| 尼禄·克劳狄乌斯·德鲁苏斯·日耳曼尼库斯 | |||||||
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早年
尼禄的父系出自于“多米提乌斯”的支系“阿赫诺巴尔比（字面意思为‘青铜色的胡须’）”，他的父亲“多米提乌斯·阿赫诺巴尔比（Domitius Ahenobarbi）”在提比略皇帝死后不久即水肿身亡。尼禄的母亲则是出自于屋大维的直系血亲“阿格里庇娜”，她曾经遭到提比略和卡利古拉两位皇帝的流放，在克劳狄皇帝任内召回。尼禄出生于罗马南方的海边城市安提乌姆，阿格里庇娜为新生儿命名为“鲁基乌斯”（即全名字为“鲁基乌斯·多米提乌斯·阿赫诺巴尔布斯”）。这位鲁基乌斯3岁丧父，母亲也遭到流放，因此他的幼年都是由姑母“列比达”家族带大。公元49年，阿格里庇娜与她的“叔父”——克劳狄皇帝——结婚。她将独子过继成为克劳狄家族的成员，并改用该氏族的名字“尼禄”。
登上皇帝
皇帝克劳狄与前妻美撒里娜生有一女一子：长女克劳狄亚·屋大薇娅、幼子不列塔尼库斯。但尼禄过继成克劳狄家族时为12岁，较8岁的不列塔尼库斯年长，于是尼禄便成为皇位的继承人“凯撒”。阿格里庇娜极力栽培自己的亲生儿子为皇帝，延聘哲学名士塞内加为他的教师，并让尼禄与屋大薇娅结婚。尼禄在此时进入政界担任公职，数次在元老院以拉丁语和希腊语作过演讲，并以自己的名义举办了大型赛会与斗兽表演。
54年10月13日，皇帝克劳狄因食物中毒死亡（人们怀疑可能是阿格里庇娜下毒），17岁的尼禄顺利继承皇位。
执政过程
早年善政
尼禄执政之初，国家方针由阿格里庇娜、塞内加、先皇旧臣帕拉斯、与近卫军长官塞克斯图斯·布鲁斯共同决定，他们与元老院阶级合作，维持前朝的稳定发展政策，在首都举办希腊式的赛会，并取消包税人的苛捐与奴隶拍卖税。此时的罗马景象十分繁荣，边境情势大致平绥。
家族矛盾与个人权力巩固
尼禄的母亲阿格里庇娜拥有相当强烈的权力欲望，尼禄逐渐成年之后，对母亲的干政日感不满。在塞内加的建议之下，尼禄在一场亚美尼亚使臣谒见的场合中，以皇帝的身份阻止母亲进入会场。阿格里庇娜对此反应激烈，曾以扶助即将成年的幼弟不列塔尼库斯来威胁尼禄。55年，不列塔尼库斯在用餐之后中毒死亡，后人猜测是尼禄所下的毒。
后来，尼禄指控帕拉斯参与一项阴谋，流放了帕拉斯；帕拉斯是阿格里庇娜的朝中密友，此举无异表明尼禄对抗母亲。布鲁斯退休，尼禄提拔提格利努斯为他新任近卫军长官。59年，尼禄突然大献殷勤，邀请母亲到坎帕尼亚海边的拜亚别墅度假。尼禄特别订制了一艘华美的小船接送阿格里庇娜，但在航行途中船身解体，尼禄企图制造意外的假象淹死阿格里庇娜。但阿格里庇娜擅于游泳，被路过的渔船救起。阿格里庇娜派她的奴隶向尼禄报安，尼禄得知之后，指控该名奴隶是奉母之命来刺杀皇帝，便派兵到阿格里庇娜的别馆杀死了她。至此，尼禄完全巩固了他的皇权。
62年，布鲁斯病故。65年，塞内加受到一项阴谋牵连，以切开血管的方式自杀。
内政
尼禄在内政的措施上，基本上多是向平民大众所倾斜的。他发明了对付伪造遗嘱的办法，限制诉讼案例辩护报酬的上限，用来防止权贵藉着法律对平民施行的不平等剥削。他降低了许多间接税的税赋，并公开政府的税收记录以防止官员贪污舞弊。尼禄压低粮食价格，限制让贫穷的罗马公民也能够得以温饱。
尼禄热爱艺术，他本人就是一个诗人、剧作者、演唱者与竖琴演奏者。他常举办盛大的竞技赛会，并亲自下场参与比赛。他赞助文艺、建筑、与各项的工程发明，在屋大维统治之后，尼禄当政时期的帝国呈现出了文艺勃兴的景象。在64年罗马大火之后，他建造了著名的华丽“金宫（Domus Aurea）”。
