| 姓： | 姬 | |||||||||
| 名： | 宫湦 | |||||||||
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临近的诸侯看到烽火台上起了狼烟，以为犬戎打过来了，赶快带领兵马来救。没想到赶到那儿，连一个犬戎兵的影儿也没有，只听到山上一阵阵奏乐和唱歌的声音，大伙儿都愣了。幽王派人告诉他们说，大家辛苦了，这儿没什么事，不过是大王和王妃放烟火玩玩儿，你们回去吧。诸侯知道上了当，憋了一肚子气回去了。褒姒不知道他们闹的是什么玩意，看见骊山脚下来了好几路兵马，乱哄哄的样子，就问幽王是怎么回事。幽王一五一十告诉了她。褒姒真的笑了一下。幽王见褒姒开了笑脸，就赏给虢石父一千两金子。
后来周幽王听到犬戎进攻镐京的消息，惊慌失措，连忙下令把骊山的烽火点起来。烽火倒是燃起来了，可是诸侯因为上次上了当，谁也不来理会他们。
公元前772年，申侯联合缯国和犬戎举兵入攻西周，各地诸侯拒不救援，幽王惨败，带着褒姒、伯服等人和王室珍宝逃至骊山，后被杀。犬戎攻破镐京，西周遂亡。前后共三百五十余年。
在古代,国王固然是国家的最高统治者,享有至高无上的权力,但是国王如果把国家权力当作儿戏,为所欲为,最终只能导致自己的灭亡.周幽王就是这样一个突出的例子.周朝的八百年江山是国历代最漫长的,可惜传到周幽王气数就式微了.
周幽王,姓姬名宫涅,生卒年月不详.他统治期间,先是重用虢石父执政,导致剥削残酷,人民不堪重负,流离失所.后期又专宠褒姒,废申后及太子,由此引发西周灭亡的悲剧.幽王遗恨没荒台,满目苍苍秀作堆.人暮晴霞红一片,尚疑烽火自西来.这首诗表达了后人对周幽王的憎恨.因为如果没有他的昏庸无道,西周就不可能灭亡.
西周自周厉王姬胡、周宣王姬静以来,朝政紊乱,国力日益衰弱.周宣王的时候,在镐京城内有一个红衣儿教满城的儿童唱着这样的一首歌谣:月将升,日将没,檿弧箕菔,几亡周国……意是说:黄澄澄的新月,将要升起了,红艳艳的太阳,快要落下了,山桑木的弓呀,箕草做的箭袋,神龙家的女孩几乎就要亡了周国……
谶谣在史籍记载和民间流传,都显得神秘玄妙.谶谣最主要是通过儿童之口进行扩散的.人们普遍认为儿童天真无知,他们所传的谣谚必非出于自撰,肯定出自天意.
因此,周宣王听到歌谣后非常吃惊,他问臣们:此歌谣什么意思,是凶是吉?召公说:'檿'是山桑木的名称,可以用来做弓.'萁'是草的名称,可用来做箭袋.据臣的愚见,国家日后将有弓矢之祸!宣王说:如果是这样,杀尽京师所有做弓箭的匠人,毁掉库内的弓矢,怎么样?太史令伯阳父说:臣夜观天象,弓矢之祸将出现在陛下宫,与弓矢无关,后世必有女子乱国!请王勿杀无辜的人、毁军旅的兵器.
周宣王问姜皇后最近宫的嫔妃有什么怪异的地方,姜后说:宫没有怪异,只有先王宫内的一个嫔妃卢氏,年方二十四岁,怀孕八年,才生下一个女儿.
宣王说:这真是咄咄怪事!赶紧派女侍召来卢氏询问原因,卢氏说:妾听说夏朝桀王时,褒城有个人化为两条龙,降在王廷,对桀王说--我是褒城二君,桀王非常恐惧,杀了二龙,将龙涎藏在木椟.自殷朝经历六百四十四年,传了二十八王,都不敢打开木椟看. 到了先王厉王时一时好奇打开木椟,龙涎立刻在宫廷四处漫流开来,最后化为一个元龟.妾当时十七岁,因为脚不心踩了龟迹而忽然有了身孕,如今才刚生下一个女儿.宣王说:此女一定是怪物,你抱出给我看一看!
