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相傳其人首蛇身，與其妹女媧成婚，生兒育女，成為人類的始祖。又相傳他是古代華夏部落的傑出首領。伏羲根據天地間陰陽變化之理，創製八卦，即以八種簡單卻寓義深刻的符號來概括天地之間的萬事萬物。此外，他還模仿自然界中的蜘蛛結網而製成網罟，用於捕魚打獵。關於太昊伏羲氏的記載在古籍中常見，但又說法不一。
像中伏羲氏散發披肩，身披鹿皮，一派遠古風範。遠古時期，人們以石器加工獸皮，再以骨針等工具進行縫製，用以禦寒。圖中左下角畫有八卦圖形表明他創製八卦的功績，而伏羲氏的目光顯得深沉、睿智，無愧於古代智者的形象。
由於伏羲是蛇身人首，故有“竜的傳人”之說。有學者指出：“伏羲出生於蛇係氏族,並且以蛇為尊。他身上穿的樹葉或鹿皮，形右蛇之鱗身或花紋，這正是蛇係氏的族徽或圖騰標志。近年來，海內外越來越多的“竜的傳人”弘揚起到了重要的作用。90年代初，江澤民總書記來天水視察，為古成紀題下了“羲皇故裏”的碑文。
在中國古代神話中，開始繁衍人類的任務，就是交給了伏羲女媧兩兄妹。
生活在「華胥之國」的華胥氏姑娘，到一個風景特別的雷澤去遊玩，偶爾看到了一個巨大的腳印，便好奇地踩了一下，於是受感而孕，生下一個兒子，取名「伏羲」。雷澤中的腳印其實是雷神留下的，這位雷神長着竜的身子人的頭(與女媧、盤古等的神一樣是人頭蛇身)，這雷神在《山海經‧海內東經》記載：「雷澤中有雷神，竜身而人頭，鼓其腹。」因此，伏羲本來就是一個竜身(蛇身)人首的“竜種”。他也是人祖女媧的哥哥。在清‧梁玉繩《漢書人表考》捲二引《春秋世譜》︰「華胥生男為伏羲，女子為女媧。」所以伏羲女媧以兄妹而為夫婦之說乃確實不可易。
唐‧李冗《獨異志》捲下：「昔宇宙初開之時，衹有女媧兄妹二人，在昆侖山，而天下未有人民。議以為夫婦，又自羞恥。兄即與妹上昆侖山，咒曰：「天若遺我兄妹二人為夫婦，而煙悉合，若不，使煙散。」於煙即合，二人即結為夫婦。」此說即為伏羲女媧再造人的傳說大略。又在徐旭生《中國古史的傳說時代》第六章中有：「清初陸次雲的《峒溪纖志》中裏面說：苗人臘祭曰報草。祭用巫，設女媧、伏羲位。」至現代的人類學者實地考察後，纔得到這些苗族的傳說。按他們的傳說，苗族全出於伏羲與女媧，他們本為兄妹，人類在遭到洪水後，人煙斷絶，僅存他們二人，他們為了延續人類，便結為夫婦。
除了人祖外，伏羲也是一個統治一方的帝君。在《淮南子‧時則訓》：「東方之極，自碣石山，過朝鮮，貫大人之國，東至日出之次，槫木之地，青土樹木之野，太皞、句芒之所司者萬二千裏。」高誘註：「太皞，伏羲氏，東方木德之帝也，句芒，木神。」伏羲在五帝中為東方天帝，此即其神職。
【相關傳說】
伏羲的母親是風兗部落的女首領，居住在華胥山之渚（今甘肅慶陽市與平涼市境內的沿河地帶），被稱為華胥氏。華胥氏年輕有為，與族叔風偌率族人逐水草而居，過着浪漫的遊牧生活。
相傳伏羲的母親華胥氏外出，在雷澤中無意中看到一個特大的腳印，好奇的華胥用她的足跡丈量了大人的足跡，不知不覺感應受孕，懷胎十二年後，伏羲降生了。晉皇甫謐《帝王世紀》說：“太昊帝庖犧氏，風姓也，燧人之世有巨人跡出於雷澤，華胥以足履之，有娠，生伏羲於成紀。”東晉王嘉《拾遺記》說：“春皇者，庖犧之別號。所都之國有華胥之州，神母遊其上，有青虹繞神母，久而方滅，即覺有娠，歷十二年而生庖犧。”唐司馬貞《補史記·三皇本紀》說：“太暤包犧氏，風姓，代燧人氏繼天而王。母曰華胥，履大人跡於雷澤，而生庖犧於成紀。蛇身人首，有聖德。”
伏羲(約前1萬年)生於古成紀,即(今甘肅省天水市秦安縣與平涼市靜寧縣的交界帶),因伏羲“孕十二歲而生”(古以十二年為一紀),所以把伏羲出生地叫成紀。
【相關貢獻】
一說伏羲即太昊，本姓風。傳說他有聖德，像日月之明，故稱太昊。神話中華夏民族的始祖。又傳他教民結網，從事漁獵畜牧。始畫八卦，取火種、都陳。在位15年。
伏羲氏是中國文獻記載中的最早的智者之一。伏羲氏對事物有着敏銳的觀察力、對土地有着深厚的感情，同時他又擁有着超人的智能。伏羲氏將他觀察到的一切，用一種數學符號（這種二進製數學模式成為當今計算機技術發展的基石）描述了下來，這就是八卦。
上古時期，孟津東部有一條圖河與黃河相接，竜馬負圖出於此河，伏羲氏依竜馬之圖畫出了幹、兌、離、震、巽、坎、艮、坤為內容的卦圖，後人稱為伏羲八卦圖。伏羲氏仰觀象於天，俯察法於地，用陰陽八卦來解釋天地萬物的演化規律和人倫秩序。伏羲氏取火種、正婚姻、教漁獵，結束了人們茹毛飲血的歷史。竜馬負圖寺遂成為“河圖之源”，伏羲氏則被奉為中華民族的“人根之祖”、“人文之祖”。《漢書·孔安國傳》曰：“竜馬者，天地之精，其為形也，馬身而竜鱗，故謂之竜馬，竜馬赤紋緑色，高八尺五寸，類駱有翼，蹈水不沒，聖人在位，負圖出於孟河之中焉。”
我國古代多以聖人為神，傳說優羲能緣天梯——建木以登天。《山海經·海內經》載：“南海之內，黑水、青水之間，有木，名曰建木。太白臯爰過，黃帝所歸。”“太白臯爰過”，即伏羲上下於建木之意。《淮南子·時則訓》載：“東方之極,自碣石山,過朝鮮，太白臯，句芒之所司者萬二千裏。”高誘註：“太白臯、伏羲氏，東方木德之帝也；句芒，木神。”伏羲在五帝中尊為東方天帝，這就是他的神職。
伏羲八卦
伏羲為人類文明進步做出的具大貢獻是始畫八卦。八卦可以推演出許多事物的變化，預卜事物的發展。八卦是人類文明的瑰寶，是宇宙間的一個高級“信息庫”。早在十七世紀，德國大數學家萊布尼茲創立“中國學院”，研究八卦，並根據八卦的“兩儀，四象，八卦，十六，三十二，六十四卦”，發明了二進位記數和當地歐洲先進的計算機。八卦中包含的“二進法”，現在廣泛地應用於生物及電子學中。公元一九八四年，一位歐洲科學家在談到八卦的易理被現代廣泛應用時，嘆為“至為可驚”。八卦中的許多奧妙神奇之處，至今還正在研究和探討之中。
伏羲八卦臺
八卦臺，北臨黃河，南依連山，東據虎牢，西望洛川。此處原是河洛交匯處，自古以來氣候溫和，土地肥沃，交通便利。早在一萬多年前，便有我們的祖先在這裏勞動、生息，創造了物質文明和精神文明，從而成了中華民族古老的文化發祥地，成了河洛文化的核心。如今這裏仍然是一個村落，叫洛口村。清代嘉慶年間重建洛口村寨門時，寨門橫額鎸刻“古洛油”三個大字。兩邊刻有石楹聯，上聯是“塗光休氣兆北閾”；下聯是“赤文緑字煥東周”。概括了古洛響輝煌的過往歲月。
現今古成紀有規模的伏羲廟有三處，即位於天水市區的伏羲廟，卦臺山伏羲廟，秦安泰山廟的伏羲廟。尤以天水市的規模宏大，歷史悠久。據記載，它建於元至正七年(1342)，占地10270平方米，廟院內原有古柏六十四株，是按伏羲八卦推演的六十四卦方位栽植的，現存三十七株，四季長青，生機盎然。而今古成紀人民把相傳伏羲誕辰的農歷正月十六日和成道升天的農歷五月十三日作為伏羲廟祭祀的重大節日。
【羲皇故裏——中華文明的發祥地】
甘肅省天水市是人文始祖伏羲的誕生地，素有“羲皇故裏”之稱，是中華古文明的重要發祥地之一。據北魏酈道元《水經註•渭水》記載：“故瀆東經成紀縣，故帝太皞庖犧所生之處也。”
天水是以伏羲為代表的中華先民長期生活的主要地域。境內及周圍分佈着衆多與伏羲、女媧有關的人文遺址、遺跡。有距今8300至4800年的新石器時代早期文化遺存大地灣遺址、師趙村古遺址等一批先民生産生活的古遺址；有始建於明成化年間，專用於伏羲祭祀，現存全國最大的祭祀廟宇——伏羲廟；有伏羲畫卦的卦臺山；有女媧祠、羲皇故裏的磚刻、牌坊、白蛇匾等古遺跡；有風溝、風𠔌、風臺等與伏羲“風姓”有關的地名。這些都是十分珍貴的人文遺址和實物。充分佐證了伏羲畫八卦、結網罟、取火種、興嫁娶、製歷法、創樂器、造書契等許多發明創造的可能性，進一步印證了唐司馬貞《補史記•三皇本記》、南宋羅泌《路史》等古籍記載中有關伏羲生於成紀、長於成紀的論述。也進一步說明甘肅天水是中華古文明的重要發祥地之一。
為進一步團结和組織國內外熱心伏羲文化的團體和個人，深入開展全方位、多層次的伏羲文化研究，探索中國古代文明的源頭，天水市發起成立了全國性社團——中華伏羲文化研究會，將全國數十傢社科院、博物館和綜合大學，以及數百名專傢、學者凝聚在一起，推動了伏羲文化的研究。1992、1995、2001、2003、2005年先後在天水召開了海內外學者參與的伏羲文化研討會，産生了大量的成果，有力地推動了我國史前文化研究。
經過多年的不懈努力，天水作為“羲皇故裏”伏地魔，已成為瞻拜“人文始祖”伏羲的聖地。伏羲文化的研究、開發形成了比較完整的思路，産生了一批重要的學術成果，天水已成為全國研究伏羲文化的中心。伏羲文化所具有的創造精神、奉獻精神、和合精神，在與開拓創新、與時俱進的時代精神的結合中，呈現出新的生命力。伏羲文化作為中華民族傳統文化的源頭，成為增強民族凝聚力的重要文化紐帶，呈現出更為廣阔的前景。天水太昊伏羲祭典榮列2006年國務院公佈的第一批國傢級非物質文化遺産名錄。
【弘揚伏羲文化的意義】
弘揚伏羲文化具有深遠的歷史意義和深刻的現實意義。從歷史學的角度看，隨着“夏商周斷代工程”的完成和夏商周年表的正式公佈，“三皇”文化的研究將日益突出，中華文明史的較為確切的年表將會從公元前2070年推嚮更早的年代。而上世紀五十年代末在天水境內發現的大地灣文化遺址，與有關伏羲氏族的傳說故事及史料記載有着種種吻合，成為最終揭開中華文明本源之謎的有利條件。可以說，通過對伏羲及伏羲文化的深入研究，將把中華文明史推嚮更早的年代，中華文明史可能是8000——10000年。從源流史的角度看，有利於進一步探究中華文明的源流發展過程，特別是竜文化的起源、傳播和發展軌跡。伏羲文化所體現的哲學思維、科學走嚮、人文精神和創造精神，對於今天我們的自然科學和社會科學研究，對於破除迷信、揭露邪教異端等具有十分重要的現實意義。伏羲文化的民族本源性和傳播的廣泛性，對於提高民族自信心，增強民族內聚力，團结海內外華人，積極支持和參與國傢建設，促進祖國和平統一，進一步擴大對外文化交流，維護世界的和平與發展具有不可低估的重要作用。弘揚伏羲文化具有深刻的歷史意義和重大的現實意義。
時代是進步的，文化是不斷發展的。伏羲文化正以其固有的創造性和實踐性，以其兼容並蓄的人文精神和認識世界的科學精神，感召着一批又一批竜的傳人投身祖國的建設發展，投身中華民族的偉大復興。
【承繼伏羲稱號的15個部落聯盟】
因為伏羲的成就，晉·皇甫溢的《帝王世紀》、《遁甲開山圖》、《通鑒外記》說在太昊伏羲之後有天下的15個部落聯盟，都承繼了伏羲的稱號，他們分別是：女媧氏、大庭氏、柏皇氏、中央氏、捲須氏(《通鑒外記》有,其他2書無)、慄陸氏、驪連氏、赫胥氏、尊盧氏、混沌氏、昊英氏、有巢氏、朱襄氏、葛天氏、陰康氏、無懷氏。《易緯·稽覽圖》說由甲寅伏羲氏到無懷氏，一共是57882年。
【伏羲的傳說】
伏羲是傳說中人類文明的始祖，被尊為“三皇”之首。
相傳，他的母親名叫華胥氏，是一個非常美麗的女子。有一天，她去雷澤郊遊，在遊玩途中發現了一個大大的腳印。出於好奇，她將自己的腳踏在大腳印上，當下就覺得有種被蛇纏身的感覺，於是就有了身孕。而令人奇怪的是，這一懷孕就懷了十二年。後來就生下了一個人首蛇身的孩子，這就是伏羲。當地的人為了紀念伏羲的誕生，特將地名改為成紀，因為在古代，人們把十二年作為一紀。據史學家考證，古成紀就是今天的天水。《漢書》中說道：“成紀屬漢陽郡，漢陽郡即天水郡也。古帝伏羲氏所生之地”。所以，天水歷來被稱為“羲皇故裏”。
根據傳說和史籍記載，作為人類文明始祖，伏羲的主要功績是：一、教民作網用於漁獵，大大地提高了當時人類的生産能力。同時教民馴養野獸，這就是傢畜的由來。二、變革婚姻習俗，倡導男聘女嫁的婚俗禮節，使血緣婚改為族外婚，結束了長期以來，子女衹知其母不知其父的原始群婚狀態。三、始造書契，用於記事，取代了以往結繩記事的落後形式。四、發明陶塤、琴瑟等樂器，創作樂麯歌謠，將音樂帶入人們的生活，幫助人們“修身理性，反其天真”。五、將其統治地域分而治之，而且任命官員進行社會管理，為後代治理社會提供藉鑒。六、創製古代歷法。
但是，伏羲的最大功績還是創立八卦。
在天水北道區渭南鄉西部，有一卦臺山，相傳這裏就是伏羲畫八卦的地方。傳說在伏羲生活的遠古年代，人們對於大自然一無所知。當下雨颳風、電閃雷鳴時，人們既害怕又睏惑。天生聰慧的伏羲想把這一切都搞清楚，於是他經常站在卦臺山上，仰觀天上的日月星辰，俯察周圍的地形方位，有時還研究飛禽走獸的腳印和身上的花紋。
有一天，他又來到了卦臺山上，正在苦苦的思索他長期以來觀察的現象。突然，他聽到一聲奇怪的吼聲，衹見卦臺山對面的山洞裏躍出一匹竜馬。說它是竜馬，那是因為這個動物長着竜頭馬身，身上還有非常奇特的花紋。這匹竜馬一躍就躍到了卦臺山下渭水河中的一塊大石上。這塊石頭形如太極，配合竜馬身上的花紋，頓時讓伏羲有所了悟，於是他畫出了八卦。