但尼禄在大权独揽之后，对于元老贵族的崇敬逐渐淡灭。他开始喜欢接受人们的奉承，并大肆打击与他对立的政治势力。最有名的是65年的“批索的阴谋”，一群共和派的政治人士打算推翻尼禄的统治。但他们计划在事前泄漏。尼禄扩大打击面，整肃异己，让罗马的上层阶级随时感受到皇帝的恐怖统治。
64年的罗马大火
罗马城的大火是发生在公元六四年七月十七日，然而这一场大火的真正原因一直都是千古的历史疑案。然而大多数的人都相信，这是一场人为纵火的案件，而其中尼禄皇帝又因暴行而成为最大的嫌疑者。据当时调查，纵火者应是出自于尼禄皇帝，则其原因乃是因尼禄皇帝想要扩建宫殿，然而都城皇宫的周围都住满罗马平民，因此几乎难以开工建造，因此乘着夜深人静的时刻教唆手下去纵火，以遂其所愿。 发生在罗马的这一场大火，是由大竞技场开始烧起。大竞技场位于台伯河的东岸，是在罗马城的西南部，堆满了帐篷等易燃物品，因此火势一发不可收拾。再加上起火的这几天刮西南风，更是助长风势。当火神吞没大竞技场之后，竟然又往左右延伸出两股火势，其中左边一股向凯旋大街烧去，接连着的凯旋门、布匿战争与高卢战争纪念牌坊及神殿等，都在刹那间化为乌有。而右边的这股火势，则是烧毁了帝国政府官衙以及其他高楼大厦，那些四通八达的街道、商店及民房，也都化为灰烬。结果全城几乎陷入一片火海之中，就这样这一次的大火一连窜烧了六天七夜，结果放眼罗马全城皆为焦土一片。
据塔西佗的记载，尼禄从安提乌姆赶回罗马来，开放自己的宫殿安置灾民，并从奥斯提亚与邻近的城镇运粮赈济。但由于火灾所造成的惨重损失，人们普遍怀疑这应该是人为纵火所致。尼禄听闻有人怀疑是他本人所暗地纵火，为了不使传言扩大，他便宣称这场灾难是基督徒阴谋纵的火。于是他下令逮捕基督徒，公开地将他们残酷折磨——钉十字架、披兽皮让恶狗咬死、将他们钉上柱子做为蜡烛。
对外关系
不列颠起义
公元60年，由于不列颠的罗马军团忙于征战莫那岛，不列颠岛东南部的布狄卡女王率兵反抗罗马统治。不列颠军团长官保利努斯回军，于61年平定布狄卡的叛变。
东方关系
公元55年，罗马的东方属国亚美尼亚发生政变，最后由帕提亚的王子提里达特斯进入亚美尼亚，并成为新的国王。由于罗马一向视亚美尼亚为其保护国，流亡的亚美尼亚人士向尼禄请求援助。于是尼禄派遣日耳曼军团长官科尔布洛，让他全权处理东方事务。
在帕提亚方面，认为亚美尼亚在文化上与波斯相近，因此决定可以自行管理亚美尼亚的事务，毋需照会罗马。帕提亚国王沃洛吉西斯一世拒绝罗马恢复旧王的要求，任命自己的胞弟提里达特斯为亚美尼亚王。58年，科尔布洛率领的罗马军团进入东方，与帕提亚—亚美尼亚联军展开一连串的战役。59 年，科尔布洛攻下亚美尼亚的国都，将帕提亚的势力赶出，提里达特斯逃亡。罗马方面则拥立提格拉尼斯为亚美尼亚王。尼禄认为战争已经结束，便将科尔布洛调回叙利亚。
62年，被罢黜的提里达特斯，在帕提亚军队的保护之下，再度进入亚美尼亚。尼禄派帕伊图斯率领罗马军团迎战，但却遭到严重的失败，帕提亚再度掌控了亚美尼亚，提里达特斯再度登上王位。于是尼禄再度任命在叙利亚的科尔布洛出战。由于科尔布洛的威名在当地具有相当的影响力，当科尔布洛在幼发拉底河建立碉堡时，引起了对方极大的恐慌。帕提亚方面不想与科尔布洛接战，便派遣使者与尼禄商谈和平条件。
63年，帕提亚与罗马达成协议：承认提里达特斯为亚美尼亚国王，但国王的王冠必须由罗马皇帝授予。提里达特斯进入科尔布洛的军营，在尼禄的塑像之前，由科尔布洛代理皇帝为提里达特斯加冕。后来，提里达特斯亲赴罗马，尼禄再度为他加冕，并以盛大的庆典欢迎他。因此，尼禄在该地维持了相当良好的名誉，在尼禄自杀之后，出现过三位假尼禄，其中之一曾受亚美尼亚的尊崇。另一方面，此后罗马的东方边境维持了七十年的和平。
