黄帝 人物列表
黄帝 Yellow emperor; The huangdi; Mauslleum颛顼 Zhuan Xu喾 Ku
帝挚 Di Zhi帝尧 Di Yao舜 Shun
炎帝 Yan Di神农氏 Shen Nongshi少典 Shao Dian
昌意 Chang Yi
颛顼 Zhuan Xu
黄帝  (前2617年前2520年)
姓:
网笔号: 高阳氏
籍贯: 帝丘
开端终结
在位前2514年前2520年
颛顼前2514年前2436年

  zhuān xū
  远古传说中的帝王,三皇五帝中第二位帝王,号阳氏。
  
  【人物简介】
  据传说,颛顼是黄帝的孙子,号高阳氏,居于帝丘(今河南省濮阳附近)。他聪明敏慧,有智谋,在民众中有很高的威信。他统治的地盘也大了很多,北到现在的河北省一带,南到南岭以南,西到现在的甘肃一带,东到东海中的一些岛屿,都是他统治的地城。古代历史书上描写说,颛顼视察所到之处,都受到部落民众的热情接待。
  据《淮南子.时则训》载:“北方之极,颛顼、元冥(元冥又叫玄冥,是管北方的水正官)之所司者万二千里。”又据《史记.五帝本纪》载:“北至于幽灵,南至于交趾,西至于流沙,东至于蹯木,动静之物,大小之神,日月所照,莫不砥属。”真是一位泽被宇内,功德盖世的帝王。
  《春秋纬》中一本叫《命历序》的书说颛顼部落共传20世,350年,《易纬》中的《稽览图》说是500年。
  颛顼、帝喾是上古时期“三皇五帝”中的第二位和第三位帝王,前承炎黄,后启尧舜,奠定华夏基根,是华夏民族的共同人文始祖。国学大师范文澜先生在《中国通史简编》中写道:“汉以前人相信黄帝、颛顼、帝喾三人为华族祖先,当是事实。”
  
  【生平简介】
  相传是黄帝子昌意的后裔,居帝邱(今河南省濮阳东南),号高阳氏。颛顼曾命重任南正之官,掌管祭祀天神;命黎任火正(一作北正)之官,掌管民事。
  颛顼又进行了一次重要的宗教改革。被黄帝征服的九黎族,到颛顼时,仍信奉巫教,杂拜鬼神。颛顼禁绝巫教,强令他们顺从黄帝族的教化,促进了族与族之间的融合。
  颛顼,姓姬,号高阳氏。传说活到98岁,在位78年。葬于东郡濮阳顿丘城外广阳里(今河南省濮阳县西南) 。死后又化为半人半鱼的“鱼妇”。他幼年曾去叔父的“少昊之国”游玩,10岁时就帮助治理国政。20岁时当了首领。当时,被黄帝征服的九黎族依然敬奉他们的巫教,崇拜鬼神。颛顼袭位后,下令禁绝巫教,要九黎族遵从黄帝族的教化。他又重视人事治理,努力发展农业。
  颛顼是高阳氏。在高阳氏的部落里面还有八个有名的氏族。这八个有名的氏族是:苍舒、大临、庭坚、仲容、叔达等,其中庭坚这个部落一直存在,并且直至春秋时代仍同皋陶并祀依照古代“神不歆非类,民不祀非族”的传统,颛顼也属于夷人的一个分支系统。颛顼活动的地方在卫(今河南濮阳),后来因为受到蚩尤战败的影响南迁至郑(今河南新郑)。
  【不合理的事情】
  但是颛顼也办过不合情理的事情。有这么一条律令就是他定的:规定妇女在路上和男子相遇,必须避让一旁;如果不这样做,就被拉到十字路口打一顿。这条法律虽然是传说,但是说明了在颛顼那个时期,由于生产方式的变化,男子成了氏族中的主导力量,妇女的地位已经低于男子,父系氏族社会完全取代了母系氏族社会,男子在社会上的权威已经确立。
  【颛顼和共工氏】
  与颛顼同时,有个部落领袖,叫做共工氏。传说他是人首蛇身,长着满头的赤发,他的坐骑是两条龙。
  据说共工氏姓姜,是炎帝的后代。他的部落在现在今天的河南北部。他对农耕很重视,尤其对水利工作更是抓紧,发明了筑堤蓄水的办法。那个时候,人类主要从事农业生产,水的利用是至关重要的。共工氏是神农氏以后,又一个为发展农业生产做出过贡献的人。
  共工有个女儿叫后土,对农业也很精通。他们为了发展农业生产,把水利的事办好,就一起考察了部落的土地情况,发现有的地方地势太高,田地浇水很费力;有的地方地势太低,容易被淹。由于这些原因,非常不利于农业生产。因此共工氏制订了一个计划,把土地的高处的土运去垫高低地,认为洼地垫高可以扩大耕种面积,高地去平,利于水利灌溉,对发展农业生产大有好处。
  颛顼部不赞成共工氏的做法。颛顼认为,在部族中至高无上的权威是自己,整个部族应当只听从他一个人的号令,共工氏是不能自作主张的。他用这样做会让上天发怒为理由,反对共工氏实行他的计划。于是,颛顼与共工氏之间发生了一场十分激烈的斗争,表面上是对治土、治水的争论,实际上是对部族领导权的争夺。
