東漢 人物列錶
漢光武帝 Han Guangwudi漢明帝 Han Mingdi漢章帝 Han Zhangdi
漢和帝 Han Hedi漢殤帝 Han Shangdi漢安帝 Han Andi
劉懿 Liu Yi漢順帝 Han Shundi漢衝帝 Han Chongdi
漢質帝 Han Zhidi漢桓帝 Han Huandi漢靈帝 Han Lingdi
漢少帝 Han Shaodi漢獻帝 Han Xiandi隗囂 Kui Ao
隗純 Kui Chun
漢明帝 Han Mingdi
東漢  (28年75年)
姓:
名:
字: 子麗
網筆號: 孝明皇帝
廟號: 顯宗
陵墓: 顯節陵
開端終結
在位58年75年
永平58年75年

  中國東漢皇帝劉莊(28—75),字子麗,漢族。漢光武帝劉秀第四子,母光烈陰皇后陰麗華。公元57-75年在位,凡十九年。年號永平(58-75)。初名陽,封東海王。建武十九年(43),立為皇太子,建武中元二年(57)二月,即皇帝位。明帝即位後,一切遵奉光武制度。明帝及其子章帝(75-88)在位的三十年間,政治清明,社會經濟繁榮,國傢相對穩定,史稱“明章之治”。漢明帝熱心提倡儒學,註重刑名文法,為政苛察,總攬權柄,權不藉下。他嚴令後妃之傢不得封侯與政,對貴戚功臣也多方防範。同時,基本上消除了因王莽虐政而引起的周邊少數族侵擾的威脅,使漢族和少數族的友好關係得到了恢復和發展。永平十六年,命竇固、耿忠徵伐北匈奴。漢軍進抵天山,擊呼衍王,斬首千餘級,追至蒲類海(今新疆巴裏坤湖),取伊吾盧地。其後,竇固又以班超出使西域,由是西域諸國皆遣子入侍。自王莽始建國元年(公元9)至此,
  
  西域與中原斷絶關係65年後又恢復了正常交往。次年,又復置西域都護。此外,隨着對外交往的正常發展,佛教已在西漢末年開始傳入中國,明帝聽說西域有神,其名曰佛,於是派使者赴天竺求得其書及沙門,並於洛陽建立中國第一座佛教廟宇白馬寺。明帝之世,吏治比較清明,境內安定。加以多次下詔招撫流民,以郡國公田賜貧人、貸種食,並興修水利。因此,史書記載當時民安其業,戶口滋殖。光武帝末年,全國載於戶籍的人口為2100多萬,至明帝末年,在不到20年的時間裏激增至3400多萬。死後葬於顯節陵。
  明帝熱心提倡儒學,命皇太子、諸王侯及大臣子弟、功臣子孫等習經,又為外戚樊氏、郭氏、陰氏、馬氏諸子立學於南宮,號"四姓小學",設置"五經師"以授其業。與此同時,他也很註重刑名文法,為政苛察,總攬權柄,權不藉下。他嚴令後妃之傢不得封侯與政,對貴戚功臣也多方防範。如尚書閻章因二妹為貴人,不得遷任要職,館陶公主為子求郎,明帝也不允許,僅賜錢千萬;功臣竇融子孫驕縱不法,永平五年(公元62)下詔諸竇為郎吏者皆攜傢屬歸故郡,後竇融長子穆,孫勳、宣皆因罪下獄,被處死。永平十四年楚王英謀反事發,被株連以至死、徙和係獄的京師貴戚和諸侯更達數千之衆。
  明帝在位期間,基本上消除了因王莽虐政而引起的周邊少數族侵擾的威脅,
  
