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阅读伏羲 Fu Xi在百家争鸣的作品!!! | ||||||||||||
相传其人首蛇身，与其妹女娲成婚，生儿育女，成为人类的始祖。又相传他是古代华夏部落的杰出首领。伏羲根据天地间阴阳变化之理，创制八卦，即以八种简单却寓义深刻的符号来概括天地之间的万事万物。此外，他还模仿自然界中的蜘蛛结网而制成网罟，用于捕鱼打猎。关于太昊伏羲氏的记载在古籍中常见，但又说法不一。
像中伏羲氏散发披肩，身披鹿皮，一派远古风范。远古时期，人们以石器加工兽皮，再以骨针等工具进行缝制，用以御寒。图中左下角画有八卦图形表明他创制八卦的功绩，而伏羲氏的目光显得深沉、睿智，无愧于古代智者的形象。
由于伏羲是蛇身人首，故有“龙的传人”之说。有学者指出：“伏羲出生于蛇系氏族,并且以蛇为尊。他身上穿的树叶或鹿皮，形右蛇之鳞身或花纹，这正是蛇系氏的族徽或图腾标志。近年来，海内外越来越多的“龙的传人”弘扬起到了重要的作用。90年代初，江泽民总书记来天水视察，为古成纪题下了“羲皇故里”的碑文。
在中国古代神话中，开始繁衍人类的任务，就是交给了伏羲女娲两兄妹。
生活在「华胥之国」的华胥氏姑娘，到一个风景特别的雷泽去游玩，偶尔看到了一个巨大的脚印，便好奇地踩了一下，于是受感而孕，生下一个儿子，取名「伏羲」。雷泽中的脚印其实是雷神留下的，这位雷神长着龙的身子人的头(与女娲、盘古等的神一样是人头蛇身)，这雷神在《山海经‧海内东经》记载：「雷泽中有雷神，龙身而人头，鼓其腹。」因此，伏羲本来就是一个龙身(蛇身)人首的“龙种”。他也是人祖女娲的哥哥。在清‧梁玉绳《汉书人表考》卷二引《春秋世谱》︰「华胥生男为伏羲，女子为女娲。」所以伏羲女娲以兄妹而为夫妇之说乃确实不可易。
唐‧李冗《独异志》卷下：「昔宇宙初开之时，只有女娲兄妹二人，在昆仑山，而天下未有人民。议以为夫妇，又自羞耻。兄即与妹上昆仑山，咒曰：「天若遗我兄妹二人为夫妇，而烟悉合，若不，使烟散。」于烟即合，二人即结为夫妇。」此说即为伏羲女娲再造人的传说大略。又在徐旭生《中国古史的传说时代》第六章中有：「清初陆次云的《峒溪纤志》中里面说：苗人腊祭曰报草。祭用巫，设女娲、伏羲位。」至现代的人类学者实地考察后，才得到这些苗族的传说。按他们的传说，苗族全出于伏羲与女娲，他们本为兄妹，人类在遭到洪水后，人烟断绝，仅存他们二人，他们为了延续人类，便结为夫妇。
除了人祖外，伏羲也是一个统治一方的帝君。在《淮南子‧时则训》：「东方之极，自碣石山，过朝鲜，贯大人之国，东至日出之次，槫木之地，青土树木之野，太皞、句芒之所司者万二千里。」高诱注：「太皞，伏羲氏，东方木德之帝也，句芒，木神。」伏羲在五帝中为东方天帝，此即其神职。
【相关传说】
伏羲的母亲是风兖部落的女首领，居住在华胥山之渚（今甘肃庆阳市与平凉市境内的沿河地带），被称为华胥氏。华胥氏年轻有为，与族叔风偌率族人逐水草而居，过着浪漫的游牧生活。
相传伏羲的母亲华胥氏外出，在雷泽中无意中看到一个特大的脚印，好奇的华胥用她的足迹丈量了大人的足迹，不知不觉感应受孕，怀胎十二年后，伏羲降生了。晋皇甫谧《帝王世纪》说：“太昊帝庖牺氏，风姓也，燧人之世有巨人迹出于雷泽，华胥以足履之，有娠，生伏羲于成纪。”东晋王嘉《拾遗记》说：“春皇者，庖牺之别号。所都之国有华胥之州，神母游其上，有青虹绕神母，久而方灭，即觉有娠，历十二年而生庖牺。”唐司马贞《补史记·三皇本纪》说：“太暤包牺氏，风姓，代燧人氏继天而王。母曰华胥，履大人迹于雷泽，而生庖牺于成纪。蛇身人首，有圣德。”
伏羲(约前1万年)生于古成纪,即(今甘肃省天水市秦安县与平凉市静宁县的交界带),因伏羲“孕十二岁而生”(古以十二年为一纪),所以把伏羲出生地叫成纪。
【相关贡献】
一说伏羲即太昊，本姓风。传说他有圣德，像日月之明，故称太昊。神话中华夏民族的始祖。又传他教民结网，从事渔猎畜牧。始画八卦，取火种、都陈。在位15年。
伏羲氏是中国文献记载中的最早的智者之一。伏羲氏对事物有着敏锐的观察力、对土地有着深厚的感情，同时他又拥有着超人的智能。伏羲氏将他观察到的一切，用一种数学符号（这种二进制数学模式成为当今计算机技术发展的基石）描述了下来，这就是八卦。
上古时期，孟津东部有一条图河与黄河相接，龙马负图出于此河，伏羲氏依龙马之图画出了干、兑、离、震、巽、坎、艮、坤为内容的卦图，后人称为伏羲八卦图。伏羲氏仰观象于天，俯察法于地，用阴阳八卦来解释天地万物的演化规律和人伦秩序。伏羲氏取火种、正婚姻、教渔猎，结束了人们茹毛饮血的历史。龙马负图寺遂成为“河图之源”，伏羲氏则被奉为中华民族的“人根之祖”、“人文之祖”。《汉书·孔安国传》曰：“龙马者，天地之精，其为形也，马身而龙鳞，故谓之龙马，龙马赤纹绿色，高八尺五寸，类骆有翼，蹈水不没，圣人在位，负图出于孟河之中焉。”
我国古代多以圣人为神，传说优羲能缘天梯——建木以登天。《山海经·海内经》载：“南海之内，黑水、青水之间，有木，名曰建木。太白皋爰过，黄帝所归。”“太白皋爰过”，即伏羲上下于建木之意。《淮南子·时则训》载：“东方之极,自碣石山,过朝鲜，太白皋，句芒之所司者万二千里。”高诱注：“太白皋、伏羲氏，东方木德之帝也；句芒，木神。”伏羲在五帝中尊为东方天帝，这就是他的神职。
伏羲八卦
伏羲为人类文明进步做出的具大贡献是始画八卦。八卦可以推演出许多事物的变化，预卜事物的发展。八卦是人类文明的瑰宝，是宇宙间的一个高级“信息库”。早在十七世纪，德国大数学家莱布尼兹创立“中国学院”，研究八卦，并根据八卦的“两仪，四象，八卦，十六，三十二，六十四卦”，发明了二进位记数和当地欧洲先进的计算机。八卦中包含的“二进法”，现在广泛地应用于生物及电子学中。公元一九八四年，一位欧洲科学家在谈到八卦的易理被现代广泛应用时，叹为“至为可惊”。八卦中的许多奥妙神奇之处，至今还正在研究和探讨之中。
伏羲八卦台
八卦台，北临黄河，南依连山，东据虎牢，西望洛川。此处原是河洛交汇处，自古以来气候温和，土地肥沃，交通便利。早在一万多年前，便有我们的祖先在这里劳动、生息，创造了物质文明和精神文明，从而成了中华民族古老的文化发祥地，成了河洛文化的核心。如今这里仍然是一个村落，叫洛口村。清代嘉庆年间重建洛口村寨门时，寨门横额镌刻“古洛油”三个大字。两边刻有石楹联，上联是“涂光休气兆北阈”；下联是“赤文绿字焕东周”。概括了古洛响辉煌的过往岁月。
现今古成纪有规模的伏羲庙有三处，即位于天水市区的伏羲庙，卦台山伏羲庙，秦安泰山庙的伏羲庙。尤以天水市的规模宏大，历史悠久。据记载，它建于元至正七年(1342)，占地10270平方米，庙院内原有古柏六十四株，是按伏羲八卦推演的六十四卦方位栽植的，现存三十七株，四季长青，生机盎然。而今古成纪人民把相传伏羲诞辰的农历正月十六日和成道升天的农历五月十三日作为伏羲庙祭祀的重大节日。
【羲皇故里——中华文明的发祥地】
甘肃省天水市是人文始祖伏羲的诞生地，素有“羲皇故里”之称，是中华古文明的重要发祥地之一。据北魏郦道元《水经注•渭水》记载：“故渎东经成纪县，故帝太皞庖牺所生之处也。”
天水是以伏羲为代表的中华先民长期生活的主要地域。境内及周围分布着众多与伏羲、女娲有关的人文遗址、遗迹。有距今8300至4800年的新石器时代早期文化遗存大地湾遗址、师赵村古遗址等一批先民生产生活的古遗址；有始建于明成化年间，专用于伏羲祭祀，现存全国最大的祭祀庙宇——伏羲庙；有伏羲画卦的卦台山；有女娲祠、羲皇故里的砖刻、牌坊、白蛇匾等古遗迹；有风沟、风谷、风台等与伏羲“风姓”有关的地名。这些都是十分珍贵的人文遗址和实物。充分佐证了伏羲画八卦、结网罟、取火种、兴嫁娶、制历法、创乐器、造书契等许多发明创造的可能性，进一步印证了唐司马贞《补史记•三皇本记》、南宋罗泌《路史》等古籍记载中有关伏羲生于成纪、长于成纪的论述。也进一步说明甘肃天水是中华古文明的重要发祥地之一。
为进一步团结和组织国内外热心伏羲文化的团体和个人，深入开展全方位、多层次的伏羲文化研究，探索中国古代文明的源头，天水市发起成立了全国性社团——中华伏羲文化研究会，将全国数十家社科院、博物馆和综合大学，以及数百名专家、学者凝聚在一起，推动了伏羲文化的研究。1992、1995、2001、2003、2005年先后在天水召开了海内外学者参与的伏羲文化研讨会，产生了大量的成果，有力地推动了我国史前文化研究。
经过多年的不懈努力，天水作为“羲皇故里”伏地魔，已成为瞻拜“人文始祖”伏羲的圣地。伏羲文化的研究、开发形成了比较完整的思路，产生了一批重要的学术成果，天水已成为全国研究伏羲文化的中心。伏羲文化所具有的创造精神、奉献精神、和合精神，在与开拓创新、与时俱进的时代精神的结合中，呈现出新的生命力。伏羲文化作为中华民族传统文化的源头，成为增强民族凝聚力的重要文化纽带，呈现出更为广阔的前景。天水太昊伏羲祭典荣列2006年国务院公布的第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。
【弘扬伏羲文化的意义】
弘扬伏羲文化具有深远的历史意义和深刻的现实意义。从历史学的角度看，随着“夏商周断代工程”的完成和夏商周年表的正式公布，“三皇”文化的研究将日益突出，中华文明史的较为确切的年表将会从公元前2070年推向更早的年代。而上世纪五十年代末在天水境内发现的大地湾文化遗址，与有关伏羲氏族的传说故事及史料记载有着种种吻合，成为最终揭开中华文明本源之谜的有利条件。可以说，通过对伏羲及伏羲文化的深入研究，将把中华文明史推向更早的年代，中华文明史可能是8000——10000年。从源流史的角度看，有利于进一步探究中华文明的源流发展过程，特别是龙文化的起源、传播和发展轨迹。伏羲文化所体现的哲学思维、科学走向、人文精神和创造精神，对于今天我们的自然科学和社会科学研究，对于破除迷信、揭露邪教异端等具有十分重要的现实意义。伏羲文化的民族本源性和传播的广泛性，对于提高民族自信心，增强民族内聚力，团结海内外华人，积极支持和参与国家建设，促进祖国和平统一，进一步扩大对外文化交流，维护世界的和平与发展具有不可低估的重要作用。弘扬伏羲文化具有深刻的历史意义和重大的现实意义。
时代是进步的，文化是不断发展的。伏羲文化正以其固有的创造性和实践性，以其兼容并蓄的人文精神和认识世界的科学精神，感召着一批又一批龙的传人投身祖国的建设发展，投身中华民族的伟大复兴。
【承继伏羲称号的15个部落联盟】
因为伏羲的成就，晋·皇甫溢的《帝王世纪》、《遁甲开山图》、《通鉴外记》说在太昊伏羲之后有天下的15个部落联盟，都承继了伏羲的称号，他们分别是：女娲氏、大庭氏、柏皇氏、中央氏、卷须氏(《通鉴外记》有,其他2书无)、栗陆氏、骊连氏、赫胥氏、尊卢氏、混沌氏、昊英氏、有巢氏、朱襄氏、葛天氏、阴康氏、无怀氏。《易纬·稽览图》说由甲寅伏羲氏到无怀氏，一共是57882年。
【伏羲的传说】
伏羲是传说中人类文明的始祖，被尊为“三皇”之首。
相传，他的母亲名叫华胥氏，是一个非常美丽的女子。有一天，她去雷泽郊游，在游玩途中发现了一个大大的脚印。出于好奇，她将自己的脚踏在大脚印上，当下就觉得有种被蛇缠身的感觉，于是就有了身孕。而令人奇怪的是，这一怀孕就怀了十二年。后来就生下了一个人首蛇身的孩子，这就是伏羲。当地的人为了纪念伏羲的诞生，特将地名改为成纪，因为在古代，人们把十二年作为一纪。据史学家考证，古成纪就是今天的天水。《汉书》中说道：“成纪属汉阳郡，汉阳郡即天水郡也。古帝伏羲氏所生之地”。所以，天水历来被称为“羲皇故里”。
根据传说和史籍记载，作为人类文明始祖，伏羲的主要功绩是：一、教民作网用于渔猎，大大地提高了当时人类的生产能力。同时教民驯养野兽，这就是家畜的由来。二、变革婚姻习俗，倡导男聘女嫁的婚俗礼节，使血缘婚改为族外婚，结束了长期以来，子女只知其母不知其父的原始群婚状态。三、始造书契，用于记事，取代了以往结绳记事的落后形式。四、发明陶埙、琴瑟等乐器，创作乐曲歌谣，将音乐带入人们的生活，帮助人们“修身理性，反其天真”。五、将其统治地域分而治之，而且任命官员进行社会管理，为后代治理社会提供借鉴。六、创制古代历法。
但是，伏羲的最大功绩还是创立八卦。
在天水北道区渭南乡西部，有一卦台山，相传这里就是伏羲画八卦的地方。传说在伏羲生活的远古年代，人们对于大自然一无所知。当下雨刮风、电闪雷鸣时，人们既害怕又困惑。天生聪慧的伏羲想把这一切都搞清楚，于是他经常站在卦台山上，仰观天上的日月星辰，俯察周围的地形方位，有时还研究飞禽走兽的脚印和身上的花纹。
有一天，他又来到了卦台山上，正在苦苦的思索他长期以来观察的现象。突然，他听到一声奇怪的吼声，只见卦台山对面的山洞里跃出一匹龙马。说它是龙马，那是因为这个动物长着龙头马身，身上还有非常奇特的花纹。这匹龙马一跃就跃到了卦台山下渭水河中的一块大石上。这块石头形如太极，配合龙马身上的花纹，顿时让伏羲有所了悟，于是他画出了八卦。