  要说这两个人比起来,力气上,共工氏要强;论机智,他却不如颛顼颛顼利用鬼神的说法,煽动部落民众,叫他们不要相信共工氏。当时的人对自然知识缺少了解,对鬼神之事都极为相信,不少人上了颛顼的当,认为共工氏一平整土地,真的会触怒鬼神,引来灾难,因此颛顼得到了多数民众的支持。
  共工氏不能得到民众的理解和支持,但他坚信自己的计划是正确的,坚决不肯妥协。为了天下人民的利益,他决心不惜牺牲自己,用生命去殉自己的事业。他来到不周山(今昆仑山),想把不周山的峰顶撞下来,来表示自己的坚强决心。
  共工氏驾起飞龙,来到半空,猛地一下撞向不周山。雾时间,一声震天巨响,只见不周山被共工氏猛然一撞,立即拦腰折断,整个山体轰隆隆地崩塌下来。天地之间发生巨变,天空中,日月星辰都变了位置;大地上,山川移动,河川变流。原来这不周山是天地之间的支柱,天柱折断了,使得系着大地的绳子也崩断了,只见大地向东南方向塌陷。天空向西北方向倾倒。因为天空向西北方向倾倒,日月星辰就每天都从东边升起,向西边降落;因为大地向东南塌陷,大江大河的水就都奔腾向东,流入东边的大海里去了。
  共工氏英勇的行为得到了人们的尊敬。在他死后,人们奉他为水师 (司水利之神),他的女儿后土也被人们奉为社神(即土地神),后来人们发誓时说"苍天后土在上",就谈的是他,由此可见人们对他们的敬重。
  关于共工氏和颛顼争夺帝位,怒撞不周山的传说,已经流传了两千多年。前边讲的几个神话,说明在那时我们的祖先尚不知如何解释各种各样的自然现象,不了解和掌握自然规律,因此在自然面前是那样的无力,因此把各种疑惑归之于神的存在,自然之力被形象化,人格化。所以创造了神话传说,歌颂心目中的英雄,也就塑造出了神话中盘古、女娲、黄帝等等传奇人物来。
  至于传说中的共工氏,当然并不一定实有其事,然而他那种勇敢、坚强,愿意牺牲自己来改造山河的大无畏精神,是值得我们钦佩的。尽管前边所讲的神话和传说是后人的臆想和艺术加工,但在反映原始社会的某些方面,在一定程度上接近历史的真实,象部落首领的被神化,就反映了原来是服务于部落的首领转化成了高踞于社会之上的权力。原始社会也就开始有了阶段的分化。
  即位后,进行政治改革,颛顼又进行了一次重要的宗教改革。被黄帝征服的九黎族,到颛顼时,仍信奉巫教,杂拜鬼神。颛顼禁绝巫教,强令他们顺从黄帝族的教化,促进了族与族之间的融合。他在位78年,死时90多岁,颛顼子孙很多,屈原就是自称颛顼的后裔。后人对颛顼大帝的评价是:静渊有谋,疏通知事,养材任地,载时象天,依鬼神以治义,治气以教化,洁诚以祭祀。因他生前崇尚玄色,故后人推戴他为玄帝。
  
  【颛顼传说】
  一.颛顼为黄帝之孙
  史载,颛顼帝本姓姬,是轩辕黄帝的孙子,昌意之子,生于若水(今四川省渡口一带),实居穷桑,其母女枢因感“瑶光”而生,十岁而佐少昊,二十而登帝位,初封高阳(今河北高阳县东),都于帝丘(今濮阳县西南)。在位78年,寿98岁,号为高阳氏,列为五帝之一,是一位有文治之功的帝王。在位期间创制九州,使中国首次有了版图界线;建立统治机构,定婚姻,制嫁娶,研究男女有别,长幼有序;针对巫术盛行之风,下令民间禁绝巫教;改革甲历,定下四季和二十四节气,后人推戴他为“历宗”等。帝喾是颛顼的族侄,15岁帮助颛顼治理天下,30岁登帝位,其在位期间严以律己,是一位万民诚服的帝王。
  二.颛顼是传说中的神化人物
  颛顼是传说中的神化人物,他有非凡的经历和超人的力量,有至高无上的权力。他的辖区非常大。据《淮南子.时则训》载:“北方之极,颛顼、元冥(元冥又叫玄冥,是管北方的水正官)之所司者万二千里。”又据《史记.五帝本纪》载:“北至于幽灵,南至于交趾,西至于流沙,东至于于蹯木,动静之物,大小之神,日月所照,莫不砥属。”真实一位泽被宇内,功德盖世的帝王。
  传说中,内黄西南一带有个黄水怪,经常口吐黄水淹没农田、冲毁房屋。颛顼听说后就决心降服它。可黄水怪神通广大,二人激战九九八十一天不分胜败。颛顼便上天求女娲神帮忙。女娲借来天王宝剑交给颛顼并教他使用方法。颛顼用天王宝剑打败了黄水怪。为了给人间造福,他用天王剑把大沙岗变成了一座山;取名付禺山,又用剑在山旁划一道河,取名硝河。从此这里有山有水,林茂粮丰,人们过上了好日子。