  使漢族和少數族的友好關係得到了恢復和發展。永平元年,遼東太守祭肜使歸順漢朝的鮮卑首領偏何擊破赤山烏桓,西自武威,東盡玄菟的塞外諸族皆來內附,邊境屯兵得以省罷。永平八年,明帝又設置度遼營,並命中郎將吳棠行度遼將軍事,以監護南匈奴。十六年,竇固、耿忠等分兵四路徵伐北匈奴。漢軍出酒泉塞,進抵天山,擊呼衍王,斬首千餘級,追至蒲類海(今新疆巴裏坤湖),取伊吾盧地。明帝詔置宜禾都尉,並留吏士屯田伊吾盧城。其後,竇固又以班超為假司馬與從事郭恂出使西域,由是西域諸國皆遣子入侍。自王莽始建國元年(公元9)至此,西域與中原斷絶關係六十五年後又恢復了正常交往。次年,竇固、耿秉定車師後,又奏請復置西域都護和戊己校尉。永平十二年,西南夷中的哀牢王柳貌率其民五萬餘戶內附。至十六年,自汶山以西白狼、盤木等百餘國也皆舉種稱臣奉貢。此外,隨着對外交往的正常發展,佛教已在西漢末年開始傳入中國,明帝聽說西域有神,其名曰佛,於是派使者赴天竺求得其書及沙門,並於洛陽建立中國第一座佛教廟宇白馬寺。
  明帝之世,吏治比較清明,境內安定。加以多次下詔招撫流民,以郡國公田賜貧人、貸種食。永平九年至十二年,由於"歲比登稔",出現了粟斛三十,牛羊被野的繁榮局面。永平十三年,王景修治汴渠完工,又消除了自西漢平帝以來河汴决壞,汴渠東侵之害。因此,史書記載當時民安其業,戶口滋殖。光武帝末年,全國載於戶籍的人口為兩千一百多萬,至明帝末年,在不到二十年的時間裏激增至三千四百多萬。
  永平十八年,明帝病死。
  
  【即位之前】
  劉陽在在當皇子和太子時就
  [漢明帝時期賞花燈]
  漢明帝時期賞花燈
  已經表現出了過人的資質。 在10歲時就通曉了《春秋》 .光武帝統一中國後,發現墾田畝數和人口不對,於是開始重新清查田畝,就是歷史上有名的度田事件。各個州郡的官員進京匯報工作,光武看到陳留吏的牘上寫有,“潁川、弘農可問,河南、南陽不可問。”於是他就問陳留吏這是什麽。陳留吏說不知道什麽意思,他是在洛陽的長壽街上得到的。這時,帳幄後面衹有12歲的東海公劉陽插話說,這是郡裏的官吏教他(陳留吏)怎麽核查土地。光武又問,那為什麽河南南陽不能問呢?劉陽又說,河南是帝鄉,南陽是帝城這兩個地方田畝和宅第肯定逾製所以不能認真核查。光武於是讓虎賁將詰問陳留吏,陳留吏所言果然和劉陽一樣。光武也不得不對自己這個衹有12歲的兒子另眼相看。
  建武19年,妖人單臣、傅鎮等造反,占據原武城,劫持了該城的官吏。光武派臧宮率兵圍剿,由於單臣、傅鎮他們糧草充足,所以臧宮雖然把他們睏在城裏,又死傷了很多士兵,但就是攻不破城池。光武招集大臣們研究對策,大傢多提議懸賞以攻城。衹有東海王劉陽主張不要圍城太緊,太急,讓賊人可以突圍,這樣一個亭長就能對付了他們。結果真如劉陽所料,叛賊分散突圍後都被平定,消滅。
  光武重建漢朝後,因為國力的不足。一改武帝時對匈奴的戰略攻勢,轉為防禦。後來匈奴分為南北兩部分。南匈奴主動要求內附,光武册封南匈奴,而且還和他們和親。北匈奴看到東漢和南匈奴和親,也要求和親。光武於是和公卿們商量,一時難以决定。這時已是太子的劉莊說,北匈奴因為南匈奴內附,和親所以害怕我們,如果我們不攻擊北匈奴,又和他們和親。北匈奴不怕我們,南匈奴也會對我們有二心的。光武於是决定不和北匈奴和親。
  光武帝去世後,劉莊即了皇位,開始了他的一係列治國方略
  
