| 網筆號： | 惠聖恭定孝皇帝 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 廟號： | 僖宗 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 靖陵 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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生平
僖宗即位時還是個幼弱的孩子，自然缺乏必要的理政能力，政事處置全部聽由宦官之口——他們廢長立幼，沒有選擇懿宗的長子而擁立12歲的皇子大概就有這樣的考慮。僖宗在位期間最信任的宦官是田令孜。僖宗自幼就由田令孜照顧起居，感情上很是有些倚賴，並稱呼田令孜為“阿父”，即位後便任命他做了神策軍中尉。這樣，僖宗朝的重大决策幾乎都掌控在田令孜手中了。
僖宗生於深宮之中，長在宦官之手，宮中生活場景能夠帶給他的就是可以肆無忌憚地遊樂。事實上，他也的確是一個熱衷遊樂的皇帝。他喜歡鬥雞（《唐語林》說是“鬥鴨”）、賭鵝，喜歡騎射、劍槊、法算、音樂、圍棋、賭博，遊玩的營生他幾乎無不精妙。他對打馬球不僅十分迷戀，而且技藝高超，他曾經很自負地對身邊的優伶石野豬說：“朕若參加擊球進士科考試，應該中個狀元。”石野豬回答說：“若是遇到堯舜這樣的賢君做禮部侍郎主考的話，恐怕陛下會被責難而落選呢！”僖宗聽到如此巧妙的回答，也衹是笑笑而已。
如果是太平之世的君主，搞一些喜歡的運動也無可厚非，但是僖宗在位時，政局已經非常混亂。懿宗時期擔任翰林學士的劉允章在《直諫書》中已用“國有九破”描繪過當時緊迫的局勢：“終年聚兵，一破也。蠻夷熾興，二破也。權豪奢僭，三破也。大將不朝，四破也。廣造佛寺，五破也。賂賄公行，六破也。長吏殘暴，七破也。賦役不等，八破也。食祿人多，輸稅人少，九破也。”對天下蒼生的生存狀態，他總結了“八苦”、“五去”。八苦是：
官吏苛刻，一苦也。私債徵奪，二苦也。賦稅繁多，三苦也。所由乞斂，四苦也。替逃人差科，五苦也。冤不得理，屈不得伸，六苦也。凍無衣，饑無食，七苦也。病不得醫，死不得葬，八苦也。
五去是：
勢力侵奪，一去也。姦吏隱欺，二去也。破丁作兵，三去也。降人為客，四去也。避役出傢，五去也。
劉允章還說：“人有五去而無一歸，有八苦而無一樂，國有九破而無一成，再加上官吏貪污枉法，使天下百姓，哀號於道路，逃竄於山澤。夫妻不相活，父子不相救。百姓有冤無處訴，有苦無處申。他們的出路何在呢？”
劉允章所說的嚴峻局面到僖宗朝不僅沒有絲毫好轉，而且是日益加劇。就在僖宗即位不久，爆發了濮州（今河南濮陽東）人王仙芝、冤句（今山東曹縣北）人黃巢領導的大起義。黃巢是????販出身，由於唐朝末年食????專賣，官????價格昂貴，老百姓有吃不起????而“淡食”者，所以造成了很多的私????販子，他們紛紛組織起來甚至搞武裝販運，這對於黃巢後來領導大規模的起義很有幫助。