後來，那個躍出竜馬的山洞被人們稱為竜馬洞，渭水河中的那塊大石就叫做分心石。現在去卦臺山，你還能看到這些地方。而且，竜馬洞裏還有石槽和石床的殘跡。
至於八卦的功績，在於它博大精深的文化內涵。而以它為特徵的伏羲文化，到現在仍吸引着國內外無數學者在探索、研究。而且，當代的許多學科也都深受其影響，並從中得到啓示。據說，德國大數學家萊布尼茨發明二進製，也是受了八卦的啓發。
有這種可能：宓羲、庖犧、包犧、伏戲，亦稱犧皇、皇羲、太昊都是出自伏羲氏的部落首領，他們處於不同時代，但地位相同，且都可稱•“伏羲”（因為都出自伏羲氏的部落）。
【現代歷史學對伏羲傳說時代的歷史的看法】
在中國古代傳說時代的帝王世係中，太昊伏羲氏被奉為“三皇之首”、“百王之先”，地位十分顯赫。然而，自古及今，關於伏羲氏的名號、時代、地望、族係等問題爭訟不已；伏羲是人還是神？太昊和伏羲是一人還是兩人？這些問題一直湮漫不清。但是如果我們沿波溯源，理清太昊伏羲在上古帝王世係中地位確立的歷史過程，上述這些問題便會自然得到解决。
一、古代典籍中的伏羲
伏羲的名號，古籍中有許多寫法，除“伏羲”（《莊子·人間世》）之外，還有“伏戲”（《莊子·大宗師》）、“伏犧”（《法言·問題》）、“包犧”（《易·係辭下》）、“宓犧”（《漢書·古今人表》）、“炮犧”（《漢書·律歷志下》）“庖犧”（《水經註·渭水》）、“慮羲”（《管子·封禪》）等。一個值得註意的問題是，相對於黃帝等中華民族的始祖，伏羲氏在古代典籍中晚出。戰國中期以前的典籍中，《論語》、《墨子》、《左傳》、《國語》、《孟子》等對伏羲未置一詞。既便是記載神話人物、古帝王甚多的《山海經》中，仍未有伏羲一席之地。
最早記載伏羲的是出於戰國中晚期的《莊子》，然莊子此公好古，“著書十餘萬言，大抵率寓言也”。所言伏羲，亦虛亦實，亦神亦人，大都是托名設譬，藉以形象說理，未可當作信史。《莊子》中關於伏羲的記載有5處，2處出於“內篇”，3處出於“外篇”。在“內篇”與“外篇”中，伏羲在古帝中的排位有所不同。屬於“內篇”的《莊子·人間世》：“是萬物所化也，禹、舜應物之所紐也，伏羲、幾蘧之所行終，而況散焉者乎！”莊子在這裏將伏羲列在禹、舜之後。《莊子·大宗師》：“夫道，有情有信，無為無形……狶韋氏得之，以挈天地；伏戲氏得之，以襲地母；維鬥得之，終古不忒；日月得之，終古不息；堪壞得之，以襲昆侖；馮夷得之，以遊大川；肩吾得之，以處大山；黃帝得之，以登雲天；顓頊得之，以處玄宮。”這裏是說“道”體無形、功用無限，狶韋氏運用“道”來整頓天地，伏羲氏運用“道”來調和*****氣。此段人神相雜，星月並現，十分混亂，《莊子》的許多註傢疑為後人添加。我認為指其為後人添加則未必，但起碼說明伏羲在這裏尚未從神話脫形為人祖。
《莊子》“外篇”學術界歷來認為是戰國末或秦漢時期莊子後學所增益，不出於莊子之手，時代晚出。《莊子·胠篋》：“子獨不知至德之世乎？昔者容成氏、大庭氏、伯皇氏、中央氏、慄陸氏、驪畜氏、軒轅氏、赫胥氏、尊盧氏、祝融氏、伏犧氏、神農氏，當是時也，民結繩而用之，甘其食，美其服，樂其俗，安其居，鄰國相望，雞狗之音相聞，民至老死而不相往來。”伏羲位列軒轅黃帝之後，神農之前。《莊子·繕性》：“逮德下衰，及燧人、伏羲始為天下，是故順而不一；德又下衰，及神農、黃帝始為天下，是故安而不順。”《莊子·田子方》：“古之真人，知者不得說，美人不得濫，盜人不得竊，伏戲、黃帝不得友。”在這兩段中，伏羲在古帝中的排位，頗近於後世所列。
《莊子》一書之中，伏羲名號有三種寫法，或記為“伏羲”、或記為“伏犧”、“伏戲”，前後不統一；身份混亂，或人或神；在古帝王中序列不定，或在禹、舜、黃帝之後，或在其前，地位漸次升高。這說明在莊子時期，伏羲尚在傳說時期、創造過程中，是一個不確定的、尚未定型的人物。
《莊子》之後的典籍，如《管子》、《荀子》、《商君書》諸書所記伏羲，或為由《莊子》移入，或為秦漢所摻。《易·係辭》托名孔子所作，其實大部分為秦漢間人所撰。《係辭下》記載伏羲功業最著：“古者包犧氏之王天下也，仰則觀象於天，俯則觀法於地。觀鳥獸之文與地之宜，近取諸身，遠取諸物，於是始作八卦，以通神明之德，以類萬物之情。作結繩而為網罟，以佃以漁，蓋取諸離。包犧氏沒，神農氏作，……神農氏沒，黃帝堯舜氏作，通其變，使民不倦，神而化之，使民宜之。”這段話影響甚大，但敘述伏羲功業如此全面係統，當出於秦漢年間，不會早於《莊子》。
《史記》從黃帝記起，不為伏羲作傳，所記伏羲有兩處，均係引前人所言。《太史公自序》：“餘聞之先人曰：‘伏羲至純厚，作《易》八卦’。”《封禪書》中藉管仲言：“昔無懷氏封泰山，禪雲雲；慮羲封泰山，禪雲雲；神農封泰山，禪雲雲；黃帝封泰山，禪雲雲。”司馬遷治史嚴謹，由於當時對伏羲傳說語多讖誤，難以辨識，雖不否認，但記之存疑。
東漢班固《漢書》突破《史記》的界限，將上古帝王從黃帝推至伏羲，至此，伏羲開始登上官定正史。《漢書·律歷志》引劉歆《世經》言：“庖犧繼天而王，為百王先。首德始於木，故帝為太昊。”（詳見下析）《漢書·古今人表》中首敘伏羲，次列炎、黃，以伏羲為歷史源頭，認為伏羲氏“繼天而王”，因而他是百王之先，而炎、黃諸帝繼伏羲而王。《白虎通義》言：“三皇者何謂也，伏羲、女媧、神農是也。”把伏羲推到三皇之首、百王之先的地位。
晉代皇甫謐所著《帝王世紀》，是一部專述帝王世係、年代及事跡的史書，所敘上起三皇，下迄漢魏。三皇首列伏羲，言伏羲功業：“繼天而王”、“作八卦”、“造書契”、“作瑟三十六弦”、“製嫁娶之禮”、“取犧牲以供庖廚”等。我們註意到，皇甫謐說：“女媧氏……承庖犧制度。……及女媧氏沒，次有大庭氏、柏皇氏、中央氏、慄陸氏、驪連氏、赫胥氏、尊盧氏、渾混氏、昊英氏、有巢氏、朱襄氏、葛天氏、陰康氏、無懷氏，凡十五世，皆襲庖犧之號。”他一方面把伏羲當作一個古帝，另一方面將《莊子》中提到的一些名稱統統納入伏羲名下，“皆襲庖犧之號”，其實是把伏羲當成一個時代，這樣，伏羲的赫赫功業，就未必是一人作創。
其後唐高祖《修六代史詔》和唐太宗《修晉書詔》均以伏羲為中華文化的肇始者，所謂“伏羲以降，因秦斯及，兩漢繼緒，三國並命，迄於晉宋，載筆備焉”。至唐開*****間，司馬貞為《史記》補寫《三皇本紀》，綜述、補充前世有關伏羲的文獻材料，成一篇較為完備的史傳。至此，伏羲在歷史古代典籍中歷史化的過程全部完成。
統上所述，在傳世文獻典籍中，關於伏羲的記載是在戰國中晚期以後從《莊子》開始出現並逐漸載入正史的。春秋以前典籍未見伏羲。戰國以至秦漢，時代越往後，關於伏羲的記載越詳細，伏羲功業越卓勳，在古帝王世係中的地位越高。這說明，在傳世的古代典籍中，伏羲經歷了一個從無到有，從神到帝，對伏羲的記載從凌亂到係統的衍化過程。
二、原始神話中作為創世神的伏羲
追溯伏羲傳說的源頭，有兩條路徑，除了上述從古代傳世文獻中找尋其蹤影外，還有一條路徑，即神話學、民俗學的方法。
近人對於伏羲最權威的考論是前輩學者聞一多所著《伏羲考》[1]，聞一多此文前半部分從傳世文獻中搜集了大量竜蛇記載，加上當時已發現的漢代畫像磚石，證明伏羲為竜圖騰；後半部採集了近50則西南少數民族關於伏羲女媧在洪水過後兄妹婚配再造人類的故事和民俗資料，並加以語音訓詁，證明伏羲是南方苗蠻各族的祖先神。此文在以後半個多世紀中被廣泛徵引，已為不易之論。但近來亦有疑議者，林聲認為伏羲的傳說不是由古苗蠻民族的遺裔傳入的，南方少數民族中洪水後兄妹相婚的傳說起於東漢應劭《風俗通義》所記載的盤古；伏羲與女媧也本不相幹，兩者合譜歸宗成為“一傢人”是在唐開*****之後[2]。常金倉認為聞一多是從抗戰時“中華各族團结一致，共禦外敵”的政治目的出發立論，以政治代學術，以西方圖騰說和人類學理論附會民間傳說，伏羲女媧創世立據不足[3]。二人均對伏羲是南方民族的創世神和祖先神的身份提出疑問。
《論衡·談天》：“說易者曰：‘*****氣未分，渾沌為一。”《說文》中釋“一”時說：“惟初太極，道立於一。造分天地，化成萬物。”《列子·天瑞》：“夫有形者生於無形，則天地安從生？故曰：有太易，有太初，有太始，有太素。太易者，未見氣也；太初者，氣之始也；太始者，形之始也；太素者，質之始也。氣形質具而未相離，故曰渾淪。渾淪者，言萬物相渾淪而未相離也。視之不見，聽之不聞，循之不得，故曰易也。”以未見氣時為太易，氣初為太初，形之始為太始，質之始為太素，氣形質渾然一體而未分離的狀態稱之為混沌。這個混沌之物即*****氣，*****氣未分的狀態即太極。
《太一生水》之所謂的“太一”，《老子》之所謂的“道”，《周易》所謂的“太極”，均為宇宙初始時混沌無形的*****氣。《淮南子·天文》：“宇宙生*****氣。”《淮南子·詮言》：“洞同天地，渾沌為樸。未造而成萬物，謂之太一。”漢高誘註：“太一，*****神總萬物者。”這個總萬物的“*****神”，應該就是伏羲。
考索於文字訓詁可知，伏羲即為“*****氣”，其字本義是“司氣”。《說文解字》釋“伏”為：“伏，司也，從人從犬。臣鉉等曰：司今作伺。”段註：“司者，臣事於外者也。司今之伺字。凡有所司者必專守之，伏伺即服事也，引申之為俯伏。”“羲”，《說文解字》釋為：“羲，氣也。從兮，義聲”。“羲”的義項可從“兮”字求索，《說文解字》釋：“兮，語所稽也。從八，象氣越虧也。”又釋“虧”為：“虧，於也，象氣之舒虧，從丂從一。一者其氣平之也。”“兮”字的本義是氣息緩慢延長、越來越弱（故常作為語氣詞，用於語末表達語氣）。因而“羲”的字義本源就是“氣”，“羲”字讀音也像吹氣之聲，所以段玉裁從音訓上註“羲”為“謂氣之吹噓也。”至於伏羲又寫為“伏戲”、“伏犧”等，皆為“羲”字的演化。
“太一”、“太極”形為“混沌”，宇宙起源於混沌。同樣，伏羲也源於“混沌”，其原型也是太始之初的混沌之氣。
在上文所述《楚帛書甲篇》所記載的創世神話中，伏羲即是生於混沌之中。而且《淮南子·精神》所描述的宇宙創生過程與《楚帛書甲篇》頗為相似：“古未有天地之時，惟像無形，窈窈冥冥，芒芠漠閔，鴻蒙鴻洞，莫知其門。有二神混生，經天營地，孔乎莫知其所終極，滔乎莫知其所止息。於是乃別為陰陽，離為八極，剛柔相成，萬物乃形。”世界開始於一團混沌之氣，後陰陽剖分，化生萬物。對照《楚帛書甲篇》，這裏的“二神”當指伏羲、女媧。伏羲、女媧為陰陽二神。從哲學角度上說，是陰陽兩儀；從神話角度上說，是伏羲、女媧二神。在漢墓壁畫、畫像磚石中，伏羲手捧太陽或日規，代表陽；女媧手捧月亮或月矩，代表陰。伏羲、女媧結婚生育四子，纔育有萬物，這是陰陽化育萬物的開始。
在原始神話和民間傳說中，創世之前的這個混沌體被形象地表述為葫蘆。從混沌到世界的創生過程，被形象化地敘述為葫蘆從中央剖開。亦即所謂天地剖判，陰陽分離。《詩經·緜》便有“緜緜瓜瓞，民之初生”的記載，這是古文獻所見把人之由來，追溯到葫蘆瓜的最早一例。而後在民間神話中，葫蘆剖判的母題衍生出大量洪水方舟型的故事，葫蘆作為容器成為人類再生的象徵，並進而將葫蘆人格化為是盤古、伏羲。
盤古神話最早的文字記載是三國吳人徐整的《三五歷記》，此書已佚，《太平御覽》捲二引有其中一則文字：“天地渾沌如雞子，盤古生其中。萬八千歲，天地開闢，陽清為天，陰濁為地。盤古在其中，一日九變，神於天，聖於地。天日高一丈，地日厚一丈，盤古日長一丈。如此萬八千歲，天數極高，地數極深，盤古極長。後乃有三皇。”傳說盤古開天闢地，是一位創世大神。而對於盤古與伏羲的關係，前輩學者多有定論：盤古就是伏羲，二者皆由葫蘆（混沌）而出。1941年常任俠在《沙坪壩出土之石棺畫像研究》一文中說：“伏羲一名，古無定書，或作伏戲、庖犧、宓羲、慮犧，同聲俱可相假。伏羲與盤瓠為雙聲。伏羲、庖犧、盤古、瓠，聲訓可通，殆屬一詞。”他並結合《述異記》有“吳楚間說，盤古氏夫妻，陰陽之始也”之說而論斷：盤古氏夫妻當即是兄妹自相婚配而繁衍人類之伏羲氏夫妻。伏羲女媧在漢畫像石中是人首蛇身交尾，與盤古竜首蛇身雷同，進一步證明盤古即伏羲氏。[6]聞―多在《伏羲考》第五部分“伏羲與葫蘆”中，以大量古籍和民俗材料論證指出，盤瓠、伏羲乃一聲之轉，“明係出於同源”，伏羲與盤古都是葫蘆所生，或者說伏羲、盤古均為葫蘆的擬人化。伏羲由此而成為人類的始祖。
從音訓上說，“混沌”與“葫蘆”是對音關係，“混沌”猶言“糊塗”，“糊塗”在俗言俚語中轉為“葫蘆”。《紅樓夢》第四回回目《葫蘆僧判斷葫蘆案》，其意即為“糊塗僧”判斷“糊塗案”。而聞一多考論“葫蘆”即是“盤古（瓠）”，“盤瓠”、“伏羲”同聲之轉，故“盤古”又是“伏羲”。這樣，“混沌——葫蘆——盤瓠——盤古——伏羲”轉化演變的路徑則十分清楚。
由上可知，伏羲的原型本是宇宙本原和起始的意象和觀念。隨着文明的演進，人們對歷史思考和探究越來越深入，這種思考和探究具體說就是對文明事實的一種根源性的說明。對世界起源的探究開始衹是一種構想，它首先以神話的形式存在。神話思維是人類思維發展的一個必經的初期階段，它隨着人類思維的發展而消失在哲學和歷史之中。先是追詢宇宙是如何起源的，接着想象一個創世之神，再把這個創世之神想象為自己的祖先。伏羲形象的産生即是這樣一個將神話傳說哲學化、觀念化，又將這一傳說和觀念歷史化的過程。