  【打擊宗室】
  光武帝時,對同姓宗室王限製比較嚴格。自己的10個兒子雖然都封王,但不讓他們就國。都集中到洛陽。而且封地都很小,較之西漢的同姓王差得很多。而且在郡國內,沒有任何實際的權力。光武死後,明帝即位,諸王纔開始到自己的封地去。明帝的同母弟劉荊,是光武諸位皇子中比較有才能的一個,他給廢太子劉疆寫信,說他無罪被廢,應該從自己的封地東海起兵,象漢高祖那樣取天下,即皇位。劉疆接到書信後嚇壞了,馬上把信交給明帝。明帝沒有追究此事。後來羌人和東漢作戰,劉荊又四處活動。明帝又讓他去封地。去了封地,他問相士,我長得象先帝,先帝30歲當皇帝,我今年也30,可以起兵嗎?嚇得相士趕快告訴郡國的官員,劉荊害怕,自己把自己投進監獄。明帝又沒有追究。後來劉荊又使巫祭祀祝詛,被郡國的官吏報告,惶恐之下自殺。
  光武帝許美人所生的楚王英,在明帝當太子時就和明帝關係不錯。劉英結交賓客,又在封國作金龜、玉鶴,刻文字為符瑞。積極準備造反。被一個叫燕廣的人告發,有司奏情要求誅殺他,明帝不忍,衹是把他罷免流放,後來劉英自殺。明帝發現劉英結交士人官吏的名錄,為此興了大獄,株連了很多人。
  郭皇后生的兩個兒子劉康和劉延也在封國結交賓客,圖謀不軌。但因為不象劉荊,劉英那麽嚴重,所以衹是被削減封地。
  這些宗室王無法成功的最主要原因是,他們根本不掌握封地的兵權。所以不可能象前漢七國之亂那樣成氣候。另外,封地的國相和官吏都是受皇帝委托監督他們的。其實每個朝代的前幾代皇位繼承人之間,競爭都很激烈。到了後期就不明顯。
  
  【限製外戚 功臣豪強】
  光武中興後,鑒於王莽篡位,所以對外戚還是有所限製,但同時他又利用外戚來防範宗室。在大司馬吳漢死後,光武想讓自己的小舅子陰興接任大司馬,因為大臣的反對纔做罷。但死後仍然讓自己的女婿梁鬆輔政。
  明帝即位後,一改光武為政時的柔道,而大刀闊斧地代之以剛猛。明帝根據光武生前的意思,畫28將于云臺,但對自己的嶽父馬援卻不予收入,這就給大臣們一個信號,就是自己要限製和約束外戚。而且,他在位時,他的三個大舅子,小舅子馬廖,馬光,馬防都位不過九卿。
  隨後他就開始處理外戚和豪強們。32功臣之一,納河西五郡給光武帝的竇融,為人不錯,但不善於約束自己的傢人和子弟。結果子孫多不法。竇融從兄子竇林坐欺罔及臧罪,下獄死。竇融的長子也是光武的附馬竇穆,因為封地離六安國比較近,就想占據六安,於是假傳陰太後的旨意,讓六安侯劉盱休妻,而娶自己的女兒。後來此事被明帝知道,竇穆被免官,竇氏人中,除了竇融留京,全被遷回故郡。竇融也被明帝斥責,嚇得竇融也辭職回傢養病。竇穆等後來被赦免,允許回京城居住,但明帝派人嚴格監視他們。竇穆心懷不滿,口出怨言,又賄賂官吏。結果他和兩個兒子竇宣,竇勳都死在獄中。多說一點的就是,竇勳的兒子就是後來赫赫有名的外戚竇憲。
  太後陰麗華的弟弟陰就的兒子附馬陰豐,殺了公主。雖然陰太後還在,但明帝也不徇私情,將陰豐殺死。陰就夫婦也自殺。
  明帝又殺了河西功臣梁統的兒子,同時也是自己姐夫的梁鬆,原因後漢書上說的是,鬆坐怨望、縣飛書誹謗。但需要說明的是,這個梁鬆就是當年構陷明帝嶽父馬援的主兇,另外他還是光武遺命輔政的大臣。
  東漢12帝,衹有明帝朝對外戚和功臣的限製,打擊最嚴苛。嚮使東漢全是象明帝這樣的皇帝,又豈有戚宦弄權。
  