黃巢起義爆發以後，州縣欺瞞上級，朝廷不知實情。各地擁兵的節度使為求自保，坐視觀望，所以起義軍發展很快。後來，黃巢率部南下進攻浙東，開山路700裏突入福建，攻剋廣州，而後又回師北上，剋潭州，下江陵，直進中原。僖宗雖然對這一局勢也很緊張，但並沒有停止繼續尋歡作樂，甚至在他為逃離長安做準備而任命劍南和山南道節度使時，竟然是用打馬球賭輸贏的辦法决定人選。廣明元年（880）十一月，由於唐軍士氣低落，所以高駢的鎮壓很不力，黃巢起義軍攻剋洛陽，十二月，輕易拿下潼關逼近長安。僖宗君臣束手無策，相對哭泣，宰相盧攜因畏懼自殺。田令孜率五百神策軍匆忙帶領僖宗和少數宗室親王逃離京城，先逃往山南（漢中），又逃往四川。僖宗成為玄宗之後又一位避難逃往四川的皇帝。唐末詩人羅隱有《帝幸蜀》詩詠其事：“馬嵬煙柳正依依，又見鑾輿幸蜀歸。泉下阿蠻應有語，這回休更冤楊妃。”（“阿蠻”是楊貴妃的小名。）號稱“秦婦吟秀纔”的唐末進士韋莊《立春日作》與此意境相同：“九重天子去蒙塵，禦柳無情依舊春。今日不關妃妾事，始知辜負馬嵬人。”
不久黃巢進長安，建國號大齊，年號金統。而僖宗在四川躲避了整整4年。
在這期間，僖宗得到了喘息，他利用川中的富庶和各地的進獻，組織對黃巢的反撲。義武鎮節度使王處存、河中節度使王重榮等積極組織對黃巢的打擊，出身沙陀族的河東太原李剋用也率兵入援以助朝廷，尤其是被僖宗委以京城四面行營都統的鳳翔節度使鄭畋，得到了“便宜從事”的權力，更是積極組織圍攻長安的黃巢。後來宰相王鐸又被任命為諸道行營都統來發動對黃巢的進攻，原來首鼠兩端的藩鎮，也開始為了自己的私利而主動對朝廷表達忠心。起義軍由於自身存在弱點，加上軍糧不足，內部發生了分歧和分化，一些將領接受了朝廷招安，形勢發生了逆轉。黃巢派駐同州重鎮的防御使朱溫在中和二年（882）九月投降，僖宗大喜過望，認為是“天賜我也”，賜名朱全忠。但僖宗沒有想到，唐朝的江山社稷最終就是被這個朱全忠奪了去。
起義軍在唐朝官軍的反撲下，被迫退出長安，最後力盡兵敗，黃巢在山東泰安的虎狼𠔌中自殺而亡。經過黃巢起義軍的打擊，唐朝數百年的基業已不復舊貌。此時，李昌符據鳳翔，王重榮據蒲、陝，諸葛爽據河陽、洛陽，孟方立據邢、洺，李剋用據太原、上黨，朱全忠據汴、滑，秦宗權據許、蔡，時溥據徐、泗，朱瑄據鄆、齊、曹、濮，王敬武據淄、青，高駢據淮南八州，秦彥據宣、歙，錢鏐據浙東，他們都是各擅兵賦，迭相吞噬，朝廷不能製，成為實際上的地方割據勢力。朝廷所能夠控製的地區不過河西、山南、劍南、嶺南西道數十州而已。
光啓元年（885）正月僖宗自川中啓程，三月重返長安。數年驚魂還沒有來得及穩定，便又遭遇了新的動蕩。事情是這樣的：僖宗寵信的宦官田令孜因企圖從河中節度使王重榮手中奪得池????之利而與之交惡，田便聯合邠寧節度使朱玫和鳳翔節度使李昌符嚮王重榮開戰。王重宗中和五年（885）三月榮則求救於太原李剋用，二人聯手大敗朱玫和李昌符，進逼長安。神策軍潰散，田令孜無奈再次帶領僖宗於光啓元年十二月逃亡到鳳翔（今陝西寶雞）。黃巢占領長安時，宮城建築保存完好，而這次諸道兵馬進入長安，燒殺搶掠，宮室坊裏被縱火燒焚者十有六七，“宮闕蕭條，鞠為茂草”。此時，各地節度使對宦官田令孜的專權十分不滿，不少人把打擊的矛頭對準了田令孜。朱玫本想劫持僖宗，因田令孜挾持僖宗從大散關逃到興元（今漢中）而沒有成功，就將因病沒有跑掉的襄王李熅挾持到長安立為傀儡皇帝，改元“建貞”。僖宗被尊為“太上元皇聖帝”，實際上就是太上皇。時在光啓二年（886）十月（一說五月）。