后来，那个跃出龙马的山洞被人们称为龙马洞，渭水河中的那块大石就叫做分心石。现在去卦台山，你还能看到这些地方。而且，龙马洞里还有石槽和石床的残迹。
至于八卦的功绩，在于它博大精深的文化内涵。而以它为特征的伏羲文化，到现在仍吸引着国内外无数学者在探索、研究。而且，当代的许多学科也都深受其影响，并从中得到启示。据说，德国大数学家莱布尼茨发明二进制，也是受了八卦的启发。
有这种可能：宓羲、庖牺、包牺、伏戏，亦称牺皇、皇羲、太昊都是出自伏羲氏的部落首领，他们处于不同时代，但地位相同，且都可称•“伏羲”（因为都出自伏羲氏的部落）。
【现代历史学对伏羲传说时代的历史的看法】
在中国古代传说时代的帝王世系中，太昊伏羲氏被奉为“三皇之首”、“百王之先”，地位十分显赫。然而，自古及今，关于伏羲氏的名号、时代、地望、族系等问题争讼不已；伏羲是人还是神？太昊和伏羲是一人还是两人？这些问题一直湮漫不清。但是如果我们沿波溯源，理清太昊伏羲在上古帝王世系中地位确立的历史过程，上述这些问题便会自然得到解决。
一、古代典籍中的伏羲
伏羲的名号，古籍中有许多写法，除“伏羲”（《庄子·人间世》）之外，还有“伏戏”（《庄子·大宗师》）、“伏牺”（《法言·问题》）、“包牺”（《易·系辞下》）、“宓犠”（《汉书·古今人表》）、“炮牺”（《汉书·律历志下》）“庖牺”（《水经注·渭水》）、“虑羲”（《管子·封禅》）等。一个值得注意的问题是，相对于黄帝等中华民族的始祖，伏羲氏在古代典籍中晚出。战国中期以前的典籍中，《论语》、《墨子》、《左传》、《国语》、《孟子》等对伏羲未置一词。既便是记载神话人物、古帝王甚多的《山海经》中，仍未有伏羲一席之地。
最早记载伏羲的是出于战国中晚期的《庄子》，然庄子此公好古，“著书十馀万言，大抵率寓言也”。所言伏羲，亦虚亦实，亦神亦人，大都是托名设譬，借以形象说理，未可当作信史。《庄子》中关于伏羲的记载有5处，2处出于“内篇”，3处出于“外篇”。在“内篇”与“外篇”中，伏羲在古帝中的排位有所不同。属于“内篇”的《庄子·人间世》：“是万物所化也，禹、舜应物之所纽也，伏羲、几蘧之所行终，而况散焉者乎！”庄子在这里将伏羲列在禹、舜之后。《庄子·大宗师》：“夫道，有情有信，无为无形……狶韦氏得之，以挈天地；伏戏氏得之，以袭地母；维斗得之，终古不忒；日月得之，终古不息；堪坏得之，以袭昆仑；冯夷得之，以游大川；肩吾得之，以处大山；黄帝得之，以登云天；颛顼得之，以处玄宫。”这里是说“道”体无形、功用无限，狶韦氏运用“道”来整顿天地，伏羲氏运用“道”来调和*****气。此段人神相杂，星月并现，十分混乱，《庄子》的许多注家疑为后人添加。我认为指其为后人添加则未必，但起码说明伏羲在这里尚未从神话脱形为人祖。
《庄子》“外篇”学术界历来认为是战国末或秦汉时期庄子后学所增益，不出于庄子之手，时代晚出。《庄子·胠箧》：“子独不知至德之世乎？昔者容成氏、大庭氏、伯皇氏、中央氏、栗陆氏、骊畜氏、轩辕氏、赫胥氏、尊卢氏、祝融氏、伏犠氏、神农氏，当是时也，民结绳而用之，甘其食，美其服，乐其俗，安其居，邻国相望，鸡狗之音相闻，民至老死而不相往来。”伏羲位列轩辕黄帝之后，神农之前。《庄子·缮性》：“逮德下衰，及燧人、伏羲始为天下，是故顺而不一；德又下衰，及神农、黄帝始为天下，是故安而不顺。”《庄子·田子方》：“古之真人，知者不得说，美人不得滥，盗人不得窃，伏戏、黄帝不得友。”在这两段中，伏羲在古帝中的排位，颇近于后世所列。
《庄子》一书之中，伏羲名号有三种写法，或记为“伏羲”、或记为“伏犠”、“伏戏”，前后不统一；身份混乱，或人或神；在古帝王中序列不定，或在禹、舜、黄帝之后，或在其前，地位渐次升高。这说明在庄子时期，伏羲尚在传说时期、创造过程中，是一个不确定的、尚未定型的人物。
《庄子》之后的典籍，如《管子》、《荀子》、《商君书》诸书所记伏羲，或为由《庄子》移入，或为秦汉所掺。《易·系辞》托名孔子所作，其实大部分为秦汉间人所撰。《系辞下》记载伏羲功业最著：“古者包牺氏之王天下也，仰则观象于天，俯则观法于地。观鸟兽之文与地之宜，近取诸身，远取诸物，于是始作八卦，以通神明之德，以类万物之情。作结绳而为网罟，以佃以渔，盖取诸离。包牺氏没，神农氏作，……神农氏没，黄帝尧舜氏作，通其变，使民不倦，神而化之，使民宜之。”这段话影响甚大，但叙述伏羲功业如此全面系统，当出于秦汉年间，不会早于《庄子》。
《史记》从黄帝记起，不为伏羲作传，所记伏羲有两处，均系引前人所言。《太史公自序》：“余闻之先人曰：‘伏羲至纯厚，作《易》八卦’。”《封禅书》中借管仲言：“昔无怀氏封泰山，禅云云；虑羲封泰山，禅云云；神农封泰山，禅云云；黄帝封泰山，禅云云。”司马迁治史严谨，由于当时对伏羲传说语多谶误，难以辨识，虽不否认，但记之存疑。
东汉班固《汉书》突破《史记》的界限，将上古帝王从黄帝推至伏羲，至此，伏羲开始登上官定正史。《汉书·律历志》引刘歆《世经》言：“庖牺继天而王，为百王先。首德始于木，故帝为太昊。”（详见下析）《汉书·古今人表》中首叙伏羲，次列炎、黄，以伏羲为历史源头，认为伏羲氏“继天而王”，因而他是百王之先，而炎、黄诸帝继伏羲而王。《白虎通义》言：“三皇者何谓也，伏羲、女娲、神农是也。”把伏羲推到三皇之首、百王之先的地位。
晋代皇甫谧所著《帝王世纪》，是一部专述帝王世系、年代及事迹的史书，所叙上起三皇，下迄汉魏。三皇首列伏羲，言伏羲功业：“继天而王”、“作八卦”、“造书契”、“作瑟三十六弦”、“制嫁娶之礼”、“取牺牲以供庖厨”等。我们注意到，皇甫谧说：“女娲氏……承庖牺制度。……及女娲氏没，次有大庭氏、柏皇氏、中央氏、栗陆氏、骊连氏、赫胥氏、尊卢氏、浑混氏、昊英氏、有巢氏、朱襄氏、葛天氏、阴康氏、无怀氏，凡十五世，皆袭庖牺之号。”他一方面把伏羲当作一个古帝，另一方面将《庄子》中提到的一些名称统统纳入伏羲名下，“皆袭庖牺之号”，其实是把伏羲当成一个时代，这样，伏羲的赫赫功业，就未必是一人作创。
其后唐高祖《修六代史诏》和唐太宗《修晋书诏》均以伏羲为中华文化的肇始者，所谓“伏羲以降，因秦斯及，两汉继绪，三国并命，迄于晋宋，载笔备焉”。至唐开*****间，司马贞为《史记》补写《三皇本纪》，综述、补充前世有关伏羲的文献材料，成一篇较为完备的史传。至此，伏羲在历史古代典籍中历史化的过程全部完成。
统上所述，在传世文献典籍中，关于伏羲的记载是在战国中晚期以后从《庄子》开始出现并逐渐载入正史的。春秋以前典籍未见伏羲。战国以至秦汉，时代越往后，关于伏羲的记载越详细，伏羲功业越卓勋，在古帝王世系中的地位越高。这说明，在传世的古代典籍中，伏羲经历了一个从无到有，从神到帝，对伏羲的记载从凌乱到系统的衍化过程。
二、原始神话中作为创世神的伏羲
追溯伏羲传说的源头，有两条路径，除了上述从古代传世文献中找寻其踪影外，还有一条路径，即神话学、民俗学的方法。
近人对于伏羲最权威的考论是前辈学者闻一多所著《伏羲考》[1]，闻一多此文前半部分从传世文献中搜集了大量龙蛇记载，加上当时已发现的汉代画像砖石，证明伏羲为龙图腾；后半部采集了近50则西南少数民族关于伏羲女娲在洪水过后兄妹婚配再造人类的故事和民俗资料，并加以语音训诂，证明伏羲是南方苗蛮各族的祖先神。此文在以后半个多世纪中被广泛征引，已为不易之论。但近来亦有疑议者，林声认为伏羲的传说不是由古苗蛮民族的遗裔传入的，南方少数民族中洪水后兄妹相婚的传说起于东汉应劭《风俗通义》所记载的盘古；伏羲与女娲也本不相干，两者合谱归宗成为“一家人”是在唐开*****之后[2]。常金仓认为闻一多是从抗战时“中华各族团结一致，共御外敌”的政治目的出发立论，以政治代学术，以西方图腾说和人类学理论附会民间传说，伏羲女娲创世立据不足[3]。二人均对伏羲是南方民族的创世神和祖先神的身份提出疑问。
《论衡·谈天》：“说易者曰：‘*****气未分，浑沌为一。”《说文》中释“一”时说：“惟初太极，道立于一。造分天地，化成万物。”《列子·天瑞》：“夫有形者生于无形，则天地安从生？故曰：有太易，有太初，有太始，有太素。太易者，未见气也；太初者，气之始也；太始者，形之始也；太素者，质之始也。气形质具而未相离，故曰浑沦。浑沦者，言万物相浑沦而未相离也。视之不见，听之不闻，循之不得，故曰易也。”以未见气时为太易，气初为太初，形之始为太始，质之始为太素，气形质浑然一体而未分离的状态称之为混沌。这个混沌之物即*****气，*****气未分的状态即太极。
《太一生水》之所谓的“太一”，《老子》之所谓的“道”，《周易》所谓的“太极”，均为宇宙初始时混沌无形的*****气。《淮南子·天文》：“宇宙生*****气。”《淮南子·诠言》：“洞同天地，浑沌为朴。未造而成万物，谓之太一。”汉高诱注：“太一，*****神总万物者。”这个总万物的“*****神”，应该就是伏羲。
考索于文字训诂可知，伏羲即为“*****气”，其字本义是“司气”。《说文解字》释“伏”为：“伏，司也，从人从犬。臣铉等曰：司今作伺。”段注：“司者，臣事于外者也。司今之伺字。凡有所司者必专守之，伏伺即服事也，引申之为俯伏。”“羲”，《说文解字》释为：“羲，气也。从兮，义声”。“羲”的义项可从“兮”字求索，《说文解字》释：“兮，语所稽也。从八，象气越亏也。”又释“亏”为：“亏，於也，象气之舒亏，从丂从一。一者其气平之也。”“兮”字的本义是气息缓慢延长、越来越弱（故常作为语气词，用于语末表达语气）。因而“羲”的字义本源就是“气”，“羲”字读音也像吹气之声，所以段玉裁从音训上注“羲”为“谓气之吹嘘也。”至于伏羲又写为“伏戏”、“伏犠”等，皆为“羲”字的演化。
“太一”、“太极”形为“混沌”，宇宙起源于混沌。同样，伏羲也源于“混沌”，其原型也是太始之初的混沌之气。
在上文所述《楚帛书甲篇》所记载的创世神话中，伏羲即是生于混沌之中。而且《淮南子·精神》所描述的宇宙创生过程与《楚帛书甲篇》颇为相似：“古未有天地之时，惟像无形，窈窈冥冥，芒芠漠闵，鸿蒙鸿洞，莫知其门。有二神混生，经天营地，孔乎莫知其所终极，滔乎莫知其所止息。于是乃别为阴阳，离为八极，刚柔相成，万物乃形。”世界开始于一团混沌之气，后阴阳剖分，化生万物。对照《楚帛书甲篇》，这里的“二神”当指伏羲、女娲。伏羲、女娲为阴阳二神。从哲学角度上说，是阴阳两仪；从神话角度上说，是伏羲、女娲二神。在汉墓壁画、画像砖石中，伏羲手捧太阳或日规，代表阳；女娲手捧月亮或月矩，代表阴。伏羲、女娲结婚生育四子，才育有万物，这是阴阳化育万物的开始。
在原始神话和民间传说中，创世之前的这个混沌体被形象地表述为葫芦。从混沌到世界的创生过程，被形象化地叙述为葫芦从中央剖开。亦即所谓天地剖判，阴阳分离。《诗经·緜》便有“緜緜瓜瓞，民之初生”的记载，这是古文献所见把人之由来，追溯到葫芦瓜的最早一例。而后在民间神话中，葫芦剖判的母题衍生出大量洪水方舟型的故事，葫芦作为容器成为人类再生的象征，并进而将葫芦人格化为是盘古、伏羲。
盘古神话最早的文字记载是三国吴人徐整的《三五历记》，此书已佚，《太平御览》卷二引有其中一则文字：“天地浑沌如鸡子，盘古生其中。万八千岁，天地开辟，阳清为天，阴浊为地。盘古在其中，一日九变，神于天，圣于地。天日高一丈，地日厚一丈，盘古日长一丈。如此万八千岁，天数极高，地数极深，盘古极长。后乃有三皇。”传说盘古开天辟地，是一位创世大神。而对于盘古与伏羲的关系，前辈学者多有定论：盘古就是伏羲，二者皆由葫芦（混沌）而出。1941年常任侠在《沙坪坝出土之石棺画像研究》一文中说：“伏羲一名，古无定书，或作伏戏、庖牺、宓羲、虑牺，同声俱可相假。伏羲与盘瓠为双声。伏羲、庖牺、盘古、瓠，声训可通，殆属一词。”他并结合《述异记》有“吴楚间说，盘古氏夫妻，阴阳之始也”之说而论断：盘古氏夫妻当即是兄妹自相婚配而繁衍人类之伏羲氏夫妻。伏羲女娲在汉画像石中是人首蛇身交尾，与盘古龙首蛇身雷同，进一步证明盘古即伏羲氏。[6]闻―多在《伏羲考》第五部分“伏羲与葫芦”中，以大量古籍和民俗材料论证指出，盘瓠、伏羲乃一声之转，“明系出于同源”，伏羲与盘古都是葫芦所生，或者说伏羲、盘古均为葫芦的拟人化。伏羲由此而成为人类的始祖。
从音训上说，“混沌”与“葫芦”是对音关系，“混沌”犹言“糊涂”，“糊涂”在俗言俚语中转为“葫芦”。《红楼梦》第四回回目《葫芦僧判断葫芦案》，其意即为“糊涂僧”判断“糊涂案”。而闻一多考论“葫芦”即是“盘古（瓠）”，“盘瓠”、“伏羲”同声之转，故“盘古”又是“伏羲”。这样，“混沌——葫芦——盘瓠——盘古——伏羲”转化演变的路径则十分清楚。
由上可知，伏羲的原型本是宇宙本原和起始的意象和观念。随着文明的演进，人们对历史思考和探究越来越深入，这种思考和探究具体说就是对文明事实的一种根源性的说明。对世界起源的探究开始只是一种构想，它首先以神话的形式存在。神话思维是人类思维发展的一个必经的初期阶段，它随着人类思维的发展而消失在哲学和历史之中。先是追询宇宙是如何起源的，接着想象一个创世之神，再把这个创世之神想象为自己的祖先。伏羲形象的产生即是这样一个将神话传说哲学化、观念化，又将这一传说和观念历史化的过程。