  【對外關係】
  光武帝劉秀在建武12年統一全國後,致力於內部建設。對匈奴轉為戰略防禦,對西域各國要求重設都護和遣送質子入朝的要求予以拒絶。這在當時國力不足的情況下不失為一個正確的選擇。經過光武20年和明帝10餘年的休養生息,東漢的國力大為恢復。在明帝15年,劉莊去世的前3年,明帝决定重新對匈奴采取強硬措施。派耿秉(東漢名將耿弇的侄子)竇固(東漢功臣竇融的侄子)率大軍進攻北匈奴。耿,竇各率一路,竇軍一直打到天山,耿軍攻到三木樓山。大獲全勝。兩年後,耿,竇又率兵出西域,進攻車師國。車師國後王和前王相繼投降。在擊敗北匈奴後,派班超出使西域,這個班超後人多認為他是一個名將,在我看來他更是一個外交傢。他帶着36個人縱橫於西域,著名的成語,不入虎穴,焉得虎子就是他在善阝善國,帶着36人,襲擊北匈奴使團。全殲了北匈奴的使團。其實類似班的這種強硬使者,在武帝時比比皆是。衹不過都未留下名姓而已。班超在西域活動的結果是都護重建,班超動甄帶着西域的多國部隊,打擊那些不肯聽命的國傢。明帝時對北匈奴和西域的策略,也為章帝,和帝時徹底消滅北匈奴,控製住西域打下了基礎。
  
  【在位年號】
  永平(18)58—75
  
  【後人評價】
  永平18年,漢明帝劉莊去世,在位18年,享年48歲,廟號顯宗。後漢書中說明帝性褊察。就是脾氣暴躁。他的性格根本不象父親光武帝和母親陰麗華。但劉莊確實是一個非常勤政的皇帝,史載“乙更盡乃寐,先五更起,率常如此”。駕馭下有術,大權不旁落。即位後繼續執行了光武帝的休養生息政策。他的為政風格和清雍正很接近,都是對手下的官吏非常苛切,對百姓卻恰好相反。(我在神武不可測的漢世祖劉秀一文中曾將光武,明帝的關係比成康熙之於雍正)魏文帝稱“明帝察察,章帝長者”。後人也多論明帝不夠寬和。魏文的觀點我是很不贊同的。他把章帝擡得比明帝高,我覺得是不對的。試想明帝又怎能知竇憲枉法而不能有所動作啊。皇帝對自己手下的官吏嚴苛恰恰是非常合適的。而且在我看來,明帝為何嚴苛,因為光武馭下用寬是因為自己威望高,而明帝是沒有他父親那樣的威信的,靠他的威望對自己父親那些老臣,當然是不夠的。明帝用王景治黃河,直到東漢末黃河也沒决口,有惠於民啊。在兩漢24帝中,明帝遜色於漢高,漢文,光武,也許比景帝強些。在中國歷史上也是一位有作為的皇帝。
  范晔
  明帝善刑理,法令分明。日晏坐朝,幽枉必達。內外無麯之私,在上無矜大之色。斷獄得情,號居前代十二。故後之言事者,莫不先建武、永平之政。而鐘離意、宋均之徒,常以察慧為言,夫豈弘人之度未優乎?
  顯宗丕承,業業兢兢。危心恭德,政察姦勝。備章朝物,省薄墳陵。永懷廢典,下身遵道。登臺觀雲,臨雍拜老。懋惟帝績,增光文考。
  ——《後漢書·顯宗孝明帝紀》
  
  【後妃子女】
  皇后
  明德馬皇后
  妃嬪
  賈貴人 生漢章帝
  陰貴人 生梁節王劉暢
  子
  劉建 千乘哀王
  劉羨 陳敬王
  劉恭 彭城靖王
  劉黨 樂成靖王
  劉炟 孝章皇帝
  劉衍 下邳惠王
  劉暢 梁節王
  劉昞 淮陽頃王
  劉長 濟陰悼王
  女
  劉姬 母不詳,永平二年封獲嘉長公主,適楊邑侯將作大匠馮柱。
  劉奴 母不詳,三年封平陽公主,適大鴻臚馮順。
  劉迎 母不詳,三年封隆慮公主,適牟平侯耿襲。
  劉次 母不詳,三年封平氏公主。
  劉緻 母不詳,三年封沁水公主。適高密侯鄧乾。
  劉小姬 母不詳,十二年封平臯公主,適昌安侯侍中鄧蕃。
  劉仲 母不詳,十七年封瀎儀公主,適軮侯黃門侍郎王度。
  劉惠 母不詳,十七年封武安公主,適徵羌侯世子黃門侍郎來棱,漢安帝尊為長公主(武安長公主)。
  劉臣 母不詳,建初元年封魯陽公主。
  劉小迎 母不詳,元年封樂平公主。
  劉小民 母不詳,元年封成安公主。
  謚號陵寢 劉莊謚曰“孝明”,廟號“顯宗”,葬“顯節陵”,死時48歲
  
