| 姓： | 姬 | |||||||||
| 名： | 宮湦 | |||||||||
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臨近的諸侯看到烽火臺上起了狼煙，以為犬戎打過來了，趕快帶領兵馬來救。沒想到趕到那兒，連一個犬戎兵的影兒也沒有，衹聽到山上一陣陣奏樂和唱歌的聲音，大夥兒都愣了。幽王派人告訴他們說，大傢辛苦了，這兒沒什麽事，不過是大王和王妃放煙火玩玩兒，你們回去吧。諸侯知道上了當，憋了一肚子氣回去了。褒姒不知道他們鬧的是什麽玩意，看見驪山腳下來了好幾路兵馬，亂哄哄的樣子，就問幽王是怎麽回事。幽王一五一十告訴了她。褒姒真的笑了一下。幽王見褒姒開了笑臉，就賞給虢石父一千兩金子。
後來周幽王聽到犬戎進攻鎬京的消息，驚慌失措，連忙下令把驪山的烽火點起來。烽火倒是燃起來了，可是諸侯因為上次上了當，誰也不來理會他們。
公元前772年，申侯聯合繒國和犬戎舉兵入攻西周，各地諸侯拒不救援，幽王慘敗，帶着褒姒、伯服等人和王室珍寶逃至驪山，後被殺。犬戎攻破鎬京，西周遂亡。前後共三百五十餘年。
在古代,國王固然是國傢的最高統治者,享有至高無上的權力,但是國王如果把國傢權力當作兒戲,為所欲為,最終衹能導致自己的滅亡.周幽王就是這樣一個突出的例子.周朝的八百年江山是國歷代最漫長的,可惜傳到周幽王氣數就式微了.
周幽王,姓姬名宮涅,生卒年月不詳.他統治期間,先是重用虢石父執政,導致剝削殘酷,人民不堪重負,流離失所.後期又專寵褒姒,廢申後及太子,由此引發西周滅亡的悲劇.幽王遺恨沒荒臺,滿目蒼蒼秀作堆.人暮晴霞紅一片,尚疑烽火自西來.這首詩表達了後人對周幽王的憎恨.因為如果沒有他的昏庸無道,西周就不可能滅亡.
西周自周厲王姬鬍、周宣王姬靜以來,朝政紊亂,國力日益衰弱.周宣王的時候,在鎬京城內有一個紅衣兒教滿城的兒童唱着這樣的一首歌謠:月將升,日將沒,檿弧箕菔,幾亡周國……意是說:黃澄澄的新月,將要升起了,紅豔豔的太陽,快要落下了,山桑木的弓呀,箕草做的箭袋,神竜傢的女孩幾乎就要亡了周國……
讖謠在史籍記載和民間流傳,都顯得神秘玄妙.讖謠最主要是通過兒童之口進行擴散的.人們普遍認為兒童天真無知,他們所傳的謠諺必非出於自撰,肯定出自天意.
因此,周宣王聽到歌謠後非常吃驚,他問臣們:此歌謠什麽意思,是兇是吉?召公說:'檿'是山桑木的名稱,可以用來做弓.'萁'是草的名稱,可用來做箭袋.據臣的愚見,國傢日後將有弓矢之禍!宣王說:如果是這樣,殺盡京師所有做弓箭的匠人,毀掉庫內的弓矢,怎麽樣?太史令伯陽父說:臣夜觀天象,弓矢之禍將出現在陛下宮,與弓矢無關,後世必有女子亂國!請王勿殺無辜的人、毀軍旅的兵器.
周宣王問薑皇后最近宮的嬪妃有什麽怪異的地方,薑後說:宮沒有怪異,衹有先王宮內的一個嬪妃盧氏,年方二十四歲,懷孕八年,纔生下一個女兒.
宣王說:這真是咄咄怪事!趕緊派女侍召來盧氏詢問原因,盧氏說:妾聽說夏朝桀王時,褒城有個人化為兩條竜,降在王廷,對桀王說--我是褒城二君,桀王非常恐懼,殺了二竜,將竜涎藏在木櫝.自殷朝經歷六百四十四年,傳了二十八王,都不敢打開木櫝看. 到了先王厲王時一時好奇打開木櫝,竜涎立刻在宮廷四處漫流開來,最後化為一個元龜.妾當時十七歲,因為腳不心踩了龜跡而忽然有了身孕,如今纔剛生下一個女兒.宣王說:此女一定是怪物,你抱出給我看一看!
