。
  就这样,好多天之后,三个营寨都筑好了,寨前的堡垒也都筑好了,可郭威却不放周边五县的百姓回家,而他也没有再下新的命令,全军所要做的事,就是各就各位,排号进住刚刚盖好的新家。
  然后呢?没有然后,郭威似乎把战争忘了,他每天似乎都很平静的样子,谁也不知道他在想什么,也没有人敢问(就连刘承佑都不敢问,他比谁都急,可是同样没办法)。
  现实并没有让人们等多久,一天夜里,久困城中绝不露头的李守贞突然率军出击,没有准备的后汉军一片慌乱,只得放弃了堡垒,向新筑的营寨里撤退。奇怪的是,李守贞也没有乘胜追击,这本是他自开战以来难得的战机,他的军队在战时的间隙里全力以赴,把新建的堡垒都毁了,然后就马上撤回城里,再次开始坚守。
  等后汉军重新集结,列队出寨,准备痛扁敌人时,敌人已经不见了,他们的面前只剩下了满地的断瓦残垣。他们所能做的只有你看着我,我看着你,脑子里一片空白。
  就这样全毁了?他们辛苦了好几个月的成果就这么都毁了?这个世界还有公平、公理和道义吗?
  愤瞒、激动、劳累,再加上这些日子以来不断积压的郁闷,让这些火气旺盛的大兵们再也控制不住,有人开始骂娘,有人却大笑了起来,懂得什么叫黑色幽默了吧?就是极度的诧异弄出了让人接受不了反差,让当事人无论如何接受不了,与其说这时候他们把李守贞恨到了骨头里,倒不如说实在是忍不住想把郭威这老混蛋从帅帐里拖出来海K一顿。
  而这时他们终于听到了郭威的第二条命令。
  令——再次筑垒。
  军营里暴发出了空前巨大的粗口,真是太棒了,大兵们终于知道了那些征调来的农民工们为什么没被遣散回家了,这些人得重新劳动,把刚刚被毁的堡垒再筑起来,而他们也别想闲着,以前干什么,现在起接着继续练!只不过他们很是奇怪,看起来这场战争的主角像是这些勤劳的农民工,而他们这些当兵的,只不过是这些农民工的保镖。
  但不管怎样,军令如山,又过了些日子,堡垒就又出现在河中城和后汉军之间。
  之后的事情就像是复制粘贴,再复制粘贴的重复程序一样无聊,不知道是出于什么样的心理,只要堡垒出现,李守贞就会心急火燎,不计利害地率队出城,不管用什么样的代价,都一定要把堡垒毁了,然后他才能稍微恢复点理智,带着人马逃回城。
  而郭威就像故意和他斗气一样,只要你来毁,我就马上重建。如此周而复使,没完没了,这种单调无聊的工作竟然持续了――别惊讶,是接近整整一年!
  在这一年的时间里,李守贞远远比郭威忙碌。他时常出现在城墙上,带着越来越让人难以揣摩的神情向城下测量。对,不是眺望,而是日复一日,随时随地向郭威领导的开封建筑工程队的进度行进精度测量。久而久之,他的部下们都掌握出了规律,那就是只要城下的堡垒修到了一定的位置,他们就得出城运动了。
  只不过,每一次出城拆除这些违法私建的建筑之后,他们回去时的人马都会少很多。其中有战死的,有拆墙累死的,还有借机逃跑的。
  就这样,不断地拆、建,不断地重复,李守贞带得出来的人越来越少,拆不完的墙却越来越多,当这种反比例指数越来越大时,郭威终于下达了第三条命令。
  令——攻城!
  郭威部全体士兵嗷嗷叫着冲向了河中城,他们的怒火和怨气已经足足憋了有一年!李守贞,我们来了,你这一年来拆了我们多少堡垒,现在要你连本带利都还回来!我们这就拆你的河中城……就这样,三面强攻,北面放行,李守贞的士兵被这致命的一线生机,以及在拆墙游戏中玩得筋疲力尽的身体给彻底拖垮了。河中城被一鼓而下,李守贞贯彻了自己绝不投降的宗旨,城破后全家集体自焚。消息迅速地传向了全国,不多久,又迅速地传了回来,另外两处的反叛,凤翔节度使王景崇和永兴军节度使赵思绾很痛快地投降了,他们实在不想像李守贞那样被郭威玩。
  一切搞定,大功告成。郭威用尽可量小的代价,得到了最圆满的战果。
  现在都明白了吧?郭威为什么会在最初下达了那个莫名其妙的命令。的确,那时的李守贞和河中城就已经是瓮中之鳖了,只要不断地攻城,不断地消耗,就足以让他们崩溃。胜利只争迟早——但是前提却是要以战具的毁坏和士兵们以可怕数字的死亡去换取。
  有必要那么做吗?一定要强攻才行吗?
  与其我主动去攻,去承担损耗,为什么不让对方来攻我,让对方来承受损失?也就是说,有没有什么办法让躲在城里装孙子的李守贞主动跑出来打我?
  答案是——有!
  郭威准确地分析出了李守贞的心理――死守无援,又突然看到郭威带着大队人马来增援,不仅围得更加水泄不通,更新添了一个个新建的营寨和堡垒在向他步步逼近……最后一根稻草能压死骆驼,己到绝境的李守贞再也难以忍受这些本是无害的挑衅。
  于是,他只能一次次冒险出城,以毁灭堡垒来维持自己还能生存下去的信心。
  就这样,郭威只是用一些业务不熟练,用料不讲究,粗制滥造的豆腐渣工程,就达到了克敌制胜的目的。最后,历史可以考证的是,当这些事情发生时,赵匡胤都在现场。而历史无法考证的是,赵匡胤要在郭威的第几条命令下达时,才能明白主帅的用心。


  Birth and Death :904-954
  Xing Zhou Yaoshan (now in Hebei Longyao West) people. Isolated childhood poverty, first as Matrimony, thanks for the senator during the Later Han Fu Shi.