  【劉莊年表】
  公元28年,劉莊出生,初名陽。
  公元43年,劉莊被封為太子,並改名莊。
  公元57年,劉莊即位,是為漢明帝
  公元69年,劉莊命著名的水利工程專傢王景、王吳負責治理黃河。
  公元73年,劉莊下令由南匈奴及烏桓、鮮卑等少數民族組成的騎兵部隊,出塞北徵,揭開了東漢政府同北匈奴戰爭的序幕。
  公元75年,劉莊病逝。


  China's Eastern Han Emperor Liu Zhuang (28-75), the word sub-Li, Han. Han Guangwu fourth child, the mother Empress Empress Yin Lihua Yin Guang Lie. Reigned AD 57-75, where 19 years. Reign Yongping (58-75). First name Yang, Feng Wang East China Sea. Jianwu 19 (43), established as a crown prince, Jianwu Meta years (57) in February, to become emperor. Emperor Ming's reign, and all must abide by Guangwu system. Emperor Ming and his son Emperor Zhang (75-88) reign of three years, clean politics, socio-economic prosperity of the country is relatively stable, known to history as "Ming and Zhang." Enthusiastic advocate of the Han Dynasty Confucianism, focusing on grammar Legal Advisors for the harsh political police, has the overall authority, under the right did not hesitate. Empress House, he shall not be strictly Monkey and political, on your Qigong Chen also multi prevention. Meanwhile, the virtual elimination of tyranny caused by Wang Mang surrounding the threat of minority intrusion, so Han and minority ethnic relations have been restored and developed. Yongping 16 years, life Dou Gu, Geng Zhong conquest North Hun. Han Jin arrived in Tianshan, hit call Yan Wang, beheaded more than a thousand level, chase Po of sea (now Xinjiang Barkol Lake), take Lu to Yiwu. Subsequently, the sinus solid Youyi class than to the Western Regions, from a Central Asia are Qianzairushi. Wang Mang founded the country since the first year (Year 9) At this point,
  To the Han and minority ethnic relations have been restored and developed. Yongping first year of the prefect of Liaodong Han Ji Rong's Xianbei leaders to pledge allegiance partial Chishan Wuhuan any break, the West from Wuwei, East do Xuantu's beyond the Great Wall Tribes are to included in the Frontier province stationed themselves to stop. Yongping eight years, then set the degree of Emperor Ming Liao camp, and ordered Zhonglang Jiang Wu-tang line Duliaojiangjun things to guardianship South Hsiungnu. 16 years, the sinus solid, Geng Zhong four expeditions to the North such as divide our forces Hun. Plug the Jiuquan Han, Jin arrived in Tianshan, hit call Yan Wang, beheaded more than a thousand level, chase Po of sea (now Xinjiang Barkol Lake), take Lu to Yiwu. Chi Yi Wo Du Wei Ming Di Zhao, and Li Shi Tuen Tianyi Wu Lu left the city. Subsequently, the sinus solid You Yi Ban Chao Sima false Guo Xun and in the Han Dynasty, from a Central Asia are Qianzirushi. Wang Mang founded the country since the first year (Year 9) Thus, the Western and Central sever ties 60 years after restoration of normal relations. The following year, sinus solid, Geng Ping-car division set after he petitioned complex set Protectorate of the Western and Wujixiaoyu. Yongping years, Wang and Yi Liu appearance in Ailao rate of five thousand households included its people. Ten years, since the Munsan west of the White Wolf, set hundreds of wood and other countries also are held kind of vassal Feng Gong. In addition, with the normal development of foreign relations, Buddhism began to spread in the Western Han Dynasty of China, Emperor Ming Dynasty God heard their sounding name Buddha, then sent messengers to go to obtain his book, Tianzhu and Salmonella, and the establishment of the first Chinese in Luoyang White Horse Temple, a Buddhist temple.
  Emperor Ming of the world, official comparison Ching Ming, domestic stability. Protection offered to displaced persons in several occasions even ordered to give poor people Grading and public land, credit kind of food. Yongping nine to twelve years, as the "Year of Biden Nim", appeared in 30 cups of grain, cattle and sheep were wild prosperity. Yongping 10 years, Wang Jing Bian Drainage Renovation completed, it eliminates the flat since the Western Han Dynasty bad decision since the Bian River, Bian Drainage East invasion of harm. Therefore, the historical records of its business at the CAS, account Zi colonization. Guangwu Dynasty, the country residence of the population contained in more than 21 million, to the Emperor Ming dynasty, in less than two years time increased to more than 34 million.
