| 尼祿·勞狄烏斯·德魯斯·日耳曼尼庫斯 | |||||||
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早年
尼祿的父出自於“多米提烏斯”的支“阿赫諾巴爾比（字意思為‘青銅色的鬍須’）”，他的父親“多米提烏斯·阿赫諾巴爾比（Domitius Ahenobarbi）”在提比略皇帝死不久即水腫身亡。尼祿的母親則是出自於屋大維的直血親“阿格庇娜”，她曾經遭到提比略和卡利古拉兩位皇帝的流放，在勞狄皇帝任內召。尼祿出生於羅馬南方的海邊城市安提烏姆，阿格庇娜為新生兒命名為“魯基烏斯”（即全名字為“魯基烏斯·多米提烏斯·阿赫諾巴爾斯”）。這位魯基烏斯3歲喪父，母親也遭到流放，因此他的幼年都是由姑母“列比達”族帶大。公元49年，阿格庇娜與她的“叔父”——勞狄皇帝——結婚。她將獨子過繼成為勞狄族的成員，改用該氏族的名字“尼祿”。
登上皇帝
皇帝勞狄與前妻美撒娜生有一女一子：長女勞狄亞·屋大薇婭、幼子不列塔尼庫斯。但尼祿過繼成勞狄族時為12歲，較8歲的不列塔尼庫斯年長，於是尼祿便成為皇位的繼承人“凱撒”。阿格庇娜極力栽培自己的親生兒子為皇帝，延聘哲學名士塞內加為他的教師，讓尼祿與屋大薇婭結婚。尼祿在此時進入政界擔任公職，數次在元老院以拉丁語和希臘語作過演講，以自己的名義舉辦大型賽會與獸演。
54年10月13日，皇帝勞狄因食物中毒死亡（人們懷疑可能是阿格庇娜下毒），17歲的尼祿順利繼承皇位。
執政過程
早年善政
尼祿執政之初，國方針由阿格庇娜、塞內加、先皇舊臣帕拉斯、與近衛軍長官塞斯圖斯·魯斯共同决定，他們與元老院階級作，維持前朝的穩定展政策，在首都舉辦希臘式的賽會，取消包稅人的苛捐與奴隸拍賣稅。此時的羅馬景象十分繁榮，邊境情勢大致平綏。
族矛盾與個人權力鞏固
尼祿的母親阿格庇娜擁有相當強烈的權力欲望，尼祿逐漸成年之，對母親的政日感不滿。在塞內加的建議之下，尼祿在一場亞美尼亞使臣謁見的場中，以皇帝的身份阻止母親進入會場。阿格庇娜對此反應激烈，曾以扶助即將成年的幼弟不列塔尼庫斯來威脅尼祿。55年，不列塔尼庫斯在用餐之中毒死亡，人猜測是尼祿所下的毒。
來，尼祿指控帕拉斯參與一項陰謀，流放帕拉斯；帕拉斯是阿格庇娜的朝中密友，此舉無異明尼祿對抗母親。魯斯退休，尼祿提拔提格利努斯為他新任近衛軍長官。59年，尼祿突然大獻殷勤，邀請母親到坎帕尼亞海邊的拜亞墅度假。尼祿特訂受不了一艘華美的小船接送阿格庇娜，但在航行途中船身解，尼祿企圖製造意外的假象淹死阿格庇娜。但阿格庇娜擅於遊泳，被路過的漁船救起。阿格庇娜派她的奴隸尼祿報安，尼祿得知之，指控該名奴隸是奉母之命來刺殺皇帝，便派兵到阿格庇娜的館殺死她。至此，尼祿完全鞏固他的皇權。
62年，魯斯病故。65年，塞內加受到一項陰謀牽連，以切開血管的方式自殺。
內政
尼祿在內政的措施上，基本上多是平民大衆所傾斜的。他明對付偽造遺囑的辦法，限訴訟案例辯護報酬的上限，用來防止權貴藉着法律對平民施行的不平等剝削。他降低許多間接稅的稅賦，公開政府的稅收記錄以防止官員貪污舞弊。尼祿壓低糧食價格，限讓貧窮的羅馬公民也能夠得以溫飽。
尼祿熱愛藝，他本人就是一個詩人、劇作者、演唱者與竪琴演奏者。他常舉辦盛大的競技賽會，親自下場參與比賽。他贊助文藝、建築、與各項的工程明，在屋大維統治之，尼祿當政時期的帝國呈現出文藝勃興的景象。在64年羅馬大火之，他建造著名的華麗“金宮（Domus Aurea）”。