  颛顼在当地人民心中的位置很高的,被尊称为『高王爷』。传说颛顼生前惩治黄水怪,死后仍可退水救民。相传有一天,高王爷显灵变成一位白发苍苍的老人,坐在高王庙的台阶上闭目养神。不久。天降大雨,洪水滚滚而来,田毁庄淹。洪水流到白发老人的面前不再向前流了,从水中钻出了两个非人非兽的怪物。白发老人一挥手,怪物乖乖地沉下水去,随后,洪水慢慢地退走了。高王庙一带避免了一场洪水灾害。
  三.神话中的颛顼
  神话中的颛顼是个不讨人喜欢的角色,他认为人神有别,所以让人把天地分开,于是神仙们再也不管凡间疾苦。他喜欢听猪笼婆敲肚皮,便命猪笼婆天天敲给他听。他还有几个儿子女儿,但都不是什么好人。其长子叫虐鬼,专门在凡间传播疾病;次子叫魍魉,有点像蝙蝠的样子,专门在夜间袭击人类;三子叫小鬼,专门躲在人家里,等大人离开便残害其小孩;四子叫穷鬼,不用说,就是那个到谁家谁家就穷的人物;五子叫梼杌,也称傲狠,他倒不似前面四子那样没出息,因为他最残暴,后来成为了中国的四凶之一。他也是从侧面上反映出暴君的下场,最后逃到河里,变成了鱼妇,半鱼半人。
  
  【颛顼历】
  汉初的历法基本上是沿用秦以来的颛顼历。颛顼历是一种古四分历,以365 1/4日为回归年长度,29 499/950日为朔望月长度,十九年七闰。汉武帝时,公孙卿、壶遂、司马迁等受命议造汉历;最后,在18种改历方案中选定了邓平所造的八十一分律历,称太初历。太初历以365 385/1539日为回归年长度,29 43/81日为朔望月长度。西汉末年,刘歆修订太初历而更名为三统历。
  《颛顼历》完成于秦献公十九年(前366年)。该历以夏正十月为岁首,闰置于九月之后,以该年正月初一日刚好立春为节气的计算起点。《颛顼历》有两大特点:一是其时秦政权尚僻处于雍州,不与诸侯各国交往。诸侯自大,也以夷翟之邦视秦国,所以它实行的历法,直到秦统一天下后才推行全国。但又汉行秦历,才使《颛顼历》一跃而奉为历法“正统”。二其时古四分历理论已非常成熟,所谓《颛顼历》,只不过是月建有差,历策却仍是一个师傅下山的“畴人” 用古四分历方法拟订的。由于前367年夏历十一月初一日干支为乙卯(年干支也是乙卯!),是用古四分历推步而出,而《颛顼历》历家又称之为“乙卯元”可知,《颛顼历》不过是“古四分历”或迳是《殷历》的一支而已。关于此两历关系中的“正统”问题,实在是要与历史的看法来个“否定之否定”。
  
  【颛顼陵墓】
  颛顼、帝喾陵位于河南内黄县城南30公里的梁庄镇三杨庄土山之阳,人称“二帝陵”。颛顼陵居东,帝喾陵居西,两陵相距60米。颛顼陵南北长66米,东西宽53
  米,高约26米;帝喾陵略小且居后两米。据专家分析,这种长辈陵冢大、晚辈陵冢小;长辈陵位趋前、晚辈陵位趋后的殡葬方式,正好印证了颛顼帝“长幼有序”的道德伦理。二帝陵园从下至上有御桥、山门、庙院、陵墓、碑林及纵横其间的甬道,占地面积350多亩;陵墓四周有围墙,称“紫禁城”。史书记载,二帝陵建筑宏伟,碑碣林立,松柏蓊郁,历代帝王祭祀不绝,宋代以后列为定制。农历三月二十八为颛顼帝诞辰日,民间祭祀大戏喧嚣,人声鼎沸,香火缭绕,热闹非凡。但因年代久远,陵区地处黄河故道和紧靠硝河,河水多次泛滥,风沙肆虐,到清朝同治年间,陵墓和建筑群全部被黄沙掩埋于地下。
  新中国成立后,人民政府特别重视对二帝陵的保护和开发。政府连续多年在二帝陵区和周围育林封沙,使整个陵区被数万亩苍茫的森林所环抱。特别是1986年以来,对二帝陵进行了三次大规模的清沙、钻探和开发建设,原有的山门、宋井、庙宇、碑亭、陵墓、围墙和多条甬道相继重见天日;挖掘出165块御制祭祀碑、大量仰韶、龙山文化陶片及其他文物碎片;在陵区内,经过科学钻探表明,深层尚有大量碑碣及陶片。近年,当地政府对二帝陵进行了大规模重修,先后修建了山门、祭拜殿、二帝塑像、棂星门、碑廊、配殿及其他附属配套设施。陵园外,芳草萋萋,林涛奔涌;陵园内,松柏参天,庄严肃穆,透出了帝王陵园的沧桑与威严,一年四季前来寻根拜祖的海内外华人、华侨络绎不绝。公元2000年10月,河南省人民政府正式批准颛顼、帝喾二帝陵为“省级文物保护单位”。当地政府设置了专业管理机构,配备了管理人员。2003年至2005年连续三年的农历三月二十八,安阳市人民政府、内黄县人民政府都隆重举行盛大的公祭大典。每年这一天,都有数十万内地、港澳台地区及海外华夏子孙前来参加祭祀活动,即时礼炮轰鸣,钟磬悠扬,颂歌齐唱,共祈华夏血脉永昌、国泰民安、世界和平。