四、太昊伏羲并称及其在古史帝王系统中地位的确立
我既已说伏羲是上古创世神，历史上未必确有其人，那么他又是如何进入历史，被列入上古帝王世系，并被推为“三皇之首”、“百王之先”呢？这就要从伏羲与太昊的并称和太昊的身份论起。
在先秦可靠的典籍中，言太昊则不言伏羲，言伏羲则不言太昊，太昊与伏羲并无任何瓜葛。荀子当生于战国之末，他在《正论篇》中提及“太昊”，在《成相篇》中又言“伏羲”，两名共见一书，自非一人。
太昊，古籍中或记为“太皞”，是上古东夷部族的祖先和首领。东夷是上古在中原可堪与华夏抗衡的部族，它与华夏的交往十分频繁，并创造了灿烂的殷商文化。对此，学界已无疑义。东夷部族世居之地在今河南东部及山东、安徽一带。《左传·昭公十七年》载：“陈，太皞之虚也。”陈地在今河南淮阳，淮阳今存太昊墓。周代以后，其后裔属地渐次东移，《左传·僖公二十一年》：“任、宿、须句、颛顼，风姓也。实司太皞与有济之祀，以服事诸夏。”直到春秋战国时期，东夷各支才逐渐被鲁、齐、越等国吞并，融入华夏。《后汉书·东夷列传》：“秦并六国，其淮、泗夷皆散为民户。”也就是说，这时东夷各支已不再以独立的实体存在，成了华夏族的“编户”，与华夏融为一体，成为中华民族的主要组成部分。随着华、夷的交融和合，东夷的祖先和首领太昊、少昊等也纳入到华夏的古帝序列中。
在可靠的史籍中，最早将太昊与伏羲并称为一体的，乃是西汉末年刘歆的《世经》。刘歆与其父刘向俱为西汉学者，古文经学派的开创者。《世经》存录于《汉书·律历志下》。在《世经》中，刘歆从西汉末年的政治需要出发，突破传统的以黄帝为历代帝王之首的体系，以伏羲与太昊并称，炎帝与神农并称，列于黄帝之上，建立了一套新的上古帝王世系。
上古帝王世系的建立，始于战国。战国时阴阳家邹衍按照五行说以五帝配五方，以土、木、金、火、水五行相胜之序来解说王朝更替，此之谓“五德终始说”。《史记·历书》：“是时独有邹衍，明于五德之传，而散消息之分，以显诸侯。”自此以后，人们都以这种学说作为王朝建立的合法依据。按照邹衍的“五德终始说”，《吕氏春秋·应同》和《史记·封禅书》都如此推演王朝更替：黄帝得土德，夏禹得木德，商汤得金德，周文王得火德，秦得水德。但是这个推演顺序到了汉代出现了问题：一是从邹衍所构建的古史帝王世系看，所叙述的只有黄帝、夏禹、商汤和周朝四代。而其后直到西汉，人们的古史观念已发生了很大改变，认为在黄帝之上还有伏羲氏、神农氏和炎帝等古圣帝王，三代以前“三皇”、“五帝”依次代立，《吕氏春秋·应同》和《史记·封禅书》只叙述黄帝以来的四代，未能全部涵盖，因而需向上推演，重新排序。二是邹衍是按照土、木、金、火、水五行相克相胜之序来解说王朝更替、排列帝王世系的，五行相克相胜，则在政权更替上倾向于革命。而刘歆所处的西汉末年，刘汉皇室政权危机，外戚王莽势力强大，因而有“异姓受命”和同姓“更受命”的争议，禅让说一时兴盛。刘歆与王莽关系至密，任王莽“国师”，是禅让说的主要支持者。为了给王莽代汉提供合法依据，刘歆提出以木、火、土、金、水五行相生的新五德终始说。从《世经》可知，刘歆排列的帝王世系如下：太昊伏羲氏为木德，炎帝神农氏为火德，黄帝轩辕氏为土德，少昊金天氏为金德，颛顼高阳氏为水德；帝喾高辛氏为木德，帝尧陶唐氏为火德，帝舜有虞氏为土德，伯禹夏后氏为金德，成汤为水德；周武王为木德，汉朝为火德。刘歆在排定这个世系次序时，是先否定汉兴之初依五行相胜说所定汉为土德的说法，确定汉为火德，那么代之者应为土德，王莽自称为虞舜苗裔，帝舜土德，故王莽宜为土德，这样王莽代汉而立成为必然。
那么刘歆为什么要将伏羲与太昊并称呢？
刘歆根据当时人们的古史观念，将古帝的代序从黄帝向上推，认为最古的帝王应是伏羲。同时按照他的五行相生的五德终始理论，帝王应从木德始。于是他从两个方面找到依据，一是《左传·昭公十七年》载“郯子来朝”，昭子问少皞氏鸟名官，何故？郯子曰：“吾祖也，我知之。昔者黄帝氏以云纪，故为云师而云名。炎帝氏以火纪，故为火师而火名。共工氏以水纪，故为水师而水名。大皞氏以龙纪，故为龙师而龙名。我高祖少皞挚之立也，凤鸟适至，故纪于鸟，为鸟师而鸟名。”刘歆据此而推：“言郯子据少昊受黄帝，黄帝受炎帝，炎帝受共工，共工受太昊，故先言黄帝，上及太昊。”以太昊为古帝之首。二是从《易传》中找到依据，《易传》曰：“帝出乎震”，震为东方之卦，五行属木。按五行相生之序，首为木，且太昊为东方之帝，“东方曰夷”，故太昊配木德。又《易·系辞下》有言：“古者包牺氏之王天下也”，所以刘歆接着说：“炮牺氏继天而王，为百王先，首德始于木，故为帝太昊。”伏羲就是太昊。“稽之于《易》，炮牺、神农、黄帝相继之世可知。”太昊伏羲氏继天而立，神农、黄帝皆继太昊伏羲而立。
东汉班固的《汉书·郊祀志赞》和荀悦的《汉纪·高祖纪》对刘歆创立五行相生的新五德终始说的过程均有记述，荀悦言：“及至刘向父子，乃推五行之运，以子承母，始自伏羲；以迄于汉，宜为火德。其序之也，以为《易》称‘帝出乎震’，故太昊始乎震，为木德，号曰伏羲氏。”
刘歆从其政治目的出发，将伏羲与太昊相附而并称，推之于古代帝王世系之首，其后班固引之于《汉书》，后世史籍相继采从此说。但是，刘歆此说并非是完全无据的妄说，今天来看，对刘歆的说法应有如下认识：首先，它是当时人们历史意识的表现，随着人们历史意识的丰富，司马迁从黄帝开始排定帝王世系已不足以反映当时人们所认识的上古帝王，因而需要再向上推溯，重新安排上古帝王世系。其次，如上所述，伏羲传说本始于南方楚地，而太昊是东方夷族的先祖，随着战国、秦汉时民族血脉和文化大交流融汇，伏羲与太昊的传说合流成为可能，司马迁仅以华夏先祖黄帝为全体中华民族的人文始祖已不能完全反映当时民族和合、文化融汇的实际情况，而以太昊伏羲为百王之祖，表现了当时民族统一、文化主脉已经形成。其三，刘歆排定的古帝王世系宣扬了“圣王同祖”的思想，将先王古帝同纳于伏羲一系，有利于民族凝聚，文化一统。
五、余论
在讨论了伏羲在传世文献的记载、神话传说中的遗存及其在上古帝王世系中地位确立过程后，我们看到，伏羲传说经历了一个从神话到历史的演化过程。伏羲是人们意识中的产物，是先民对宇宙起源的追索和构想的产物，最初的形态存在于原始的创世神话之中，而历史上未必确有其人。随着人们思维形式的发展和历史意识的丰富，原始神话经历了一个观念化、哲学化和历史化的过程。关于伏羲的传说和想象也进入了原始哲学和历史之中，于是人们将创世神话中的伏羲抽象为宇宙的本原和起始的概念，将作为创世神祗的伏羲想象为人类的祖先和帝王，伏羲因此而进入历史领域，成为了历史上的最早的帝王。至于伏羲最后成为“三皇之首”、“百王之先”，确立在古史帝王世系中至高无上的地位，是由于刘歆一方面根据人们历史意识的发展，另一方面根据其政治需要，以其新五德终始说将伏羲附援于太昊，重新排定古史帝王世系的结果。认清了伏羲这个从无到有，从神到人，从神话、观念到历史的演化过程的实质和真相之后，我们就会看到，关于伏羲氏的名号、时代、地望、族系等争讼不已问题，其实都不一定是问题。
对于上古传说时代伏羲、炎帝、黄帝、尧、舜、太昊、少昊、蚩尤等帝王，古史记载存在着许多混乱。上世纪二十年代“古史辨”学派提出许多疑问和考辨，随着现代考古发现，我们对于上古史的一些问题有了新的认识，近年来，古代文明的探源和对古帝世系的研究又成为热点，但由于研究理论和方法的缺陷，许多问题仍聚讼不止。例如伏羲的地望（或文化），则有西部仰韶文化说、西部马家窑文化说、东部大汶口文化说、中原说、中原裴李岗文化说、长江流域说。炎帝（神农氏）的地望有黄河上游说、中原说、黄河下游说，有长城以北红山文化说，有长江中游湖南、湖北说；黄帝的地望有陕北说、渭水流域说、中原说、华北说、长城以北红山文化说，也有黄河下游说。甚至有人认为“黄帝和伏羲实际上是同一个人”，“黄帝作为历史上实有的人物，就是起于东夷的舜”，“神农炎帝就是《尚书》中所记中国最早的君主——尧”[7]。“炎帝就是蚩尤”[8]。因而有人针对上古帝王传说研究中的混乱情况说：“关于传说时代的研究、关于‘三皇五帝’的研究，也许人人都有自己的道理和论证，然而所有的研究成果加在一起只是一个0或者是一个负数”[9]。造成这种混乱状况的原因是多方面的，一个根本的原因是，许多研究论证只是推测或是将古代文献记载与考古发现简单比附，缺乏科学、历史的方法。
从我们对伏羲的讨论可知，传说中的上古帝王及其世系，有些在历史文献中地位确立的过程较晚，是人们观念中的产物，或者是为了某种政治需要附会的结果。我曾在《论中华民族共同先祖的确认》一文中谈到，周代以前的文献中没有提到黄帝。《尚书》从尧写起，整个一部《尚书》没有出现“黄帝”字样，甲骨文中也未见“黄帝”。黄帝的名号源于“五方”观念。从甲骨文看，殷人已有了五方的观念，卜辞中就有东南西北四土受年的记载。“四土”加上“中商”就是“五方”。五方观念大约在西周初年开始演化为“五方色”的观念，以“五色”显示“五方”。《逸周书·作洛》载：“周公……乃建大社于国中，其壝东青土，南赤土，西白土，北骊土，中央衅以黄土。”周人起于黄土高原的陕地，以黄色为贵。沿袭殷人五方观念，周人也将天下划分为五方，并以五方色称五方之帝。王权所在地洛阳为中土，中土为黄，则国称“中国”，帝称“黄帝”。《淮南子·天文》说：“中央土也，其帝黄帝”。黄帝在周代的出现，与当时的政治理念有关，是周族加强对四方各族统治的需要，也就是说，黄帝只不过是一种政治理念的形态化[10]。人们对于历史的认识的本身也是历史性的。历史事实是一回事，对历史的记忆是一回事，对于历史的表述又是一回事。史前时期，文明初开，历史记载全凭口耳相传，由于历史意识本身的历史性，先民们探究和传诵历史时，难免会因为历史意识的局限和出于人为的目的而附会历史，因而可能有虚构和想象的成份。对此，顾颉刚先生提出中国古史是“层累地造成的”的观点，也就是说，古人对上古帝王及其世系的创造过程，是做加法，逐渐敷衍产生的。那么我们在对古史帝系做研究时，则应采用做减法的方法，既不可把神话当成历史，也不可仅凭史籍的记载而断然结论，对历史文献，也应历史地去看，参照考辨，去伪存真，溯其流，探其源，廓清历史真相。
伏羲
来源:中医词典
伏羲，一作宓羲、包牺、伏戏，亦称牺皇、皇羲。是中国神话中人类的始祖。所处时代约为旧石器时代中晚期，相传为中国医药鼻祖之一。
《太平御览·诗含神雾》记载：在一个极乐的国土"华胥氏之国"中有位姑娘，一天，她来到一个叫"雷泽"的地方玩耍，偶然看到一个巨大的脚印，出于好奇，就踩到这个巨大的脚印上，结果竟象有了什么感应，便这样怀了孕，不久生了一个儿子，人首蛇身，取名宓牺（即伏羲）。由于伏羲的降生是其母踩了雷泽中的"大迹"而受孕的结果，因此，先人们认为他是"雷神"之子，遂推其为人民的君主，百王的首领。
伏羲的历史功绩巨大，就医药方面来说，是伏羲创造了八卦和九针。《易传》说：在远古时代，是包牺氏统治天下，他经常仰头观天象，研究日月星辰的运行；俯身察地形，考查山川泽壑走向。又观鸟兽动物皮毛的纹采和生长在大地上的各类植物各得其宜的情况，近从己身取象，远从器物取象，在这种情况下开始创造八卦，用来通晓万事万物变化的性质，用来分类归纳万事万物的形状。《帝王世纪》称：伏羲"味百药而制九针"。因此千余年来被我国医界尊奉为医药学、针灸学之始祖。
补充一点关于伏羲的传说
伏羲和女娲的故事很多。但是有些传说却把我弄糊涂了。
传说，在很久以前，在今天河南淮阳有个小国叫宛丘国。有一天，有外族人入侵。国王很着急，命大臣们想办法。敌人人多势众，宛丘国是国力贫弱。大臣也都是束手无策，不发一言。国王说，谁能退敌就把公主许配他。这时候，宛丘国城门外，一条大河上游来了一只巨大的白龟，白龟上站着一只黄狗。那黄狗大叫三声，顿时飞沙走石。来侵的敌人全部被风吹上天空，又重重落下，无一幸免。就这样敌军退了。国王很高兴，正准备安排庆祝的时候，黄狗上殿来对着他叫。这时候他才想起许下的诺言。作为国王是不能说话不算数的，否则就不能领导国家了。但公主不愿意，嫁给条狗谁愿意啊？这时，宰相说，那狗是上天的神物，只要把它扣在瓮下49天就能变成人。国王就命人这样做了。到了41天时，公主耐不住了，心想也该差不多了啊。就揭开了瓮，谁想下面是一个怪物，长着一个俊美的男人头，身子还是狗的形状。
人们就给他起了个名字叫伏羲。意思是人狗啊。伏字就是一个人加一犬，羲字是古代的语气词，相当于现在汉语中的啊。
但是，又传说伏羲的妻子是女娲。在很久以前，人类遭遇洪水，都死了。只留下伏羲和女娲两兄妹。为了繁衍人类，兄妹就结婚了。那么，宛丘国的公主是女娲吗？而且，传说中说他们两人都是人首蛇身。那么，人首狗身怎么解释？
还传说，女娲用黄泥造人。既然，她和伏羲结合了，繁衍人类。那么和黄泥造人的传说就成了矛盾了。人类到底是怎样起源的？还有女娲补天的传说，既然伏羲是她的兄长兼丈夫，那么就该和她一起补天啊。但为什么不见伏羲参与补天的传说呢？
天水出土的鲵鱼纹瓶