盧氏說:妾疑心為怪物,生下來的那天晚上就讓宮女將此女孩扔在禦河淹死了!宣王對伯陽父說:此女孩已死,卿試着占卜,看妖氣消滅了沒有?伯陽父占卜後說:妖氣雖然出宮,然而還在人間!宣王傳旨,令士兵馬上巡訪禦溝內外,然而女嬰已經找不見了.於是寫出榜文,挂在各城門口,不論是誰,衹要敢收禦溝內的嬰孩隱匿起來,就滿門處死.
西城軍卒巡訪時看見一個男子背着山桑木弓,一個女子背着萁草織成的箭袋,在街上叫賣.這個男子就是姒.軍卒看見,就商量道:如今朝廷臣斷定謠歌是山桑木弓萁草箭袋,這兩個人必應其事,又說女子亂國,我們放了那個男子,將此女子捉去見天子.姒一見救不了自己的妻子,連忙抱頭便跑.跑到郊外,他聽見深林群鳥喧噪,有嬰兒啼哭的聲音.
他進入林,看見百鳥用翅膀上的羽毛覆蓋一個躺在青草上的女嬰,他想:我妻子被朝廷捉去,估計沒有了性命,不如將這個女孩抱回去,撫養成人,也還有個寄托.於是抱起嬰兒,奔褒城逃難而去.軍卒將姒的妻子抓去見宣王.宣王一聽是賣箕草箭袋的女子,就急令推出斬首.
宣王以為殺了這個賣箕草箭袋的女子,便破了周朝傾亡的預言.但是他萬萬沒有想到,在十數年後,要讓周朝付出最慘重代價的女子,卻還是進了周王的皇宮.
這年的七月,宣王崩,他的兒子宮涅即位,是為周幽王.幽王為人性情暴躁,待人刻薄寡恩,而且喜怒無常、狎昵群,什麽國傢事都不管,光知道吃喝玩樂.剛一即位,就打發人四處為他尋找美女.尹球、虢石父、祭公三個姦佞人讒邪欺君.幽王拜尹球為夫,虢石父為上卿,祭公為司徒.三人皆讒佞阿諛之人,貪位慕祿之輩,惟王所欲,逢迎不暇.
一次三川守臣表稱三川地震.幽王笑說:山川地震是常事,何必動表告訴寡人?伯陽父對趙叔帶說:以前伊洛竭而夏亡,河竭而商亡,現在周如夏商的末季啊!趙叔帶駭然問；何以見之?伯陽父說:源塞必然川竭,川竭必然山崩,山崩是預兆,周室天下不出二十年當亡!
這年鼕,岐山又崩,趙叔帶上表說:山崩地震,是國傢不祥之兆,望王撫恤下民,廣開賢路,以弭天變,以使社稷無危.虢石父卻說:山崩地震,王所謂天道之常,有什麽不祥?叔帶是迂腐的讀書人,不知天道,望陛下詳之!幽王聽信虢石父之言罷免了趙叔帶.右諫議夫褒珦勸諫道:不可罷趙叔帶的官職,否則會阻塞諫諍之路.幽王怒,就把褒珦關進監獄.
褒珦在監獄裏一關就是三年.褒傢的人千方百計要把褒珦救出來,他們想了許多法子都沒有奏效,最後兒子洪德說:我聽說天子荒淫,耽於女色.現在褒城姒傢女兒十分清麗,傢貧無資,若以百金買下這個女子,進貢給朝廷,一定可以贖回父親.
他母親同意了,他們傢就以百金,買下此女子,教會她唱歌跳舞,把她打扮起來,獻給了幽王,替褒珦贖罪.這女子年方14歲,目秀眉清,唇紅齒白,發輓烏雲,指排削玉,有如花如月之容,傾國傾城之貌.
幽王見美人儀容嬌媚,流盼之際,光豔照人.因褒地所進,就賜名褒姒,充入後宮.群臣都諫阻說: 色傾人國,自古都有.夏因妹喜而亡,商因妲己而喪.陛下宜鑒前朝得失,不可接受此美人.尹球、虢石父卻說:種田的多收了幾捆禾麥,尚且重婚,王以天子之尊,受一宮人,你們怎麽就那麽多廢話?幽王也怒:有再諫受美人者斬!自此幽王與褒姒坐則腿疊腿,立則肩並肩,飲則交杯,食則同器.一連十日不上朝,與褒姒朝夕飲宴.