犹太人起义
罗马帝国在犹太地区的最后一任巡抚是富禄辣士（Gessius Florus），此人品德低下，暴虐无道，他在犹太巡抚的任内，几乎只为剥削，荒废政事。富禄辣士的贪赃枉法几乎是毫不掩饰、肆无忌惮的手段。在其治理任内人民无法安定居所，所到之处，充满了横征暴敛，并且叛乱的风声时有所闻，情势已是紧张异常。 序利亚总督迦流（Gestius Gallius)，已耳闻犹太地区的混乱，因此在公元66年藉著犹太人过逾越节的名义，视察耶路撒冷。犹太人借此机会在迦流面前状告富禄辣士的种种恶行，而迦流遂在群众面前允诺要惩治富禄辣士。当迦流离开耶路撒冷之后，富禄辣士非但没有检讨自身行径，反倒变本加厉的迫害犹太人，期使犹太人对罗马帝国的叛变，而自己能够在当中作收渔人之利。之后富禄辣士强行向犹太人的圣殿征收金子十七他连得，但犹太人拒不接受，因此富禄辣士借此机会率领军队到耶路撒冷企图以武力遂行所愿。进而引发犹太人的全面叛变。犹太人与罗马人的战争，造成了犹太人的圣殿被毁，耶路撒冷城破荒凉，犹太人被赶逐分散四处的悲剧。 战争于公元66年展开，虽然一开战犹太人便占了上风，然而就在维斯帕先奉命平乱后，即刻节节进逼耶路撒冷，进行“收复平乱的工作”。公元67至68年间在尼禄的指令下，维斯帕先重新攻占加利利和撒马利亚，并且要挥军直捣耶路撒冷，尼禄的死讯使维斯帕先必须折返罗马担任皇帝。政权稳定后，他派自己的儿子提多指挥平乱，最后倾覆整座耶路撒冷城就是此提多将军。约在公元72年9月底，城北的部分已经完全落入罗马人的手中，而整个耶路撒冷也全部被占领了。
婚姻
尼禄有过三次婚姻。第一次是年少时与克劳狄之女屋大维娅的婚姻，但在尼禄成为皇帝之后，喜欢上屋大维娅的侍女阿克代，打算与屋大维娅离婚，经过塞内加与阿格里庇娜的劝才作罢，但夫妻关系已名存实亡。阿格里庇娜死后，屋大维娅被流放至外岛生活。58年，尼禄喜欢上宠臣奥托的妻子波培娅·萨宾娜，为了方便给予她皇后的头衔，尼禄在62年以通奸的罪名，强迫屋大维娅自杀，让波培娅成为他的第二任妻子。
波培娅曾为尼禄生下一个女儿，但早夭。后来，尼禄在一次脾气发作时踢了怀有身孕的波培娅，造成她在65年死亡。
尼禄的第三次婚姻的对象，则是斯塔提娅·美撒里娜。为了得到已为人妇的美撒里娜，尼禄逼迫她的丈夫维斯提努斯自杀。美撒里娜未曾生下尼禄的孩子。
自杀身亡
温代克斯高卢起义
由于尼禄接获过数次刺杀他的阴谋，变得十分多疑，动辄兴起谋反大狱，让元老贵族阶级苦不堪言。68年初，路格杜努·高卢的行省长官尤利乌斯·温代克斯，以“拯救人类”的口号举兵起义，高卢地区有许多城市响应。尼禄命令上日耳曼总督卢福斯率领日耳曼军团，开赴高卢平乱。路福斯迅速地在68年5月击溃温代克斯的主力，温代克斯兵败自杀。
加尔巴起兵与罗马暴动
温代克斯率兵起义后，身为塔拉哥·西班牙行省的长官加尔巴也随即出兵，在西班牙地区响应反尼禄的行动。但加尔巴听闻温代克斯失败自杀之后，反抗的声势大受打击，西班牙的部队军心逐渐不透，加尔巴也打算自杀。
但此时首都罗马谣言四起，人民听说从亚历山大城运来的不是谷物而是角斗士表演用的沙子，便群起暴动。尼禄不知温代克斯已经失败，以为高卢和西班牙都已经成功叛离，近卫军也抛弃了他。于是尼禄以为大势已去，便仓皇地离开罗马宫廷，打算逃往东方。