伏羲被人们称之为“人文始祖”，伏羲生于仇池，长于成纪。他领导定嫁娶；做网罟；画八卦；造琴瑟；设官职……按照常理来说，创造了如此功绩的伏羲其形象应该是聪明英武，然而自春秋战国以来，关于伏羲的形象却是“人首蛇身”，尤其在汉代以后，伏羲“人首蛇身”的图案更是被作为装饰图案广泛地运用到人们的日常生活中，在人们心中根深蒂固。
以后世的眼光来看伏羲“人首蛇身”的形象无疑是一种怪物。难道“人文始祖”的形象就是这样一种“怪物”？从人们的情感来说，把伏羲的形象作为装饰图案的目的是为了表达崇拜敬仰，或者把他当作“守护神”。
显然，伏羲的本来面目并不是“人首蛇身”。那么伏羲为何以“人首蛇身”的面目出现在人们的面前呢？
12日，首届中华龙文化兰州论坛在兰州举行，记者就“伏羲为何是‘人首蛇身’？”这一问题采访了天水师范学院的刘雁翔先生以及其他的专家学者。
上古先祖多蛇形
刘雁翔先生是天水师范学院陇右文化研究中心的副编审，长期致力于陇右文化的发掘研究。他认为在上古时代，并不是伏羲一人被描绘成蛇形，除伏羲之外，还有女娲、黄帝、西王母等人都是以蛇形出现在人们的面前。据统计，《山海经》中所记载的454个人物中与蛇形有关的人物就达到138个。可见，用蛇形来描述先祖是上古时期的一种比较常见的崇拜方式。
要解开伏羲为何是人首蛇身这个谜团就必须从更广、更深的层面来研究这种文化现象。刘雁翔先生翻阅了大量的古籍资料，对伏羲“人首蛇身”的形象进行了探究。最终，他将古籍中零散的记载串连起来，发现了“人首蛇身”的来龙去脉。
从古代的记载来看，伏羲姓风。关于“风”字，在《说文》中有“风动虫生”的解说，在甲骨文的卜辞中，“虫”和“巳”为同一个字，而“巳”就是蛇，《山海经·海外南经》中有“虫为蛇”之说。由此可见，风与蛇之间有着非常密切的关系。
从姓氏的起源来看，上古时期人们的姓氏大多与部落的图腾有关系，有些姓氏就直接来自于部落图腾。由此看来，伏羲的“人首蛇身”形象就是从风姓部落的图腾“蛇”演化而来。那么在远古时期，古成纪地区真有一支崇拜蛇，以“蛇”为图腾的部落在繁衍生息吗？
“人首蛇身”是误解
对于记者的问题，刘先生认为，伏羲部落并不是以“蛇”为图腾的，伏羲“人首蛇身”的形象是人们的一种误解。其实，应该是“人首龙身”，而这个龙则是从大鲵演变而来。
“从严格意义上来讲，伏羲的形象应该是‘人首鲵身’而不是‘人首蛇身’。所谓的蛇身实质就是简化了的龙。”据《左传·昭公十七年》载：太嗥氏以龙纪，故为龙师而龙名。（杜预注：“太嗥伏羲氏，风姓之祖也，有龙瑞，故以龙命官。）这就是说，龙是伏羲部落的族徽或图腾。
刘先生认为，蛇是龙的原型，龙的形象是蛇演变而来的，这种见解是似是而非的。蛇系爬行动物，而传说中的龙和水的关系密切，民间故事中就有四海龙王之说。从记载来看，有“龙，水物也”；有“龙生于水”；有“积水成渊，蛟龙生焉”之说。尤其是龙的本领非常强大，远远超过了蛇，蛇是无法与其相比的。
显然，龙的原型不是蛇而是其他的一种动物。
揭开龙的原始形象
既然龙和蛇之间没有多大的关系，那么龙的原始形象究竟是什么呢？
“龙的原始形象首先是古成纪地区的一种动物，与当时的原始先民的关系密切，能给他们提供生活上的帮助，唯其如此，人们才有可能把它当图腾。”这几点也是图腾产生的基础和根源。
蛇很快就排除了，因为蛇的攻击性强，而且蛇和人们日常生活的关系也并不密切。那么究竟什么水生动物和上古时期人们的生活关系密切呢？
沿着“龙为水物”的思路类比，则与龙同为“水物”且鳞身的非鱼莫属。刘先生在《山海经·海外西经》中看到了一条关于龙鱼的记载。“龙鱼陵居，其状如狸，一曰。”这种龙鱼长着一支角，似狸而陵居，还能够乘云直上。
这种龙鱼究竟为何物呢？对于龙鱼的解释《尔雅》中说：鲵之大者谓之。鲵鱼又名人鱼，俗称娃娃鱼。
鲵鱼属两栖科，一般身长60厘米—70厘米，大者达到180厘米，栖息在山谷溪流中，以鱼、蛙、虾为食，叫声和小孩啼哭相似。如今天水市东南部林区的曲溪风景区尚有成群的鲵鱼生活着。
考古发掘证实，在6500年前，天水的气温要比现在热，属暖温带半干旱气候，生活着大量的喜暖动物，其中有苏门答腊犀牛、猕猴、象等动物。但到了距今6500年—5000年时，气候发生变化，逐渐变得寒冷干旱起来。我们可以得知在6500年前，天水的自然环境要比现在好得多，适合鲵鱼活动的地域一定非常广大。那时先民的生存发展和鲵鱼的关系密不可分。尤其是它如同小儿哭泣的叫声，就给人们无尽的想象和启示。生活在此地的伏羲部族遂以鲵为图腾。
随着时间的推移，先民们把鲵的形象绘制到了许多地方，如今在天水武山、甘谷出土的两件人首鲵鱼纹瓶，就是当时先民对鲵鱼图腾崇拜的一个缩影。天水出土的鲵鱼纹瓶，从一个侧面证明，龙的原始形象就是鲵鱼，它们正是原始的四足龙的创作原型，也是伏羲部族的图腾神。
可见，“人首蛇身”其实就是对“人首龙身”的误解，伏羲部族的图腾应该是一个简化了的大鲵。
According to legend, the first snake of its people, its sister Goddess married, having children, a human ancestor. Also the ancient Chinese legend, he is an outstanding leader of the tribe. Fu Xi Yin and Yang according to the changes between heaven and earth management, create gossip, that is, eight simple but profound symbolic meaning Apartments summed up everything between heaven and earth. In addition, he imitated nature, made of spider webs Reticulum, hunting for fish. On the record Taihao Fu Xi common in the ancient books, but not the same.
Fu Xi as the distribution of shawl, wearing buckskin, ancient school of style. In ancient times, people to stone processing hides and skins, then bone sewing needles and other tools to keep warm. Figure of Eight Diagrams drawn in the bottom left corner that he created the Eight Diagrams of merit, and Fu Xi's eyes look deep, wise, worthy of the ancient wise man's image.
As the Fu Xi is the snake people first, and therefore, "Descendants of the Dragon," said. Some scholars pointed out: "Fu Xi was born in a snake-clan, and to respect the snake. He leaves or wearing buckskin, the scales of the snake body the right shape or pattern, this is the department's snake clan symbol or totem sign. In recent years, years, more and more home and abroad, "Dragon" played an important role in promoting. 90 early, Tianshui General Secretary Jiang Zemin to visit, for the ancient discipline into the context of the "hometown of Xi Huang," inscription.
In ancient mythology, began to propagate the human task is handed over to Nu Wa Fu Xi and two siblings.
In addition to human ancestors, the Fu Xi is also a ruling party to Ti. In the "book of the time the training ‧": "the extreme Orient, from Jieshi, over North Korea, consistent adults of the country, east to the sunrise time, Quan wood, the green trees of the field soil, too Hao, Mountain of the sentence The Secretary thousand li. "GAO Note: The" too Hao, Fu Xi, East Germany and the Emperor of wood also, sentence Mountain, Wood God. "Fu Xi in the Five Emperors in the Eastern Emperor of Heaven, namely the priesthood.
Legend】 【related
Wind Yan Fu Xi's mother is a female tribal leader living in China, Xu mountain 渚 (now in Qingyang City and the area along the river within Pingliang City), known as China's Xu. Hua Xu's young and promising, and Zu Shu Feng Ruo rate nomadic tribe, lived a nomadic life romance.
Fu Xi (about 1 million years ago) was born into a century old, that is (now Tianshui City, Gansu Province and the Pingliang Jingning Qin'an junction zone), due to Fu Xi, "born pregnant 12-year-old" (old to twelve years for the a century), so called the Fu Xi and place of birth into a discipline.
】 【Related contributions
One said that Taihao Fuxi, the name wind. Legend of his holiness, as the sun and moon out, it said Taihao. Mythical ancestor of the Chinese nation. Christian-web-Chuan He then engaged in fishing and hunting livestock. Gossip began painting, taking fire, both Chen. Reigned 15 years.
Fu Xi is documented in one of the earliest of the wise men. Fu Xi has a keen observation of things, the land has profound affection, while he has a superhuman intelligence. Fu Xi everything he observed, with a mathematical symbols (such binary mathematical models become the cornerstone of the development of computer technology) described down, this is gossip.