但尼祿在大權獨攬之，對於元老貴族的崇敬逐漸淡滅。他開始喜歡接受人們的奉承，大肆打擊與他對立的政治勢力。最有名的是65年的“批索的陰謀”，一群共和派的政治人士打算推翻尼祿的統治。但他們計在事前泄漏。尼祿擴大打擊，整肅異己，讓羅馬的上層階級隨時感受到皇帝的恐怖統治。
64年的羅馬大火
羅馬城的大火是生在公元六四年七月十七日，然而這一場大火的真正原因一直都是古的歷史疑案。然而大多數的人都相信，這是一場人為縱火的案件，而其中尼祿皇帝又因暴行而成為最大的嫌疑者。當時調查，縱火者應是出自於尼祿皇帝，則其原因乃是因尼祿皇帝想要擴建宮殿，然而都城皇宮的周圍都住滿羅馬平民，因此幾乎難以開工建造，因此乘着夜深人靜的時刻教唆手下去縱火，以遂其所。 生在羅馬的這一場大火，是由大競技場開始燒起。大競技場位於伯河的東岸，是在羅馬城的西南部，堆滿帳篷等易燃物品，因此火勢一不可收拾。再加上起火的這天西南風，更是助長風勢。當火神吞沒大競技場之，竟然又往左右延伸出兩股火勢，其中左邊一股凱旋大街燒去，接連着的凱旋門、匿戰爭與高盧戰爭紀念牌坊及神殿等，都在剎那間化為烏有。而右邊的這股火勢，則是燒毀帝國政府官衙以及其他高樓大廈，那些四通八達的街道、商店及民房，也都化為灰燼。結果全城幾乎陷入一片火海之中，就這樣這一次的大火一連竄燒六天七夜，結果放眼羅馬全城皆為焦土一片。
塔西佗的記載，尼祿從安提烏姆趕羅馬來，開放自己的宮殿安置災民，從奧斯提亞與鄰近的城鎮運糧賑濟。但由於火災所造成的慘重損失，人們普遍懷疑這應該是人為縱火所致。尼祿聽聞有人懷疑是他本人所暗地縱火，為不使傳言擴大，他便宣稱這場災難是基督徒陰謀縱的火。於是他下令逮捕基督徒，公開地將他們殘酷磨——釘十字架、披獸皮讓惡狗咬死、將他們釘上柱子做為燭。
對外關係
不列顛起義
公元60年，由於不列顛的羅馬軍忙於戰莫那島，不列顛島東南部的狄卡女王率兵反抗羅馬統治。不列顛軍長官保利努斯軍，於61年平定狄卡的叛變。
東方關係
公元55年，羅馬的東方屬國亞美尼亞生政變，最由帕提亞的王子提達特斯進入亞美尼亞，成為新的國王。由於羅馬一視亞美尼亞為其保護國，流亡的亞美尼亞人士尼祿請求援助。於是尼祿派遣日耳曼軍長官科爾洛，讓他全權處理東方事務。
在帕提亞方面，認為亞美尼亞在文化上與波斯相近，因此决定可以自行管理亞美尼亞的事務，毋需照會羅馬。帕提亞國王沃洛吉西斯一世拒絶羅馬恢舊王的要求，任命自己的胞弟提達特斯為亞美尼亞王。58年，科爾洛率領的羅馬軍進入東方，與帕提亞—亞美尼亞聯軍展開一連串的戰役。59 年，科爾洛攻下亞美尼亞的國都，將帕提亞的勢力趕出，提達特斯逃亡。羅馬方面則擁立提格拉尼斯為亞美尼亞王。尼祿認為戰爭已經結束，便將科爾洛調敘利亞。
62年，被罷黜的提達特斯，在帕提亞軍隊的保護之下，再度進入亞美尼亞。尼祿派帕伊圖斯率領羅馬軍迎戰，但卻遭到嚴重的失敗，帕提亞再度掌控亞美尼亞，提達特斯再度登上王位。於是尼祿再度任命在敘利亞的科爾洛出戰。由於科爾洛的威名在當地具有相當的影響力，當科爾洛在幼拉底河建立碉堡時，引起對方極大的恐慌。帕提亞方面不想與科爾洛接戰，便派遣使者與尼祿商談和平條件。
63年，帕提亞與羅馬達成協議：承認提達特斯為亞美尼亞國王，但國王的王冠必須由羅馬皇帝授予。提達特斯進入科爾洛的軍營，在尼祿的塑像之前，由科爾洛代理皇帝為提達特斯加冕。來，提達特斯親赴羅馬，尼祿再度為他加冕，以盛大的慶典歡迎他。因此，尼祿在該地維持相當良好的名譽，在尼祿自殺之，出現過三位假尼祿，其中之一曾受亞美尼亞的尊崇。另一方面，此羅馬的東方邊境維持七十年的和平。
