姓: | 刘 | |||||||||
名: | 庄 | |||||||||
字: | 子丽 | |||||||||
网笔号: | 孝明皇帝 | |||||||||
庙号: | 显宗 | |||||||||
陵墓: | 显节陵 | |||||||||
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西域与中原断绝关系65年后又恢复了正常交往。次年,又复置西域都护。此外,随着对外交往的正常发展,佛教已在西汉末年开始传入中国,明帝听说西域有神,其名曰佛,于是派使者赴天竺求得其书及沙门,并于洛阳建立中国第一座佛教庙宇白马寺。明帝之世,吏治比较清明,境内安定。加以多次下诏招抚流民,以郡国公田赐贫人、贷种食,并兴修水利。因此,史书记载当时民安其业,户口滋殖。光武帝末年,全国载于户籍的人口为2100多万,至明帝末年,在不到20年的时间里激增至3400多万。死后葬于显节陵。
明帝热心提倡儒学,命皇太子、诸王侯及大臣子弟、功臣子孙等习经,又为外戚樊氏、郭氏、阴氏、马氏诸子立学于南宫,号"四姓小学",设置"五经师"以授其业。与此同时,他也很注重刑名文法,为政苛察,总揽权柄,权不借下。他严令后妃之家不得封侯与政,对贵戚功臣也多方防范。如尚书阎章因二妹为贵人,不得迁任要职,馆陶公主为子求郎,明帝也不允许,仅赐钱千万;功臣窦融子孙骄纵不法,永平五年(公元62)下诏诸窦为郎吏者皆携家属归故郡,后窦融长子穆,孙勋、宣皆因罪下狱,被处死。永平十四年楚王英谋反事发,被株连以至死、徙和系狱的京师贵戚和诸侯更达数千之众。
明帝在位期间,基本上消除了因王莽虐政而引起的周边少数族侵扰的威胁,
使汉族和少数族的友好关系得到了恢复和发展。永平元年,辽东太守祭肜使归顺汉朝的鲜卑首领偏何击破赤山乌桓,西自武威,东尽玄菟的塞外诸族皆来内附,边境屯兵得以省罢。永平八年,明帝又设置度辽营,并命中郎将吴棠行度辽将军事,以监护南匈奴。十六年,窦固、耿忠等分兵四路征伐北匈奴。汉军出酒泉塞,进抵天山,击呼衍王,斩首千余级,追至蒲类海(今新疆巴里坤湖),取伊吾卢地。明帝诏置宜禾都尉,并留吏士屯田伊吾卢城。其后,窦固又以班超为假司马与从事郭恂出使西域,由是西域诸国皆遣子入侍。自王莽始建国元年(公元9)至此,西域与中原断绝关系六十五年后又恢复了正常交往。次年,窦固、耿秉定车师后,又奏请复置西域都护和戊己校尉。永平十二年,西南夷中的哀牢王柳貌率其民五万余户内附。至十六年,自汶山以西白狼、盘木等百余国也皆举种称臣奉贡。此外,随着对外交往的正常发展,佛教已在西汉末年开始传入中国,明帝听说西域有神,其名曰佛,于是派使者赴天竺求得其书及沙门,并于洛阳建立中国第一座佛教庙宇白马寺。
明帝之世,吏治比较清明,境内安定。加以多次下诏招抚流民,以郡国公田赐贫人、贷种食。永平九年至十二年,由于"岁比登稔",出现了粟斛三十,牛羊被野的繁荣局面。永平十三年,王景修治汴渠完工,又消除了自西汉平帝以来河汴决坏,汴渠东侵之害。因此,史书记载当时民安其业,户口滋殖。光武帝末年,全国载于户籍的人口为两千一百多万,至明帝末年,在不到二十年的时间里激增至三千四百多万。
永平十八年,明帝病死。
【即位之前】
刘阳在在当皇子和太子时就
[汉明帝时期赏花灯]
汉明帝时期赏花灯