Sage in ancient China more than to God, legend You can geo-Xi Ladder - built of wood in order to get things done. "Shan Hai Jing at home and by the" set: "the South China Sea, the Blackwater, between the blue water, there is wood, it is called the construction of wood. Bai Gao Yuan Guo, owned by the Yellow Emperor." "Bai Gao Yuan-off", that is, up and down on Fuxi built of wood intended. "When the book of training" set: "the extreme Orient, from Jieshi, over North Korea, Bai Gao, sentence of the Mountain Division thousand li." GAO Note: "Bai Gao, Fu Xi, the East Germany of wood Emperor also; sentence Mountain, wood God. "Fu Xi in respect of the Orient in the Five Emperors Emperor of Heaven, which is his priesthood.
Fu Xi Bagua
Taiwan Fu Xi Bagua
Gossip station, north of the Yellow River, according to Hill South, East, according to Hulao, facing west toward the Luochuan. Luo Interchange was originally here, since ancient times mild climate, fertile land, convenient transportation. As early as 10,000 years ago, our ancestors have work here, live here, to create material and spiritual, which became the birthplace of the Chinese ancient culture has become the core of Luo culture. Today it is still a village, the village called Los mouth. Luo Qing Jiaqing mouth reconstruction village door, Zhai Men banners inscribed "triangulo oil" three characters. Stone couplets engraved on both sides, the Alliance is "Tu gas off the North trillion threshold"; the second line is the "Red Man Green word Huan Eastern Zhou." Summarized the glorious past years triangulo ring.
Modern large scale ancient Chi Fu Ximiao into three branches, namely in Tianshui city of Fuxi Miao, Gua Taishan Fuxi Miao, Qin Antai Fuxi Miao Shan temple. Especially in Tianshui City, large-scale, long history. According to records, it is built in the Yuan to positive seven (1342), covers an area of 10,270 square meters, the temple compound the original Cooper 64, according to Fu Xi Bagua deduction of 64 hexagrams planting location, the existing 37 , evergreen vitality. The Heritage and the legend, Fu Xi Ji Renmin into the birth of the first lunar month on the 16th and into the Road, May 13 Ascension of the Lunar New Year festival as Fu Ximiao major holidays.
【Hee Wong hometown - the birthplace of Chinese civilization】
Tianshui City, Gansu Province is the birthplace of Fuxi human ancestor, known as "Xi Huang hometown," said, is an important birthplace of Chinese ancient civilization is one. According to Wei Li Tao Yuan, "River Systems • Wei-shui," reads: "Therefore, the county ditch longitude into discipline, so too Hao Baoxi Emperor born of the Department also."
To further unity and enthusiasm both domestic and foreign organizations and individuals Fuxi culture, depth multi-pronged approach of Fu Xi 文化 study, explore the source of ancient Chinese civilization, Tianshui city initiated the establishment of national societies - China Fuxi Culture Council National Academy of Social Sciences will be dozens of museums and universities, and hundreds of experts and scholars gather together to promote a culture of Fu Xi. 1992,1995,2001,2003,2005 years has held in Tianshui scholars at home and abroad to participate in the Fuxi cultural seminars, producing a large number of results, a strong impetus to the prehistoric culture of China.
【Implications for promoting Fuxi Culture
Promote Fuxi culture has far-reaching historical significance and profound practical significance. From the perspective of history, with the "Chronology Project" completed and formally announced the chronology of the Xia, "Three kings" will become increasingly prominent cultural studies, history of Chinese civilization, will be from the more precise chronology BC in 2070 into an earlier era. The late fifties of last century is found in Tianshui Dadiwan cultural sites, and the stories and legends Fuxi clan has all kinds of historical records match, the ultimate mystery of the origin of Chinese civilization opened favorable conditions. It can be said, by Fu Xi Fu Xi and culture in-depth study of the history of Chinese civilization, will push the earlier times, the history of Chinese civilization may be 8,000 - 10,000 years. History from the origin point of view, conducive to further explore the origins of Chinese civilization, the development process, especially the origin of dragon culture, communication and development path. Fuxi culture embodied in philosophical and scientific orientation of human spirit and creativity, for today's natural science and social science research, for the superstition, heresy, etc. to expose the cult of great practical significance. Fu Xi's national origin and cultural scope of the spread of national self-confidence for improving, enhancing national cohesion, unity and the Chinese at home and abroad, to actively support and participate in national construction and promote the peaceful reunification of the motherland, to further expand cultural exchanges, and safeguarding world peace and development of the important role that can not be underestimated. Promote Fuxi culture has deep historical significance and practical significance.
Time marches on, culture is evolving. Fuxi culture is its inherent creativity and practicality, for its inclusive understanding of the human spirit and the scientific spirit of the world, inspired the group after group of descendants of the dragon to join the construction and development of the motherland, to join the great rejuvenation of Chinese nation.
