姓: | 姬 | |||||||||
網筆號: | 高陽氏 | |||||||||
籍貫: | 帝丘 | |||||||||
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遠古傳說中的帝王,三皇五帝中第二位帝王,號陽氏。
【人物簡介】
據傳說,顓頊是黃帝的孫子,號高陽氏,居於帝丘(今河南省濮陽附近)。他聰明敏慧,有智謀,在民衆中有很高的威信。他統治的地盤也大了很多,北到現在的河北省一帶,南到南嶺以南,西到現在的甘肅一帶,東到東海中的一些島嶼,都是他統治的地城。古代歷史書上描寫說,顓頊視察所到之處,都受到部落民衆的熱情接待。
據《淮南子.時則訓》載:“北方之極,顓頊、元冥(元冥又叫玄冥,是管北方的水正官)之所司者萬二千裏。”又據《史記.五帝本紀》載:“北至於幽靈,南至於交趾,西至於流沙,東至於蹯木,動靜之物,大小之神,日月所照,莫不砥屬。”真是一位澤被宇內,功德蓋世的帝王。
《春秋緯》中一本叫《命歷序》的書說顓頊部落共傳20世,350年,《易緯》中的《稽覽圖》說是500年。
顓頊、帝嚳是上古時期“三皇五帝”中的第二位和第三位帝王,前承炎黃,後啓堯舜,奠定華夏基根,是華夏民族的共同人文始祖。國學大師範文瀾先生在《中國通史簡編》中寫道:“漢以前人相信黃帝、顓頊、帝嚳三人為華族祖先,當是事實。”
【生平簡介】
相傳是黃帝子昌意的後裔,居帝邱(今河南省濮陽東南),號高陽氏。顓頊曾命重任南正之官,掌管祭祀天神;命黎任火正(一作北正)之官,掌管民事。
顓頊又進行了一次重要的宗教改革。被黃帝徵服的九黎族,到顓頊時,仍信奉巫教,雜拜鬼神。顓頊禁絶巫教,強令他們順從黃帝族的教化,促進了族與族之間的融合。
顓頊,姓姬,號高陽氏。傳說活到98歲,在位78年。葬於東郡濮陽頓丘城外廣陽裏(今河南省濮陽縣西南) 。死後又化為半人半魚的“魚婦”。他幼年曾去叔父的“少昊之國”遊玩,10歲時就幫助治理國政。20歲時當了首領。當時,被黃帝徵服的九黎族依然敬奉他們的巫教,崇拜鬼神。顓頊襲位後,下令禁絶巫教,要九黎族遵從黃帝族的教化。他又重視人事治理,努力發展農業。
顓頊是高陽氏。在高陽氏的部落裏面還有八個有名的氏族。這八個有名的氏族是:蒼舒、大臨、庭堅、仲容、叔達等,其中庭堅這個部落一直存在,並且直至春秋時代仍同臯陶並祀依照古代“神不歆非類,民不祀非族”的傳統,顓頊也屬於夷人的一個分支係統。顓頊活動的地方在衛(今河南濮陽),後來因為受到蚩尤戰敗的影響南遷至鄭(今河南新鄭)。
【不合理的事情】
但是顓頊也辦過不合情理的事情。有這麽一條律令就是他定的:規定婦女在路上和男子相遇,必須避讓一旁;如果不這樣做,就被拉到十字路口打一頓。這條法律雖然是傳說,但是說明了在顓頊那個時期,由於生産方式的變化,男子成了氏族中的主導力量,婦女的地位已經低於男子,父係氏族社會完全取代了母係氏族社會,男子在社會上的權威已經確立。
【顓頊和共工氏】
與顓頊同時,有個部落領袖,叫做共工氏。傳說他是人首蛇身,長着滿頭的赤發,他的坐騎是兩條竜。
據說共工氏姓姜,是炎帝的後代。他的部落在現在今天的河南北部。他對農耕很重視,尤其對水利工作更是抓緊,發明了築堤蓄水的辦法。那個時候,人類主要從事農業生産,水的利用是至關重要的。共工氏是神農氏以後,又一個為發展農業生産做出過貢獻的人。
共工有個女兒叫後土,對農業也很精通。他們為了發展農業生産,把水利的事辦好,就一起考察了部落的土地情況,發現有的地方地勢太高,田地澆水很費力;有的地方地勢太低,容易被淹。由於這些原因,非常不利於農業生産。因此共工氏製訂了一個計劃,把土地的高處的土運去墊高低地,認為窪地墊高可以擴大耕種面積,高地去平,利於水利灌溉,對發展農業生産大有好處。
顓頊部不贊成共工氏的做法。顓頊認為,在部族中至高無上的權威是自己,整個部族應當衹聽從他一個人的號令,共工氏是不能自作主張的。他用這樣做會讓上天發怒為理由,反對共工氏實行他的計劃。於是,顓頊與共工氏之間發生了一場十分激烈的鬥爭,表面上是對治土、治水的爭論,實際上是對部族領導權的爭奪。
要說這兩個人比起來,力氣上,共工氏要強;論機智,他卻不如顓頊。顓頊利用鬼神的說法,煽動部落民衆,叫他們不要相信共工氏。當時的人對自然知識缺少瞭解,對鬼神之事都極為相信,不少人上了顓頊的當,認為共工氏一平整土地,真的會觸怒鬼神,引來災難,因此顓頊得到了多數民衆的支持。