猶太人起義
羅馬帝國在猶太地區的最一任巡撫是富祿辣士（Gessius Florus），此人品德低下，暴虐無道，他在猶太巡撫的任內，幾乎為剝削，荒廢政事。富祿辣士的貪贓枉法幾乎是毫不掩飾、肆無忌憚的手段。在其治理任內人民無法安定居所，所到之處，充滿橫暴斂，且叛亂的風聲時有所聞，情勢已是緊張異常。 序利亞總督迦流（Gestius Gallius)，已耳聞猶太地區的混亂，因此在公元66年藉著猶太人過逾越節的名義，視察耶路撒冷。猶太人此機會在迦流前狀告富祿辣士的姓种种氏惡行，而迦流遂在群衆前允諾要懲治富祿辣士。當迦流離開耶路撒冷之，富祿辣士非但沒有檢討自身行徑，反倒變本加厲的迫害猶太人，期使猶太人對羅馬帝國的叛變，而自己能夠在當中作收漁人之利。之富祿辣士強行猶太人的聖殿收金子十七他連得，但猶太人拒不接受，因此富祿辣士此機會率領軍隊到耶路撒冷企圖以武力遂行所。進而引猶太人的全叛變。猶太人與羅馬人的戰爭，造成猶太人的聖殿被毀，耶路撒冷城破荒涼，猶太人被趕逐分散四處的悲劇。 戰爭於公元66年展開，雖然一開戰猶太人便占上風，然而就在維斯帕先奉命平亂，即刻節節進逼耶路撒冷，進行“收平亂的工作”。公元67至68年間在尼祿的指令下，維斯帕先重新攻占加利利和撒馬利亞，且要揮軍直搗耶路撒冷，尼祿的死訊使維斯帕先必須返羅馬擔任皇帝。政權穩定，他派自己的兒子提多指揮平亂，最傾覆整座耶路撒冷城就是此提多將軍。約在公元72年9月底，城北的部分已經完全落入羅馬人的手中，而整個耶路撒冷也全部被占領。
婚姻
尼祿有過三次婚姻。第一次是年少時與勞狄之女屋大維婭的婚姻，但在尼祿成為皇帝之，喜歡上屋大維婭的侍女阿代，打算與屋大維婭離婚，經過塞內加與阿格庇娜的勸作罷，但夫妻關係已名存實亡。阿格庇娜死，屋大維婭被流放至外島生活。58年，尼祿喜歡上寵臣奧托的妻子波培婭·薩賓娜，為方便給予她皇后的頭銜，尼祿在62年以通姦的罪名，強迫屋大維婭自殺，讓波培婭成為他的第二任妻子。
波培婭曾為尼祿生下一個女兒，但早夭。來，尼祿在一次脾氣作時踢懷有身孕的波培婭，造成她在65年死亡。
尼祿的第三次婚姻的對象，則是斯塔提婭·美撒娜。為得到已為人婦的美撒娜，尼祿逼迫她的丈夫維斯提努斯自殺。美撒娜未曾生下尼祿的孩子。
自殺身亡
溫代斯高盧起義
由於尼祿接過數次刺殺他的陰謀，變得十分多疑，動輒興起謀反大獄，讓元老貴族階級苦不堪言。68年初，路格杜努·高盧的行省長官尤利烏斯·溫代斯，以“拯救人類”的口號舉兵起義，高盧地區有許多城市響應。尼祿命令上日耳曼總督盧福斯率領日耳曼軍，開赴高盧平亂。路福斯迅速地在68年5月擊潰溫代斯的主力，溫代斯兵敗自殺。
加爾巴起兵與羅馬暴動
溫代斯率兵起義，身為塔拉哥·西班牙行省的長官加爾巴也隨即出兵，在西班牙地區響應反尼祿的行動。但加爾巴聽聞溫代斯失敗自殺之，反抗的聲勢大受打擊，西班牙的部隊軍心逐漸不透，加爾巴也打算自殺。
但此時首都羅馬謠言四起，人民聽說從亞山大城運來的不是物而是角士演用的沙子，便群起暴動。尼祿不知溫代斯已經失敗，以為高盧和西班牙都已經成功叛離，近衛軍也拋棄他。於是尼祿以為大勢已去，便倉皇地離開羅馬宮廷，打算逃往東方。