皇后申氏逐漸失寵.一天幽王與褒姒在翠華宮,申後忽然來了,褒姒正與幽王談笑自樂,沒有起身迎接,申後心雖有憂怨卻口不敢言,回宮後憂容不展.申後自從那天見到褒姒的天姿國色後,就明白自己已年近四十,再也無法以美色和褒姒爭一日長短了,惟有終日長吁短嘆,鬱鬱寡歡.太子宜臼看見母親憂悶,連忙跪問原因.申後說:你父王寵愛褒姒,不分尊卑,今日在翠華宮,見我來了,她仍飲酒自樂,全不退避.將來此婢得志,我母子一定沒有容身之處了!太子說:這事好辦,改天與數十宮人遊禦苑賞花時,如果褒姒一同過來,我令宮人將此賤婢亂打一頓.待她稟奏父王,父王不聽則已,若有什麽事,孩兒必殺之!
申後果然將褒姒打了一頓,褒姒對幽王垂淚說:申皇后無故令宮人痛打妾!幽王變色:皇后怎麽敢如此無禮!虢石父、尹球說:臣聞皇后失德,嫉妒之心太甚.幽王怒,下詔廢皇后,册立褒姒為正宮.太子宜臼忿恨不平,要殺虢石父.虢石父逃走,來見幽王.幽王怒,命尹球追捕太子.幽王將申後囚禁在冷宮,並廢掉太子宜臼.這種處理引起了朝臣的共憤,告老歸田者很多.
褒姒天性憂鬱,長日緊蹙眉黛,終日悶悶不樂,周幽王為其開顔一笑費盡心思.但千方百計,褒姒卻始終不開口一笑.幽王召樂工鳴鐘擊鼓,品竹彈絲,宮人歌舞進臨,褒姒全無悅色.
幽王問:卿不好音樂,不知所好何事?褒姒說:妾無所好.曾記得昔日手裂彩絹,愛聽絹裂的聲音.幽王說:那你怎麽不早說呢?幽王即命司庫每日進彩絹百匹,使有力的宮女撕裂,以取悅褒姒.褒姒雖愛聽裂絹的聲音,卻依舊不見笑臉.
幽王問:卿為何不笑?褒姒說:妾平生不會笑.
幽王私下與虢石父說:你若有什麽辦法讓褒後笑一笑,就賞你千金!
虢石父就獻計說:先王曾在城外,五裏置一烽火臺,用來防備敵兵.如有敵兵來則舉烽火為號,沿路相招天下諸侯帶兵勤王,假如諸侯來了卻沒有敵兵,皇后必然會笑!
原來,周王朝為了防備西部一個叫犬戎的少數民族部落的進攻,在驪山一帶造了二十多座烽火臺,每隔幾裏地就是一座.如果犬戎打過來,把守第一道關的士兵就把火燒起來；第二道關的士兵見到煙火,也把烽火燒起來.這樣一個接一個燒着烽火,附近的諸侯見到了,就會發兵來救.
幽王遂與褒姒駕幸驪山,在驪宮夜宴,到處燈火輝煌,笙歌曼舞.周幽王嚮褒姒解釋烽火臺的用處, 告訴她這是傳報戰爭消息的建築.那時候,從邊疆到國都,每隔一定距離就修一個高土臺,派士兵日夜駐守.當敵人侵犯邊境的時候,烽火臺上的駐兵立刻點燃烽火,嚮相鄰的烽火臺報警.這樣一路傳遞下去,邊境發生的情況很快就能傳到京城.而一旦國都受到威脅,驪山的烽火臺也點燃烽火,嚮附屬周朝的諸侯國傳遞消息,諸侯國就會立刻派兵來援助.
褒姒聽了周幽王的話後,不相信在這樣一個高土堆上點把火,就能召來千裏之外的救兵.為了討得褒姒的歡心,周幽王立即下令,讓士兵點燃烽火.群臣都來勸諫說:烽火臺用來備緩急,必須取信於諸侯,現在無故而點烽火,是戲弄諸侯!以後倘有不測,將用什麽東西來讓諸侯救急呢?幽王不聽,遂點燃了烽火,與褒姒在望邊樓歡宴.
烽火在一個接一個的烽火臺上點燃起來,剎那間火焰直衝霄漢,像一條逃命的巨鯨一樣,不斷地一股一股噴出火柱,嚮黑暗的遠處奔騰而去.各地的諸侯乍見焰火衝天,以為國都受到進攻,紛紛率領軍隊前來救援.