  Hidden Emperor see Guo Wei Rebellion, the defendant's dependents in Beijing, all of Heaven's Guo Wei and Guo Wei troops to resist. But this time Understandings in power, prestige factor with, owned by Dai Guowei towns Jiedushi turned against him, hidden Guoyun Ming emperor was killed in Zhaocun. Understandings of leading troops into Beijing, and want to send someone to assassinate the emperor to the throne Key Periods Liu Yun Liu Wuning imperial clan, forcing Empress Powerbut hearings to Wei Guo supervise the country. The following year the first month, Guo Wei emperor formally ascended the throne, changed the country for the week.
  In AD 954 the first month, Guo Wei was seriously ill. He know it is difficult to restore, they asked the son Guo Rong (future and Chai), said: "I am to die, you quickly build tombs for me not to let the coffin to remain too long in the palace. Mausoleum must be a simple, do not disturb, disturbance harm people, do not use many craftsmen, do not send people waiting Palace Tomb, the mausoleum is also no need to stand on Shiren Shishou before, as long as the clothes for preparation of paper, with tile coffin for coffin on it. buried, you can recruit nearby tomb The people 30, Juan-free their lord, they guard tombs. tombs I stand for a piece of stone, inscribed a few words to say, my life, I used thrift, Yi Zhao command with clothing tile coffin. "Guo Rong said they warned : "When I used to expedition, see Tang Zhaodi all the king's 18 tomb was excavated, stolen, this is because many of tomb containing a treasure of reason, and because it has always been thrifty Han Wen, simple burial In Baling of the original, the tomb still intact today. you go to the Cold Food Festival each year, you can send someone to scan my tomb, if you do not send people to, to remember in the capital where you can. But, you want to get in River House (now Hejian County, Hebei Province), Wei dynasty (name City, Hebei Province, southeast of this) the funeral a sword A, states in Chan (Puyang County, Henan province) buried a Heavenly crown Crimson Gauze gowns, burial in Tokyo a Ping-day crown imperial robe robe. This is something you must never forget. "Then he closed his ministers was large, ordered Guo Rong succession, said:" I think when the world s talent, than quality Fan column Joints Now They tied for the prime minister, you have a good Fu Bi, I die a rest in peace. "night (Imjin Japanese), Guo Wei Bianjing palace Shigenori dead in the house. Guo Wei's death is Taizu posthumous names.
  Evaluate
  Guo Wei was a military strategist, his military to directly affect the subsequent Land System did, Kuangyin.
  Liucheng You had to ask the marshals Guo Wei, Guo Wei in negotiations by the. Guo Wei River in the city break the method is very special. The following quote "If it is Sung" in the statement.
  And Li Shouzhen know there is a world interest, and his thick and high river Naka Castle, the city soldiers and more food extensive set of the hit from the start, refused to surrender the river clinging to the idea, despite Bai Wenke and others approach exhausted siege He is your life hardcore. Because he knows the advantage of time standing on his side, his more support every day from the day of the collapse of Liu Chengyou the country nearest day. In this way, his support to support to, and finally to his old acquaintance, the Kingdom of the Later Han Guo Wei cards to support the last one came.
  Situation is - always thinking in the construction camp south of the river, Bai Wenke camp built in the west of the river, Guo Wei led from the building in the military camp in the east of the river, north of the city a place to stay vacant, no troops. Around the same time mobilized nearly two million people in five counties, and the river in three Walled City built a connection between the ongoing small fortress to protect the new go flat.
  In this way, several days later, the three go flat are built well, zhaiqian fortress also built well, can hold onto the surrounding five counties of Understandings are the people back home, but he has not been under the new command, the whole army to do thing in their places, Arranging residency at the newly uncovered new home.
  After the regrouping, etc. Han, lined up a camp, prepare the pain flat enemy, the enemy had disappeared, they only had the floor in front of the ruins of broken tile. Only you can do what they looked at me, I look at you, his mind blank.
  And then they finally heard the Understandings of the second command.
  In any case, an order, then after some time, appeared in the fortress on the river between the city and after the Han.
  Time during the year, far more than Guo Wei Li Shouzhen busy. He often appeared in the walls, with more and more people look to the city difficult to try to figure out the next measurement. Yes, not overlooking, but day after day, anytime, anywhere, led to the Understandings of the progress of Kaifeng road construction team accuracy of measurement. Over time, his men were all out to master the law, that is, as long as the amendments to the fortress city under a certain position, they come to town for exercise.
  Order - Siege!
  Now understand? Understandings of why that strange in the first command issued. Indeed, when the Li Shouzhen and river city already is Wengzhongzhibie, and as long as the siege continued, continue to consume enough to make them collapse. Sooner or later the victory is only war - but only if it is necessary to fight with the soldiers to terrible destruction and death in exchange for the number.
  The answer is - there!
  In this way, but with some business unskilled Understandings of materials used do not pay attention, shoddy shabby, to achieve the purpose of defeating the enemy. Finally, the history of the research is that when these things occur, Kuangyin are at the scene. And history can not research that Kuangyin the first few in Understandings of the time the order was given to understand the coach's intentions.
后周郭威 Guo Wei
(951年954年)
后一君主 >>: 世宗 睿武孝文皇帝 柴荣
    

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