元老院得知尼祿離開之，立刻决議推舉加爾巴為皇帝，宣佈尼祿為“人民公敵”，任何人都得以追捕或誅殺尼祿。他在過去的釋奴隸的莊，悉追捕的士兵已經斷絶他的逃亡道路，6月9日，尼祿身邊剩三四個僕人，最他將匕首刺入自己的喉嚨自殺，結束他14年的執政。相傳當時的尼祿，面對如此窘的環境，不可恥地被手下的凌辱，所以决定自殺。但是他又十分怕死，數次拿起刀，卻不敢往胸膛上刺，他正在躊躇哭泣的時候，一邊的僕人看得不耐煩，就替他一推，把刀口推進去。古羅馬史上最殘暴的君王之一就這樣結束生命。元老院得知尼祿死，公佈對尼祿的“記憶抹煞”——凡是尼祿的塑像、碑文、建築物上的銘刻，都必須加以銷毀或抹除。
世評價
史學家的評價
由於羅馬史料的編寫與整理者，多為帝國的上層階級。因為尼祿統治的中期對該階層的統治相當殘暴，於是流傳世的史料多以負的觀點看待尼祿的一切施政。比如像64年的羅馬大火，埃托尼烏斯便以相當的篇幅，寫下尼祿興災樂禍的行為，明白指出這大火是尼祿下令放火的；但這描寫與事實是否吻，來史學家是有相當大的爭議的。再加上尼祿死受到人的“記憶抹煞”，因此他的事跡便大多留下負解釋的刻版印象。
尼祿本人喜愛奢華，對身邊的親人與臣屬殘暴不仁。但他的功過評論，研究早期羅馬帝國史的專業人員，得出許多各種尼祿的不同相。
基督教會的評價
基督教早期教會的展，正值尼祿當政之時。然而基督教在當時的羅馬是相當受到歧視的宗教，因此受到官方與人民的反感與誤解。而尼祿誣指64年羅馬大火的元兇為基督徒，對教徒施以公開的迫害與殘殺，因此教會的記載，曾將尼祿視為反基督，而且使徒保羅和彼得也是在他手中遇害。尼祿是第一個壓迫基督教的暴君。
相關創作
由於尼祿留下來的軼事相當多，適的素材豐富，因此啓許多的創作題材。
* 波蘭顯微支《你往何處去（Quo Vadis）》
在位 54年10月13日──68年6月9日
全名 尼祿·勞狄烏斯·德魯斯·日耳曼尼庫斯
出生 37年12月15日
安提烏姆
去世 68年6月9日
羅馬
前任 勞狄一世
繼任 加爾巴
王 阿代（54年-62年）
波培婭·薩賓娜（62年-65年）
斯塔提婭·美撒娜
王朝 鄰里里程亞·勞狄王朝
父親 多米提烏斯·阿赫諾巴爾比
母親 阿格庇娜
Sali Na Emperor Claudius and his ex-wife gave birth to a daughter the United States a son: the eldest daughter Kelaodiya house large Weiya, youngest son does not 列塔尼库斯. However, as Nero Claudius adoptive family for 12 years when compared to 8-year-old does not 列塔尼库斯 older, so Nero became heir to the throne, "Caesar." Agri shelter Na strongly cultivated his own son for the emperor, hiring teachers for his philosophy 名士塞内加 and let Nero and housing large Weiya marriage. Nero at this time to enter politics in public office, several times in Latin and Greek in the senate made a speech, and held their own in the name of fighting large-scale event with animal performance.