【Inherited the title of the 15 tribes Fuxi Union】
Because of the achievements of Fu Xi, Yi Jin Huangfu the "imperial century", "Dun Jia mountains map", in "Chronicle and foreign reporters," said Fu Xi in Taihao after a world alliance of 15 tribes, have inherited the title of Fu Xi, they were is: Goddess, Da Ting's, King's Park, the Central's, tendril's ("Chronicle and foreign reporters," Yes, no other two books), Li Lu, Li Lian, Hirsh's, respect for Romer, chaos s, Hao Ying's, Youchaoshi, Zhu Xiang's, Ge Tianshi, Yinkang Shi, Huai's free. "Yi Wei Ji lan," said Jia Yin Fu Xi to nothing by the Huai's total is 57,882 years.
Legend】 【Fuxi
Fu Xi is the legendary ancestor of human civilization, the title of "Three Wise Kings," the first place.
However, Fu Xi created the greatest achievement or gossip.
Weinan in the Tianshui area North Road, west village, there is a diagram of Taishan, Fu Xi is said here is where art gossip. Life in the ancient legend of Fu Xi's, people knew nothing about nature. When the rain storms, lightning, people both fear and confusion. Born intelligent Fuxi want all this clear, and he used to stand on diagrams Taishan, they will look to the host of heaven and look down at the terrain around the location, sometimes the footprints of birds and beasts, and the body pattern.
One day, he came to his mind Taishan on, is hard to think that he has long observed phenomenon. Suddenly, he heard a strange roar and saw the cave Gua opposite Taishan leaping out of a Ryoma. It is Ryoma, it is because the animals grow on the leading horse, and had had a very peculiar pattern. This piece dragon Mayi Yue on hexagrams Taishan jump to the next piece of the Wei river rocks. This rock is shaped like Tai Chi, with Longma body pattern, suddenly let Fuxi be comprehending, and he drew the Eight Diagrams.
Later, that jumped out of the Dragon and Horse of the cave known as the Dragon and Horse Cave, Wei-shui River in the piece of stone is called distraction stone. Taishan now to diagram, you can also see these places. Moreover, there are stone groove, and Shi Chuang Longma hole remnants.
As for the gossip of merit, is that it is broad and profound cultural connotations. The Fu Xi characterized by its culture, is still attracting many domestic and foreign scholars to explore and research. Moreover, many contemporary disciplines are deeply affected, and gained enlightenment. It is said that the German mathematician Leibniz invented the binary, is inspired by the gossip.
This possibility: Mi Hee, Baoxi, including the expense, V show, also known as the expense of Wong, Wong Xi, Fu Xi Taihao come from the tribal leaders, who at different times, but have the same status and can be said • "Fu Xi" (because all the tribes from Fu Xi).
【Modern history of the legendary era of history Fuxi Perception
In the ancient Chinese imperial lineage in the legend of the times, Taihao Fu Xi was regarded as a "Three kings of the first", "100 King first," a very prominent position. However, since ancient times and today, on Fu Xi's name, age, to hope, endless contentious issues such as ethnic lines; Fu Xi is a man or a god? Taihao and Fu Xi is one or two? These issues have been submerged Man unclear. But if we traceability along the wave, clear Taihao Fu Xi in ancient imperial order to establish the status of a historical process, these issues will be resolved naturally.
First, the ancient classics and Fu Xi
Fu Xi is the first record out in the late Warring States, "Zhuang Zi" However, this public good ancient Zhuang Zi, "a book Shiyu Wan Yan, probably rate fable." Said Fu Xi, virtuality and reality, God also has people who mostly care were based analogy to the image of reasoning, sure of the outcome as a messenger. "Zhuangzi" Fu Xi's record on a five, two out "within the chapter," 3 for "Wai." In the "Inner Chapters" and "Wai", the ancient Emperor Fu Xi in the ranking is different. Are "Inner Chapters" and "Chuang Human World": "It is of all things also, Yu, Shun also be things of the New York, Fu Xi, a few Qu end of the line, while the conditions were almost casual Yan!" Chuang Tzu is here to Fu Xi listed in Yu, Shun later. "Zhuangzi Master": "Cardiff Road, enthusiastic faith, doing nothing was invisible ... ... Xi of Webster, to pull out heaven and earth; V's get the show to hit Mother Earth; Victoria was the struggle, Zhonggu not Intuit; Day months was the, Zhong Gu endless; worthy bad-won, to the passage of the Kunlun; Feng Yi-won to Tour Okawa; shoulder I find her, to Department mountains; the Yellow Emperor was of the order to board the sky; Zhuan Xu was the, to Department Yuen Palace. "Here is that" Taoism "invisible, unlimited function, Xi Webster's use of" Road "to rectify the world, Fu Xi use of" Road "to reconcile the ***** air. This section of people of God with miscellaneous, moon and stars and is very chaotic, "Chuang Tzu" Many commentators suspected a later addition. I think that it is a later addition may not, at least not here, Fu Xi shows off form man from the myth of the motherland.
"Zhuangzi" is among the three Fuxi name written, or recorded as "Fu Xi," or recorded as "V Xi", "V drama" before and after the non-uniform; identity confusion, or human or divine; in ancient emperors uncertainty in the sequence, or Yu, Shun, after the Yellow Emperor, or in its former status gradually increased. This shows that the period in Chuang Tzu, Fuxi still legendary period, the creation process, is an uncertain, yet stereotypical characters.
"Historical Records" from the Yellow Emperor to remember, not Fuxi biography, written, there are two Fuxi they were all cited previous said. "Sima Qian Preface": "I heard the deceased said: 'Fu Xi to the behaviorist, as" easy "gossip'." "Fengshan book" in the words by Guan: "Tai Feng Xi's not pregnant, Zen and so on; consider Xi Feng Tai, Zen and so on; Shen Nong Feng Tai, Zen and so on; Yellow Emperor Tai Feng, Zen and so on. "Sima Qian's history of strict rule, as it was then more than words Fuxi legendary prophecy error, difficult to identify, although not denied, but the mind of the doubt.
Han Ban Gu, "Han" breakthrough "Historical Records" boundaries, will be pushed to the ancient emperors from the Yellow Emperor Fu Xi, thus, began to board the official Fu Xi set official history. "Li Chi Han Law" quoted Liu Xin, "Shi Jing" words: "Baoxi following day and the king, for the 100 WANG Xian. The first German began in wood, so as Taihao Emperor." (See under Analysis) " Ancient Han people form "in the first Syrian Fu Xi, plays out in inflammation, yellow, to Fu Xi as the historical source, that Fu Xi's" Following the day of the King ", which he is the king of the first century, while Yan, Huang emperors following the Fu Xi and Wang . "Ban Gu" Words: "Three kings are what are, Fu Xi, Nu Wa, Shen Nong is also." Pushed to the Three Wise Kings to the head of Fuxi, 100 King of the first position.
Later Emperor in Tang "Revised History of Chao six generations" and Tang, "Chao Jin Shu repair" are Fuxi Beginning of Chinese culture, so-called "Fu Xi Dynasty, Qin Si, and because, following the Han Xu, the three countries and lives, the time of the Jin containing document preparation Yan. " Tang Dynasty ***** open, the Sima Zhen as the "Historical Records" written up "Three kings this century," Review, added Fu Xi's literature materials about past lives, into a more complete history of transmission. So far, Fu Xi in the history books in the history of the ancient process of completion.
System above, in the literature classics handed down, on the record Fuxi late in the Warring States in the future from the "Zhuangzi" and gradually began to load official history. No previous Fuxi Spring Classics. Warring States as well as Han, the more times later, more detailed records on the Fu Xi, Zhuo Yue Xun Fu Xi exploits in the old imperial order in the higher position. This shows that, in the ancient texts handed down, the Fuxi experienced a scratch, from God to the emperor Fu Xi's record on to the system derived from a messy process.
Second, the original mythology, Fu Xi as Chuangshi Shen
Trace the source of Fuxi legend, there are two paths, in addition to the literature handed down from ancient times to find any sign of it, there is a path, that is, mythology, folklore approach.
Neighbor for the most authoritative examination of Fu Xi is heard more than one written by senior scholars, "Textual Research" [1] and Wen text handed down the first part of the literature from the collection of a large number of snakes recorded, together with the Han Dynasty have been found at stone reliefs that Fu Xi as the dragon totem; collected in the latter part of nearly 50 on the Fu Xi and Nu Wa ethnic minority in Southwest China floods after the brother and sister married and recycling information on the human stories and folklore, and to voice Exegesis, that the South Miaoman the Fuxi family ancestor. Over half a century later in this article was widely quoted, has irrefutable argument. However, doubts have recently proposed, Lin says that there is the legend of Fu Xi and not by the remnant of the ancient Miaoman nation incoming, minority in the South after the flood legends of marriage with the brother and sister from the Eastern Han Ying Shao, "Su Tung Yi," the record Pangu; Fu Xi and Nu Wa are the irrelevant, the two co-spectra were normalized as "family" is in the Tang Dynasty after open ***** [2]. Chang Wen Jin positions that are mostly from the war when the "Chinese of all ethnic groups unite against foreign enemies," political purpose starting arguments, political generation of academic, Western totem that will be attached and anthropological theories of folklore, Fu Xi Nu Wa Creation deed less than [3]. 2 per capita on the South the nation Chuangshi Shen Fu Xi and the identity of the ancestors of God into question.
"Tai Yi Sheng Shui," the so-called "Mrs A", "I" of the so-called "Road", "Book of Changes" so-called "Tai Chi", are initially chaotic universe ***** invisible gas. "Book of Astronomy": "Cosmic Health ***** gas." "Huainanzi Akikoto": "hole with the world, chaos for the Park. Not made all things created, that the very one." Henkel induced Note: The "too general a ,***** God all things are." "***** the general things of God ", should that Fuxi.
"Too one", "Tai Chi" form of "chaos", the universe originated in the chaos. Similarly, Fu Xi is also derived from "chaos", the prototype is too chaotic start at the beginning of the gas.
In the original myth and folklore in this chaos before Creation body is vividly expressed as gourd. From chaos to the world's creation process was visualized account of the gourd from the central cut open. The so-called world Poupan, separation of yin and yang. "Book of cotton" will have "rain Guadie, the people of the newborn," the record, this is seen in the ancient literature of the origin of man, the earliest dating back to Hulu Gua one example. Then in the folk myth, the gourd Poupan motif derived from a large number of flood stories of Ark-type, gourd as a container into a symbol of the regeneration of mankind, and thus personified as the gourd is the Creator, Fu Xi.
Pangu myth is the earliest written record of the whole of the Three Kingdoms Wu Xu, "35 calendar note," this book has been Lost, "Tai Ping Yu Lan," Volume II in which a text quoted there: "World chaos like an egg, Pangu health which. million eight thousand years, the world is open, clear as day sun, overcast cloud to ground. Pangu in which, day 9 change, God in the day, St. on the ground. the light of day ridge, to date ten feet thick, one-day Pan Gu husbands. so million eight thousand years, the number of days high in the number of deep, Pangu very long. is there after the Three Wise Kings. "Pangu legend, a god of creation. As for the relationship between Pangu and Fu Xi, senior scholars are uncertain: Pangu is Fu Xi, the two rests Hulu (chaos) out. Permanent Xia in 1941, "Portrait of Shapingba unearthed the sarcophagus," the article said: "Fu Xi an, no set of ancient books, or for V show, Baoxi, Mi Hee, consider the expense, all can be simultaneous with false. Fuxi and Panhu for dual sound. Fuxi Baoxi, Pangu, gourd, acoustic training to pass, the almost is the word. "He combined" Shu Yi Ji "yes" between Wu and Chu said Pangu's wife, yin and yang is the beginning of "The that the thesis: Pangu's wife immediately are brother and sister mating and reproduction Zi Xiang Fu Xi human couples. Fu Xi and Nu Wa in Han Dynasty Stone is one the first snake mating, and the first snake plate Gu similar, further evidence that Fu Xi Pan Gu. [6] News - more than in the "Fuxi test," the fifth part of the "Fu Xi and hoist" in a large number of ancient and folk material proof that Panhu, Fuxi soon as the switch is "clearly out of homologous series", Fu Xi and Pangu is born gourd, or Fu Xi, Gu are hyacinth personified. Fu Xi and thus the ancestor of humankind.