這一政治變故導致了各節度使與朝廷關係的新變化。僖宗以正統為號召，把王重榮和李剋用爭取過來反攻朱玫，同時密詔朱玫的愛將王行瑜，令他率衆還長安對付朱玫。光啓二年十二月，王行瑜將朱玫及其黨羽數百人斬殺，又縱兵大掠。這年的鼕天，異常寒冷，城裏九衢積雪，一直沒有融化。王行瑜率兵入城當夜，寒冽尤劇，長安城遭受搶掠剽剝之後，僵凍而死的百姓橫屍蔽地，慘不忍睹。一些官員奉襄王李熅逃奔河中，王重榮假裝迎奉，將襄王李熅抓住殺死，並把他的首級函送行在，即僖宗所在的興元。
長安襄王李熅事變平息後，不少官員遭到殺戮，田令孜被貶斥，僖宗也打算重回京師了。光啓三年（887）三月返京的隊伍剛剛到達鳳翔，節度使李昌符就以等待長安宮室修繕完工為名強行滯留。到了六月，天威軍與李昌符發生火拼，李昌符進攻僖宗行宮，兵敗出逃隴州，僖宗命扈駕都將李茂貞追擊。七月，李昌符被斬。
經過這樣幾番折騰，僖宗的身體也垮了。光啓四年（888）二月，病中的僖宗終於又一次回到長安，在拜謁太廟以後，舉行大赦，改元“文德”。三月三日，僖宗得“暴疾”，文德元年（888）三月六日，27歲的僖宗終於在顛沛流離之後離開了人世。幸運的是，他雖然是幾度逃離京師，卻是在長安宮中的武德殿駕崩的，而且在當年的十二月被葬在了靖陵（位於今陝西乾縣）。
後妃
孟才人
子女
僖宗二子，王子的母後資料已失。
建王李震
益王李升
女
唐興公主，母不詳。
永平公主，母不詳。
李儇年表
公元862年，唐懿宗第五子李儇出生，本名李儼。
公元873年，宦官劉行深和韓文約殺死唐懿宗長子，立李儇為太子。同年唐懿宗崩，李儇即位。
公元874年，王仙芝和黃巢起義，揭開了唐末農民起義的大潮。
公元877年，王仙芝戰敗被殺，黃巢統一了起義軍，並確立了推翻唐王朝的確切目標。
公元880年，在黃巢起義的攻擊下，李儇不得不南逃四川，並於公元881年抵達成都。
公元883年，黃巢在各路軍閥的圍剿下撤離長安。
公元885年，李儇回到長安，隨即又在宦官田令孜的逼迫下離開長安。
公元888年，李儇再次回到長安，於武德殿駕崩。
雜文逸事
新羅留學生崔致遠與唐僖宗統治期間來到唐朝仕官。
評價
僖宗生活的年代是唐王朝各種矛盾空前激化的年代，大唐帝國已經不可避免走嚮滅亡。因此不管僖宗是否賢明，他也不能扭轉不利的局面。很遺憾，相比於好似驕奢天子的父親懿宗，僖宗的腐敗程度不僅沒有減少，乾符年間以來的統治反倒黑暗了幾分。由此，王仙芝和黃巢起義的原因也就變得非常好解釋。僖宗生於深宮，宦官擁立為帝，雖其天資稟賦高超，然並無治國之道，光啓之後雖打算勵精圖治，擺脫宦官，重振唐威，但為時已晚，唐王朝已經支離破碎。
Officials demanding a hard it is. Private debt levy wins, two hard it is. Tax range, three hard it is. Run by begging grabbing four hard it is. For poor families who fled the five hard it is. Injustice is not reasonable, not flexor stretch, six hard it is. Frozen without clothes, hungry without food, seven hard it is. Medical illness can not die from the funeral, eight hard it is.