已经表现出了过人的资质。 在10岁时就通晓了《春秋》 .光武帝统一中国后,发现垦田亩数和人口不对,于是开始重新清查田亩,就是历史上有名的度田事件。各个州郡的官员进京汇报工作,光武看到陈留吏的牍上写有,“颍川、弘农可问,河南、南阳不可问。”于是他就问陈留吏这是什么。陈留吏说不知道什么意思,他是在洛阳的长寿街上得到的。这时,帐幄后面只有12岁的东海公刘阳插话说,这是郡里的官吏教他(陈留吏)怎么核查土地。光武又问,那为什么河南南阳不能问呢?刘阳又说,河南是帝乡,南阳是帝城这两个地方田亩和宅第肯定逾制所以不能认真核查。光武于是让虎贲将诘问陈留吏,陈留吏所言果然和刘阳一样。光武也不得不对自己这个只有12岁的儿子另眼相看。
建武19年,妖人单臣、傅镇等造反,占据原武城,劫持了该城的官吏。光武派臧宫率兵围剿,由于单臣、傅镇他们粮草充足,所以臧宫虽然把他们困在城里,又死伤了很多士兵,但就是攻不破城池。光武招集大臣们研究对策,大家多提议悬赏以攻城。只有东海王刘阳主张不要围城太紧,太急,让贼人可以突围,这样一个亭长就能对付了他们。结果真如刘阳所料,叛贼分散突围后都被平定,消灭。
光武重建汉朝后,因为国力的不足。一改武帝时对匈奴的战略攻势,转为防御。后来匈奴分为南北两部分。南匈奴主动要求内附,光武册封南匈奴,而且还和他们和亲。北匈奴看到东汉和南匈奴和亲,也要求和亲。光武于是和公卿们商量,一时难以决定。这时已是太子的刘庄说,北匈奴因为南匈奴内附,和亲所以害怕我们,如果我们不攻击北匈奴,又和他们和亲。北匈奴不怕我们,南匈奴也会对我们有二心的。光武于是决定不和北匈奴和亲。
光武帝去世后,刘庄即了皇位,开始了他的一系列治国方略
【打击宗室】
光武帝时,对同姓宗室王限制比较严格。自己的10个儿子虽然都封王,但不让他们就国。都集中到洛阳。而且封地都很小,较之西汉的同姓王差得很多。而且在郡国内,没有任何实际的权力。光武死后,明帝即位,诸王才开始到自己的封地去。明帝的同母弟刘荆,是光武诸位皇子中比较有才能的一个,他给废太子刘疆写信,说他无罪被废,应该从自己的封地东海起兵,象汉高祖那样取天下,即皇位。刘疆接到书信后吓坏了,马上把信交给明帝。明帝没有追究此事。后来羌人和东汉作战,刘荆又四处活动。明帝又让他去封地。去了封地,他问相士,我长得象先帝,先帝30岁当皇帝,我今年也30,可以起兵吗?吓得相士赶快告诉郡国的官员,刘荆害怕,自己把自己投进监狱。明帝又没有追究。后来刘荆又使巫祭祀祝诅,被郡国的官吏报告,惶恐之下自杀。
光武帝许美人所生的楚王英,在明帝当太子时就和明帝关系不错。刘英结交宾客,又在封国作金龟、玉鹤,刻文字为符瑞。积极准备造反。被一个叫燕广的人告发,有司奏情要求诛杀他,明帝不忍,只是把他罢免流放,后来刘英自杀。明帝发现刘英结交士人官吏的名录,为此兴了大狱,株连了很多人。
郭皇后生的两个儿子刘康和刘延也在封国结交宾客,图谋不轨。但因为不象刘荆,刘英那么严重,所以只是被削减封地。
这些宗室王无法成功的最主要原因是,他们根本不掌握封地的兵权。所以不可能象前汉七国之乱那样成气候。另外,封地的国相和官吏都是受皇帝委托监督他们的。其实每个朝代的前几代皇位继承人之间,竞争都很激烈。到了后期就不明显。
【限制外戚 功臣豪强】
光武中兴后,鉴于王莽篡位,所以对外戚还是有所限制,但同时他又利用外戚来防范宗室。在大司马吴汉死后,光武想让自己的小舅子阴兴接任大司马,因为大臣的反对才做罢。但死后仍然让自己的女婿梁松辅政。
明帝即位后,一改光武为政时的柔道,而大刀阔斧地代之以刚猛。明帝根据光武生前的意思,画28将于云台,但对自己的岳父马援却不予收入,这就给大臣们一个信号,就是自己要限制和约束外戚。而且,他在位时,他的三个大舅子,小舅子马廖,马光,马防都位不过九卿。