四、太昊伏羲並稱及其在古史帝王係統中地位的確立
我既已說伏羲是上古創世神，歷史上未必確有其人，那麽他又是如何進入歷史，被列入上古帝王世係，並被推為“三皇之首”、“百王之先”呢？這就要從伏羲與太昊的並稱和太昊的身份論起。
在先秦可靠的典籍中，言太昊則不言伏羲，言伏羲則不言太昊，太昊與伏羲並無任何瓜葛。荀子當生於戰國之末，他在《正論篇》中提及“太昊”，在《成相篇》中又言“伏羲”，兩名共見一書，自非一人。
太昊，古籍中或記為“太皞”，是上古東夷部族的祖先和首領。東夷是上古在中原可堪與華夏抗衡的部族，它與華夏的交往十分頻繁，並創造了燦爛的殷商文化。對此，學界已無疑義。東夷部族世居之地在今河南東部及山東、安徽一帶。《左傳·昭公十七年》載：“陳，太皞之虛也。”陳地在今河南淮陽，淮陽今存太昊墓。周代以後，其後裔屬地漸次東移，《左傳·僖公二十一年》：“任、宿、須句、顓頊，風姓也。實司太皞與有濟之祀，以服事諸夏。”直到春秋戰國時期，東夷各支纔逐漸被魯、齊、越等國吞併，融入華夏。《後漢書·東夷列傳》：“秦並六國，其淮、泗夷皆散為民戶。”也就是說，這時東夷各支已不再以獨立的實體存在，成了華夏族的“編戶”，與華夏融為一體，成為中華民族的主要組成部分。隨着華、夷的交融和合，東夷的祖先和首領太昊、少昊等也納入到華夏的古帝序列中。
在可靠的史籍中，最早將太昊與伏羲並稱為一體的，乃是西漢末年劉歆的《世經》。劉歆與其父劉嚮俱為西漢學者，古文經學派的開創者。《世經》存錄於《漢書·律歷志下》。在《世經》中，劉歆從西漢末年的政治需要出發，突破傳統的以黃帝為歷代帝王之首的體係，以伏羲與太昊並稱，炎帝與神農並稱，列於黃帝之上，建立了一套新的上古帝王世係。
上古帝王世係的建立，始於戰國。戰國時陰陽傢鄒衍按照五行說以五帝配五方，以土、木、金、火、水五行相勝之序來解說王朝更替，此之謂“五德終始說”。《史記·歷書》：“是時獨有鄒衍，明於五德之傳，而散消息之分，以顯諸侯。”自此以後，人們都以這種學說作為王朝建立的合法依據。按照鄒衍的“五德終始說”，《呂氏春秋·應同》和《史記·封禪書》都如此推演王朝更替：黃帝得土德，夏禹得木德，商湯得金德，周文王得火德，秦得水德。但是這個推演順序到了漢代出現了問題：一是從鄒衍所構建的古史帝王世係看，所敘述的衹有黃帝、夏禹、商湯和周朝四代。而其後直到西漢，人們的古史觀念已發生了很大改變，認為在黃帝之上還有伏羲氏、神農氏和炎帝等古聖帝王，三代以前“三皇”、“五帝”依次代立，《呂氏春秋·應同》和《史記·封禪書》衹敘述黃帝以來的四代，未能全部涵蓋，因而需嚮上推演，重新排序。二是鄒衍是按照土、木、金、火、水五行相剋相勝之序來解說王朝更替、排列帝王世係的，五行相剋相勝，則在政權更替上傾嚮於革命。而劉歆所處的西漢末年，劉漢皇室政權危機，外戚王莽勢力強大，因而有“異姓受命”和同姓“更受命”的爭議，禪讓說一時興盛。劉歆與王莽關係至密，任王莽“國師”，是禪讓說的主要支持者。為了給王莽代漢提供合法依據，劉歆提出以木、火、土、金、水五行相生的新五德終始說。從《世經》可知，劉歆排列的帝王世係如下：太昊伏羲氏為木德，炎帝神農氏為火德，黃帝軒轅氏為土德，少昊金天氏為金德，顓頊高陽氏為水德；帝嚳高辛氏為木德，帝堯陶唐氏為火德，帝舜有虞氏為土德，伯禹夏後氏為金德，成湯為水德；周武王為木德，漢朝為火德。劉歆在排定這個世係次序時，是先否定漢興之初依五行相勝說所定漢為土德的說法，確定漢為火德，那麽代之者應為土德，王莽自稱為虞舜苗裔，帝舜土德，故王莽宜為土德，這樣王莽代漢而立成為必然。
那麽劉歆為什麽要將伏羲與太昊並稱呢？
劉歆根據當時人們的古史觀念，將古帝的代序從黃帝嚮上推，認為最古的帝王應是伏羲。同時按照他的五行相生的五德終始理論，帝王應從木德始。於是他從兩個方面找到依據，一是《左傳·昭公十七年》載“郯子來朝”，昭子問少皞氏鳥名官，何故？郯子曰：“吾祖也，我知之。昔者黃帝氏以雲紀，故為雲師而云名。炎帝氏以火紀，故為火師而火名。共工氏以水紀，故為水師而水名。大皞氏以竜紀，故為竜師而竜名。我高祖少皞摯之立也，鳳鳥適至，故紀於鳥，為鳥師而鳥名。”劉歆據此而推：“言郯子據少昊受黃帝，黃帝受炎帝，炎帝受共工，共工受太昊，故先言黃帝，上及太昊。”以太昊為古帝之首。二是從《易傳》中找到依據，《易傳》曰：“帝出乎震”，震為東方之卦，五行屬木。按五行相生之序，首為木，且太昊為東方之帝，“東方曰夷”，故太昊配木德。又《易·係辭下》有言：“古者包犧氏之王天下也”，所以劉歆接着說：“炮犧氏繼天而王，為百王先，首德始於木，故為帝太昊。”伏羲就是太昊。“稽之於《易》，炮犧、神農、黃帝相繼之世可知。”太昊伏羲氏繼天而立，神農、黃帝皆繼太昊伏羲而立。
東漢班固的《漢書·郊祀志贊》和荀悅的《漢紀·高祖紀》對劉歆創立五行相生的新五德終始說的過程均有記述，荀悅言：“及至劉嚮父子，乃推五行之運，以子承母，始自伏羲；以迄於漢，宜為火德。其序之也，以為《易》稱‘帝出乎震’，故太昊始乎震，為木德，號曰伏羲氏。”
劉歆從其政治目的出發，將伏羲與太昊相附而並稱，推之於古代帝王世係之首，其後班固引之於《漢書》，後世史籍相繼采從此說。但是，劉歆此說並非是完全無據的妄說，今天來看，對劉歆的說法應有如下認識：首先，它是當時人們歷史意識的表現，隨着人們歷史意識的豐富，司馬遷從黃帝開始排定帝王世係已不足以反映當時人們所認識的上古帝王，因而需要再嚮上推溯，重新安排上古帝王世係。其次，如上所述，伏羲傳說本始於南方楚地，而太昊是東方夷族的先祖，隨着戰國、秦漢時民族血脈和文化大交流融匯，伏羲與太昊的傳說合流成為可能，司馬遷僅以華夏先祖黃帝為全體中華民族的人文始祖已不能完全反映當時民族和合、文化融匯的實際情況，而以太昊伏羲為百王之祖，表現了當時民族統一、文化主脈已經形成。其三，劉歆排定的古帝王世係宣揚了“聖王同祖”的思想，將先王古帝同納於伏羲一係，有利於民族凝聚，文化一統。
五、餘論
在討論了伏羲在傳世文獻的記載、神話傳說中的遺存及其在上古帝王世係中地位確立過程後，我們看到，伏羲傳說經歷了一個從神話到歷史的演化過程。伏羲是人們意識中的産物，是先民對宇宙起源的追索和構想的産物，最初的形態存在於原始的創世神話之中，而歷史上未必確有其人。隨着人們思維形式的發展和歷史意識的豐富，原始神話經歷了一個觀念化、哲學化和歷史化的過程。關於伏羲的傳說和想象也進入了原始哲學和歷史之中，於是人們將創世神話中的伏羲抽象為宇宙的本原和起始的概念，將作為創世神祗的伏羲想象為人類的祖先和帝王，伏羲因此而進入歷史領域，成為了歷史上的最早的帝王。至於伏羲最後成為“三皇之首”、“百王之先”，確立在古史帝王世係中至高無上的地位，是由於劉歆一方面根據人們歷史意識的發展，另一方面根據其政治需要，以其新五德終始說將伏羲附援於太昊，重新排定古史帝王世係的結果。認清了伏羲這個從無到有，從神到人，從神話、觀念到歷史的演化過程的實質和真相之後，我們就會看到，關於伏羲氏的名號、時代、地望、族係等爭訟不已問題，其實都不一定是問題。
對於上古傳說時代伏羲、炎帝、黃帝、堯、舜、太昊、少昊、蚩尤等帝王，古史記載存在着許多混亂。上世紀二十年代“古史辨”學派提出許多疑問和考辨，隨着現代考古發現，我們對於上古史的一些問題有了新的認識，近年來，古代文明的探源和對古帝世係的研究又成為熱點，但由於研究理論和方法的缺陷，許多問題仍聚訟不止。例如伏羲的地望（或文化），則有西部仰韶文化說、西部馬傢窯文化說、東部大汶口文化說、中原說、中原裴李崗文化說、長江流域說。炎帝（神農氏）的地望有黃河上遊說、中原說、黃河下遊說，有長城以北紅山文化說，有長江中遊湖南、湖北說；黃帝的地望有陝北說、渭水流域說、中原說、華北說、長城以北紅山文化說，也有黃河下遊說。甚至有人認為“黃帝和伏羲實際上是同一個人”，“黃帝作為歷史上實有的人物，就是起於東夷的舜”，“神農炎帝就是《尚書》中所記中國最早的君主——堯”[7]。“炎帝就是蚩尤”[8]。因而有人針對上古帝王傳說研究中的混亂情況說：“關於傳說時代的研究、關於‘三皇五帝’的研究，也許人人都有自己的道理和論證，然而所有的研究成果加在一起衹是一個0或者是一個負數”[9]。造成這種混亂狀況的原因是多方面的，一個根本的原因是，許多研究論證衹是推測或是將古代文獻記載與考古發現簡單比附，缺乏科學、歷史的方法。
從我們對伏羲的討論可知，傳說中的上古帝王及其世係，有些在歷史文獻中地位確立的過程較晚，是人們觀念中的産物，或者是為了某種政治需要附會的結果。我曾在《論中華民族共同先祖的確認》一文中談到，周代以前的文獻中沒有提到黃帝。《尚書》從堯寫起，整個一部《尚書》沒有出現“黃帝”字樣，甲骨文中也未見“黃帝”。黃帝的名號源於“五方”觀念。從甲骨文看，殷人已有了五方的觀念，卜辭中就有東南西北四土受年的記載。“四土”加上“中商”就是“五方”。五方觀念大約在西周初年開始演化為“五方色”的觀念，以“五色”顯示“五方”。《逸周書·作洛》載：“周公……乃建大社於國中，其壝東青土，南赤土，西白土，北驪土，中央釁以黃土。”周人起於黃土高原的陝地，以黃色為貴。沿襲殷人五方觀念，周人也將天下劃分為五方，並以五方色稱五方之帝。王權所在地洛陽為中土，中土為黃，則國稱“中國”，帝稱“黃帝”。《淮南子·天文》說：“中央土也，其帝黃帝”。黃帝在周代的出現，與當時的政治理念有關，是周族加強對四方各族統治的需要，也就是說，黃帝衹不過是一種政治理念的形態化[10]。人們對於歷史的認識的本身也是歷史性的。歷史事實是一回事，對歷史的記憶是一回事，對於歷史的表述又是一回事。史前時期，文明初開，歷史記載全憑口耳相傳，由於歷史意識本身的歷史性，先民們探究和傳誦歷史時，難免會因為歷史意識的局限和出於人為的目的而附會歷史，因而可能有虛構和想象的成份。對此，顧頡剛先生提出中國古史是“層纍地造成的”的觀點，也就是說，古人對上古帝王及其世係的創造過程，是做加法，逐漸敷衍産生的。那麽我們在對古史帝係做研究時，則應采用做減法的方法，既不可把神話當成歷史，也不可僅憑史籍的記載而斷然結論，對歷史文獻，也應歷史地去看，參照考辨，去偽存真，溯其流，探其源，廓清歷史真相。
伏羲
來源:中醫詞典
伏羲，一作宓羲、包犧、伏戲，亦稱犧皇、皇羲。是中國神話中人類的始祖。所處時代約為舊石器時代中晚期，相傳為中國醫藥鼻祖之一。
《太平御覽·詩含神霧》記載：在一個極樂的國土"華胥氏之國"中有位姑娘，一天，她來到一個叫"雷澤"的地方玩耍，偶然看到一個巨大的腳印，出於好奇，就踩到這個巨大的腳印上，結果竟象有了什麽感應，便這樣懷了孕，不久生了一個兒子，人首蛇身，取名宓犧（即伏羲）。由於伏羲的降生是其母踩了雷澤中的"大跡"而受孕的結果，因此，先人們認為他是"雷神"之子，遂推其為人民的君主，百王的首領。
伏羲的歷史功績巨大，就醫藥方面來說，是伏羲創造了八卦和九針。《易傳》說：在遠古時代，是包犧氏統治天下，他經常仰頭觀天象，研究日月星辰的運行；俯身察地形，考查山川澤壑走嚮。又觀鳥獸動物皮毛的紋采和生長在大地上的各類植物各得其宜的情況，近從己身取象，遠從器物取象，在這種情況下開始創造八卦，用來通曉萬事萬物變化的性質，用來分類歸納萬事萬物的形狀。《帝王世紀》稱：伏羲"味百藥而製九針"。因此千餘年來被我國醫界尊奉為醫藥學、針灸學之始祖。
補充一點關於伏羲的傳說
伏羲和女媧的故事很多。但是有些傳說卻把我弄糊塗了。
傳說，在很久以前，在今天河南淮陽有個小國叫宛丘國。有一天，有外族人入侵。國王很着急，命大臣們想辦法。敵人人多勢衆，宛丘國是國力貧弱。大臣也都是束手無策，不發一言。國王說，誰能退敵就把公主許配他。這時候，宛丘國城門外，一條大河上遊來了一隻巨大的白龜，白龜上站着一隻黃狗。那黃狗大叫三聲，頓時飛沙走石。來侵的敵人全部被風吹上天空，又重重落下，無一幸免。就這樣敵軍退了。國王很高興，正準備安排慶祝的時候，黃狗上殿來對着他叫。這時候他纔想起許下的諾言。作為國王是不能說話不算數的，否則就不能領導國傢了。但公主不願意，嫁給條狗誰願意啊？這時，宰相說，那狗是上天的神物，衹要把它扣在甕下49天就能變成人。國王就命人這樣做了。到了41天時，公主耐不住了，心想也該差不多了啊。就揭開了甕，誰想下面是一個怪物，長着一個俊美的男人頭，身子還是狗的形狀。
人們就給他起了個名字叫伏羲。意思是人狗啊。伏字就是一個人加一犬，羲字是古代的語氣詞，相當於現在漢語中的啊。
但是，又傳說伏羲的妻子是女媧。在很久以前，人類遭遇洪水，都死了。衹留下伏羲和女媧兩兄妹。為了繁衍人類，兄妹就結婚了。那麽，宛丘國的公主是女媧嗎？而且，傳說中說他們兩人都是人首蛇身。那麽，人首狗身怎麽解釋？