元老院得知尼禄离开之后，立刻决议推举加尔巴为皇帝，并宣布尼禄为“人民公敌”，任何人都得以追捕或诛杀尼禄。他在过去的获释奴隶的别庄里，获悉追捕的士兵已经断绝他的逃亡道路，6月9日，尼禄身边只剩三四个仆人，最后他将匕首刺入自己的喉咙自杀，结束他14年的执政。相传当时的尼禄，面对如此窘困的环境，不愿可耻地被手下的凌辱，所以决定自杀。但是他又十分怕死，数次拿起刀，却不敢往胸膛上刺，他正在踌躇哭泣的时候，一边的仆人看得不耐烦了，就替他一推，把刀口推进去了。古罗马史上最残暴的君王之一就这样结束了生命。元老院得知尼禄死后，公布对尼禄的“记忆抹煞”——凡是尼禄的塑像、碑文、建筑物上的铭刻，都必须加以销毁或抹除。
后世评价
史学家的评价
由于罗马史料的编写与整理者，多为帝国的上层阶级。因为尼禄统治的中后期对该阶层的统治相当残暴，于是流传后世的史料多以负面的观点看待尼禄的一切施政。比如像64年的罗马大火，苏埃托尼乌斯便以相当的篇幅，写下尼禄兴灾乐祸的行为，并明白指出这种大火是尼禄下令放火的；但这种描写与事实是否吻合，历来史学家是有相当大的争议的。再加上尼禄死后受到后人的“记忆抹煞”，因此他的事迹便大多留下负面解释的刻版印象了。
尼禄本人喜爱奢华，对身边的亲人与臣属残暴不仁。但他的功过评论，研究早期罗马帝国史的专业人员，得出许多各种尼禄的不同面相。
基督教会的评价
基督教早期教会的发展，正值尼禄当政之时。然而基督教在当时的罗马是相当受到歧视的宗教，因此受到官方与人民的反感与误解。而尼禄诬指64年罗马大火的元凶为基督徒，对教徒施以公开的迫害与残杀，因此教会的记载，曾将尼禄视为反基督，而且使徒保罗和彼得也是在他手中遇害。尼禄是第一个压迫基督教的暴君。
相关创作
由于尼禄留下来的轶事相当多，适合的素材丰富，因此启发许多的创作题材。
* 波兰显克微支《你往何处去（Quo Vadis）》
在位 54年10月13日──68年6月9日
全名 尼禄·克劳狄乌斯·德鲁苏斯·日耳曼尼库斯
出生 37年12月15日
安提乌姆
去世 68年6月9日
罗马
前任 克劳狄一世
继任 加尔巴
王后 阿克代（54年-62年）
波培娅·萨宾娜（62年-65年）
斯塔提娅·美撒里娜
王朝 朱里亚·克劳狄王朝
父亲 多米提乌斯·阿赫诺巴尔比
母亲 阿格里庇娜
Sali Na Emperor Claudius and his ex-wife gave birth to a daughter the United States a son: the eldest daughter Kelaodiya house large Weiya, youngest son does not 列塔尼库斯. However, as Nero Claudius adoptive family for 12 years when compared to 8-year-old does not 列塔尼库斯 older, so Nero became heir to the throne, "Caesar." Agri shelter Na strongly cultivated his own son for the emperor, hiring teachers for his philosophy 名士塞内加 and let Nero and housing large Weiya marriage. Nero at this time to enter politics in public office, several times in Latin and Greek in the senate made a speech, and held their own in the name of fighting large-scale event with animal performance.