随后他就开始处理外戚和豪强们。32功臣之一,纳河西五郡给光武帝的窦融,为人不错,但不善于约束自己的家人和子弟。结果子孙多不法。窦融从兄子窦林坐欺罔及臧罪,下狱死。窦融的长子也是光武的附马窦穆,因为封地离六安国比较近,就想占据六安,于是假传阴太后的旨意,让六安侯刘盱休妻,而娶自己的女儿。后来此事被明帝知道,窦穆被免官,窦氏人中,除了窦融留京,全被迁回故郡。窦融也被明帝斥责,吓得窦融也辞职回家养病。窦穆等后来被赦免,允许回京城居住,但明帝派人严格监视他们。窦穆心怀不满,口出怨言,又贿赂官吏。结果他和两个儿子窦宣,窦勋都死在狱中。多说一点的就是,窦勋的儿子就是后来赫赫有名的外戚窦宪。
太后阴丽华的弟弟阴就的儿子附马阴丰,杀了公主。虽然阴太后还在,但明帝也不徇私情,将阴丰杀死。阴就夫妇也自杀。
明帝又杀了河西功臣梁统的儿子,同时也是自己姐夫的梁松,原因后汉书上说的是,松坐怨望、县飞书诽谤。但需要说明的是,这个梁松就是当年构陷明帝岳父马援的主凶,另外他还是光武遗命辅政的大臣。
东汉12帝,只有明帝朝对外戚和功臣的限制,打击最严苛。向使东汉全是象明帝这样的皇帝,又岂有戚宦弄权。
【对外关系】
光武帝刘秀在建武12年统一全国后,致力于内部建设。对匈奴转为战略防御,对西域各国要求重设都护和遣送质子入朝的要求予以拒绝。这在当时国力不足的情况下不失为一个正确的选择。经过光武20年和明帝10余年的休养生息,东汉的国力大为恢复。在明帝15年,刘庄去世的前3年,明帝决定重新对匈奴采取强硬措施。派耿秉(东汉名将耿弇的侄子)窦固(东汉功臣窦融的侄子)率大军进攻北匈奴。耿,窦各率一路,窦军一直打到天山,耿军攻到三木楼山。大获全胜。两年后,耿,窦又率兵出西域,进攻车师国。车师国后王和前王相继投降。在击败北匈奴后,派班超出使西域,这个班超后人多认为他是一个名将,在我看来他更是一个外交家。他带着36个人纵横于西域,著名的成语,不入虎穴,焉得虎子就是他在善阝善国,带着36人,袭击北匈奴使团。全歼了北匈奴的使团。其实类似班的这种强硬使者,在武帝时比比皆是。只不过都未留下名姓而已。班超在西域活动的结果是都护重建,班超动甄带着西域的多国部队,打击那些不肯听命的国家。明帝时对北匈奴和西域的策略,也为章帝,和帝时彻底消灭北匈奴,控制住西域打下了基础。
【在位年号】
永平(18)58—75
【后人评价】
永平18年,汉明帝刘庄去世,在位18年,享年48岁,庙号显宗。后汉书中说明帝性褊察。就是脾气暴躁。他的性格根本不象父亲光武帝和母亲阴丽华。但刘庄确实是一个非常勤政的皇帝,史载“乙更尽乃寐,先五更起,率常如此”。驾驭下有术,大权不旁落。即位后继续执行了光武帝的休养生息政策。他的为政风格和清雍正很接近,都是对手下的官吏非常苛切,对百姓却恰好相反。(我在神武不可测的汉世祖刘秀一文中曾将光武,明帝的关系比成康熙之于雍正)魏文帝称“明帝察察,章帝长者”。后人也多论明帝不够宽和。魏文的观点我是很不赞同的。他把章帝抬得比明帝高,我觉得是不对的。试想明帝又怎能知窦宪枉法而不能有所动作啊。皇帝对自己手下的官吏严苛恰恰是非常合适的。而且在我看来,明帝为何严苛,因为光武驭下用宽是因为自己威望高,而明帝是没有他父亲那样的威信的,靠他的威望对自己父亲那些老臣,当然是不够的。明帝用王景治黄河,直到东汉末黄河也没决口,有惠于民啊。在两汉24帝中,明帝逊色于汉高,汉文,光武,也许比景帝强些。在中国历史上也是一位有作为的皇帝。
范晔
明帝善刑理,法令分明。日晏坐朝,幽枉必达。内外无曲之私,在上无矜大之色。断狱得情,号居前代十二。故后之言事者,莫不先建武、永平之政。而钟离意、宋均之徒,常以察慧为言,夫岂弘人之度未优乎?