沒多久,列國諸侯皆領兵至,一路煙塵滾滾,來了卻沒發現敵寇的蹤影,衹見周幽王正和褒妃在高臺上飲酒作樂,根本就沒有什麽敵人,纔知道自己被國王愚弄了.諸侯們不敢發脾氣,衹能悻悻地率領軍隊返回.
褒姒憑欄遠眺,見各路軍馬擎火炬漫山遍野奔跑的狼狽樣,覺得很好玩,不禁嫣然一笑.周幽王一見寵愛的妃子終於笑了,心裏痛快極了.
等諸侯王都退走了以後,周幽王又讓士兵再點燃烽火,諸侯們又急匆匆地帶着軍隊趕來了.周幽王和褒姒一見諸侯們又上當了,在烽火臺上一起哈哈笑.幽王說:愛妃一笑,百媚俱生,此皆虢石父的功勞!遂以千金賞虢石父.千金買笑的典故就出自這裏此.就這樣,周幽王反復點烽火,戲弄諸侯.最後,當烽火再點燃時,已經沒有一位諸侯再上當了.
申侯在回去的路上就上表責備幽王棄皇后、廢太子、寵褒姒、戲諸侯四事.虢石父奏報說:申侯打算與太子宜臼謀反,因此故意揭露王的過失.幽王說:那怎麽辦呢?虢石父說:趕快發兵討伐他,免生後患!
於是幽王發兵討申.申侯驚:國兵微,何以當敵?夫呂章說:申國近鄰犬戎、西夷,主公趕快寫信給犬戎,請求他們出兵討伐無道的幽王,這樣就一定可以免掉申國的災禍!申侯便寫信給犬戎.犬戎於是發兵五萬,殺奔京師,將周朝都城圍得水泄不通.
幽王見此情景,驚失色,對虢石父說:速點烽火以搬諸侯的救兵!幽王點烽火數日,烽火臺上白天冒着濃煙,夜裏火光燭天,諸侯之兵卻沒有一個來的.因為前幾次被烽火所戲弄,諸侯以為幽王又想戲弄他們來博取美人一笑,所以都不當回事.不久鎬京陷落.
幽王逃奔臨漳.犬戎在城放火焚燒宮室,擄掠庫內財物.幽王在驪山下被追上殺了.褒姒被犬戎擄去,不知道下落.宮士卒嬪妃,死者不計其數.犬戎在城肆剽掠數月.
周幽王烽火戲諸侯的故事如今已被當做笑話.這個愛美人的故事早已超出了個人行為,為了博美人一笑,竟以江山社稷的保護傘--軍隊為代價,最終衹能留下千古駡名.《詩經·雅》說:赫赫宗周,褒姒滅之.國還有句古話,一笑傾城,二笑傾國,衹有無道昏君才能有這樣的荒唐之舉.
到這時候,各地諸侯纔知道原來犬戎真的打進鎬京了,於是聯合起來,帶着隊人馬來救.諸侯們打退了犬戎,立原來的太子宜臼為天子,就是周平王,然後諸侯們就回各自的封地去了.
沒想到這些諸侯們前腳一走,犬戎後腳就又進來了,而且是經常進犯.當時京師宮殿焚毀,倉庫空虛,周朝西邊很多土地都被犬戎占去了,邊境烽火連年不息.平王就與群臣商議遷都到洛陽.周公說:不可!洛陽雖為天下之,卻四面受敵；而鎬京,左有崤函,右有隴蜀,沃野千裏,四塞為固,所謂天府之國,天下之勢,莫過於此.今若棄之東遷,臣以為不可!平王不聽,即日東遷於洛陽.
鎬京險要的地方都歸了秦國,後來秦國憑此滅六國得天下.從此諸侯們各霸一方,展開了長達五百多年的殘殺.
In 772 BC, Shen Hou United States and the Quan Rong Zeng Zhou Ju-Bing into the attack, local feudal lords refused to rescue, You Wang fiasco, with concubine, Peter and services and other treasures of the royal family fled to Li Shan, the latter was killed. Quanrong break Gao Jing, Zhou Sui Wang. Before and after 350 years.