卢氏说:妾疑心为怪物,生下来的那天晚上就让宫女将此女孩扔在御河淹死了!宣王对伯阳父说:此女孩已死,卿试着占卜,看妖气消灭了没有?伯阳父占卜后说:妖气虽然出宫,然而还在人间!宣王传旨,令士兵马上巡访御沟内外,然而女婴已经找不见了.于是写出榜文,挂在各城门口,不论是谁,只要敢收御沟内的婴孩隐匿起来,就满门处死.
西城军卒巡访时看见一个男子背着山桑木弓,一个女子背着萁草织成的箭袋,在街上叫卖.这个男子就是姒.军卒看见,就商量道:如今朝廷臣断定谣歌是山桑木弓萁草箭袋,这两个人必应其事,又说女子乱国,我们放了那个男子,将此女子捉去见天子.姒一见救不了自己的妻子,连忙抱头便跑.跑到郊外,他听见深林群鸟喧噪,有婴儿啼哭的声音.
他进入林,看见百鸟用翅膀上的羽毛覆盖一个躺在青草上的女婴,他想:我妻子被朝廷捉去,估计没有了性命,不如将这个女孩抱回去,抚养成人,也还有个寄托.于是抱起婴儿,奔褒城逃难而去.军卒将姒的妻子抓去见宣王.宣王一听是卖箕草箭袋的女子,就急令推出斩首.
宣王以为杀了这个卖箕草箭袋的女子,便破了周朝倾亡的预言.但是他万万没有想到,在十数年后,要让周朝付出最惨重代价的女子,却还是进了周王的皇宫.
这年的七月,宣王崩,他的儿子宫涅即位,是为周幽王.幽王为人性情暴躁,待人刻薄寡恩,而且喜怒无常、狎昵群,什么国家事都不管,光知道吃喝玩乐.刚一即位,就打发人四处为他寻找美女.尹球、虢石父、祭公三个奸佞人谗邪欺君.幽王拜尹球为夫,虢石父为上卿,祭公为司徒.三人皆谗佞阿谀之人,贪位慕禄之辈,惟王所欲,逢迎不暇.
一次三川守臣表称三川地震.幽王笑说:山川地震是常事,何必动表告诉寡人?伯阳父对赵叔带说:以前伊洛竭而夏亡,河竭而商亡,现在周如夏商的末季啊!赵叔带骇然问；何以见之?伯阳父说:源塞必然川竭,川竭必然山崩,山崩是预兆,周室天下不出二十年当亡!
这年冬,岐山又崩,赵叔带上表说:山崩地震,是国家不祥之兆,望王抚恤下民,广开贤路,以弭天变,以使社稷无危.虢石父却说:山崩地震,王所谓天道之常,有什么不祥?叔带是迂腐的读书人,不知天道,望陛下详之!幽王听信虢石父之言罢免了赵叔带.右谏议夫褒珦劝谏道:不可罢赵叔带的官职,否则会阻塞谏诤之路.幽王怒,就把褒珦关进监狱.
褒珦在监狱里一关就是三年.褒家的人千方百计要把褒珦救出来,他们想了许多法子都没有奏效,最后儿子洪德说:我听说天子荒淫,耽于女色.现在褒城姒家女儿十分清丽,家贫无资,若以百金买下这个女子,进贡给朝廷,一定可以赎回父亲.
他母亲同意了,他们家就以百金,买下此女子,教会她唱歌跳舞,把她打扮起来,献给了幽王,替褒珦赎罪.这女子年方14岁,目秀眉清,唇红齿白,发挽乌云,指排削玉,有如花如月之容,倾国倾城之貌.
幽王见美人仪容娇媚,流盼之际,光艳照人.因褒地所进,就赐名褒姒,充入后宫.群臣都谏阻说: 色倾人国,自古都有.夏因妹喜而亡,商因妲己而丧.陛下宜鉴前朝得失,不可接受此美人.尹球、虢石父却说:种田的多收了几捆禾麦,尚且重婚,王以天子之尊,受一宫人,你们怎么就那么多废话?幽王也怒:有再谏受美人者斩!自此幽王与褒姒坐则腿叠腿,立则肩并肩,饮则交杯,食则同器.一连十日不上朝,与褒姒朝夕饮宴.