還傳說，女媧用黃泥造人。既然，她和伏羲結合了，繁衍人類。那麽和黃泥造人的傳說就成了矛盾了。人類到底是怎樣起源的？還有女媧補天的傳說，既然伏羲是她的兄長兼丈夫，那麽就該和她一起補天啊。但為什麽不見伏羲參與補天的傳說呢？
天水出土的鯢魚紋瓶
伏羲被人們稱之為“人文始祖”，伏羲生於仇池，長於成紀。他領導定嫁娶；做網罟；畫八卦；造琴瑟；設官職……按照常理來說，創造了如此功績的伏羲其形象應該是聰明英武，然而自春秋戰國以來，關於伏羲的形象卻是“人首蛇身”，尤其在漢代以後，伏羲“人首蛇身”的圖案更是被作為裝飾圖案廣泛地運用到人們的日常生活中，在人們心中根深蒂固。
以後世的眼光來看伏羲“人首蛇身”的形象無疑是一種怪物。難道“人文始祖”的形象就是這樣一種“怪物”？從人們的情感來說，把伏羲的形象作為裝飾圖案的目的是為了表達崇拜敬仰，或者把他當作“守護神”。
顯然，伏羲的本來面目並不是“人首蛇身”。那麽伏羲為何以“人首蛇身”的面目出現在人們的面前呢？
12日，首屆中華竜文化蘭州論壇在蘭州舉行，記者就“伏羲為何是‘人首蛇身’？”這一問題采訪了天水師範學院的劉雁翔先生以及其他的專傢學者。
上古先祖多蛇形
劉雁翔先生是天水師範學院隴右文化研究中心的副編審，長期致力於隴右文化的發掘研究。他認為在上古時代，並不是伏羲一人被描繪成蛇形，除伏羲之外，還有女媧、黃帝、西王母等人都是以蛇形出現在人們的面前。據統計，《山海經》中所記載的454個人物中與蛇形有關的人物就達到138個。可見，用蛇形來描述先祖是上古時期的一種比較常見的崇拜方式。
要解開伏羲為何是人首蛇身這個謎團就必須從更廣、更深的層面來研究這種文化現象。劉雁翔先生翻閱了大量的古籍資料，對伏羲“人首蛇身”的形象進行了探究。最終，他將古籍中零散的記載串連起來，發現了“人首蛇身”的來竜去脈。
從古代的記載來看，伏羲姓風。關於“風”字，在《說文》中有“風動蟲生”的解說，在甲骨文的卜辭中，“蟲”和“巳”為同一個字，而“巳”就是蛇，《山海經·海外南經》中有“蟲為蛇”之說。由此可見，風與蛇之間有着非常密切的關係。
從姓氏的起源來看，上古時期人們的姓氏大多與部落的圖騰有關係，有些姓氏就直接來自於部落圖騰。由此看來，伏羲的“人首蛇身”形象就是從風姓部落的圖騰“蛇”演化而來。那麽在遠古時期，古成紀地區真有一支崇拜蛇，以“蛇”為圖騰的部落在繁衍生息嗎？
“人首蛇身”是誤解
對於記者的問題，劉先生認為，伏羲部落並不是以“蛇”為圖騰的，伏羲“人首蛇身”的形象是人們的一種誤解。其實，應該是“人首竜身”，而這個竜則是從大鯢演變而來。
“從嚴格意義上來講，伏羲的形象應該是‘人首鯢身’而不是‘人首蛇身’。所謂的蛇身實質就是簡化了的竜。”據《左傳·昭公十七年》載：太嗥氏以竜紀，故為竜師而竜名。（杜預註：“太嗥伏羲氏，風姓之祖也，有竜瑞，故以竜命官。）這就是說，竜是伏羲部落的族徽或圖騰。
劉先生認為，蛇是竜的原型，竜的形象是蛇演變而來的，這種見解是似是而非的。蛇係爬行動物，而傳說中的竜和水的關係密切，民間故事中就有四海竜王之說。從記載來看，有“竜，水物也”；有“竜生於水”；有“積水成淵，蛟竜生焉”之說。尤其是竜的本領非常強大，遠遠超過了蛇，蛇是無法與其相比的。
顯然，竜的原型不是蛇而是其他的一種動物。
揭開竜的原始形象
既然竜和蛇之間沒有多大的關係，那麽竜的原始形象究竟是什麽呢？
“竜的原始形象首先是古成紀地區的一種動物，與當時的原始先民的關係密切，能給他們提供生活上的幫助，唯其如此，人們纔有可能把它當圖騰。”這幾點也是圖騰産生的基礎和根源。
蛇很快就排除了，因為蛇的攻擊性強，而且蛇和人們日常生活的關係也並不密切。那麽究竟什麽水生動物和上古時期人們的生活關係密切呢？
沿着“竜為水物”的思路類比，則與竜同為“水物”且鱗身的非魚莫屬。劉先生在《山海經·海外西經》中看到了一條關於竜魚的記載。“竜魚陵居，其狀如狸，一曰。”這種竜魚長着一支角，似狸而陵居，還能夠乘雲直上。
這種竜魚究竟為何物呢？對於竜魚的解釋《爾雅》中說：鯢之大者謂之。鯢魚又名人魚，俗稱娃娃魚。
鯢魚屬兩棲科，一般身長60釐米—70釐米，大者達到180釐米，棲息在山𠔌溪流中，以魚、蛙、蝦為食，叫聲和小孩啼哭相似。如今天水市東南部林區的麯溪風景區尚有成群的鯢魚生活着。
考古發掘證實，在6500年前，天水的氣溫要比現在熱，屬暖溫帶半幹旱氣候，生活着大量的喜暖動物，其中有蘇門答臘犀牛、獼猴、象等動物。但到了距今6500年—5000年時，氣候發生變化，逐漸變得寒冷幹旱起來。我們可以得知在6500年前，天水的自然環境要比現在好得多，適合鯢魚活動的地域一定非常廣大。那時先民的生存發展和鯢魚的關係密不可分。尤其是它如同小兒哭泣的叫聲，就給人們無盡的想象和啓示。生活在此地的伏羲部族遂以鯢為圖騰。
隨着時間的推移，先民們把鯢的形象繪製到了許多地方，如今在天水武山、甘𠔌出土的兩件人首鯢魚紋瓶，就是當時先民對鯢魚圖騰崇拜的一個縮影。天水出土的鯢魚紋瓶，從一個側面證明，竜的原始形象就是鯢魚，它們正是原始的四足竜的創作原型，也是伏羲部族的圖騰神。
可見，“人首蛇身”其實就是對“人首竜身”的誤解，伏羲部族的圖騰應該是一個簡化了的大鯢。
According to legend, the first snake of its people, its sister Goddess married, having children, a human ancestor. Also the ancient Chinese legend, he is an outstanding leader of the tribe. Fu Xi Yin and Yang according to the changes between heaven and earth management, create gossip, that is, eight simple but profound symbolic meaning Apartments summed up everything between heaven and earth. In addition, he imitated nature, made of spider webs Reticulum, hunting for fish. On the record Taihao Fu Xi common in the ancient books, but not the same.
Fu Xi as the distribution of shawl, wearing buckskin, ancient school of style. In ancient times, people to stone processing hides and skins, then bone sewing needles and other tools to keep warm. Figure of Eight Diagrams drawn in the bottom left corner that he created the Eight Diagrams of merit, and Fu Xi's eyes look deep, wise, worthy of the ancient wise man's image.
As the Fu Xi is the snake people first, and therefore, "Descendants of the Dragon," said. Some scholars pointed out: "Fu Xi was born in a snake-clan, and to respect the snake. He leaves or wearing buckskin, the scales of the snake body the right shape or pattern, this is the department's snake clan symbol or totem sign. In recent years, years, more and more home and abroad, "Dragon" played an important role in promoting. 90 early, Tianshui General Secretary Jiang Zemin to visit, for the ancient discipline into the context of the "hometown of Xi Huang," inscription.
In ancient mythology, began to propagate the human task is handed over to Nu Wa Fu Xi and two siblings.
In addition to human ancestors, the Fu Xi is also a ruling party to Ti. In the "book of the time the training ‧": "the extreme Orient, from Jieshi, over North Korea, consistent adults of the country, east to the sunrise time, Quan wood, the green trees of the field soil, too Hao, Mountain of the sentence The Secretary thousand li. "GAO Note: The" too Hao, Fu Xi, East Germany and the Emperor of wood also, sentence Mountain, Wood God. "Fu Xi in the Five Emperors in the Eastern Emperor of Heaven, namely the priesthood.
Legend】 【related
Wind Yan Fu Xi's mother is a female tribal leader living in China, Xu mountain 渚 (now in Qingyang City and the area along the river within Pingliang City), known as China's Xu. Hua Xu's young and promising, and Zu Shu Feng Ruo rate nomadic tribe, lived a nomadic life romance.
Fu Xi (about 1 million years ago) was born into a century old, that is (now Tianshui City, Gansu Province and the Pingliang Jingning Qin'an junction zone), due to Fu Xi, "born pregnant 12-year-old" (old to twelve years for the a century), so called the Fu Xi and place of birth into a discipline.
】 【Related contributions
One said that Taihao Fuxi, the name wind. Legend of his holiness, as the sun and moon out, it said Taihao. Mythical ancestor of the Chinese nation. Christian-web-Chuan He then engaged in fishing and hunting livestock. Gossip began painting, taking fire, both Chen. Reigned 15 years.