共工氏不能得到民衆的理解和支持,但他堅信自己的計劃是正確的,堅决不肯妥協。為了天下人民的利益,他决心不惜犧牲自己,用生命去殉自己的事業。他來到不周山(今昆侖山),想把不周山的峰頂撞下來,來表示自己的堅強决心。
共工氏駕起飛竜,來到半空,猛地一下撞嚮不周山。霧時間,一聲震天巨響,衹見不周山被共工氏猛然一撞,立即攔腰折斷,整個山體轟隆隆地崩塌下來。天地之間發生巨變,天空中,日月星辰都變了位置;大地上,山川移動,河川變流。原來這不周山是天地之間的支柱,天柱折斷了,使得係着大地的繩子也崩斷了,衹見大地嚮東南方向塌陷。天空嚮西北方向傾倒。因為天空嚮西北方向傾倒,日月星辰就每天都從東邊升起,嚮西邊降落;因為大地嚮東南塌陷,大江大河的水就都奔騰嚮東,流入東邊的大海裏去了。
共工氏英勇的行為得到了人們的尊敬。在他死後,人們奉他為水師 (司水利之神),他的女兒後土也被人們奉為社神(即土地神),後來人們發誓時說"蒼天後土在上",就談的是他,由此可見人們對他們的敬重。
關於共工氏和顓頊爭奪帝位,怒撞不周山的傳說,已經流傳了兩千多年。前邊講的幾個神話,說明在那時我們的祖先尚不知如何解釋各種各樣的自然現象,不瞭解和掌握自然規律,因此在自然面前是那樣的無力,因此把各種疑惑歸之於神的存在,自然之力被形象化,人格化。所以創造了神話傳說,歌頌心目中的英雄,也就塑造出了神話中盤古、女媧、黃帝等等傳奇人物來。
至於傳說中的共工氏,當然並不一定實有其事,然而他那種勇敢、堅強,願意犧牲自己來改造山河的大無畏精神,是值得我們欽佩的。儘管前邊所講的神話和傳說是後人的臆想和藝術加工,但在反映原始社會的某些方面,在一定程度上接近歷史的真實,象部落首領的被神化,就反映了原來是服務於部落的首領轉化成了高踞於社會之上的權力。原始社會也就開始有了階段的分化。
即位後,進行政治改革,顓頊又進行了一次重要的宗教改革。被黃帝徵服的九黎族,到顓頊時,仍信奉巫教,雜拜鬼神。顓頊禁絶巫教,強令他們順從黃帝族的教化,促進了族與族之間的融合。他在位78年,死時90多歲,顓頊子孫很多,屈原就是自稱顓頊的後裔。後人對顓頊大帝的評價是:靜淵有謀,疏通知事,養材任地,載時象天,依鬼神以治義,治氣以教化,潔誠以祭祀。因他生前崇尚玄色,故後人推戴他為玄帝。
【顓頊傳說】
一.顓頊為黃帝之孫
史載,顓頊帝本姓姬,是軒轅黃帝的孫子,昌意之子,生於若水(今四川省渡口一帶),實居窮桑,其母女樞因感“瑤光”而生,十歲而佐少昊,二十而登帝位,初封高陽(今河北高陽縣東),都於帝丘(今濮陽縣西南)。在位78年,壽98歲,號為高陽氏,列為五帝之一,是一位有文治之功的帝王。在位期間創製九州,使中國首次有了版圖界綫;建立統治機構,定婚姻,製嫁娶,研究男女有別,長幼有序;針對巫術盛行之風,下令民間禁絶巫教;改革甲歷,定下四季和二十四節氣,後人推戴他為“歷宗”等。帝嚳是顓頊的族侄,15歲幫助顓頊治理天下,30歲登帝位,其在位期間嚴以律己,是一位萬民誠服的帝王。
二.顓頊是傳說中的神化人物
顓頊是傳說中的神化人物,他有非凡的經歷和超人的力量,有至高無上的權力。他的轄區非常大。據《淮南子.時則訓》載:“北方之極,顓頊、元冥(元冥又叫玄冥,是管北方的水正官)之所司者萬二千裏。”又據《史記.五帝本紀》載:“北至於幽靈,南至於交趾,西至於流沙,東至於於蹯木,動靜之物,大小之神,日月所照,莫不砥屬。”真實一位澤被宇內,功德蓋世的帝王。
傳說中,內黃西南一帶有個黃水怪,經常口吐黃水淹沒農田、衝毀房屋。顓頊聽說後就决心降服它。可黃水怪神通廣大,二人激戰九九八十一天不分勝敗。顓頊便上天求女媧神幫忙。女媧藉來天王寶劍交給顓頊並教他使用方法。顓頊用天王寶劍打敗了黃水怪。為了給人間造福,他用天王劍把大沙崗變成了一座山;取名付禺山,又用劍在山旁劃一道河,取名硝河。從此這裏有山有水,林茂糧豐,人們過上了好日子。
顓頊在當地人民心中的位置很高的,被尊稱為『高王爺』。傳說顓頊生前懲治黃水怪,死後仍可退水救民。相傳有一天,高王爺顯靈變成一位白發蒼蒼的老人,坐在高王廟的臺階上閉目養神。不久。天降大雨,洪水滾滾而來,田毀莊淹。洪水流到白發老人的面前不再嚮前流了,從水中鑽出了兩個非人非獸的怪物。白發老人一揮手,怪物乖乖地沉下水去,隨後,洪水慢慢地退走了。高王廟一帶避免了一場洪水災害。