Early years of good governance
Nero's mother, Tina Bailey Agri very strong desire for power has, Nero gradually adulthood, the mother's interference with politics on a sense of dissatisfaction. In Seneca's suggestion, Nero an audience at a forum in Armenia envoy to the emperor's capacity to prevent mother to enter the venue. Agri shelter Na vehemently responded to was once to help his little brother will not 列塔尼库斯 grown to threaten Nero. 55 years, not 列塔尼库斯 poisoning after the meal, the next generations guess is that Nero poisoned.
Internal affairs
However, the power monopoly of Nero after the aristocratic patriarch of respect for light off gradually. He began to accept people like flattery, and his big fight with the opposing political forces. The most famous is the 65-year "grant claim of conspiracy", a group of Republicans who intend to overthrow the political rule of Nero. But they plan to leak in advance. Nero expansion of attack and got rid of dissidents, so that the upper classes of Rome emperor's reign of terror at any time feel.
Fire in the city of Rome occurred in the year July 17, 2064, but the real reason for a fire that has been through the ages the history of Mystery. However, most people believe, this is a case of arson, because of the atrocities of which the Emperor Nero to become the biggest suspects. It was the investigation, arson should come from the Emperor Nero, their reasons but because you want to expand the palace the emperor Nero, but have lived around the capital of the Roman Palace of civilians, it is almost difficult to start the construction, so ride the dead of night always go hand abetting arson in order to achieve their wish. This took place in Rome in a fire, started by the big arena Shaoqi. Large Arena at the eastern bank of the Tiber, in the southwestern city of Rome, filled with tents and other flammable materials, so the fire got out of hand. Coupled with fire southwest wind blowing past few days, it is contributing to wind. When the god of fire engulfed a large arena, the surprise went, extended two stocks around the fire, which left an went to the Triumph Street fire, connecting with the Arc de Triomphe, the Punic Wars and Gallic War Memorial Arch and the Temple were all on the moment Inter naught. To the right of the shares of the fire, it is burned the imperial government, and other high-rise government office, which is easily accessible by roads, shops and homes, are also reduced to ashes. Results of almost the whole city into a sea of flames, and thus channeling a row this time the fire burned Six Days Seven Nights, the results look at the whole city of Rome are all ruins.
According to Tacitus records that Nero Antium back from Rome to open his palaces with victims, and from Ostia and neighboring towns and transportation relief. However, heavy losses caused by fire, it was widely suspected this should be the result of arson. Nero heard was he himself secretly suspected arson, the expansion in order not to talk, he declared that the disaster was a Christian conspiracy vertical fire. So he ordered the arrest of Christians, openly their brutal torture - the cross, dressed skins so fierce dogs killed, will they reinforce the columns as a candle.
AD 60 years, as Britain's Roman legions busy campaign Mona Island, southeastern British Isles shuaibing Queen Boudica fought against Roman rule. British Army Executive, Paulinus returned to the military, in 61 years put down Boudica's rebellion.