Since the Western Zhou Zhou Li Wang Ji Wu, Zhou Jing Xuan Wang Ji has affairs of state disorder strength grows weaker. When King Xuan of Zhou, in the Gao Jing to teach children the city has a red children in the city is a ballad singing this: On the rise Japan will not, SHOES arc Kei turnip, a few dead Zhou ... ... meaning to say: The yellow moon, will be raised, and bright red sun, going down the mountain mulberry wood bow Yeah, Kei grass do quiver , dragon girl home almost a week the country would die ... ...
King Xuan of Zhou Jiang Queen asked recently what concubines Palace weird place, Jiang said: Palace is not strange, only the kings palace of a concubine Romer, at twenty-year-old, pregnant for eight years before the birth of a daughter.
West Side Juncu saw a man carrying a tour when the mountain mulberry wood bow, a woman carrying a woven grass dichotoma quiver, in the street selling. This man is the Si. Junzu saw it, to discuss Road: Today the court concluded that rumor Robinson Song is bilberry wood bow dichotoma grass quiver, the two men will be the case, said that women chaotic country, we put the man, this woman was caught and see the Son of Heaven. Si saw could not save his wife, hastened to your head will run. went outside, he heard deep forest birds of loud, crying baby sound.
This year in July, Xuan Wang collapse, his son ascended the throne Nirvana Palace is Zhou You Wang. Youwang man irascible, mean Guaen treat, but also moody, Xia Ni group, no matter what state things, light that eat, drink. Just a throne, he sent for him to find beauty everywhere. Yin ball, Guo Shi father, offering the public three crafty evil people slander misled his majesty. You Wang Yin ball thanks for the husband, father to the Qing Guo Shi, offering the public for the Stuart. three people are slanderer flattery, greed-bit Mu-lu of the generation, but the king manipulated and ingratiation subscribed.
Praise Xiang was in prison, one is three years off. Praise the people at home should do everything possible to praise Xiang was out, they want a lot of nothing, did not work, the last son of De-said: I heard that the emperor and licentious, indulge in sex. Now baocheng Si daughter is very lucid and elegant, from a poor family without resources, if 100 gold to buy this woman tribute to the court, will be able to redeem his father.
You Wang Q: Qing good music, I do not know likes anything for? Concubine said: concubine nothing good. Who remember the old hand-split-color silk, silk like to hear the voice crack. You Wang said: how do you say that earlier it? Youwang that Treasurer of daily life into the 100-color silk so strong ladies tear to please concubine. concubine though want to hear the voice of silk split, but still not see smiles.
Father Guo Shi offer advice and said: kings had outside, Wuli set a beacon, to guard against enemy soldiers. If enemy soldiers are held to the flames as the number, move the world along with loyalist soldier princes, princes come if are not enemy soldiers, the Queen is bound to laugh!
Concubine, after listening to the words of Zhou You Wang, do not believe in such a high mound on the point of fire, you can call the cavalry to thousands of miles away. To please the discussion was concubine, Zhou You Wang immediately ordered the soldiers to light the flames. the ministers have to remonstrate said: Beacon used to prepare priority, must gain the trust of nobility, Now if the point of war is the sport of princes! after the event of any eventuality, what will be used to make emergency princes do? You Wang did not listen, then lit the flames, and the concubine in sight side floor feast.
Concubine lean on a railing overlooking, see separate ways army horse engine running embarrassed like the torch over the mountain, that was fun, can not help smiling. Zhou You Wang a favorite concubine finally see smiles, hearts extremely happy.
So quiet Wang Fabing discuss applications. Shenhou surprise: State soldiers micro, why when the enemy? Fulv Zhang wrote: Shen Country neighbors Quanrong, Xi Yi, My lord quickly wrote to Quanrong, ask them to send troops to suppress the non-Road You Wang, This application must be done away with the scourge of the country! Shen Hou wrote a letter to the Quan Rong. Quanrong was made Bingwu Wan, Sha Ben the capital, crowded around the Zhou Dynasty capital.
Zhou You Wang war movie the story of princes had been as a joke now. The love story of beauty far beyond the individual act, in order to Bo beauty smile, actually to country Sajik umbrella - the cost of the army, eventually leaving only scorn. " Book of Elegance ": HEHE Zongzhou, concubine off of. States have an old saying, a smile The mixture of two smiling tilting the country, only stupid is no way to have such an absurd move.
Gao Jing advantageous where the property of the state of Qin, Qin later harbor has enabled the six countries have destroyed the world. Princes are the tyrants from the party, started over 500 years of carnage.