提图斯·弗拉维乌斯·维斯帕西亚努斯 | |||||||||
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生平
早年生活
提图斯于公元41年出生于罗马城,当时弗拉维家族仍是罗马的骑士阶级,他是维斯帕先的长子。他从小在宫中受教育,与皇帝克劳狄的儿子不列塔尼库斯友好。身材虽不高大,但却体格健壮,并有过人的记忆力。他曾与父亲一起从军,担任过日尔曼和不列颠军团的司令官,拥有勤劳公正的声誉。脱离军职后,他以律师身份在罗马执业。
帝国内战与犹太战争
公元66年,罗马的犹太行省爆发大起义,皇帝尼禄派遣维斯帕先率领三个军团镇压。提图斯以财务官的身份,受父亲提拔为军团指挥官,与父亲一同前往。67年,提图斯攻入犹太北部的塔里卡埃、加马拉两城,战事进入另一阶段。
68年夏,罗马发生骚乱,尼禄自杀,加尔巴受元老院承认为继任的皇帝。提图斯受父亲指派,到罗马祝贺新皇即位。在他的路途中,听闻了罗马的情势再度混乱,便立刻折返回到犹太,静待时局。69年7月,维斯帕先称帝起兵,战胜此时的罗马皇帝维特里乌斯。维斯帕先则留下四个军团,让提图斯继续留在犹太进行中断的战争。
70年,犹太战役再度开启。在提图斯的围城与强攻之下,圣城耶路撒冷因为饥馑与疾病,最后终于陷落,圣殿被毁,奋锐党人士被残酷屠杀,圣物被当作战利品送往罗马。提图斯留下一个军团继续进行余党在马萨达的战役,自己则于71年在罗马与父亲举行凯旋式,庆祝这项胜利。
与父亲共同治理帝国
提图斯是皇帝父亲的重要同僚和护卫者。他与父亲共任监察官,与父亲共掌保民官特权和七次执政官。提图斯把国家政务都承揽在自己身上,以父亲名义口述信函、起草敕令、宣读讲辞,甚至担任皇帝的近卫军长官。
为了保卫皇权,他甚至不惜以专横与暴虐的手段,秘密派卫队刺杀有谋叛之虞的人士。先前在内战中,从敌方阵营投靠而来的将领奥路斯·凯奇那,便被提图斯以宴会之名邀请而来,但却被他刺死;虽然提图其宣传破获了凯奇那的叛乱证据,但却也由于这种激烈的手法,为他也招来了人民空前的仇恨与恐惧。苏埃托尼乌斯声称:“从来不曾有过哪位皇帝在登上皇位时,像他这样有负众望和违背民意的。”
但在后来,人们才发现了他的美德,并给予他更高的赞誉。
短暂与充满灾难的帝位
79年,提图斯在父亲病逝后,顺利继任皇帝。他为了公众舆论,将自己喜爱的犹太公主贝勒妮斯送出罗马。他慷慨地奉献钱财与办盛大的角斗表演,并兴建了公共建筑大竞技场和浴池。他对司法方面则是崇尚宽和,严厉惩罚没有依据的教唆告密者,规定起诉年限之后不得再为同一事兴讼,并且禁止败诉之后再度重复控诉。
但就在他的任内(79年8月),坎帕尼亚的维苏威火山爆发,火山灰甚至将整个庞培城、赫库兰尼姆两城市给掩埋。80年,罗马城再度发生大火,连续烧了三个画夜,连大竞技场也受到严重毁坏。不多久,城中又爆发了“前所未闻”的瘟疫。在这些大灾难之中,提图斯尽力进行救灾行动。他选派处理灾后事宜的督察官,安置流离失所的灾民,并从皇帝金库中提出自己的钱财,进行救济与重建工作。他采用了占卜、医疗等手段应付瘟疫,查遍所有的祭祀方法与各式良药对抗疾病。
身故与继承
为处理灾变事故而身体虚弱的提图斯,回到自己的萨宾地区别墅。81年9月,他在自己父亲病故的地方死亡,得年43岁,执政期间为2年2月又20天。他在第二次的婚姻中生有一个女儿尤利娅,但没有儿子。因此在他死后,由他的同胞弟弟图密善继任帝位。
评价
在提图斯担任皇帝之前,他曾被冠以“第二个尼禄”的恶名。因为当他做为父亲维斯帕先皇帝的助手时,他的手段残酷对抗政敌,并且生活放荡,经常与朋友彻夜饮宴。他还为了满足父亲的贪财政策,插手各类审理案件,营私舞弊和收取贿赂。
但在提图斯正式登基之后,他的形象完全转变。他的施政以宽大和谐为主,尊重人民的财产。他饶恕了两名著手谋刺他的贵族青年,与民同乐,甚至与人民同到浴场共浴。他的弟弟图密善可能曾经参与谋反,但提图斯从未向他下手,反而继续宣称图密善是自己的同僚和继承人,并私下流泪恳求图密善能与他相亲相爱。在他死后,元老院发起对他的颂扬,并为他冠上“神圣的提图斯(Divius Titus)”之名。
Titus in 41 AD, was born in Rome, when the Flavian family remains Roman knight class, he is the eldest son of Vespasian. He grew up in the palace of education, and the son of the Emperor Claudius did not 列塔尼库斯 friendship. Although not tall stature, but able-bodied, and an extraordinary memory. He worked with his father in the army, served as commander of German and British Legion, with hard-working reputation for impartiality. From the military, he as a lawyer practicing in Rome.
68 In the summer of riots in Rome, Nero committed suicide, Galba recognized by the Senate as successor of the emperor. Titus appointed by his father to the throne in Rome I wish He Xinhuang. In his journey, once again heard the chaos of Rome's situation, we immediately returned back to the Jewish, wait for the current situation. 69 July, Vespasian emperor raised his army, defeated the Roman emperor Vitellius at this time. Vespasian left behind four corps, so Titus interrupt to remain in the Jewish war.
Titus is the emperor his father's important colleagues and guardian. He and his father were appointed Ombudsman, a total charge of protecting the people and his father and seven consuls official privileges. Titus both the state government contract on himself, on behalf of dictating letters to his father, drafting decree, read out the speech, even as the emperor's guards Executive.
Short and full of disaster throne
Death and inheritance
Before in Titus as emperor, he was dubbed "second Nero," a bad name. When he as assistant to his father Emperor Vespasian, his cruel and against political opponents, and debauchery, often with friends all night banquets. He was also to meet his father's greedy policy, to intervene all the adjudication of cases, graft and bribes.