Yun-Zhang said: "People go without a return of five, eight hard without a laugh without breaking a state-owned nine percent, plus official corruption, perverting the law, so that the common people, crying in the road, fleeing the Shanze. Husband and wife not with live, his son does not is extended. people are seek redress complaints, suffer no place to apply. their way out then? "
Huang Chao intifada, counties fool superior, the court I do not know the truth. Around the squad at a military commissioner to seek to protect themselves, sit back and wait and see, so the rebels rapid development. Later, Huang Chao led his troops south to attack east of Zhejiang, Fujian, broke into open mountain 700 years, captured in Guangzhou, and then return in triumph north grams Tanzhou, under the Gangneung, straight into the Central Plains. Xi were Although the situation is very tense, but did not stop to enjoy themselves, even in his preparations for the escape appointed Chang Nan Road, Jiedushi Jiannan and, unexpectedly winning or losing a bet with a way to fight the decision polo candidates. Guang Ming Dynasty (880) November, as Tang Junshi demoralized, so very high parallel force of repression, Huang Chao captured rebels Luoyang, in December, easily won the Tongguan approximation Chang. Xi were helpless monarch and his subjects, relative to cry, for fear of carrying the prime minister Lu suicide. Rate of 500 Shence Jun Tian Ling Zi Xi cases and a few hastily led the imperial clan to flee the capital of Wales, first fled to Shannan (Hanzhong), they fled to Sichuan. Xi were later to become a refuge to flee reign of the emperor in Sichuan. Luo Yin Tang poet, a "lucky emperor of Shu" Poetry for being to: "Ma Wei Yan Liu are reluctant to part, see Xing Shu imperial carriage return. Izumishita A Man should have language, this time off is more injustice Yang Fei." (" A Man "is the Sacrifice pet name.) called" Qin Fu Yin scholar "of the late Tang Chin Wei Zhuang" Beginning Day as "the same with this mood:" Seventh Son of Heaven to dust, Yu Liu Wuqing still spring. today is not related Concubine something short and art to live up to Ma Wei people. "
Huang Chao Jin Soon Chang, a large number of Qi Jianguo, reign payment system. And Xi in the Sichuan avoid a full 4 years.
KPS first year (885) were from Sichuan in the first month of Xi leave in March to return to Chang'an. Cry a few years not had time to stabilize, in turn faced new turmoil. Something like this: Xi Tian Ling Zi were specially trusted eunuch from the river due to an attempt to re-Rong Wang Jiedushi the hands of profit-winning lake salt with enemies and field will be co-Bin Zhu Mei and Fung Cheung Ning Jiedushi Jiedushi to Wang Fu Li Chang Jung war. Wang heavy cases and in five years (885) March for help in Taiyuan Li Ke Rong is used, two joint defeated Zhu Mei and Li Chang Fu, press on Chang'an. Shence Jun collapsibility, Tian Ling Zi Xi were helpless once again lead the first year in December at KPS fled to Fengxiang (now Shaanxi Baoji). Huang Chao occupied Chang'an, the Miyagi well-preserved architecture, while the soldiers and horses to enter the Zhudao Chang, burning and looting, the palace workshops in 10 persons being set fire to six or seven, "palace depression, JU for the Mau Tso." At this point, local military commissioner of the eunuchs Tian Ling Zi in power very unhappy, a lot of people to attack targeting a field Lingzi. Zhu Xi Mei wanted to hijack cases were due to Tian Ling Zi Xi hostage escaped from the big San Guan Xing Yuan (now Hanzhong) but did not succeed, it will not run away due to illness of King Xiang Li Wen Chang established as a hostage to the puppet emperor, reign title "Building Chen. " Xi were the title of "King Shengdi too Lantern" is actually overlord. Years when the KPS (886) October (some say May).
After such repeated struggles, Xi body were also collapsed. KPS four years (888) in February, the patient again in the Xi were finally returned to Chang'an, the Imperial Ancestral Temple paid respects after the amnesty was held, reign title, "Bonaventure." March 3, Xi were too "violent illness," Bonaventure first year (888) March 6, 27-year-old Xi were displaced after finally passed away. Fortunately, several times while he was fleeing the capital, Chang'an palace is in the house Jiabeng of morality, and in December that year was buried in the Jing Ling (in this dry county in Shaanxi).
Child
Lee Sheng Yi Wang
Yongping princess, mother unknown.
AD 873, the eunuch Liu rows deep, and Korean Tang Yizong about killing his eldest son, the crown prince Li Li Xuan. Tang Yizong collapse the same year, Li Xuan throne.
AD 880, under the attack of the intifada in the Huang Chao and Li Xuan had to southern escape Sichuan, and in 881 AD, arrived in Chengdu.
AD 888, Li Xuan return to Chang'an, the military ethics Hall Jiabeng.
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