皇后申氏逐渐失宠.一天幽王与褒姒在翠华宫,申后忽然来了,褒姒正与幽王谈笑自乐,没有起身迎接,申后心虽有忧怨却口不敢言,回宫后忧容不展.申后自从那天见到褒姒的天姿国色后,就明白自己已年近四十,再也无法以美色和褒姒争一日长短了,惟有终日长吁短叹,郁郁寡欢.太子宜臼看见母亲忧闷,连忙跪问原因.申后说:你父王宠爱褒姒,不分尊卑,今日在翠华宫,见我来了,她仍饮酒自乐,全不退避.将来此婢得志,我母子一定没有容身之处了!太子说:这事好办,改天与数十宫人游御苑赏花时,如果褒姒一同过来,我令宫人将此贱婢乱打一顿.待她禀奏父王,父王不听则已,若有什么事,孩儿必杀之!
申后果然将褒姒打了一顿,褒姒对幽王垂泪说:申皇后无故令宫人痛打妾!幽王变色:皇后怎么敢如此无礼!虢石父、尹球说:臣闻皇后失德,嫉妒之心太甚.幽王怒,下诏废皇后,册立褒姒为正宫.太子宜臼忿恨不平,要杀虢石父.虢石父逃走,来见幽王.幽王怒,命尹球追捕太子.幽王将申后囚禁在冷宫,并废掉太子宜臼.这种处理引起了朝臣的共愤,告老归田者很多.
褒姒天性忧郁,长日紧蹙眉黛,终日闷闷不乐,周幽王为其开颜一笑费尽心思.但千方百计,褒姒却始终不开口一笑.幽王召乐工鸣钟击鼓,品竹弹丝,宫人歌舞进临,褒姒全无悦色.
幽王问:卿不好音乐,不知所好何事?褒姒说:妾无所好.曾记得昔日手裂彩绢,爱听绢裂的声音.幽王说:那你怎么不早说呢?幽王即命司库每日进彩绢百匹,使有力的宫女撕裂,以取悦褒姒.褒姒虽爱听裂绢的声音,却依旧不见笑脸.
幽王问:卿为何不笑?褒姒说:妾平生不会笑.
幽王私下与虢石父说:你若有什么办法让褒后笑一笑,就赏你千金!
虢石父就献计说:先王曾在城外,五里置一烽火台,用来防备敌兵.如有敌兵来则举烽火为号,沿路相招天下诸侯带兵勤王,假如诸侯来了却没有敌兵,皇后必然会笑!
原来,周王朝为了防备西部一个叫犬戎的少数民族部落的进攻,在骊山一带造了二十多座烽火台,每隔几里地就是一座.如果犬戎打过来,把守第一道关的士兵就把火烧起来；第二道关的士兵见到烟火,也把烽火烧起来.这样一个接一个烧着烽火,附近的诸侯见到了,就会发兵来救.
幽王遂与褒姒驾幸骊山,在骊宫夜宴,到处灯火辉煌,笙歌曼舞.周幽王向褒姒解释烽火台的用处, 告诉她这是传报战争消息的建筑.那时候,从边疆到国都,每隔一定距离就修一个高土台,派士兵日夜驻守.当敌人侵犯边境的时候,烽火台上的驻兵立刻点燃烽火,向相邻的烽火台报警.这样一路传递下去,边境发生的情况很快就能传到京城.而一旦国都受到威胁,骊山的烽火台也点燃烽火,向附属周朝的诸侯国传递消息,诸侯国就会立刻派兵来援助.
褒姒听了周幽王的话后,不相信在这样一个高土堆上点把火,就能召来千里之外的救兵.为了讨得褒姒的欢心,周幽王立即下令,让士兵点燃烽火.群臣都来劝谏说:烽火台用来备缓急,必须取信于诸侯,现在无故而点烽火,是戏弄诸侯!以后倘有不测,将用什么东西来让诸侯救急呢?幽王不听,遂点燃了烽火,与褒姒在望边楼欢宴.
烽火在一个接一个的烽火台上点燃起来,刹那间火焰直冲霄汉,像一条逃命的巨鲸一样,不断地一股一股喷出火柱,向黑暗的远处奔腾而去.各地的诸侯乍见焰火冲天,以为国都受到进攻,纷纷率领军队前来救援.
