| 提图斯·弗拉维乌斯·维斯帕西亚努斯 | |||||||
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早年生平
家世与公职生活
苇斯巴芗的父亲“提图斯·弗拉维乌斯·培特罗”属于罗马的骑士阶级，曾在前1世纪的罗马内战中担任过庞培阵营内的百夫长。法萨卢斯战役失败之后，提图斯逃回家中，后来获得赦免与退伍，便从事于商业活动。他的母亲“维斯帕西娅·波拉”则是出身于努尔西亚（Nursia、即今日的努尔奇亚 Nurcia，此地原为撒宾人的领域）的地方望族。他们生有两个儿子，长子撒宾努斯，次子则是提图斯（即后来的皇帝苇斯巴芗）。公元9年，苇斯巴芗出生于撒宾地区的列阿特城，不久之后，苇斯巴芗的父亲过世，苇斯巴芗由祖母扶养长大。
刚入成年后，苇斯巴芗对生涯的态度并不积极，经过母亲的训斥之后，才跟随兄长的脚步开始参与公职生活。他从军职开始着手，36年他在色雷斯任军团司令官，后来以财务官的身份被派任至昔兰尼和克里特行省。38年他参与竞选营造官，以最后一名勉强选上。在皇帝卡利古拉执政斯间，他当上了大法官一职。
在皇帝克劳狄执政期间（41年），苇斯巴芗担任了日耳曼军团的副将。43年，他被调任参加不列颠战役，成为军队统帅普劳提乌斯手下的副将领。他在当地与敌人进行了30次战斗，征服了20多个城镇和维克提斯岛（今日的怀特岛）。他因战功而获得了凯旋服饰。51年最后两个月，他以候补资格担任了执政官。63年，他担任阿非利加行省总督。
相传他在尼禄皇帝执政期间，在一场皇帝本人唱歌的音乐会上打瞌睡，受到皇帝的驱逐。苇斯巴芗深怕自己将遭受更严厉的责罚，便退隐到偏僻小镇生活。
犹太战役
罗马派驻于犹太行省的长官为了征收当地积欠的行省税，进入耶路撒冷的犹太神殿，将神殿内的财物抵充税款。这一举动在犹太人的观点是亵渎的严重行为，爆发犹太人的普遍起义。66年，罗马的叙利亚军团，协同犹太王国的阿古利巴二世进入敉平混乱，但却受到挫败。犹太民族的激进派士气大振，使得居住在埃及的亚历山大城、叙利亚的大马士革的犹太社群，也出现骚乱的现象。
67年，尼禄决定慎重处理犹太人的起义，他起用了苇斯巴芗担任军团统帅（苏埃托尼乌斯认为尼禄猜忌拥有大军的将领，于是才任命了家世背景不高的苇斯巴芗），增派了三个军团开赴犹太地区；苇斯巴芗提拔自己的长子提图斯为副将。68年，苇斯巴芗平定了犹太北方，犹太起义军领袖之一约瑟普斯投降。罗马军准备围攻撒路撒冷。
登上帝位
四帝之年
68年底，罗马首都发生动乱，尼禄自杀，加尔巴成为新的皇帝。正在进行犹太战役的苇斯巴芗，暂时停止军事行动。69年初，加尔巴被奥托所杀，奥托成为皇帝。但日耳曼军团不服，自行拥立维特里乌斯为帝。维特里乌斯进军罗马，与奥托展开争雄会战。苇斯巴芗此时则是静观情势变化，并未表态支持任何一方。69年4月，第一次贝德里亚库姆战役结束，维特里乌斯派战胜，奥托自杀，维特里乌斯受元老院承认为罗马皇帝。
战役结束后，失败的潘诺尼亚军团不服，他们联合了未及参与第一次贝德里亚库姆的莫埃西亚军团，以及东方的叙利亚军团长官木奇亚努斯，共同拥立犹太军团的苇斯巴芗为皇帝。不久之后，埃及行省长官提比略·亚历山大也表态，公开支持苇斯巴芗。69年7月1日，苇斯巴芗称帝，并进入埃及亚历山大城坐镇。
9月，东方军团进入意大利，与拥获维特里乌斯的军队接触（也称为“第二次贝德里亚库姆战役”），并攻下了克雷莫纳。此后，东方军团连战皆捷，并在12月进入罗马城，维特里乌斯则死于罗马乱民之手(苇斯巴芗担任护民官的兄长也因此一动乱遇害)。至此，苇斯巴芗成了唯一的罗马皇帝。
执政措施
苇斯巴芗即位之后，展开了一连串社会秩序的重建与财政整理措施。由于一整年的内战，帝国高层呈现人员凋零的现象，于是苇斯巴芗自任监察官，重新登记与审查元老院贵族与骑士两个阶级的人员，罢黜当中的腐败份子，并从行省中遴选具有威望的人士进入中央。他还为了符合财产的规定，为元老补足他们不足的差额，并慷慨地给予贫穷执政官的津贴，让这些精英阶层能够稳定并恢复他们的尊严。苇斯巴芗还整顿了军中纪律，借由惩罚和克扣赏银等方式，压抑了士兵的跋扈气焰。
为了让解决因内战而中断与堆积的诉讼案件，苇斯巴芗不拘泥于正常的程序，而是用抽签的方式选定一批特派专员，尽速地解决法庭的案件，特别是归还战争期间受侵夺的人民财产归还，好让社会秩序立刻恢复。
苇斯巴芗为了填补空虚的国库，尽可能地开拓财源。他恢复了拍卖税，增加行省的税捐，增加各种项目服务的收费，并不吝开放官职的购买。不过他也能充份地运用征收而来的金钱，除了改善精英阶级的生活之外，他也重建了许多因天灾或战乱受损的都市，奖掖修辞学与文法教师，慷慨地补助各类型的娱乐事业。
在苇斯巴芗即位之前，帝国境内仍有两件起义事件，都在公元70年结束。掀起整个高卢地区战乱的巴塔维亚大起义事件，由罗马将领凯列亚里斯率领正规军敉平，巴塔维亚族领袖奇维里斯投降。另一方面，因内战而延宕的犹太战役再度开启，由皇帝长子提图斯率领的罗马军攻入耶路撒冷，犹太战役大致终结。罗马的雅努斯神庙关闭，象征罗马和平再度降临。
身故与继承
公元79年，苇斯巴芗在坎帕尼亚感染了热病，他回到了故乡的庄园避暑，仍在该地处理政务与接见使者。6月23日，因为严重腹泻的身体虚弱的他，仍宣称“皇帝应该站着死去。”在他坚持并挣扎站直身体时，死在搀扶者的怀里。
苇斯巴芗在39年与来自阿非利加的女子“弗拉维娅·多米提拉”结婚，生有三个儿女：提图斯、图密善和多米提拉，但女儿和妻子都早已亡故，因此他一生中只有两个儿子长大成人。此后苇斯巴芗未再结婚，但却有几位情人陪伴。
苇斯巴芗死后，40岁的长子提图斯顺利继承他的帝位。
评价
由于苇斯巴芗并非贵族出身，所以他在施政上能够不拘旧法，以最快的方式稳定秩序、安抚人心。他的态度平易近人，热衷滑稽和低级趣味，甚至不避讳鄙俗脏话(一个著名的例子为他在重病自知不起时称“可怜的我啊，快变成神啰”)。对别人的侮辱和敌视从不耿耿于怀或心存报复。维特里乌斯死后，苇斯巴芗为了他的女儿找了一个出色的丈夫，甚至为她办置嫁妆。
不过在影响后世最深的作品中，苇斯巴芗在塔西佗与苏埃托尼乌斯笔下，常常冠以“贪财”之名。然而在《十二凯撒传》里头，作者也指出，在国家经过一场动乱之后，“由于国库和皇帝金库空虚，他不得不征收苛捐和进行敲榨勒索……看来，这种观点接近于真实，因为他很好地利用了那些不义之财。”
Joined the adult, Xiang Wei sba not active on the attitude of his career, after his mother's rebuke, the only follow the footsteps of his brother has been involved in public life. He started from the military, 36 years of his term of office corps commander in Thrace, and later sent to the financial officer of the identity of any province to Cyrene and Crete. He took part in the election for 38 years to create a government to last a barely elected. Sri Lanka ruling party in the emperor Caligula, he became a Justice of the post.