三.神話中的顓頊
神話中的顓頊是個不討人喜歡的角色,他認為人神有別,所以讓人把天地分開,於是神仙們再也不管凡間疾苦。他喜歡聽豬籠婆敲肚皮,便命豬籠婆天天敲給他聽。他還有幾個兒子女兒,但都不是什麽好人。其長子叫虐鬼,專門在凡間傳播疾病;次子叫魍魎,有點像蝙蝠的樣子,專門在夜間襲擊人類;三子叫小鬼,專門躲在人傢裏,等大人離開便殘害其小孩;四子叫窮鬼,不用說,就是那個到誰傢誰傢就窮的人物;五子叫檮杌,也稱傲狠,他倒不似前面四子那樣沒出息,因為他最殘暴,後來成為了中國的四兇之一。他也是從側面上反映出暴君的下場,最後逃到河裏,變成了魚婦,半魚半人。
【顓頊歷】
漢初的歷法基本上是沿用秦以來的顓頊歷。顓頊歷是一種古四分歷,以365 1/4日為回歸年長度,29 499/950日為朔望月長度,十九年七閏。漢武帝時,公孫卿、壺遂、司馬遷等受命議造漢歷;最後,在18種改歷方案中選定了鄧平所造的八十一分律歷,稱太初歷。太初歷以365 385/1539日為回歸年長度,29 43/81日為朔望月長度。西漢末年,劉歆修訂太初歷而更名為三統歷。
《顓頊歷》完成於秦獻公十九年(前366年)。該歷以夏正十月為歲首,閏置於九月之後,以該年正月初一日剛好立春為節氣的計算起點。《顓頊歷》有兩大特點:一是其時秦政權尚僻處於雍州,不與諸侯各國交往。諸侯自大,也以夷翟之邦視秦國,所以它實行的歷法,直到秦統一天下後纔推行全國。但又漢行秦歷,纔使《顓頊歷》一躍而奉為歷法“正統”。二其時古四分歷理論已非常成熟,所謂《顓頊歷》,衹不過是月建有差,歷策卻仍是一個師傅下山的“疇人” 用古四分歷方法擬訂的。由於前367年夏歷十一月初一日幹支為乙卯(年幹支也是乙卯!),是用古四分歷推步而出,而《顓頊歷》歷傢又稱之為“乙卯元”可知,《顓頊歷》不過是“古四分歷”或逕是《殷歷》的一支而已。關於此兩歷關係中的“正統”問題,實在是要與歷史的看法來個“否定之否定”。
【顓頊陵墓】
顓頊、帝嚳陵位於河南內黃縣城南30公裏的梁莊鎮三楊莊土山之陽,人稱“二帝陵”。顓頊陵居東,帝嚳陵居西,兩陵相距60米。顓頊陵南北長66米,東西寬53
米,高約26米;帝嚳陵略小且居後兩米。據專傢分析,這種長輩陵塚大、晚輩陵塚小;長輩陵位趨前、晚輩陵位趨後的殯葬方式,正好印證了顓頊帝“長幼有序”的道德倫理。二帝陵園從下至上有禦橋、山門、廟院、陵墓、碑林及縱橫其間的甬道,占地面積350多畝;陵墓四周有圍墻,稱“紫禁城”。史書記載,二帝陵建築宏偉,碑碣林立,鬆柏蓊鬱,歷代帝王祭祀不絶,宋代以後列為定製。農歷三月二十八為顓頊帝誕辰日,民間祭祀大戲喧囂,人聲鼎沸,香火繚繞,熱鬧非凡。但因年代久遠,陵區地處黃河故道和緊靠硝河,河水多次泛濫,風沙肆虐,到清朝同治年間,陵墓和建築群全部被黃沙掩埋於地下。
新中國成立後,人民政府特別重視對二帝陵的保護和開發。政府連續多年在二帝陵區和周圍育林封沙,使整個陵區被數萬畝蒼茫的森林所環抱。特別是1986年以來,對二帝陵進行了三次大規模的清沙、鑽探和開發建設,原有的山門、宋井、廟宇、碑亭、陵墓、圍墻和多條甬道相繼重見天日;挖掘出165塊御制祭祀碑、大量仰韶、竜山文化陶片及其他文物碎片;在陵區內,經過科學鑽探表明,深層尚有大量碑碣及陶片。近年,當地政府對二帝陵進行了大規模重修,先後修建了山門、祭拜殿、二帝塑像、欞星門、碑廊、配殿及其他附屬配套設施。陵園外,芳草萋萋,林濤奔涌;陵園內,鬆柏參天,莊嚴肅穆,透出了帝王陵園的滄桑與威嚴,一年四季前來尋根拜祖的海內外華人、華僑絡繹不絶。公元2000年10月,河南省人民政府正式批準顓頊、帝嚳二帝陵為“省級文物保護單位”。當地政府設置了專業管理機構,配備了管理人員。2003年至2005年連續三年的農歷三月二十八,安陽市人民政府、內黃縣人民政府都隆重舉行盛大的公祭大典。每年這一天,都有數十萬內地、港澳臺地區及海外華夏子孫前來參加祭祀活動,即時禮炮轟鳴,鐘磬悠揚,頌歌齊唱,共祈華夏血脈永昌、國泰民安、世界和平。