显宗丕承,业业兢兢。危心恭德,政察奸胜。备章朝物,省薄坟陵。永怀废典,下身遵道。登台观云,临雍拜老。懋惟帝绩,增光文考。
——《后汉书·显宗孝明帝纪》
【后妃子女】
皇后
明德马皇后
妃嫔
贾贵人 生汉章帝
阴贵人 生梁节王刘畅
子
刘建 千乘哀王
刘羡 陈敬王
刘恭 彭城靖王
刘党 乐成靖王
刘炟 孝章皇帝
刘衍 下邳惠王
刘畅 梁节王
刘昞 淮阳顷王
刘长 济阴悼王
女
刘姬 母不详,永平二年封获嘉长公主,适杨邑侯将作大匠冯柱。
刘奴 母不详,三年封平阳公主,适大鸿胪冯顺。
刘迎 母不详,三年封隆虑公主,适牟平侯耿袭。
刘次 母不详,三年封平氏公主。
刘致 母不详,三年封沁水公主。适高密侯邓乾。
刘小姬 母不详,十二年封平皋公主,适昌安侯侍中邓蕃。
刘仲 母不详,十七年封浚仪公主,适軮侯黄门侍郎王度。
刘惠 母不详,十七年封武安公主,适征羌侯世子黄门侍郎来棱,汉安帝尊为长公主(武安长公主)。
刘臣 母不详,建初元年封鲁阳公主。
刘小迎 母不详,元年封乐平公主。
刘小民 母不详,元年封成安公主。
谥号陵寝 刘庄谥曰“孝明”,庙号“显宗”,葬“显节陵”,死时48岁
【刘庄年表】
公元28年,刘庄出生,初名阳。
公元43年,刘庄被封为太子,并改名庄。
公元57年,刘庄即位,是为汉明帝。
公元69年,刘庄命著名的水利工程专家王景、王吴负责治理黄河。
公元73年,刘庄下令由南匈奴及乌桓、鲜卑等少数民族组成的骑兵部队,出塞北征,揭开了东汉政府同北匈奴战争的序幕。
公元75年,刘庄病逝。
To the Han and minority ethnic relations have been restored and developed. Yongping first year of the prefect of Liaodong Han Ji Rong's Xianbei leaders to pledge allegiance partial Chishan Wuhuan any break, the West from Wuwei, East do Xuantu's beyond the Great Wall Tribes are to included in the Frontier province stationed themselves to stop. Yongping eight years, then set the degree of Emperor Ming Liao camp, and ordered Zhonglang Jiang Wu-tang line Duliaojiangjun things to guardianship South Hsiungnu. 16 years, the sinus solid, Geng Zhong four expeditions to the North such as divide our forces Hun. Plug the Jiuquan Han, Jin arrived in Tianshan, hit call Yan Wang, beheaded more than a thousand level, chase Po of sea (now Xinjiang Barkol Lake), take Lu to Yiwu. Chi Yi Wo Du Wei Ming Di Zhao, and Li Shi Tuen Tianyi Wu Lu left the city. Subsequently, the sinus solid You Yi Ban Chao Sima false Guo Xun and in the Han Dynasty, from a Central Asia are Qianzirushi. Wang Mang founded the country since the first year (Year 9) Thus, the Western and Central sever ties 60 years after restoration of normal relations. The following year, sinus solid, Geng Ping-car division set after he petitioned complex set Protectorate of the Western and Wujixiaoyu. Yongping years, Wang and Yi Liu appearance in Ailao rate of five thousand households included its people. Ten years, since the Munsan west of the White Wolf, set hundreds of wood and other countries also are held kind of vassal Feng Gong. In addition, with the normal development of foreign relations, Buddhism began to spread in the Western Han Dynasty of China, Emperor Ming Dynasty God heard their sounding name Buddha, then sent messengers to go to obtain his book, Tianzhu and Salmonella, and the establishment of the first Chinese in Luoyang White Horse Temple, a Buddhist temple.