From the sound training, said, "Chaos" and "gourd" is the sound relations, "Chaos" still made "confused", "stupid" in the vulgar language to slang to "gourd." "Dream of Red Mansions," the fourth head back and forth, "Monk judge gourd calabash case", which means a "confused monk" judge "confused case." The smell more than one test of "Gourd" that is "Pangu (hu)", "Pan Hu", "Fuxi" sing for change, the "Creator" is "Fu Xi." In this way, "Chaos - Gourd - Pan Hu - Pan Gu - Fu Xi," converted the evolution of the path is clear.
4, Taihao Fu Xi and said its ancient history to establish the status of the emperor system
I've already said Chuangshi Shen Fu Xi is the ancient history may not be a real person, then he is to enter history, to be included in the ancient imperial order, and pushed for the "Three Wise Kings and the first", "100 King first," it ? That's saying Taihao from Fu Xi and the identity of and Taihao from.
Reliable in the pre-Qin texts, the word is not made Taihao Fu Xi, Yan Fu Xi is not made Taihao, Taihao no connection with Fu Xi. Born in the late Warring States Period when Xunzi, he "was on the chapter" referred to "Taihao" in "CXP" in another words "Fu Xi," see two of the book, since by one person.
Taihao, ancient books, or recorded as "too hao", is the ancestor of ancient tribes and leaders Dongyi. Dong Yi is the ancient Chinese in the Central Plains will be pleased to contend with the tribes, which are frequent exchanges with China, and created a splendid culture of the Shang Dynasty. In this regard, scholars no longer doubt. Dong Yi Tribe of Henan Province in the east today and Shandong, Anhui area. "Zuo Zhao Gong Seventeen Years" contains: "Chen, Tai Hao of the virtual also." Chen Henan in this Huaiyang, Huaiyang keep Taihao this tomb. After the Zhou dynasty, descendants of possessions gradually eastward, "Zuo Xi public 20 year": "Ren, places, to sentence, Xu, wind surnames. Jitsuji Taihao of worship and there is economic to serve Zhu Xia. "until the Spring and Autumn Period, each with only gradually Dongyi Lu, Qi, Vietnam and other countries absorbed into China. "Later Han Dong Yi Biography": "Qin and six countries, the Huai and Si Yi people are casual users." In other words, when the branch Dongyi no longer exist as an independent entity, became the Huaxia The "code family", and China merged as a major component of the Chinese nation. With China, the Foreign blend of harmony, the Yi's ancestors and chiefs Taihao, Shaohao, also into the ancient Chinese emperor in the sequence.
In reliable historical records, the earliest will Taihao and Fu Xi, and called one, but the Western Han Dynasty Liu Xin's "World Classic." Liu Xin Liu Xiang and his father all the Western Han scholar, pioneer of the Classical school. "Shi Jing" deposit recorded in the "Li Chi Han under the law." In the "World economic" in Liu Xin from the political needs of the Western Han Dynasty, in order to break the traditional emperors Huangdi was the first system to Fu Xi and Taihao saying, Yan and Shen Nong said, adding that out over the Yellow Emperor, the establishment of a new set of ancient imperial order.
The establishment of the Ancient Emperor descent, began in the Warring States Period. Warring States Period, in accordance with the School of Zou Yan Five Emperors with the Five Elements to five parties to earth, wood, gold, fire, water, beat the Five Elements order to explain dynastic change, what is called the "Five Virtues." "Records of calendar": "When is the unique Zou Yan, Ming Chuan in five virtues, and scattered news of the points to significant princes." Since then, people have to this doctrine as the legal basis for the establishment of dynasties. According to Zou Yan's "Five Virtues", "Lu should be the same" and "Historical Records Fengshan book" is such a deduction dynasties: the Yellow Emperor was soil Tak, Yu was Talmud, was Kinder Shang Dynasty, Emperor Wen was fire Germany Germany Qin was water. But the deduction in order to Han problems: First, the building of ancient history from Zou Yan imperial lineage of view, the narrative is only the Yellow Emperor, Yu, Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty for four generations. Subsequently until the Western Han Dynasty, people of ancient history and great changes have taken place in the concept that there is in the top of the Yellow Emperor Fu Xi, Shen Nong and other Gu Sheng Yan Emperor, three generations ago "Three kings", the "Five Emperors" order on behalf of the Legislative , "Lu should be the same" and "Historical Records Fengshan book" describes only four generations since the Yellow Emperor, not fully covered, and therefore the deduction up to re-sort. Second, Zou Yan is in accordance with the soil, wood, gold, fire, water, beat five elements vying order to explain dynasties, the emperor ordered descent, five elements vying wins, then tended to the revolutionary regime change. Located in the Western Han Dynasty and Liu Xin, Liu Hanhuang room power crisis, the powerful Dukes of Wang Mang, which has "ordered a different surname," and surname "more ordered" controversy, said Demise temporary prosperity. Liu Xin and Wang Mang to the close relationship, he was Wang Mang "National Teacher", is the demise that the main supporters. Wang Mang on behalf of the Chinese in order to provide a legal basis, Xin made of wood, fire, earth, metal, water, five elements of the new five Virtues. From the "World by" known, Liu Xin ordered imperial order as follows: Taihao Fu Xi as the Talmud, Germany and of fire about Yan, the Yellow Emperor Huangdi's Germany for the soil, Shaohao Jin Tianshi as Kinder, Zhuan Xu Gao Yang Clan and virtue; KU's Dig for the Talmud, Yao, Tao Down to fire German Emperor Shun Tak Yu Clan for the soil, Bo Yu Xiahou Shi as Kinder, Cheng Tang as the water; King Wu of the Talmud Han dynasty, the German fire. Xin when the scheduled order of this descent, is the beginning of the first negative Hannchen win by five elements that set the Han as saying German soil, to fire on Han German, then the soil should be replaced by Germany, claimed to Yu Shun Wang Mang Branch, and Emperor Shun Tak soil, it might be desirable for Wang Mang German soil, so that Wang Mang on behalf of the Chinese standing inevitable.
Why then Xin Fu Xi and Taihao adding to it?
Deciphering the prevailing notion that people of ancient history, the ancient Emperor's Preface to push up from the Yellow Emperor, that the most ancient emperors should be Fu Xi. Meanwhile, in his five elements of the Five Virtues Theory, emperors from the beginning Talmud. So he found two ways according to, first, "Zuo Zhao Gong Seventeen Years" set, "Tan Son to the DPRK," Zhao Hao's son asked the little birds were officers, why? Tan Master said: "Wu Zu also, I know of. Formerly Huangdi Shi Ji by cloud, so the teacher and the clouds were clouds. Yandi's to fire discipline, so for the fire division and the fire name.'s Total industrial water discipline, so water for the navy and the Name. Great Hao's dragon century, it was long division and long names. I emperor of the legislation also less Hao Zhi, phoenix fitness to, so Discipline in birds, but the bird for the Bird Division. "Liu Xin push accordingly: "It Shaohao by Tan Zi Yan Emperor, Huangdi by Yan, Yan by the total workers were working under Taihao, it first made the Yellow Emperor, on and Taihao." to the ancient emperor as the head of Taihao . The second is from the "Yi" to find the basis for "Zhuan", saying: "God beyond shock," quake diagram for the Orient, its element is wood. By five elements of the sequence, the first for the wood, and for the Oriental Emperor Taihao, "East said, barbarian", so Taihao with Talmud. And "Yi Jing, under" saying: "who package the expense of the ancient clan TONGJI also", so Liu Xin added: "After days of artillery and the king's expense, for the 100 WANG Xian, the first German started wood, so Emperor Taihao. "Fuxi is Taihao. "Tolerant of the" easy "shot sacrifice, Shen Nong and Huang Di, the world have known." Taihao Fu Xi, following days of old, Shen Nong, the Yellow Emperor Fu Xi were standing following the Taihao.
Han Ban Gu's "Han Zhi Jiao Si praise" and Yue's "Han Ji Gaozu Discipline" on Liu Xin was founded five elements of the new five Virtues are accounts of the process, Yue words: "up Liu Xiang and his son, is Push the five elements of movement, in order to inherit his mother until the beginning of Fu Xi; to the time of the Han, Yi Tak for the fire. it shall also order that the "easy", said 'God beyond shock', it began almost Taihao earthquake, as the wood Germany, Hao Yue Fu Xi. "
Xin starting from political purposes, will be attached to the Fuxi and Taihao phase and said, pushing the head of the ancient imperial descent, was quoted Ban of the "Han", later generations have taken from historical records said. However, Liu Xin, said this is not entirely groundless remark that, given the present circumstances, shall have the following to say on Liu Xin know: First, it is when people sense the performance history, as people sense the rich history, from the Yellow Emperor Sima Qian scheduled start time imperial lineage has not adequately reflect the ancient emperors people know, and therefore need to push back up, re-arrange ancient imperial order. Second, as mentioned above, Fuxi legend began in the south of the Chu and the East Yizu Taihao ancestors, with the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasty Great national blood and culture exchanges, the legend of Fu Xi and Taihao convergence possible Qian Zu Huangdi only the first Chinese human ancestor of all Chinese people can not fully reflect the current ethnic harmony, cultural fusion of the actual situation, and to Taihao Wang Fu Xi was the ancestor of 100, showing a time of national unity, culture, the main vein has been formed. Third, Liu Xin scheduled ancient imperial order to promote the "Holy, with the ancestors" thinking, the kings of ancient Emperor Fu Xi with sodium in a series, is conducive to national cohesion, and cultural unification.
5, I of
In the discussion of the Fu Xi records in historical texts, myths and legends of the remains of its ancient imperial order to establish the status of the process, we see that Fuxi experienced a legend from myth to the history of evolution. Fu Xi is the product of people's consciousness is the ancestors of the origin of the universe and the concept of recourse the product, initially present in the original form of creation myths, but history may not be a real person. Forms of development as people thought the rich and historical consciousness, the original myth went through a concept of philosophy and history of technology process. The Legend of Fu Xi and imagination have also entered the original philosophy and history, so people will Fuxi Creation Myth of the universe's origin and the abstract concept of beginning, as Chuang Shishen Fuxi only imagine the ancestors of human beings and the emperor Fu Xi to enter history in the field, therefore, became the first emperor in history. The Fu Xi eventually became the "Three kings of the first", "100 King first", to establish in the ancient history of the supremacy of imperial descent, is due to Liu Xin on the one hand the development of historical consciousness, according to the people, on the other hand according to their political needs, its Five Virtues of new laws will aid in Taihao Fuxi re-scheduled Ancient imperial descent results. Clear understanding of the Fuxi this from scratch, from God to man, from mythology, to the historical evolution of the concept of the essence and truth, we will see, on Fu Xi's name, age, looking at, Ethnic Groups endless lawsuits and other problems are not necessarily a problem.
The Legend of the times Fuxi, Yan, Huang Di, Yao, Shun, Taihao, Shaohao, Chi and other emperors, ancient history, there are many confusing record. Of the last century 20's "Ancient History" school in a number of questions and Dynasty, with the modern archaeological finds, some of the problems we Ancient History a new understanding, in recent years, Origin of ancient civilization and the ancient Royal descent The study also become a hot spot, but because of the shortcomings of the theory and method, more than many of the problems still does denounce. Such as Fu Xi's looking at (or culture), there are western Yangshao said that the western culture that Majiayao eastern Dawenkou Culture, said that the Central Plains, Central Plains Peiligang culture, said the Yangtze River basin. Yan (Shen Nong) is looking at the Yellow River, said the Central Plains, said the lower Yellow River, said there is the Great Wall north of the Hongshan Culture, said that the Yangtze River in Hunan, Hubei, said; the Yellow Emperor to look in northern Shaanxi, said Wei River Valley, said Central China, North China, said that the Great Wall north of the Hongshan culture, but also said the lower Yellow River. Some even think that "the Yellow Emperor and Fuxi fact the same person," "Yellow Emperor as the real history of some people, that is, the Shun from the East Yi", "Shen Nong is the" Book of History "in the mind of the earliest monarchs - Yao "[7]. "Yandi is Chi" [8]. Which was legendary for the Study of the Ancient Emperor confusion, said: "Research on the legend of the times, on the 'Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors' study, may all have their own reason and argument, but all the studies together is just a 0 or is a negative, "[9]. Cause of this confusion are many reasons, one fundamental reason is that many of proof, only speculation, or the ancient literature and archaeological simple analogies, the lack of scientific and historical methods.