Jewish Campaign
Board the throne
After the battle, the failure of Pannonia Corps disagrees, they had no time to participate in joint first 贝德里亚库姆 the Moaixiya Corps, and the East Syrian Army Executive Wood Qiyanusi, common crowned Jewish Legion Wei Xiang for the emperor Vespasian. Soon after, Egyptian province Executive Tiberius Alexander also say, public support Xiang Wei sba. 69 years on July 1, Xiang Wei sba emperor, and entered the city of Alexandria, Egypt, sits.
Xiang Wei Mesbah, after ascending the throne, launched a series of reconstruction of social order and fiscal consolidation measures. As the whole year civil war, empire withered senior officers presented the phenomenon of so Reed sba Xiang itself the Ombudsman, the re-registration and review of nobles and knights Senate two classes of persons, which ousted the corrupt elements, and from the province of the selection of the entry of persons with prestige central. He is also to comply with the provisions of the property for less than their elders make up the difference, and generous allowances to poor consuls, so that the elite to stabilize and restore their dignity. Xiang Wei Mesbah also cleaned up the military discipline that, through the means of punishment and the deduction of Silver for Reward, suppress the overbearing arrogance of the soldiers.
Xiang Wei Spartan throne in before the Empire is still within the two uprisings, the end in 70 AD. Off the Gallic wars in the Batavia area large uprising, led by the Roman general 凯列亚里斯 regular army cleared as Batavia ethnic leaders Qiweilisi surrender. On the other hand, delay due to the Jewish civil war battle re-opened by the eldest son of the Emperor Titus led the Roman army invaded Jerusalem, roughly the end of the Jewish campaign. Roman temple of Janus closed, symbolizing Roman peace and the second coming.
Xiang Wei sba in 39 years and women from the Afrikaans "弗拉维娅多米 Pull" get married, have three children: Titus, Domitian and Duomitila, but the death of his daughter and his wife have long, Therefore, only two sons of his life growing up. Xiang Wei sba then not get married again, but accompanied by several lovers.
Xiang Wei Mesbah is not as noble birth, so he can be informal in the policy on the old law, the fastest way to stability and order in people's minds. His attitude approachable, funny and vulgar enthusiasm, even shy profane swearing (a famous example of his insight in serious illness can not afford, said, "Poor me, ah, soon to become God La"). Insult and hostility to others never bear a grudge or feel revenge. Vitellius after his death, Reed sba Xiang for his daughter a good husband, and even buy a dowry for her to do.