Fu Xi is documented in one of the earliest of the wise men. Fu Xi has a keen observation of things, the land has profound affection, while he has a superhuman intelligence. Fu Xi everything he observed, with a mathematical symbols (such binary mathematical models become the cornerstone of the development of computer technology) described down, this is gossip.
Sage in ancient China more than to God, legend You can geo-Xi Ladder - built of wood in order to get things done. "Shan Hai Jing at home and by the" set: "the South China Sea, the Blackwater, between the blue water, there is wood, it is called the construction of wood. Bai Gao Yuan Guo, owned by the Yellow Emperor." "Bai Gao Yuan-off", that is, up and down on Fuxi built of wood intended. "When the book of training" set: "the extreme Orient, from Jieshi, over North Korea, Bai Gao, sentence of the Mountain Division thousand li." GAO Note: "Bai Gao, Fu Xi, the East Germany of wood Emperor also; sentence Mountain, wood God. "Fu Xi in respect of the Orient in the Five Emperors Emperor of Heaven, which is his priesthood.
Fu Xi Bagua
Taiwan Fu Xi Bagua
Gossip station, north of the Yellow River, according to Hill South, East, according to Hulao, facing west toward the Luochuan. Luo Interchange was originally here, since ancient times mild climate, fertile land, convenient transportation. As early as 10,000 years ago, our ancestors have work here, live here, to create material and spiritual, which became the birthplace of the Chinese ancient culture has become the core of Luo culture. Today it is still a village, the village called Los mouth. Luo Qing Jiaqing mouth reconstruction village door, Zhai Men banners inscribed "triangulo oil" three characters. Stone couplets engraved on both sides, the Alliance is "Tu gas off the North trillion threshold"; the second line is the "Red Man Green word Huan Eastern Zhou." Summarized the glorious past years triangulo ring.
Modern large scale ancient Chi Fu Ximiao into three branches, namely in Tianshui city of Fuxi Miao, Gua Taishan Fuxi Miao, Qin Antai Fuxi Miao Shan temple. Especially in Tianshui City, large-scale, long history. According to records, it is built in the Yuan to positive seven (1342), covers an area of 10,270 square meters, the temple compound the original Cooper 64, according to Fu Xi Bagua deduction of 64 hexagrams planting location, the existing 37 , evergreen vitality. The Heritage and the legend, Fu Xi Ji Renmin into the birth of the first lunar month on the 16th and into the Road, May 13 Ascension of the Lunar New Year festival as Fu Ximiao major holidays.
【Hee Wong hometown - the birthplace of Chinese civilization】
Tianshui City, Gansu Province is the birthplace of Fuxi human ancestor, known as "Xi Huang hometown," said, is an important birthplace of Chinese ancient civilization is one. According to Wei Li Tao Yuan, "River Systems • Wei-shui," reads: "Therefore, the county ditch longitude into discipline, so too Hao Baoxi Emperor born of the Department also."
To further unity and enthusiasm both domestic and foreign organizations and individuals Fuxi culture, depth multi-pronged approach of Fu Xi 文化 study, explore the source of ancient Chinese civilization, Tianshui city initiated the establishment of national societies - China Fuxi Culture Council National Academy of Social Sciences will be dozens of museums and universities, and hundreds of experts and scholars gather together to promote a culture of Fu Xi. 1992,1995,2001,2003,2005 years has held in Tianshui scholars at home and abroad to participate in the Fuxi cultural seminars, producing a large number of results, a strong impetus to the prehistoric culture of China.
【Implications for promoting Fuxi Culture
Promote Fuxi culture has far-reaching historical significance and profound practical significance. From the perspective of history, with the "Chronology Project" completed and formally announced the chronology of the Xia, "Three kings" will become increasingly prominent cultural studies, history of Chinese civilization, will be from the more precise chronology BC in 2070 into an earlier era. The late fifties of last century is found in Tianshui Dadiwan cultural sites, and the stories and legends Fuxi clan has all kinds of historical records match, the ultimate mystery of the origin of Chinese civilization opened favorable conditions. It can be said, by Fu Xi Fu Xi and culture in-depth study of the history of Chinese civilization, will push the earlier times, the history of Chinese civilization may be 8,000 - 10,000 years. History from the origin point of view, conducive to further explore the origins of Chinese civilization, the development process, especially the origin of dragon culture, communication and development path. Fuxi culture embodied in philosophical and scientific orientation of human spirit and creativity, for today's natural science and social science research, for the superstition, heresy, etc. to expose the cult of great practical significance. Fu Xi's national origin and cultural scope of the spread of national self-confidence for improving, enhancing national cohesion, unity and the Chinese at home and abroad, to actively support and participate in national construction and promote the peaceful reunification of the motherland, to further expand cultural exchanges, and safeguarding world peace and development of the important role that can not be underestimated. Promote Fuxi culture has deep historical significance and practical significance.