  另一种说法:颛顼墓位于聊城东昌府区城西北7.5公里处。颛顼乃上古帝王,系黄帝之孙,"初国于高阳,故号高阳氏,都于商丘(今河南濮阳),在位七十八年"。其墓葬于何处,历来说法不一。《一统志》载:"帝颛顼高阳氏陵有二:一在开州,一在东郡城西北二十里。……在东郡者有庙,民间称'聊古庙是也'。" 颛顼墓是真是假,目前尚不敢断言,但据文物考古调查,此处系一古化遗址则确凿无疑。该遗址为方形高台地,暴露面积500平方米,为黑灰土堆积。遗址表面散布着不少陶片,可识器形有龙山文化时期的罐、杯、南瓦、豆、盆、殷代的鬲,周代的绳纹筒瓦等。属龙山文化至商周时期的遗址。
  颛顼墓南,原有一座用以祭祀颛顼的庙宇,名"聊古庙",又名"聊王庙"、"颛顼庙"。该庙规模宏大,远近闻名。庙内有钟楼、彭楼、大殿、廊房、后楼等建筑。大殿内供一高约7尺的颛顼帝执圭坐像。大殿后二层阁楼内,塑有颛顼帝及后妃神像。1945年庙毁,现仅存遗址。


  zhuān xū
  According to legend, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor Zhuan Xu, Gao Yang's number, living in Imperial Hill (near Puyang, Henan province). He was intelligent Min Hui, a resourcefulness in a high prestige among the people. He ruled the site has a large lot, north to the present area of Hebei Province, south to Nanling south, west to the present area of Gansu, east to the East China Sea, some of the islands are of his reign in the city. Description of the ancient history books say, Zhuan Xu inspection wherever, are subject to tribal people for their hospitality.
  Zhuan Xu, Di Ku is ancient period "Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors" in the second and third emperor, the former Cheng Yan Huang, Kai Yao and Shun, after lay Huaxia Ji root, is a common human ancestor of the Chinese nation. Mr. Fan Wenlan Great Masters in the "General View of History" wrote: "Chinese people believe that before the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku three were ethnic Chinese ancestry, as is a fact."
  Zhuan Xu has conducted an important Reformation. Li Huangdi conquered by nine to Zhuan Xu, still believed in shamanism, worship the gods mixed. Zhuanxu ban shamanism, or force them to obey Huangdi tribe educate, promote ethnic and racial integration.
  】 【Unreasonable things
  And Zhuan Xu same time, tribal leaders, called Gong Gong. Legend he was a first snake, a long with a full head of red hair, his horse is two dragons.