Early years of good governance
Nero's mother, Tina Bailey Agri very strong desire for power has, Nero gradually adulthood, the mother's interference with politics on a sense of dissatisfaction. In Seneca's suggestion, Nero an audience at a forum in Armenia envoy to the emperor's capacity to prevent mother to enter the venue. Agri shelter Na vehemently responded to was once to help his little brother will not 列塔尼库斯 grown to threaten Nero. 55 years, not 列塔尼库斯 poisoning after the meal, the next generations guess is that Nero poisoned.
Internal affairs
However, the power monopoly of Nero after the aristocratic patriarch of respect for light off gradually. He began to accept people like flattery, and his big fight with the opposing political forces. The most famous is the 65-year "grant claim of conspiracy", a group of Republicans who intend to overthrow the political rule of Nero. But they plan to leak in advance. Nero expansion of attack and got rid of dissidents, so that the upper classes of Rome emperor's reign of terror at any time feel.
Fire in the city of Rome occurred in the year July 17, 2064, but the real reason for a fire that has been through the ages the history of Mystery. However, most people believe, this is a case of arson, because of the atrocities of which the Emperor Nero to become the biggest suspects. It was the investigation, arson should come from the Emperor Nero, their reasons but because you want to expand the palace the emperor Nero, but have lived around the capital of the Roman Palace of civilians, it is almost difficult to start the construction, so ride the dead of night always go hand abetting arson in order to achieve their wish. This took place in Rome in a fire, started by the big arena Shaoqi. Large Arena at the eastern bank of the Tiber, in the southwestern city of Rome, filled with tents and other flammable materials, so the fire got out of hand. Coupled with fire southwest wind blowing past few days, it is contributing to wind. When the god of fire engulfed a large arena, the surprise went, extended two stocks around the fire, which left an went to the Triumph Street fire, connecting with the Arc de Triomphe, the Punic Wars and Gallic War Memorial Arch and the Temple were all on the moment Inter naught. To the right of the shares of the fire, it is burned the imperial government, and other high-rise government office, which is easily accessible by roads, shops and homes, are also reduced to ashes. Results of almost the whole city into a sea of flames, and thus channeling a row this time the fire burned Six Days Seven Nights, the results look at the whole city of Rome are all ruins.
According to Tacitus records that Nero Antium back from Rome to open his palaces with victims, and from Ostia and neighboring towns and transportation relief. However, heavy losses caused by fire, it was widely suspected this should be the result of arson. Nero heard was he himself secretly suspected arson, the expansion in order not to talk, he declared that the disaster was a Christian conspiracy vertical fire. So he ordered the arrest of Christians, openly their brutal torture - the cross, dressed skins so fierce dogs killed, will they reinforce the columns as a candle.
AD 60 years, as Britain's Roman legions busy campaign Mona Island, southeastern British Isles shuaibing Queen Boudica fought against Roman rule. British Army Executive, Paulinus returned to the military, in 61 years put down Boudica's rebellion.