Time marches on, culture is evolving. Fuxi culture is its inherent creativity and practicality, for its inclusive understanding of the human spirit and the scientific spirit of the world, inspired the group after group of descendants of the dragon to join the construction and development of the motherland, to join the great rejuvenation of Chinese nation.
【Inherited the title of the 15 tribes Fuxi Union】
Because of the achievements of Fu Xi, Yi Jin Huangfu the "imperial century", "Dun Jia mountains map", in "Chronicle and foreign reporters," said Fu Xi in Taihao after a world alliance of 15 tribes, have inherited the title of Fu Xi, they were is: Goddess, Da Ting's, King's Park, the Central's, tendril's ("Chronicle and foreign reporters," Yes, no other two books), Li Lu, Li Lian, Hirsh's, respect for Romer, chaos s, Hao Ying's, Youchaoshi, Zhu Xiang's, Ge Tianshi, Yinkang Shi, Huai's free. "Yi Wei Ji lan," said Jia Yin Fu Xi to nothing by the Huai's total is 57,882 years.
Legend】 【Fuxi
Fu Xi is the legendary ancestor of human civilization, the title of "Three Wise Kings," the first place.
However, Fu Xi created the greatest achievement or gossip.
Weinan in the Tianshui area North Road, west village, there is a diagram of Taishan, Fu Xi is said here is where art gossip. Life in the ancient legend of Fu Xi's, people knew nothing about nature. When the rain storms, lightning, people both fear and confusion. Born intelligent Fuxi want all this clear, and he used to stand on diagrams Taishan, they will look to the host of heaven and look down at the terrain around the location, sometimes the footprints of birds and beasts, and the body pattern.
One day, he came to his mind Taishan on, is hard to think that he has long observed phenomenon. Suddenly, he heard a strange roar and saw the cave Gua opposite Taishan leaping out of a Ryoma. It is Ryoma, it is because the animals grow on the leading horse, and had had a very peculiar pattern. This piece dragon Mayi Yue on hexagrams Taishan jump to the next piece of the Wei river rocks. This rock is shaped like Tai Chi, with Longma body pattern, suddenly let Fuxi be comprehending, and he drew the Eight Diagrams.
Later, that jumped out of the Dragon and Horse of the cave known as the Dragon and Horse Cave, Wei-shui River in the piece of stone is called distraction stone. Taishan now to diagram, you can also see these places. Moreover, there are stone groove, and Shi Chuang Longma hole remnants.
As for the gossip of merit, is that it is broad and profound cultural connotations. The Fu Xi characterized by its culture, is still attracting many domestic and foreign scholars to explore and research. Moreover, many contemporary disciplines are deeply affected, and gained enlightenment. It is said that the German mathematician Leibniz invented the binary, is inspired by the gossip.
This possibility: Mi Hee, Baoxi, including the expense, V show, also known as the expense of Wong, Wong Xi, Fu Xi Taihao come from the tribal leaders, who at different times, but have the same status and can be said • "Fu Xi" (because all the tribes from Fu Xi).
【Modern history of the legendary era of history Fuxi Perception
In the ancient Chinese imperial lineage in the legend of the times, Taihao Fu Xi was regarded as a "Three kings of the first", "100 King first," a very prominent position. However, since ancient times and today, on Fu Xi's name, age, to hope, endless contentious issues such as ethnic lines; Fu Xi is a man or a god? Taihao and Fu Xi is one or two? These issues have been submerged Man unclear. But if we traceability along the wave, clear Taihao Fu Xi in ancient imperial order to establish the status of a historical process, these issues will be resolved naturally.
First, the ancient classics and Fu Xi
Fu Xi is the first record out in the late Warring States, "Zhuang Zi" However, this public good ancient Zhuang Zi, "a book Shiyu Wan Yan, probably rate fable." Said Fu Xi, virtuality and reality, God also has people who mostly care were based analogy to the image of reasoning, sure of the outcome as a messenger. "Zhuangzi" Fu Xi's record on a five, two out "within the chapter," 3 for "Wai." In the "Inner Chapters" and "Wai", the ancient Emperor Fu Xi in the ranking is different. Are "Inner Chapters" and "Chuang Human World": "It is of all things also, Yu, Shun also be things of the New York, Fu Xi, a few Qu end of the line, while the conditions were almost casual Yan!" Chuang Tzu is here to Fu Xi listed in Yu, Shun later. "Zhuangzi Master": "Cardiff Road, enthusiastic faith, doing nothing was invisible ... ... Xi of Webster, to pull out heaven and earth; V's get the show to hit Mother Earth; Victoria was the struggle, Zhonggu not Intuit; Day months was the, Zhong Gu endless; worthy bad-won, to the passage of the Kunlun; Feng Yi-won to Tour Okawa; shoulder I find her, to Department mountains; the Yellow Emperor was of the order to board the sky; Zhuan Xu was the, to Department Yuen Palace. "Here is that" Taoism "invisible, unlimited function, Xi Webster's use of" Road "to rectify the world, Fu Xi use of" Road "to reconcile the ***** air. This section of people of God with miscellaneous, moon and stars and is very chaotic, "Chuang Tzu" Many commentators suspected a later addition. I think that it is a later addition may not, at least not here, Fu Xi shows off form man from the myth of the motherland.
"Zhuangzi" is among the three Fuxi name written, or recorded as "Fu Xi," or recorded as "V Xi", "V drama" before and after the non-uniform; identity confusion, or human or divine; in ancient emperors uncertainty in the sequence, or Yu, Shun, after the Yellow Emperor, or in its former status gradually increased. This shows that the period in Chuang Tzu, Fuxi still legendary period, the creation process, is an uncertain, yet stereotypical characters.
"Historical Records" from the Yellow Emperor to remember, not Fuxi biography, written, there are two Fuxi they were all cited previous said. "Sima Qian Preface": "I heard the deceased said: 'Fu Xi to the behaviorist, as" easy "gossip'." "Fengshan book" in the words by Guan: "Tai Feng Xi's not pregnant, Zen and so on; consider Xi Feng Tai, Zen and so on; Shen Nong Feng Tai, Zen and so on; Yellow Emperor Tai Feng, Zen and so on. "Sima Qian's history of strict rule, as it was then more than words Fuxi legendary prophecy error, difficult to identify, although not denied, but the mind of the doubt.
Han Ban Gu, "Han" breakthrough "Historical Records" boundaries, will be pushed to the ancient emperors from the Yellow Emperor Fu Xi, thus, began to board the official Fu Xi set official history. "Li Chi Han Law" quoted Liu Xin, "Shi Jing" words: "Baoxi following day and the king, for the 100 WANG Xian. The first German began in wood, so as Taihao Emperor." (See under Analysis) " Ancient Han people form "in the first Syrian Fu Xi, plays out in inflammation, yellow, to Fu Xi as the historical source, that Fu Xi's" Following the day of the King ", which he is the king of the first century, while Yan, Huang emperors following the Fu Xi and Wang . "Ban Gu" Words: "Three kings are what are, Fu Xi, Nu Wa, Shen Nong is also." Pushed to the Three Wise Kings to the head of Fuxi, 100 King of the first position.
Later Emperor in Tang "Revised History of Chao six generations" and Tang, "Chao Jin Shu repair" are Fuxi Beginning of Chinese culture, so-called "Fu Xi Dynasty, Qin Si, and because, following the Han Xu, the three countries and lives, the time of the Jin containing document preparation Yan. " Tang Dynasty ***** open, the Sima Zhen as the "Historical Records" written up "Three kings this century," Review, added Fu Xi's literature materials about past lives, into a more complete history of transmission. So far, Fu Xi in the history books in the history of the ancient process of completion.
System above, in the literature classics handed down, on the record Fuxi late in the Warring States in the future from the "Zhuangzi" and gradually began to load official history. No previous Fuxi Spring Classics. Warring States as well as Han, the more times later, more detailed records on the Fu Xi, Zhuo Yue Xun Fu Xi exploits in the old imperial order in the higher position. This shows that, in the ancient texts handed down, the Fuxi experienced a scratch, from God to the emperor Fu Xi's record on to the system derived from a messy process.
Second, the original mythology, Fu Xi as Chuangshi Shen
Trace the source of Fuxi legend, there are two paths, in addition to the literature handed down from ancient times to find any sign of it, there is a path, that is, mythology, folklore approach.
Neighbor for the most authoritative examination of Fu Xi is heard more than one written by senior scholars, "Textual Research" [1] and Wen text handed down the first part of the literature from the collection of a large number of snakes recorded, together with the Han Dynasty have been found at stone reliefs that Fu Xi as the dragon totem; collected in the latter part of nearly 50 on the Fu Xi and Nu Wa ethnic minority in Southwest China floods after the brother and sister married and recycling information on the human stories and folklore, and to voice Exegesis, that the South Miaoman the Fuxi family ancestor. Over half a century later in this article was widely quoted, has irrefutable argument. However, doubts have recently proposed, Lin says that there is the legend of Fu Xi and not by the remnant of the ancient Miaoman nation incoming, minority in the South after the flood legends of marriage with the brother and sister from the Eastern Han Ying Shao, "Su Tung Yi," the record Pangu; Fu Xi and Nu Wa are the irrelevant, the two co-spectra were normalized as "family" is in the Tang Dynasty after open ***** [2]. Chang Wen Jin positions that are mostly from the war when the "Chinese of all ethnic groups unite against foreign enemies," political purpose starting arguments, political generation of academic, Western totem that will be attached and anthropological theories of folklore, Fu Xi Nu Wa Creation deed less than [3]. 2 per capita on the South the nation Chuangshi Shen Fu Xi and the identity of the ancestors of God into question.
"Tai Yi Sheng Shui," the so-called "Mrs A", "I" of the so-called "Road", "Book of Changes" so-called "Tai Chi", are initially chaotic universe ***** invisible gas. "Book of Astronomy": "Cosmic Health ***** gas." "Huainanzi Akikoto": "hole with the world, chaos for the Park. Not made all things created, that the very one." Henkel induced Note: The "too general a ,***** God all things are." "***** the general things of God ", should that Fuxi.
"Too one", "Tai Chi" form of "chaos", the universe originated in the chaos. Similarly, Fu Xi is also derived from "chaos", the prototype is too chaotic start at the beginning of the gas.
In the original myth and folklore in this chaos before Creation body is vividly expressed as gourd. From chaos to the world's creation process was visualized account of the gourd from the central cut open. The so-called world Poupan, separation of yin and yang. "Book of cotton" will have "rain Guadie, the people of the newborn," the record, this is seen in the ancient literature of the origin of man, the earliest dating back to Hulu Gua one example. Then in the folk myth, the gourd Poupan motif derived from a large number of flood stories of Ark-type, gourd as a container into a symbol of the regeneration of mankind, and thus personified as the gourd is the Creator, Fu Xi.
Pangu myth is the earliest written record of the whole of the Three Kingdoms Wu Xu, "35 calendar note," this book has been Lost, "Tai Ping Yu Lan," Volume II in which a text quoted there: "World chaos like an egg, Pangu health which. million eight thousand years, the world is open, clear as day sun, overcast cloud to ground. Pangu in which, day 9 change, God in the day, St. on the ground. the light of day ridge, to date ten feet thick, one-day Pan Gu husbands. so million eight thousand years, the number of days high in the number of deep, Pangu very long. is there after the Three Wise Kings. "Pangu legend, a god of creation. As for the relationship between Pangu and Fu Xi, senior scholars are uncertain: Pangu is Fu Xi, the two rests Hulu (chaos) out. Permanent Xia in 1941, "Portrait of Shapingba unearthed the sarcophagus," the article said: "Fu Xi an, no set of ancient books, or for V show, Baoxi, Mi Hee, consider the expense, all can be simultaneous with false. Fuxi and Panhu for dual sound. Fuxi Baoxi, Pangu, gourd, acoustic training to pass, the almost is the word. "He combined" Shu Yi Ji "yes" between Wu and Chu said Pangu's wife, yin and yang is the beginning of "The that the thesis: Pangu's wife immediately are brother and sister mating and reproduction Zi Xiang Fu Xi human couples. Fu Xi and Nu Wa in Han Dynasty Stone is one the first snake mating, and the first snake plate Gu similar, further evidence that Fu Xi Pan Gu. [6] News - more than in the "Fuxi test," the fifth part of the "Fu Xi and hoist" in a large number of ancient and folk material proof that Panhu, Fuxi soon as the switch is "clearly out of homologous series", Fu Xi and Pangu is born gourd, or Fu Xi, Gu are hyacinth personified. Fu Xi and thus the ancestor of humankind.