没多久,列国诸侯皆领兵至,一路烟尘滚滚,来了却没发现敌寇的踪影,只见周幽王正和褒妃在高台上饮酒作乐,根本就没有什么敌人,才知道自己被国王愚弄了.诸侯们不敢发脾气,只能悻悻地率领军队返回.
褒姒凭栏远眺,见各路军马擎火炬漫山遍野奔跑的狼狈样,觉得很好玩,不禁嫣然一笑.周幽王一见宠爱的妃子终于笑了,心里痛快极了.
等诸侯王都退走了以后,周幽王又让士兵再点燃烽火,诸侯们又急匆匆地带着军队赶来了.周幽王和褒姒一见诸侯们又上当了,在烽火台上一起哈哈笑.幽王说:爱妃一笑,百媚俱生,此皆虢石父的功劳!遂以千金赏虢石父.千金买笑的典故就出自这里此.就这样,周幽王反复点烽火,戏弄诸侯.最后,当烽火再点燃时,已经没有一位诸侯再上当了.
申侯在回去的路上就上表责备幽王弃皇后、废太子、宠褒姒、戏诸侯四事.虢石父奏报说:申侯打算与太子宜臼谋反,因此故意揭露王的过失.幽王说:那怎么办呢?虢石父说:赶快发兵讨伐他,免生后患!
于是幽王发兵讨申.申侯惊:国兵微,何以当敌?夫吕章说:申国近邻犬戎、西夷,主公赶快写信给犬戎,请求他们出兵讨伐无道的幽王,这样就一定可以免掉申国的灾祸!申侯便写信给犬戎.犬戎于是发兵五万,杀奔京师,将周朝都城围得水泄不通.
幽王见此情景,惊失色,对虢石父说:速点烽火以搬诸侯的救兵!幽王点烽火数日,烽火台上白天冒着浓烟,夜里火光烛天,诸侯之兵却没有一个来的.因为前几次被烽火所戏弄,诸侯以为幽王又想戏弄他们来博取美人一笑,所以都不当回事.不久镐京陷落.
幽王逃奔临漳.犬戎在城放火焚烧宫室,掳掠库内财物.幽王在骊山下被追上杀了.褒姒被犬戎掳去,不知道下落.宫士卒嫔妃,死者不计其数.犬戎在城肆剽掠数月.
周幽王烽火戏诸侯的故事如今已被当做笑话.这个爱美人的故事早已超出了个人行为,为了博美人一笑,竟以江山社稷的保护伞--军队为代价,最终只能留下千古骂名.《诗经·雅》说:赫赫宗周,褒姒灭之.国还有句古话,一笑倾城,二笑倾国,只有无道昏君才能有这样的荒唐之举.
到这时候,各地诸侯才知道原来犬戎真的打进镐京了,于是联合起来,带着队人马来救.诸侯们打退了犬戎,立原来的太子宜臼为天子,就是周平王,然后诸侯们就回各自的封地去了.
没想到这些诸侯们前脚一走,犬戎后脚就又进来了,而且是经常进犯.当时京师宫殿焚毁,仓库空虚,周朝西边很多土地都被犬戎占去了,边境烽火连年不息.平王就与群臣商议迁都到洛阳.周公说:不可!洛阳虽为天下之,却四面受敌；而镐京,左有崤函,右有陇蜀,沃野千里,四塞为固,所谓天府之国,天下之势,莫过于此.今若弃之东迁,臣以为不可!平王不听,即日东迁于洛阳.
镐京险要的地方都归了秦国,后来秦国凭此灭六国得天下.从此诸侯们各霸一方,展开了长达五百多年的残杀.
In 772 BC, Shen Hou United States and the Quan Rong Zeng Zhou Ju-Bing into the attack, local feudal lords refused to rescue, You Wang fiasco, with concubine, Peter and services and other treasures of the royal family fled to Li Shan, the latter was killed. Quanrong break Gao Jing, Zhou Sui Wang. Before and after 350 years.
Since the Western Zhou Zhou Li Wang Ji Wu, Zhou Jing Xuan Wang Ji has affairs of state disorder strength grows weaker. When King Xuan of Zhou, in the Gao Jing to teach children the city has a red children in the city is a ballad singing this: On the rise Japan will not, SHOES arc Kei turnip, a few dead Zhou ... ... meaning to say: The yellow moon, will be raised, and bright red sun, going down the mountain mulberry wood bow Yeah, Kei grass do quiver , dragon girl home almost a week the country would die ... ...