  Zhuan Xu's Department does not support the practice of work. Zhuan Xu believes that the supreme authority in the tribes themselves, the whole clan should just listen to a person orders from his total work's own decisions is not. He used to do will make God angry for the reasons, against a total work's implementation of his plan. Thus, Zhuan Xu's work and common between a very intense fight, the surface is the governing soil, water disputes, in fact, is the struggle for tribal leadership.
  As for the legend's co-workers, of course, is not necessarily fact the case, but he kind of brave, strong and willing to sacrifice their indomitable spirit to transform the mountains and rivers, is worthy of our admiration. While speaking in front of the myths and legends are descendants of the imaginary and artistic process, but reflects some aspects of primitive society, to a certain extent, closer to historical reality, as the tribal chiefs were deified, would reflect the original is to serve tribal leaders transformed into ranks in the top of the power of the community. Primitive stage of differentiation have also begun.
  1. Zhuan Xu, grandson of the Yellow Emperor
  Zhuan Xu is the apotheosis of the legendary figure, he has extraordinary experience and superhuman strength, have the supreme authority. His area is very large. According to "Huai. Time is training" set: "the north pole, Zhuan Xu, Yuan Ming (Yuan Ming called Xuan Ming, is a pipe north water is official) of the Division thousand li." Also, according to "Historical Records. Wudi "contains:" The specter of the North, South As Cochin, West As quicksand, East As the paw trees, movement of objects, the size of God, the sun and moon according to everyone in the world is a mainstay. "real one and bring benefit to buildings or merit guise of Imperial.