  Guangwu, the imperial clan of the same surname Wang more restrictive. Although his 10 sons are champion, but not allow them on the country. Are concentrated in Luoyang. And feud are small compared to the Western Han Dynasty of the kings differ widely. But also in the county home, without any real power. Guangwu death, Emperor Ming throne, kings began to go their own fiefdoms. Emperor Ming of the same half brother Liu Jing, a Guangwu of you Prince of the more talented one, he wrote a letter to waste Prince Liu Jiang said that he was waste of innocence, the East China Sea should raise an army from his own fiefdoms, so take the world as the Han emperor, the throne. Jiang Liu frightened after receiving the letter, immediately give the letter to Emperor Ming. Emperor Ming did not pursue the matter. Later Han Qiang and operations, Liu Jing has to move around. Emperor Ming letting him fiefdoms. To the manor, he asked fortune teller, I look like Xian Di, Xiandi 30 years old when the emperor, I am also 30, could raise an army it? Scared to tell the Qin and Han officials quickly fortune teller, Liu Jing afraid of himself in jail. Emperor Ming and no accountability. Later, Liu Jing Wu sacrifices they wish to curse, is the report of the Qin and Han officials, under fear of suicide.
  Guangwu Xu Chu Wangying born beauty, when the Emperor Ming, and Emperor Ming when the Prince good relations. Liu Ying make guests, but also the closure of the country as beetles, jade crane, engraved text for the auspicious omens. Preparing to revolt. By a man named Yan widely denounced, Yuji played the situation demands Heaven's him, Emperor Ming could not bear, but to remove him into exile, and later committed suicide Liu Ying. Emperor Ming literati officials found to make the list of Liu Ying, this large prison Hing, implicated a lot of people.
  Despotic】 【restrictions Qigong Chen
  Guangwu of the unification of the country in Jianwu after 12 years, working within the building. To strategic defense against the Huns, on the Western countries are required to reset the protection and the removal of proton entry into the request be rejected. This was the absence of sufficient strength be a right choice. After 20 years and Emperor Ming Guangwu more than 10 years of rest, restoration of the Eastern Han Dynasty's strength greatly. 15 years in the Emperor Ming, Liu Zhuang died 3 years ago, Emperor Ming decided to take tough measures against the Hun. Pine Geng Bing (famous Han Geng Yan's nephew) sinus solid (nephew of the Eastern Han Dynasty hero Dourong) rate force attack North Hun. Geng, the rate of road Sinus, sinus military has been hitting the Tian Shan, Geng Jun Gong to three Mulou Hill. Victory. Two years later, Geng, sinus has shuaibing the Western Region, Division States attacking vehicles. Car division after the country before the king and the king have to surrender. After defeating the Huns in the North, dispatching beyond the Western Regions, the Ban Chao was more commonly think he is a star, in my opinion he is a diplomat. He took 36 personal aspect to the Western Regions, the famous phrase, nothing ventured, nothing gained is good shan and his good country, with 36 attacks on the North Hun missions. Hun of the missions to wipe out the North. In fact, such a tough course like angels, when the Emperor Wu everywhere. None of canning just leave it. Ban Chao result of the activities in the Western Protectorate reconstruction, Ban Chao Chen dynamic multinational force with the Western Region, against those who refused to obey the state. Emperor Ming Hun and when the North Western's strategy for Emperor Zhang, Teijin complete elimination of the North when the Huns, under control and lay the foundation for the Western Regions.
  】 【Reign reign
  】 【Concubines children
  Concubines
  Son
  Chang-Dao Wang Jiyin
  Liu slave mother is unknown, three letters Princess Pingyang, fitness Taihong Lu Shun Feng.
  LIU Hui mother is unknown, 17-year closure Wuan Gong master, Zheng Qiang Hou Shizi Huangmenshilang applicable to edge, Emperor An of Han respect for the Princess (Wu An Changgong owners).
  AD 69, Liu Zhuang life the famous water conservancy expert Sandra, Wang Wu is responsible for governance of the Yellow River.
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