King Xuan of Zhou Jiang Queen asked recently what concubines Palace weird place, Jiang said: Palace is not strange, only the kings palace of a concubine Romer, at twenty-year-old, pregnant for eight years before the birth of a daughter.
West Side Juncu saw a man carrying a tour when the mountain mulberry wood bow, a woman carrying a woven grass dichotoma quiver, in the street selling. This man is the Si. Junzu saw it, to discuss Road: Today the court concluded that rumor Robinson Song is bilberry wood bow dichotoma grass quiver, the two men will be the case, said that women chaotic country, we put the man, this woman was caught and see the Son of Heaven. Si saw could not save his wife, hastened to your head will run. went outside, he heard deep forest birds of loud, crying baby sound.
This year in July, Xuan Wang collapse, his son ascended the throne Nirvana Palace is Zhou You Wang. Youwang man irascible, mean Guaen treat, but also moody, Xia Ni group, no matter what state things, light that eat, drink. Just a throne, he sent for him to find beauty everywhere. Yin ball, Guo Shi father, offering the public three crafty evil people slander misled his majesty. You Wang Yin ball thanks for the husband, father to the Qing Guo Shi, offering the public for the Stuart. three people are slanderer flattery, greed-bit Mu-lu of the generation, but the king manipulated and ingratiation subscribed.
Praise Xiang was in prison, one is three years off. Praise the people at home should do everything possible to praise Xiang was out, they want a lot of nothing, did not work, the last son of De-said: I heard that the emperor and licentious, indulge in sex. Now baocheng Si daughter is very lucid and elegant, from a poor family without resources, if 100 gold to buy this woman tribute to the court, will be able to redeem his father.
You Wang Q: Qing good music, I do not know likes anything for? Concubine said: concubine nothing good. Who remember the old hand-split-color silk, silk like to hear the voice crack. You Wang said: how do you say that earlier it? Youwang that Treasurer of daily life into the 100-color silk so strong ladies tear to please concubine. concubine though want to hear the voice of silk split, but still not see smiles.
Father Guo Shi offer advice and said: kings had outside, Wuli set a beacon, to guard against enemy soldiers. If enemy soldiers are held to the flames as the number, move the world along with loyalist soldier princes, princes come if are not enemy soldiers, the Queen is bound to laugh!
Concubine, after listening to the words of Zhou You Wang, do not believe in such a high mound on the point of fire, you can call the cavalry to thousands of miles away. To please the discussion was concubine, Zhou You Wang immediately ordered the soldiers to light the flames. the ministers have to remonstrate said: Beacon used to prepare priority, must gain the trust of nobility, Now if the point of war is the sport of princes! after the event of any eventuality, what will be used to make emergency princes do? You Wang did not listen, then lit the flames, and the concubine in sight side floor feast.
Concubine lean on a railing overlooking, see separate ways army horse engine running embarrassed like the torch over the mountain, that was fun, can not help smiling. Zhou You Wang a favorite concubine finally see smiles, hearts extremely happy.
So quiet Wang Fabing discuss applications. Shenhou surprise: State soldiers micro, why when the enemy? Fulv Zhang wrote: Shen Country neighbors Quanrong, Xi Yi, My lord quickly wrote to Quanrong, ask them to send troops to suppress the non-Road You Wang, This application must be done away with the scourge of the country! Shen Hou wrote a letter to the Quan Rong. Quanrong was made Bingwu Wan, Sha Ben the capital, crowded around the Zhou Dynasty capital.
Zhou You Wang war movie the story of princes had been as a joke now. The love story of beauty far beyond the individual act, in order to Bo beauty smile, actually to country Sajik umbrella - the cost of the army, eventually leaving only scorn. " Book of Elegance ": HEHE Zongzhou, concubine off of. States have an old saying, a smile The mixture of two smiling tilting the country, only stupid is no way to have such an absurd move.
Gao Jing advantageous where the property of the state of Qin, Qin later harbor has enabled the six countries have destroyed the world. Princes are the tyrants from the party, started over 500 years of carnage.