  3. Mythology Zhuanxu
  Han Dynasty followed the Qin calendar basically since THE HISTORY. THE HISTORY is an old quarter of the calendar, to 365 1 / 4 the length of the tropical year, 29 499/950 day synodic month length, 19 7 leap years. Han Wu Di, Gong Sun Qing, pot then, Sima Qian was ordered to Gizo Chinese calendar; Finally, calendar reform program in 18 selected Deng made of the 81 sub-level legal experience, said the calendar was in the beginning. Beginning was the calendar date for the return of 365 385/1539 on the length of 29 43/81 on the length of the synodic month. Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin amendment was in the beginning but changed its name to three calendar calendar system.
  "THE HISTORY" was completed in Qinxian Gong 19 years (before 366). The calendar for the beginning of the year to October XIA, leap placed after September to the beginning of the year is just the beginning of spring day calculation starting point for the solar terms. "THE HISTORY" has two main characteristics: First, the time is still secluded in Yongzhou Qin regime, not to engage the countries with the princes. Arrogant nobility, but also to the state as the state of Qin Yi Zhai, so it maintains the calendar, until the Qin Dynasty unified the world after the implementation of the country. Qin Li Han line but only to "THE HISTORY" regarded as a leap Calendar "orthodox." Second calendar quarter of the time of ancient theory has been very mature, so-called "THE HISTORY" is only built on poor policy still is a master calendar down the "domain" and use the old quarter of the calendar method developed. As the first form before the 367 day lunar calendar November Ganzhi to YiMao (years Ganzhi also YiMao!), Is pushing further out of the old quarter of the calendar, and "THE HISTORY" calendar at home is also known as "YiMao dollars" known, "THE HISTORY" is nothing but "ancient quarter of the calendar" or Jing is the "Yin Calendar" and an only. Relationship between these two calendar on the "orthodox" problem is with the view of history to a "negation of negation."
  Zhuan Xu, Di Ku Ling is located 30 km south of Henan Neihuang Town 3 Yangzhuang soil Liang Yang mountains, known as the "Second Emperor." Zhuan Xu Ling Home East, Ku Ling Home West, two tomb 60 meters apart. Zhuan Xu Ling 66 meters from north to south, from east to 53
  After the founding of new China, People's Government attached special importance to the protection and development of the Second Emperor. Government for many years in the two letters near the Mausoleum and the surrounding sand silviculture, the number of acres throughout the hilly area was surrounded by vast forests. Particularly since 1986, the Second Emperor of the Qing conducted three large-scale sand, drilling and development and construction, the original gate, Song wells, temples, Beiting, tombs, walls, and a number of corridor have brought to light; excavated 165 block imperial ritual monument, a large number of Yangshao, Longshan culture pottery fragments and other artifacts; the tomb area, through scientific drilling that deep there are a large number of stele and pottery. In recent years, the local government to conduct a large-scale rehabilitation of the Second Emperor, has built the gate, the worship hall, the second emperor statue, Lingxing Gate, Corridor of Steles, side hall and other ancillary facilities. Cemetery, the fragrant grass, Lin Tao surging; cemetery, the pine and cypress trees that solemn, showing the imperial mausoleum of the vicissitudes of life and dignity, throughout the year to come home and abroad roots Baizu Chinese, overseas Chinese flock. Year in October 2000, Henan Province People's Government formally approved Xu, Ku 2 Mausoleum of "provincial cultural relics protection units." The local government set up a professional management organization, with the management. From 2003 to 2005 for three consecutive years of lunar March 28, Anyang City Government, Neihuang government have held a grand public memorial ceremony. This day each year, there are hundreds of thousands of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese descendants to attend the festival, real gun salute thundered, Zhong Qing melodious, carol singing in unison, of Chinese ancestry Yongchang pray, peace and prosperity, world peace.
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