另一種說法:顓頊墓位於聊城東昌府區城西北7.5公裏處。顓頊乃上古帝王,係黃帝之孫,"初國於高陽,故號高陽氏,都於商丘(今河南濮陽),在位七十八年"。其墓葬於何處,歷來說法不一。《一統志》載:"帝顓頊高陽氏陵有二:一在開州,一在東郡城西北二十裏。……在東郡者有廟,民間稱'聊古廟是也'。" 顓頊墓是真是假,目前尚不敢斷言,但據文物考古調查,此處係一古化遺址則確鑿無疑。該遺址為方形高臺地,暴露面積500平方米,為黑灰土堆積。遺址表面散布着不少陶片,可識器形有竜山文化時期的罐、杯、南瓦、豆、盆、殷代的鬲,周代的繩紋筒瓦等。屬竜山文化至商周時期的遺址。
顓頊墓南,原有一座用以祭祀顓頊的廟宇,名"聊古廟",又名"聊王廟"、"顓頊廟"。該廟規模宏大,遠近聞名。廟內有鐘樓、彭樓、大殿、廊房、後樓等建築。大殿內供一高約7尺的顓頊帝執圭坐像。大殿後二層閣樓內,塑有顓頊帝及後妃神像。1945年廟毀,現僅存遺址。
According to legend, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor Zhuan Xu, Gao Yang's number, living in Imperial Hill (near Puyang, Henan province). He was intelligent Min Hui, a resourcefulness in a high prestige among the people. He ruled the site has a large lot, north to the present area of Hebei Province, south to Nanling south, west to the present area of Gansu, east to the East China Sea, some of the islands are of his reign in the city. Description of the ancient history books say, Zhuan Xu inspection wherever, are subject to tribal people for their hospitality.
Zhuan Xu, Di Ku is ancient period "Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors" in the second and third emperor, the former Cheng Yan Huang, Kai Yao and Shun, after lay Huaxia Ji root, is a common human ancestor of the Chinese nation. Mr. Fan Wenlan Great Masters in the "General View of History" wrote: "Chinese people believe that before the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku three were ethnic Chinese ancestry, as is a fact."
Zhuan Xu has conducted an important Reformation. Li Huangdi conquered by nine to Zhuan Xu, still believed in shamanism, worship the gods mixed. Zhuanxu ban shamanism, or force them to obey Huangdi tribe educate, promote ethnic and racial integration.
】 【Unreasonable things
And Zhuan Xu same time, tribal leaders, called Gong Gong. Legend he was a first snake, a long with a full head of red hair, his horse is two dragons.