In the Parthians, the view that the Armenian and Persian are similar in culture, therefore, decided to self-manage the affairs of Armenia, without note in Rome. Parthian King 沃洛吉西斯 I, the king refused the request back to the old Rome, the appointment of his brother 提里达特斯 king of Armenia. 58 years, Keerbuluo led Roman legions into the east, and the Parthian - Armenian forces launched a series of battles. 59 years, Keerbuluo capture the capital of Armenia, the Parthian forces out, 提里达特斯 flee. Rome side crowned king of Armenia 提格拉尼斯. Nero that the war is over, they put Keerbuluo transferred back to Syria.
Jewish revolt
Roman Empire in the Jewish area of the last governor is a rich spicy Lu Shi (Gessius Florus), low moral character who, violence, and his Jewish governor's term of office, almost exclusively for the exploitation, abandoned political affairs. Shi Fu Lu spicy bribery is almost no secret, unscrupulous means. People in their governance can not be stability within the home office, wherever he went, full of exacting, and often heard rumors of rebellion, the situation is extremely tense. Sequence Australia Governor Gallio (Gestius Gallius), has heard the Jewish area of confusion, so the Jews in AD 66 by the name of the Passover, visit Jerusalem. Jews to take this opportunity before Gallio Fu Lu spicy disabilities sued the bad things, but Gallio then before the masses promised to punish the rich spicy Shi Lu. When Gallio after leaving Jerusalem, Fu Lu spicy disabilities act has not only review their own, and have actually intensified the persecution of the Jews, the Jews of the Roman Empire of the mutiny, but he can be close in which the spoils of victory. Shi Fu Lu after hot forced to impose the Jewish Temple with his seventh gold was, but refused to accept the Jews so rich spicy Shi Lu led the army to Jerusalem to take this opportunity to attempt to carry out like force. Triggering a comprehensive Jewish revolt. Jews and the Roman war, resulting in the Jewish Temple was destroyed, broken desolate city of Jerusalem, the Jews were expelled by the tragedy spread around. 66 years of war in the year to start a war against the Jews although they prevailed, but the level in the Vespasian ordered chaos, the immediate edging Jerusalem, to "recover-insurgency work." AD 67-68 years under the instruction at Nero, Vespasian recapture Galilee and Samaria, and to Hui Jun destroy Jerusalem, the death of Nero to Vespasian returned to Rome as emperor. Political stability, he sent his son Titus command-insurgency, the final collapse of the whole city of Jerusalem is the general Titus. In about AD 72 by the end of September, some north of the city has completely fallen into the hands of the Romans, and the whole of Jerusalem are all occupied.
Nero had three marriages. The first is the young daughter of Claudius house with a large Vija marriage, but after Nero became emperor, like the house on behalf of large Vija maid Ake, intend to house a large Vija divorce, after Seneca and Agri shelter Na advised before anything, but the husband and wife in name only. Agri shelter Na death, housing large Vija were exiled to live outside the island. 58 years, Nero's wife, like the minions Otto Bo Peiya Sabina, for the convenience of giving her the title of Queen, Nero in 62 years on charges of adultery, forced housing large Vija suicide, so Bo Peiya become his second wife.
Committed suicide
Garba raised his army, and Rome riot
Since the preparation and arrangement of historical Rome, the more the upper class for the Empire. Since the late Nero rule rather brutal rule of the class, so many achievements in historical perspective more than a negative view of all policy Nero. Such as the fire of Rome 64 years, Suetonius it to considerable length, write down Nero Xingzailehuo behavior, and understand that Nero ordered that the fire was arson; but that description and whether the facts agreement has always been historians is considerable controversy. Coupled with Nero's death by the descendants of the "memory erase", so his story will explain most of the negative stereotypes of the left.
The development of the early Christian church, when the power comes Nero. But Christianity in Rome was a very religious discrimination, so by the government and the people's resentment and misunderstanding. The Nero false grounds that the chief culprit in the fire of Rome 64 years for the Christians, the persecution of the Christians and the killing to impose open, so the church records, had to Nero as the Antichrist, and the Apostles Paul and Peter is killed in his hands. Nero was the first Christian tyrant oppression.
* Poland, Henryk Sienkiewicz, "where you go to (Quo Vadis)"
Born on 15 December 37
Rome
Queen Ake generation (54 years -62 years)
Zhu 里亚克劳狄 dynasty dynasty