Emperor Ming of the world, official comparison Ching Ming, domestic stability. Protection offered to displaced persons in several occasions even ordered to give poor people Grading and public land, credit kind of food. Yongping nine to twelve years, as the "Year of Biden Nim", appeared in 30 cups of grain, cattle and sheep were wild prosperity. Yongping 10 years, Wang Jing Bian Drainage Renovation completed, it eliminates the flat since the Western Han Dynasty bad decision since the Bian River, Bian Drainage East invasion of harm. Therefore, the historical records of its business at the CAS, account Zi colonization. Guangwu Dynasty, the country residence of the population contained in more than 21 million, to the Emperor Ming dynasty, in less than two years time increased to more than 34 million.
Guangwu, the imperial clan of the same surname Wang more restrictive. Although his 10 sons are champion, but not allow them on the country. Are concentrated in Luoyang. And feud are small compared to the Western Han Dynasty of the kings differ widely. But also in the county home, without any real power. Guangwu death, Emperor Ming throne, kings began to go their own fiefdoms. Emperor Ming of the same half brother Liu Jing, a Guangwu of you Prince of the more talented one, he wrote a letter to waste Prince Liu Jiang said that he was waste of innocence, the East China Sea should raise an army from his own fiefdoms, so take the world as the Han emperor, the throne. Jiang Liu frightened after receiving the letter, immediately give the letter to Emperor Ming. Emperor Ming did not pursue the matter. Later Han Qiang and operations, Liu Jing has to move around. Emperor Ming letting him fiefdoms. To the manor, he asked fortune teller, I look like Xian Di, Xiandi 30 years old when the emperor, I am also 30, could raise an army it? Scared to tell the Qin and Han officials quickly fortune teller, Liu Jing afraid of himself in jail. Emperor Ming and no accountability. Later, Liu Jing Wu sacrifices they wish to curse, is the report of the Qin and Han officials, under fear of suicide.
Guangwu Xu Chu Wangying born beauty, when the Emperor Ming, and Emperor Ming when the Prince good relations. Liu Ying make guests, but also the closure of the country as beetles, jade crane, engraved text for the auspicious omens. Preparing to revolt. By a man named Yan widely denounced, Yuji played the situation demands Heaven's him, Emperor Ming could not bear, but to remove him into exile, and later committed suicide Liu Ying. Emperor Ming literati officials found to make the list of Liu Ying, this large prison Hing, implicated a lot of people.
Despotic】 【restrictions Qigong Chen
Guangwu of the unification of the country in Jianwu after 12 years, working within the building. To strategic defense against the Huns, on the Western countries are required to reset the protection and the removal of proton entry into the request be rejected. This was the absence of sufficient strength be a right choice. After 20 years and Emperor Ming Guangwu more than 10 years of rest, restoration of the Eastern Han Dynasty's strength greatly. 15 years in the Emperor Ming, Liu Zhuang died 3 years ago, Emperor Ming decided to take tough measures against the Hun. Pine Geng Bing (famous Han Geng Yan's nephew) sinus solid (nephew of the Eastern Han Dynasty hero Dourong) rate force attack North Hun. Geng, the rate of road Sinus, sinus military has been hitting the Tian Shan, Geng Jun Gong to three Mulou Hill. Victory. Two years later, Geng, sinus has shuaibing the Western Region, Division States attacking vehicles. Car division after the country before the king and the king have to surrender. After defeating the Huns in the North, dispatching beyond the Western Regions, the Ban Chao was more commonly think he is a star, in my opinion he is a diplomat. He took 36 personal aspect to the Western Regions, the famous phrase, nothing ventured, nothing gained is good shan and his good country, with 36 attacks on the North Hun missions. Hun of the missions to wipe out the North. In fact, such a tough course like angels, when the Emperor Wu everywhere. None of canning just leave it. Ban Chao result of the activities in the Western Protectorate reconstruction, Ban Chao Chen dynamic multinational force with the Western Region, against those who refused to obey the state. Emperor Ming Hun and when the North Western's strategy for Emperor Zhang, Teijin complete elimination of the North when the Huns, under control and lay the foundation for the Western Regions.
】 【Reign reign
】 【Concubines children
Concubines
Son
Chang-Dao Wang Jiyin
Liu slave mother is unknown, three letters Princess Pingyang, fitness Taihong Lu Shun Feng.
LIU Hui mother is unknown, 17-year closure Wuan Gong master, Zheng Qiang Hou Shizi Huangmenshilang applicable to edge, Emperor An of Han respect for the Princess (Wu An Changgong owners).
AD 69, Liu Zhuang life the famous water conservancy expert Sandra, Wang Wu is responsible for governance of the Yellow River.
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