Zhuan Xu's Department does not support the practice of work. Zhuan Xu believes that the supreme authority in the tribes themselves, the whole clan should just listen to a person orders from his total work's own decisions is not. He used to do will make God angry for the reasons, against a total work's implementation of his plan. Thus, Zhuan Xu's work and common between a very intense fight, the surface is the governing soil, water disputes, in fact, is the struggle for tribal leadership.
As for the legend's co-workers, of course, is not necessarily fact the case, but he kind of brave, strong and willing to sacrifice their indomitable spirit to transform the mountains and rivers, is worthy of our admiration. While speaking in front of the myths and legends are descendants of the imaginary and artistic process, but reflects some aspects of primitive society, to a certain extent, closer to historical reality, as the tribal chiefs were deified, would reflect the original is to serve tribal leaders transformed into ranks in the top of the power of the community. Primitive stage of differentiation have also begun.
1. Zhuan Xu, grandson of the Yellow Emperor
Zhuan Xu is the apotheosis of the legendary figure, he has extraordinary experience and superhuman strength, have the supreme authority. His area is very large. According to "Huai. Time is training" set: "the north pole, Zhuan Xu, Yuan Ming (Yuan Ming called Xuan Ming, is a pipe north water is official) of the Division thousand li." Also, according to "Historical Records. Wudi "contains:" The specter of the North, South As Cochin, West As quicksand, East As the paw trees, movement of objects, the size of God, the sun and moon according to everyone in the world is a mainstay. "real one and bring benefit to buildings or merit guise of Imperial.