From the sound training, said, "Chaos" and "gourd" is the sound relations, "Chaos" still made "confused", "stupid" in the vulgar language to slang to "gourd." "Dream of Red Mansions," the fourth head back and forth, "Monk judge gourd calabash case", which means a "confused monk" judge "confused case." The smell more than one test of "Gourd" that is "Pangu (hu)", "Pan Hu", "Fuxi" sing for change, the "Creator" is "Fu Xi." In this way, "Chaos - Gourd - Pan Hu - Pan Gu - Fu Xi," converted the evolution of the path is clear.
4, Taihao Fu Xi and said its ancient history to establish the status of the emperor system
I've already said Chuangshi Shen Fu Xi is the ancient history may not be a real person, then he is to enter history, to be included in the ancient imperial order, and pushed for the "Three Wise Kings and the first", "100 King first," it ? That's saying Taihao from Fu Xi and the identity of and Taihao from.
Reliable in the pre-Qin texts, the word is not made Taihao Fu Xi, Yan Fu Xi is not made Taihao, Taihao no connection with Fu Xi. Born in the late Warring States Period when Xunzi, he "was on the chapter" referred to "Taihao" in "CXP" in another words "Fu Xi," see two of the book, since by one person.
Taihao, ancient books, or recorded as "too hao", is the ancestor of ancient tribes and leaders Dongyi. Dong Yi is the ancient Chinese in the Central Plains will be pleased to contend with the tribes, which are frequent exchanges with China, and created a splendid culture of the Shang Dynasty. In this regard, scholars no longer doubt. Dong Yi Tribe of Henan Province in the east today and Shandong, Anhui area. "Zuo Zhao Gong Seventeen Years" contains: "Chen, Tai Hao of the virtual also." Chen Henan in this Huaiyang, Huaiyang keep Taihao this tomb. After the Zhou dynasty, descendants of possessions gradually eastward, "Zuo Xi public 20 year": "Ren, places, to sentence, Xu, wind surnames. Jitsuji Taihao of worship and there is economic to serve Zhu Xia. "until the Spring and Autumn Period, each with only gradually Dongyi Lu, Qi, Vietnam and other countries absorbed into China. "Later Han Dong Yi Biography": "Qin and six countries, the Huai and Si Yi people are casual users." In other words, when the branch Dongyi no longer exist as an independent entity, became the Huaxia The "code family", and China merged as a major component of the Chinese nation. With China, the Foreign blend of harmony, the Yi's ancestors and chiefs Taihao, Shaohao, also into the ancient Chinese emperor in the sequence.
In reliable historical records, the earliest will Taihao and Fu Xi, and called one, but the Western Han Dynasty Liu Xin's "World Classic." Liu Xin Liu Xiang and his father all the Western Han scholar, pioneer of the Classical school. "Shi Jing" deposit recorded in the "Li Chi Han under the law." In the "World economic" in Liu Xin from the political needs of the Western Han Dynasty, in order to break the traditional emperors Huangdi was the first system to Fu Xi and Taihao saying, Yan and Shen Nong said, adding that out over the Yellow Emperor, the establishment of a new set of ancient imperial order.
The establishment of the Ancient Emperor descent, began in the Warring States Period. Warring States Period, in accordance with the School of Zou Yan Five Emperors with the Five Elements to five parties to earth, wood, gold, fire, water, beat the Five Elements order to explain dynastic change, what is called the "Five Virtues." "Records of calendar": "When is the unique Zou Yan, Ming Chuan in five virtues, and scattered news of the points to significant princes." Since then, people have to this doctrine as the legal basis for the establishment of dynasties. According to Zou Yan's "Five Virtues", "Lu should be the same" and "Historical Records Fengshan book" is such a deduction dynasties: the Yellow Emperor was soil Tak, Yu was Talmud, was Kinder Shang Dynasty, Emperor Wen was fire Germany Germany Qin was water. But the deduction in order to Han problems: First, the building of ancient history from Zou Yan imperial lineage of view, the narrative is only the Yellow Emperor, Yu, Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty for four generations. Subsequently until the Western Han Dynasty, people of ancient history and great changes have taken place in the concept that there is in the top of the Yellow Emperor Fu Xi, Shen Nong and other Gu Sheng Yan Emperor, three generations ago "Three kings", the "Five Emperors" order on behalf of the Legislative , "Lu should be the same" and "Historical Records Fengshan book" describes only four generations since the Yellow Emperor, not fully covered, and therefore the deduction up to re-sort. Second, Zou Yan is in accordance with the soil, wood, gold, fire, water, beat five elements vying order to explain dynasties, the emperor ordered descent, five elements vying wins, then tended to the revolutionary regime change. Located in the Western Han Dynasty and Liu Xin, Liu Hanhuang room power crisis, the powerful Dukes of Wang Mang, which has "ordered a different surname," and surname "more ordered" controversy, said Demise temporary prosperity. Liu Xin and Wang Mang to the close relationship, he was Wang Mang "National Teacher", is the demise that the main supporters. Wang Mang on behalf of the Chinese in order to provide a legal basis, Xin made of wood, fire, earth, metal, water, five elements of the new five Virtues. From the "World by" known, Liu Xin ordered imperial order as follows: Taihao Fu Xi as the Talmud, Germany and of fire about Yan, the Yellow Emperor Huangdi's Germany for the soil, Shaohao Jin Tianshi as Kinder, Zhuan Xu Gao Yang Clan and virtue; KU's Dig for the Talmud, Yao, Tao Down to fire German Emperor Shun Tak Yu Clan for the soil, Bo Yu Xiahou Shi as Kinder, Cheng Tang as the water; King Wu of the Talmud Han dynasty, the German fire. Xin when the scheduled order of this descent, is the beginning of the first negative Hannchen win by five elements that set the Han as saying German soil, to fire on Han German, then the soil should be replaced by Germany, claimed to Yu Shun Wang Mang Branch, and Emperor Shun Tak soil, it might be desirable for Wang Mang German soil, so that Wang Mang on behalf of the Chinese standing inevitable.
Why then Xin Fu Xi and Taihao adding to it?
Deciphering the prevailing notion that people of ancient history, the ancient Emperor's Preface to push up from the Yellow Emperor, that the most ancient emperors should be Fu Xi. Meanwhile, in his five elements of the Five Virtues Theory, emperors from the beginning Talmud. So he found two ways according to, first, "Zuo Zhao Gong Seventeen Years" set, "Tan Son to the DPRK," Zhao Hao's son asked the little birds were officers, why? Tan Master said: "Wu Zu also, I know of. Formerly Huangdi Shi Ji by cloud, so the teacher and the clouds were clouds. Yandi's to fire discipline, so for the fire division and the fire name.'s Total industrial water discipline, so water for the navy and the Name. Great Hao's dragon century, it was long division and long names. I emperor of the legislation also less Hao Zhi, phoenix fitness to, so Discipline in birds, but the bird for the Bird Division. "Liu Xin push accordingly: "It Shaohao by Tan Zi Yan Emperor, Huangdi by Yan, Yan by the total workers were working under Taihao, it first made the Yellow Emperor, on and Taihao." to the ancient emperor as the head of Taihao . The second is from the "Yi" to find the basis for "Zhuan", saying: "God beyond shock," quake diagram for the Orient, its element is wood. By five elements of the sequence, the first for the wood, and for the Oriental Emperor Taihao, "East said, barbarian", so Taihao with Talmud. And "Yi Jing, under" saying: "who package the expense of the ancient clan TONGJI also", so Liu Xin added: "After days of artillery and the king's expense, for the 100 WANG Xian, the first German started wood, so Emperor Taihao. "Fuxi is Taihao. "Tolerant of the" easy "shot sacrifice, Shen Nong and Huang Di, the world have known." Taihao Fu Xi, following days of old, Shen Nong, the Yellow Emperor Fu Xi were standing following the Taihao.
Han Ban Gu's "Han Zhi Jiao Si praise" and Yue's "Han Ji Gaozu Discipline" on Liu Xin was founded five elements of the new five Virtues are accounts of the process, Yue words: "up Liu Xiang and his son, is Push the five elements of movement, in order to inherit his mother until the beginning of Fu Xi; to the time of the Han, Yi Tak for the fire. it shall also order that the "easy", said 'God beyond shock', it began almost Taihao earthquake, as the wood Germany, Hao Yue Fu Xi. "
Xin starting from political purposes, will be attached to the Fuxi and Taihao phase and said, pushing the head of the ancient imperial descent, was quoted Ban of the "Han", later generations have taken from historical records said. However, Liu Xin, said this is not entirely groundless remark that, given the present circumstances, shall have the following to say on Liu Xin know: First, it is when people sense the performance history, as people sense the rich history, from the Yellow Emperor Sima Qian scheduled start time imperial lineage has not adequately reflect the ancient emperors people know, and therefore need to push back up, re-arrange ancient imperial order. Second, as mentioned above, Fuxi legend began in the south of the Chu and the East Yizu Taihao ancestors, with the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasty Great national blood and culture exchanges, the legend of Fu Xi and Taihao convergence possible Qian Zu Huangdi only the first Chinese human ancestor of all Chinese people can not fully reflect the current ethnic harmony, cultural fusion of the actual situation, and to Taihao Wang Fu Xi was the ancestor of 100, showing a time of national unity, culture, the main vein has been formed. Third, Liu Xin scheduled ancient imperial order to promote the "Holy, with the ancestors" thinking, the kings of ancient Emperor Fu Xi with sodium in a series, is conducive to national cohesion, and cultural unification.
5, I of
In the discussion of the Fu Xi records in historical texts, myths and legends of the remains of its ancient imperial order to establish the status of the process, we see that Fuxi experienced a legend from myth to the history of evolution. Fu Xi is the product of people's consciousness is the ancestors of the origin of the universe and the concept of recourse the product, initially present in the original form of creation myths, but history may not be a real person. Forms of development as people thought the rich and historical consciousness, the original myth went through a concept of philosophy and history of technology process. The Legend of Fu Xi and imagination have also entered the original philosophy and history, so people will Fuxi Creation Myth of the universe's origin and the abstract concept of beginning, as Chuang Shishen Fuxi only imagine the ancestors of human beings and the emperor Fu Xi to enter history in the field, therefore, became the first emperor in history. The Fu Xi eventually became the "Three kings of the first", "100 King first", to establish in the ancient history of the supremacy of imperial descent, is due to Liu Xin on the one hand the development of historical consciousness, according to the people, on the other hand according to their political needs, its Five Virtues of new laws will aid in Taihao Fuxi re-scheduled Ancient imperial descent results. Clear understanding of the Fuxi this from scratch, from God to man, from mythology, to the historical evolution of the concept of the essence and truth, we will see, on Fu Xi's name, age, looking at, Ethnic Groups endless lawsuits and other problems are not necessarily a problem.
The Legend of the times Fuxi, Yan, Huang Di, Yao, Shun, Taihao, Shaohao, Chi and other emperors, ancient history, there are many confusing record. Of the last century 20's "Ancient History" school in a number of questions and Dynasty, with the modern archaeological finds, some of the problems we Ancient History a new understanding, in recent years, Origin of ancient civilization and the ancient Royal descent The study also become a hot spot, but because of the shortcomings of the theory and method, more than many of the problems still does denounce. Such as Fu Xi's looking at (or culture), there are western Yangshao said that the western culture that Majiayao eastern Dawenkou Culture, said that the Central Plains, Central Plains Peiligang culture, said the Yangtze River basin. Yan (Shen Nong) is looking at the Yellow River, said the Central Plains, said the lower Yellow River, said there is the Great Wall north of the Hongshan Culture, said that the Yangtze River in Hunan, Hubei, said; the Yellow Emperor to look in northern Shaanxi, said Wei River Valley, said Central China, North China, said that the Great Wall north of the Hongshan culture, but also said the lower Yellow River. Some even think that "the Yellow Emperor and Fuxi fact the same person," "Yellow Emperor as the real history of some people, that is, the Shun from the East Yi", "Shen Nong is the" Book of History "in the mind of the earliest monarchs - Yao "[7]. "Yandi is Chi" [8]. Which was legendary for the Study of the Ancient Emperor confusion, said: "Research on the legend of the times, on the 'Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors' study, may all have their own reason and argument, but all the studies together is just a 0 or is a negative, "[9]. Cause of this confusion are many reasons, one fundamental reason is that many of proof, only speculation, or the ancient literature and archaeological simple analogies, the lack of scientific and historical methods.