From our discussion of the Fu Xi can see, the legendary emperors of ancient lineage, and some historical documents in the process of establishing the status of late, is it the product of conception, or to a political need to be accompanied on the results. I have "On confirmation of the Common Ancestor of the Chinese nation," the article mentioned, Zhou previous literature did not mention the Yellow Emperor. "Book of History" From Yao to write, the whole a "Book of" no "Yellow Emperor" words, Oracle is also no "Yellow Emperor." Yellow Emperor's name comes from "five-party" idea. From the Oracle perspective, the concept of Yin people already had five parties, there are four cardinal points of inscriptions by the four-year record of soil. "Four soil" with "the business" is "five-party." Five parties about the concept of evolution began in the early years of the Western Zhou as a "five-party color," the concept of "colored" Show "five-party." "Yizhoushu for Luo," contains: "Duke ... ... is the largest community in the country built in the Wei East Green Earth, South terracotta, clay west, north Li soil, the central Wuhan as the Loess." Zhou from the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi way, for your yellow. Follow the concept of Yin people five parties, Zhou also the world is divided into five parties, and to five parties said the five parties of the Imperial color. Luoyang as the royal seat of Turkey, Turkey yellow, then the country called "China", God said, "the Yellow Emperor." "Book of astronomy," said: "The central earth also, the Emperor Huangdi." Appeared in the Zhou Dynasty of the Yellow Emperor, and then the political ideas related to a four-week family strengthening the rule of needs of all, that is, the Yellow Emperor is a political philosophy only form of [10]. People's understanding of history is itself historic. Historical facts is one thing, the memory of history is one thing, the historical representation is another. Prehistoric times, civilization beginning, the historical record depends word of mouth, because of historical consciousness itself historic, the ancestors and passed down through the history of exploration, they will be because of the limitations of historical consciousness and for the purpose of artificially attached to the history, so there may be fictitious and imaginary components. In response, Mr. Gu Jiegang made ancient history is "caused Layer Upon Layer" point of view, that is, ancient lineage of the ancient emperors and their creative process, is to do addition, perfunctory gradually produced. So we have to do research on ancient history, when the emperor system, the method should be used to do subtraction, not only can not the myth as history and the records and history books alone can not be categorically concluded, on the historical documents should also be a historical view, the reference Dynasty, eliminate the false and retain the true, back flow and explore its sources, clarifying the historical truth.
Fu Xi
Source: Chinese Dictionary
Fu Xi, one for Mi Hee, including the expense, V show, also known as the expense of Wong, Wong Hee. Chinese mythology, ancestor of mankind. About the times in the late Paleolithic, legend, one of China's pharmaceutical originator.
"Tai Ping Yu Lan poem fog with God," reads: In a land of bliss, "Hua Xu's Country," in One girl, one day, she came to a place called "Glazer" place to play, came across a huge footprints, out of curiosity, to step on the huge footprint, what the results actually have sensors as they so pregnant and soon gave birth to a son, who first snake, named Mi sacrifice (ie Fuxi). Since the birth of Fu Xi is the mother stepped on the Fraser in the "big track" and the result of pregnancy, therefore, the first people that he is "Thunder," the son, then push it for the people of the monarch, the king's head 100.
Fuxi great historical merits, on the medical side, is Fu Xi created the gossip and nine needles. "Yi" wrote: In ancient times, is the package's expense rule the world, he often hyperextension astrologers, the operation of the moon and stars; leaned over police terrain, Kawasawa gully to examine the mountain. Also the pattern of birds and animals taken fur and growth of plants on earth should all-win situation, almost from their own issue for images, taken from as far away as artifacts, in this case begin to create gossip, for familiar changes in the nature of all things, to divide up the shape of everything. "King Century", said: Fu Xi, "taste the drug of nine hundred needles." So more than a thousand years, was enshrined in the medical community in China as medicine, acupuncture of the ancestor.
Add a point on the legend of Fu Xi
Fu Xi and Nu Wa are lots of stories. But some legends but I became confused.
Legend, a long time ago, in today's Henan Province has a small country called Wanqiu Huaiyang country. One day, a foreigner's invasion. King was in a hurry to order ministers to find solutions. Enemy power in numbers, Wan Qiu State to this weakness. Ministers are also helpless, not saying a word. Said the King, who Tuidi he took the princess betrothed. At this time, Wan Qiu State outside the city, a river upstream to the a huge white turtle, white turtle standing on a brown dog. That yellow dog three whoops, suddenly Feishazoushi. The invading enemies sky all by the wind, but also heavily down, escaped. In this way the enemy retreated. King was pleased, is preparing to arrange a time to celebrate, yellow dog Shangdian, facing his name. When did he think of this promise. As the King is unable to speak does not count, otherwise we can not lead the country has. But she do not want to marry a dog who is willing to ah? At this time, the prime minister said the dog was held sacred heaven, so long as it is deducted in the urn will become a person under 49 days. The king ordered to do so. To 41 days, it looks like the princess, thinking also that almost the ah. On opening a jar, who wants The following is a monster, a handsome man with a long head, body or the shape of a dog.
It gave him a name from the Fu Xi. Means that people Goua. V word is the one plus one dog, Xi word is the ancient modal particle, equivalent to the current Chinese in the ah.
However, it is the wife of legendary Fu Xi Nu Wa. A long time ago, the flood of human experience, are dead. Fu Xi and Nu Wa, leaving only two siblings. In order to reproduce human beings, brothers and sisters got married. So, Wan Qiu State Princess Nuwa it? Moreover, the legend who said they were both first snake. So, how were the first dogs body to explain?
Also legend, Nu Wa made man with Wong Nai. Now, she and Fu Xi combination, human reproduction. Then made man and the legend of Wong Nai become contradictory. What is the origin of mankind in the end? There are legends of the Sky Goddess, as her brother Fu Xi and her husband, then with her on the Sky ah. But why not see what the legend of the Sky Fuxi involved?
Fish Patterns bottles unearthed salamander Tianshui
Fu Xi is known as "human ancestor" Chou Chi Fu Xi was born and brought up into the discipline. He leads the wedding; do Reticulum; painting gossip; create music masters; based office ... ... in accordance with the common sense to create such a merit of Fuxi its image should be smart Hidetake, but since the Spring and Autumn since it is the image of Fu Xi "People first snake", especially in the Han dynasty, Fu Xi, "people first snake" pattern has also been widely used as a decorative pattern to people's daily life, deeply rooted in people's minds.
The eyes of the world after the Fu Xi, "the first snake man" image is undoubtedly a monster. Is "human ancestor" image is such a "monster"? From the people's feelings for the image as a decorative pattern Fuxi purpose is to express admiration worship, or to him as "the patron saint."
Obviously, the real face of Fu Xi is not a "people first snake." So why Fuxi to "people first snake," the face of it appears in front of people?
12, the first Chinese dragon culture was held in Lanzhou, Lanzhou Forum reporter on "Fuxi Why is 'people first snake'?" Interviewed on this issue of Mr. Liu Yanxiang Tianshui Normal University and other experts.
Ancient ancestors of the more serpentine
Mr. Liu Yanxiang is Tianshui Normal University Centre for Cultural Studies Longyou vice pipeline, long-term commitment to exploration research Longyou culture. He believes that in ancient times, is not Fuxi one was portrayed as serpentine, in addition to Fu Xi, there Nu Wa, the Yellow Emperor, Queen Mother, who is to snake in front of the people. According to statistics, "Shan Hai Jing" in the records of 454 individuals with snake-related materials reached 138 people. Visible, with snake-like ancient times to describe the ancestors is a more common mode of worship.
To solve the first snake Fuxi Why is this mystery person must be a broader, deeper level to study this cultural phenomenon. Mr. Liu Yanxiang read a lot of ancient information on the Fuxi "people first snake" image for the inquiry. Eventually, he scattered records in ancient books link up, found a "people first snake" in context.
Records from the ancient point of view, the wind Fuxi name. On the "wind" a word, "said the text" in the "Wind worms," the explanation, the Oracle of divination, the "worm" and "had" the same word, and "had" is the snake, "Shan Hai Jing * Overseas South by "in the" bug for the snake, "said. Thus, between the wind and the snake has a very close relationship.
View from the origin of surnames, surnames of people in ancient times most of a relationship with the tribal totem, and some names directly from the tribal totem. From this, Fu Xi's "people first snake" is the image of Wind tribal totem name "Snake" evolved. So in ancient times, the ancient discipline areas into a worship of the snake is really to "snake" as the totem of the tribe live in the proliferation of it?
"People first snake" is misunderstood
The issue of journalists, Mr Lau believes that Fu Xi tribe is not a "snake" as totems, Fu Xi, "the first snake man" image is one of a misunderstanding. In fact, should be "people first of the body," and this dragon is evolved from the giant salamander.
"Strictly speaking, the image of Fu Xi should be 'people first salamander body' instead of 'who first snake'. The so-called snake essentially simplifies the dragon." According to "Zuo Zhao Gong 17 years" as set : Tai Chi Dragon's howl, so as long division and long names. (Du Yu Note: The "too Hao Fu Xi, the ancestor of the wind surname also have Long Rui, officials ordered it to Long.) That is to say, the dragon is the emblem of Fuxi tribal or clan totems.
Mr. Liu believes that the prototype of the snake is long, dragon image of snakes evolved, this argument is specious. Department of reptiles, snakes, and the legendary dragon and water close, there is universal folk tale of the Dragon King said. From the records of it, "Dragon, the water thing too"; a "Long was born in water"; a "water into the deep, dragon grow wherever," said. In particular, the ability of the dragon is very powerful, far more than the snake, the snake can not compare with the.
Obviously, the dragon is not a prototype of a snake but the other animals.
Reveal the original image of the dragon
Since there is not much between the dragon and snake relationships, then the original image of the dragon what is it?
"Dragon of the original image of the first parts of the ancient discipline into an animal, and then close the original ancestors, to help give them life, only in this way, one could even treat it as a totem." This Some is also produced by the foundation and source of the totem.
Snake quickly ruled out because the snake's attack is strong, and the relationship between snakes and people's daily lives are not closely related. But what aquatic animals and the lives of people in ancient times it close?
Along the "Dragon for water objects" idea analogy is with the dragon with the "water thing" and non-fish body scales must go. Lau, "Shan Hai Jing overseas W" to see a record of about arowana. "Arowana Ling Home, its shaped like a raccoon, a say." This arowana grow on a corner, like foxes and Mausoleum home, but also by cloud straight.
This arowana mean, and what it? Explanation for the arowana "Ya" said: Called the large salamander. Salamander, also known as mermaid, commonly known as giant salamander.
Salamanders are amphibians families, the general length 60 cm -70 cm, a large person to 180 cm, habitat in the valley streams to fish, frogs, shrimp for food, sounds, and crying like a child. Today, forests southeast of Tianshui City, Qu River Scenic still live in groups of salamanders.
Archaeological excavations confirmed that 6,500 years ago, Tianshui temperature than it is now hot, is a warm temperate semi-arid climate, a large number of hi life, warm animals, including Sumatran rhinos, monkeys, like other animals. However, the 6500 -5000 year ago, climate change, gradually became cold and dry up. We can see that in 6500 years ago are now much better than the natural environment of Tianshui for salamander activity must be very large geographical. Ancestors of the survival and development time, and the inseparable relationship between salamanders. In particular, it sounds like the children weeping, give it endless imagination and inspiration. Fuxi tribes living here then submitted salamander totem.
Over time, the ancestors of the image of the salamander drawn to many places, now in Tianshui Wushan, Gangu who unearthed two bottles of the first salamander fish pattern, that is, ancestors of the salamander was a microcosm of totem worship. Fish Patterns bottles unearthed salamander Tianshui, a way, that the dragon is the original image salamander, which is the original creation of the prototype four-legged dragon, tribal totem is God Fuxi.
Therefore, "people first snake" The fact is "people first of the body," the misunderstanding, Fuxi tribal totem should be a simplified giant salamander.