3. Mythology Zhuanxu
Han Dynasty followed the Qin calendar basically since THE HISTORY. THE HISTORY is an old quarter of the calendar, to 365 1 / 4 the length of the tropical year, 29 499/950 day synodic month length, 19 7 leap years. Han Wu Di, Gong Sun Qing, pot then, Sima Qian was ordered to Gizo Chinese calendar; Finally, calendar reform program in 18 selected Deng made of the 81 sub-level legal experience, said the calendar was in the beginning. Beginning was the calendar date for the return of 365 385/1539 on the length of 29 43/81 on the length of the synodic month. Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin amendment was in the beginning but changed its name to three calendar calendar system.
"THE HISTORY" was completed in Qinxian Gong 19 years (before 366). The calendar for the beginning of the year to October XIA, leap placed after September to the beginning of the year is just the beginning of spring day calculation starting point for the solar terms. "THE HISTORY" has two main characteristics: First, the time is still secluded in Yongzhou Qin regime, not to engage the countries with the princes. Arrogant nobility, but also to the state as the state of Qin Yi Zhai, so it maintains the calendar, until the Qin Dynasty unified the world after the implementation of the country. Qin Li Han line but only to "THE HISTORY" regarded as a leap Calendar "orthodox." Second calendar quarter of the time of ancient theory has been very mature, so-called "THE HISTORY" is only built on poor policy still is a master calendar down the "domain" and use the old quarter of the calendar method developed. As the first form before the 367 day lunar calendar November Ganzhi to YiMao (years Ganzhi also YiMao!), Is pushing further out of the old quarter of the calendar, and "THE HISTORY" calendar at home is also known as "YiMao dollars" known, "THE HISTORY" is nothing but "ancient quarter of the calendar" or Jing is the "Yin Calendar" and an only. Relationship between these two calendar on the "orthodox" problem is with the view of history to a "negation of negation."
Zhuan Xu, Di Ku Ling is located 30 km south of Henan Neihuang Town 3 Yangzhuang soil Liang Yang mountains, known as the "Second Emperor." Zhuan Xu Ling Home East, Ku Ling Home West, two tomb 60 meters apart. Zhuan Xu Ling 66 meters from north to south, from east to 53
After the founding of new China, People's Government attached special importance to the protection and development of the Second Emperor. Government for many years in the two letters near the Mausoleum and the surrounding sand silviculture, the number of acres throughout the hilly area was surrounded by vast forests. Particularly since 1986, the Second Emperor of the Qing conducted three large-scale sand, drilling and development and construction, the original gate, Song wells, temples, Beiting, tombs, walls, and a number of corridor have brought to light; excavated 165 block imperial ritual monument, a large number of Yangshao, Longshan culture pottery fragments and other artifacts; the tomb area, through scientific drilling that deep there are a large number of stele and pottery. In recent years, the local government to conduct a large-scale rehabilitation of the Second Emperor, has built the gate, the worship hall, the second emperor statue, Lingxing Gate, Corridor of Steles, side hall and other ancillary facilities. Cemetery, the fragrant grass, Lin Tao surging; cemetery, the pine and cypress trees that solemn, showing the imperial mausoleum of the vicissitudes of life and dignity, throughout the year to come home and abroad roots Baizu Chinese, overseas Chinese flock. Year in October 2000, Henan Province People's Government formally approved Xu, Ku 2 Mausoleum of "provincial cultural relics protection units." The local government set up a professional management organization, with the management. From 2003 to 2005 for three consecutive years of lunar March 28, Anyang City Government, Neihuang government have held a grand public memorial ceremony. This day each year, there are hundreds of thousands of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese descendants to attend the festival, real gun salute thundered, Zhong Qing melodious, carol singing in unison, of Chinese ancestry Yongchang pray, peace and prosperity, world peace.