From our discussion of the Fu Xi can see, the legendary emperors of ancient lineage, and some historical documents in the process of establishing the status of late, is it the product of conception, or to a political need to be accompanied on the results. I have "On confirmation of the Common Ancestor of the Chinese nation," the article mentioned, Zhou previous literature did not mention the Yellow Emperor. "Book of History" From Yao to write, the whole a "Book of" no "Yellow Emperor" words, Oracle is also no "Yellow Emperor." Yellow Emperor's name comes from "five-party" idea. From the Oracle perspective, the concept of Yin people already had five parties, there are four cardinal points of inscriptions by the four-year record of soil. "Four soil" with "the business" is "five-party." Five parties about the concept of evolution began in the early years of the Western Zhou as a "five-party color," the concept of "colored" Show "five-party." "Yizhoushu for Luo," contains: "Duke ... ... is the largest community in the country built in the Wei East Green Earth, South terracotta, clay west, north Li soil, the central Wuhan as the Loess." Zhou from the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi way, for your yellow. Follow the concept of Yin people five parties, Zhou also the world is divided into five parties, and to five parties said the five parties of the Imperial color. Luoyang as the royal seat of Turkey, Turkey yellow, then the country called "China", God said, "the Yellow Emperor." "Book of astronomy," said: "The central earth also, the Emperor Huangdi." Appeared in the Zhou Dynasty of the Yellow Emperor, and then the political ideas related to a four-week family strengthening the rule of needs of all, that is, the Yellow Emperor is a political philosophy only form of [10]. People's understanding of history is itself historic. Historical facts is one thing, the memory of history is one thing, the historical representation is another. Prehistoric times, civilization beginning, the historical record depends word of mouth, because of historical consciousness itself historic, the ancestors and passed down through the history of exploration, they will be because of the limitations of historical consciousness and for the purpose of artificially attached to the history, so there may be fictitious and imaginary components. In response, Mr. Gu Jiegang made ancient history is "caused Layer Upon Layer" point of view, that is, ancient lineage of the ancient emperors and their creative process, is to do addition, perfunctory gradually produced. So we have to do research on ancient history, when the emperor system, the method should be used to do subtraction, not only can not the myth as history and the records and history books alone can not be categorically concluded, on the historical documents should also be a historical view, the reference Dynasty, eliminate the false and retain the true, back flow and explore its sources, clarifying the historical truth.
Fu Xi
Source: Chinese Dictionary
Fu Xi, one for Mi Hee, including the expense, V show, also known as the expense of Wong, Wong Hee. Chinese mythology, ancestor of mankind. About the times in the late Paleolithic, legend, one of China's pharmaceutical originator.
"Tai Ping Yu Lan poem fog with God," reads: In a land of bliss, "Hua Xu's Country," in One girl, one day, she came to a place called "Glazer" place to play, came across a huge footprints, out of curiosity, to step on the huge footprint, what the results actually have sensors as they so pregnant and soon gave birth to a son, who first snake, named Mi sacrifice (ie Fuxi). Since the birth of Fu Xi is the mother stepped on the Fraser in the "big track" and the result of pregnancy, therefore, the first people that he is "Thunder," the son, then push it for the people of the monarch, the king's head 100.
Fuxi great historical merits, on the medical side, is Fu Xi created the gossip and nine needles. "Yi" wrote: In ancient times, is the package's expense rule the world, he often hyperextension astrologers, the operation of the moon and stars; leaned over police terrain, Kawasawa gully to examine the mountain. Also the pattern of birds and animals taken fur and growth of plants on earth should all-win situation, almost from their own issue for images, taken from as far away as artifacts, in this case begin to create gossip, for familiar changes in the nature of all things, to divide up the shape of everything. "King Century", said: Fu Xi, "taste the drug of nine hundred needles." So more than a thousand years, was enshrined in the medical community in China as medicine, acupuncture of the ancestor.
Add a point on the legend of Fu Xi
Fu Xi and Nu Wa are lots of stories. But some legends but I became confused.
Legend, a long time ago, in today's Henan Province has a small country called Wanqiu Huaiyang country. One day, a foreigner's invasion. King was in a hurry to order ministers to find solutions. Enemy power in numbers, Wan Qiu State to this weakness. Ministers are also helpless, not saying a word. Said the King, who Tuidi he took the princess betrothed. At this time, Wan Qiu State outside the city, a river upstream to the a huge white turtle, white turtle standing on a brown dog. That yellow dog three whoops, suddenly Feishazoushi. The invading enemies sky all by the wind, but also heavily down, escaped. In this way the enemy retreated. King was pleased, is preparing to arrange a time to celebrate, yellow dog Shangdian, facing his name. When did he think of this promise. As the King is unable to speak does not count, otherwise we can not lead the country has. But she do not want to marry a dog who is willing to ah? At this time, the prime minister said the dog was held sacred heaven, so long as it is deducted in the urn will become a person under 49 days. The king ordered to do so. To 41 days, it looks like the princess, thinking also that almost the ah. On opening a jar, who wants The following is a monster, a handsome man with a long head, body or the shape of a dog.
It gave him a name from the Fu Xi. Means that people Goua. V word is the one plus one dog, Xi word is the ancient modal particle, equivalent to the current Chinese in the ah.
However, it is the wife of legendary Fu Xi Nu Wa. A long time ago, the flood of human experience, are dead. Fu Xi and Nu Wa, leaving only two siblings. In order to reproduce human beings, brothers and sisters got married. So, Wan Qiu State Princess Nuwa it? Moreover, the legend who said they were both first snake. So, how were the first dogs body to explain?
Also legend, Nu Wa made man with Wong Nai. Now, she and Fu Xi combination, human reproduction. Then made man and the legend of Wong Nai become contradictory. What is the origin of mankind in the end? There are legends of the Sky Goddess, as her brother Fu Xi and her husband, then with her on the Sky ah. But why not see what the legend of the Sky Fuxi involved?
Fish Patterns bottles unearthed salamander Tianshui
Fu Xi is known as "human ancestor" Chou Chi Fu Xi was born and brought up into the discipline. He leads the wedding; do Reticulum; painting gossip; create music masters; based office ... ... in accordance with the common sense to create such a merit of Fuxi its image should be smart Hidetake, but since the Spring and Autumn since it is the image of Fu Xi "People first snake", especially in the Han dynasty, Fu Xi, "people first snake" pattern has also been widely used as a decorative pattern to people's daily life, deeply rooted in people's minds.
The eyes of the world after the Fu Xi, "the first snake man" image is undoubtedly a monster. Is "human ancestor" image is such a "monster"? From the people's feelings for the image as a decorative pattern Fuxi purpose is to express admiration worship, or to him as "the patron saint."
Obviously, the real face of Fu Xi is not a "people first snake." So why Fuxi to "people first snake," the face of it appears in front of people?
12, the first Chinese dragon culture was held in Lanzhou, Lanzhou Forum reporter on "Fuxi Why is 'people first snake'?" Interviewed on this issue of Mr. Liu Yanxiang Tianshui Normal University and other experts.
Ancient ancestors of the more serpentine
Mr. Liu Yanxiang is Tianshui Normal University Centre for Cultural Studies Longyou vice pipeline, long-term commitment to exploration research Longyou culture. He believes that in ancient times, is not Fuxi one was portrayed as serpentine, in addition to Fu Xi, there Nu Wa, the Yellow Emperor, Queen Mother, who is to snake in front of the people. According to statistics, "Shan Hai Jing" in the records of 454 individuals with snake-related materials reached 138 people. Visible, with snake-like ancient times to describe the ancestors is a more common mode of worship.
To solve the first snake Fuxi Why is this mystery person must be a broader, deeper level to study this cultural phenomenon. Mr. Liu Yanxiang read a lot of ancient information on the Fuxi "people first snake" image for the inquiry. Eventually, he scattered records in ancient books link up, found a "people first snake" in context.
Records from the ancient point of view, the wind Fuxi name. On the "wind" a word, "said the text" in the "Wind worms," the explanation, the Oracle of divination, the "worm" and "had" the same word, and "had" is the snake, "Shan Hai Jing * Overseas South by "in the" bug for the snake, "said. Thus, between the wind and the snake has a very close relationship.
View from the origin of surnames, surnames of people in ancient times most of a relationship with the tribal totem, and some names directly from the tribal totem. From this, Fu Xi's "people first snake" is the image of Wind tribal totem name "Snake" evolved. So in ancient times, the ancient discipline areas into a worship of the snake is really to "snake" as the totem of the tribe live in the proliferation of it?
"People first snake" is misunderstood
The issue of journalists, Mr Lau believes that Fu Xi tribe is not a "snake" as totems, Fu Xi, "the first snake man" image is one of a misunderstanding. In fact, should be "people first of the body," and this dragon is evolved from the giant salamander.
"Strictly speaking, the image of Fu Xi should be 'people first salamander body' instead of 'who first snake'. The so-called snake essentially simplifies the dragon." According to "Zuo Zhao Gong 17 years" as set : Tai Chi Dragon's howl, so as long division and long names. (Du Yu Note: The "too Hao Fu Xi, the ancestor of the wind surname also have Long Rui, officials ordered it to Long.) That is to say, the dragon is the emblem of Fuxi tribal or clan totems.
Mr. Liu believes that the prototype of the snake is long, dragon image of snakes evolved, this argument is specious. Department of reptiles, snakes, and the legendary dragon and water close, there is universal folk tale of the Dragon King said. From the records of it, "Dragon, the water thing too"; a "Long was born in water"; a "water into the deep, dragon grow wherever," said. In particular, the ability of the dragon is very powerful, far more than the snake, the snake can not compare with the.
Obviously, the dragon is not a prototype of a snake but the other animals.
Reveal the original image of the dragon
Since there is not much between the dragon and snake relationships, then the original image of the dragon what is it?
"Dragon of the original image of the first parts of the ancient discipline into an animal, and then close the original ancestors, to help give them life, only in this way, one could even treat it as a totem." This Some is also produced by the foundation and source of the totem.
Snake quickly ruled out because the snake's attack is strong, and the relationship between snakes and people's daily lives are not closely related. But what aquatic animals and the lives of people in ancient times it close?
Along the "Dragon for water objects" idea analogy is with the dragon with the "water thing" and non-fish body scales must go. Lau, "Shan Hai Jing overseas W" to see a record of about arowana. "Arowana Ling Home, its shaped like a raccoon, a say." This arowana grow on a corner, like foxes and Mausoleum home, but also by cloud straight.
This arowana mean, and what it? Explanation for the arowana "Ya" said: Called the large salamander. Salamander, also known as mermaid, commonly known as giant salamander.
Salamanders are amphibians families, the general length 60 cm -70 cm, a large person to 180 cm, habitat in the valley streams to fish, frogs, shrimp for food, sounds, and crying like a child. Today, forests southeast of Tianshui City, Qu River Scenic still live in groups of salamanders.
Archaeological excavations confirmed that 6,500 years ago, Tianshui temperature than it is now hot, is a warm temperate semi-arid climate, a large number of hi life, warm animals, including Sumatran rhinos, monkeys, like other animals. However, the 6500 -5000 year ago, climate change, gradually became cold and dry up. We can see that in 6500 years ago are now much better than the natural environment of Tianshui for salamander activity must be very large geographical. Ancestors of the survival and development time, and the inseparable relationship between salamanders. In particular, it sounds like the children weeping, give it endless imagination and inspiration. Fuxi tribes living here then submitted salamander totem.
Over time, the ancestors of the image of the salamander drawn to many places, now in Tianshui Wushan, Gangu who unearthed two bottles of the first salamander fish pattern, that is, ancestors of the salamander was a microcosm of totem worship. Fish Patterns bottles unearthed salamander Tianshui, a way, that the dragon is the original image salamander, which is the original creation of the prototype four-legged dragon, tribal totem is God Fuxi.
Therefore, "people first snake" The fact is "people first of the body," the misunderstanding, Fuxi tribal totem should be a simplified giant salamander.