In the Parthians, the view that the Armenian and Persian are similar in culture, therefore, decided to self-manage the affairs of Armenia, without note in Rome. Parthian King 沃洛吉西斯 I, the king refused the request back to the old Rome, the appointment of his brother 提里达特斯 king of Armenia. 58 years, Keerbuluo led Roman legions into the east, and the Parthian - Armenian forces launched a series of battles. 59 years, Keerbuluo capture the capital of Armenia, the Parthian forces out, 提里达特斯 flee. Rome side crowned king of Armenia 提格拉尼斯. Nero that the war is over, they put Keerbuluo transferred back to Syria.
Jewish revolt
Roman Empire in the Jewish area of the last governor is a rich spicy Lu Shi (Gessius Florus), low moral character who, violence, and his Jewish governor's term of office, almost exclusively for the exploitation, abandoned political affairs. Shi Fu Lu spicy bribery is almost no secret, unscrupulous means. People in their governance can not be stability within the home office, wherever he went, full of exacting, and often heard rumors of rebellion, the situation is extremely tense. Sequence Australia Governor Gallio (Gestius Gallius), has heard the Jewish area of confusion, so the Jews in AD 66 by the name of the Passover, visit Jerusalem. Jews to take this opportunity before Gallio Fu Lu spicy disabilities sued the bad things, but Gallio then before the masses promised to punish the rich spicy Shi Lu. When Gallio after leaving Jerusalem, Fu Lu spicy disabilities act has not only review their own, and have actually intensified the persecution of the Jews, the Jews of the Roman Empire of the mutiny, but he can be close in which the spoils of victory. Shi Fu Lu after hot forced to impose the Jewish Temple with his seventh gold was, but refused to accept the Jews so rich spicy Shi Lu led the army to Jerusalem to take this opportunity to attempt to carry out like force. Triggering a comprehensive Jewish revolt. Jews and the Roman war, resulting in the Jewish Temple was destroyed, broken desolate city of Jerusalem, the Jews were expelled by the tragedy spread around. 66 years of war in the year to start a war against the Jews although they prevailed, but the level in the Vespasian ordered chaos, the immediate edging Jerusalem, to "recover-insurgency work." AD 67-68 years under the instruction at Nero, Vespasian recapture Galilee and Samaria, and to Hui Jun destroy Jerusalem, the death of Nero to Vespasian returned to Rome as emperor. Political stability, he sent his son Titus command-insurgency, the final collapse of the whole city of Jerusalem is the general Titus. In about AD 72 by the end of September, some north of the city has completely fallen into the hands of the Romans, and the whole of Jerusalem are all occupied.
Nero had three marriages. The first is the young daughter of Claudius house with a large Vija marriage, but after Nero became emperor, like the house on behalf of large Vija maid Ake, intend to house a large Vija divorce, after Seneca and Agri shelter Na advised before anything, but the husband and wife in name only. Agri shelter Na death, housing large Vija were exiled to live outside the island. 58 years, Nero's wife, like the minions Otto Bo Peiya Sabina, for the convenience of giving her the title of Queen, Nero in 62 years on charges of adultery, forced housing large Vija suicide, so Bo Peiya become his second wife.
Committed suicide
Garba raised his army, and Rome riot
Since the preparation and arrangement of historical Rome, the more the upper class for the Empire. Since the late Nero rule rather brutal rule of the class, so many achievements in historical perspective more than a negative view of all policy Nero. Such as the fire of Rome 64 years, Suetonius it to considerable length, write down Nero Xingzailehuo behavior, and understand that Nero ordered that the fire was arson; but that description and whether the facts agreement has always been historians is considerable controversy. Coupled with Nero's death by the descendants of the "memory erase", so his story will explain most of the negative stereotypes of the left.
The development of the early Christian church, when the power comes Nero. But Christianity in Rome was a very religious discrimination, so by the government and the people's resentment and misunderstanding. The Nero false grounds that the chief culprit in the fire of Rome 64 years for the Christians, the persecution of the Christians and the killing to impose open, so the church records, had to Nero as the Antichrist, and the Apostles Paul and Peter is killed in his hands. Nero was the first Christian tyrant oppression.
* Poland, Henryk Sienkiewicz, "where you go to (Quo Vadis)"
Born on 15 December 37
Rome
Queen Ake generation (54 years -62 years)
Zhu 里亚克劳狄 dynasty dynasty