| 網筆號： | 元聖昭獻孝皇帝 | ||||||||||||||
| 廟號： | 文宗 | ||||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 章陵 | ||||||||||||||
閱讀李昂 Li Ang在诗海的作品!!! | |||||||||||||||
唐文宗李昂（809年-840年），漢族，唐穆宗第二子，本名涵，長慶元年（821）封江王，唐敬宗之弟。敬宗寶歷二年（826年），被宦官王守澄等擁立為帝。他是唐朝第十四位皇帝（去武則天以外，827年-840年在位），在位14年，享年32歲。在位期間，朝臣朋黨相互傾軋，官員調動頻繁，政權甚至皇帝的廢立生殺，均掌握在宦官手中。後起用李訓、鄭註等人，意欲鏟除宦官。大和九年（835年），李訓引誘宦官參觀所謂“甘露”，企圖將其一舉消滅，但事情敗露，反而導致宦官大肆屠殺朝官，史稱“甘露之變”。事後，文宗更被宦官鉗製，慨嘆自己受製於傢奴，境遇不如漢獻帝。在位間,去奢從儉,勤於政務,期成名君,但既受製於宦官,又受製於朋黨,又再受製於籓鎮，開成五年（840年）抑鬱病死，死後謚號為元聖昭獻孝皇帝。曾用年號：大和 公元827—835年、開成 836—840年；廟號：文宗；安葬地：章陵。
【生平】
劉剋明與蘇佐明殺害敬宗後，假冒敬宗旨意選立了憲宗的另一個兒子絳王李悟“權勾當軍國事”。這樣做本來也是多年來宦官擁立的慣用伎倆，大臣也都見怪不怪了。劉剋明等還不以此為滿足，又商議着剝奪其他宦官手中的權力，這樣就惹惱了內樞密使王守澄、楊承和以及神策軍左右護軍中尉魏從簡、梁守謙——唐末任左右樞密使和左右神策軍中尉的四位大宦官被稱為“四貴”，他們是宦官中的實力派。王守澄等密謀商定，動用了所掌握的禁軍力量將穆宗的次子江王涵迎入宮中，此舉還得到了三朝元老大臣裴度等朝廷官員的支持。神策軍中尉派出的精銳禁軍將劉剋明與蘇佐明一夥全部誅殺，絳王悟也死於亂兵之手。江王涵就是文宗，即位後改名為李昂。
由於沒有先帝的遺囑，文宗應當以什麽方式登基即位，王守澄搞不明白。他聽從了翰林學士韋處厚的主張：先以江王的名義宣告平定了宮廷的叛亂（這是為了說明江王有功於國傢），然後百官再三上表勸他登基（這是為了說明江王有群臣的擁戴），再以太皇太後的名義頒布册文，下令指定他為繼承人（這是為了說明江王即位具有合法性），然後舉行册立新君的大典。文宗於寶歷二年十二月十日在紫宸殿外素服與百官相見，十二日正式在宣政殿即位，十三日正式“成服”，也就是扮上了皇帝的行頭，次日親政。十五日文宗將自己的生母蕭氏上尊號曰皇太後（穆宗貞獻皇后）。文宗即位後一直有崇樹外戚的打算，但是他的生母蕭氏是閩人，來京以後父母早亡，傢裏衹有一個弟弟，已失去了聯繫。文宗後來令福建官員尋訪，一連有三個人自稱是文宗的舅舅，其中有人還得到了優厚的待遇，但是最終都是假冒，真的國舅竟無從找到。據說元和、長慶時，兩京百姓在大街巷裏見面打招呼，多說“合是阿舅”，文宗找國舅的事正好與“合是阿舅”的說法相應驗。
文宗生母蕭氏被立為皇太後以後，居住在大內，穆宗的母親也就是文宗祖母懿安太皇太後郭氏居興慶宮，敬宗的母親王氏稱寶歷皇太後居義安殿，號“三宮太後”。文宗對她們是每五日一問安，逢年過節都會親自往各宮謁見。對於祖母太皇太後郭氏，因為有擁立之功，更是禮數有加，文宗經常從城內復道中前往南內興慶宮，群臣及內外命婦也到宮門問候起居。開始，有司獻四時新鮮瓜果給三宮時稱“賜”，文宗認為言賜不妥，就拿起筆將“賜”改為了“奉”。太和五年，在宰相的建議下，為了把太皇太後郭氏與寶歷皇太後稱號有所區別，將居義安殿的寶歷太後以宮為稱，改稱為“義安太後”。開成年間的一個正月十五元宵節，文宗率同諸王、公主等在鹹泰殿上燈，亮如白晝，迎來三宮太後，為她們奉觴進壽，一如傢人之禮。
文宗在位期間的行為舉止，與敬宗相比，簡直是天壤之別。
勤勉聽政文宗與敬宗每月上朝二三次不同，他每逢單日就上朝。每次上朝時間都很長，舉凡軍國大事，從朝廷用人到國庫儲藏，從各地災情到水利興修，他無所不問，從大政方針到具體措施，他都詳細地與宰相大臣討論研究。他要求把各種節假日或者輟朝的時間盡量安排在雙日，以便不影響單日的上朝。文宗還比較重視發揮諫官的作用，太和九年（835）十二月，文宗令鑄造“諫院之印”，改變了諫官進奏表章還要在其他部門請印以造成奏事泄密的狀況。
生活節儉文宗不僅倡導節儉，革除奢靡之風，他自己也身體力行。即位之初，就下令放宮女、太常音聲人，各地額外的進獻和上供的奇珍異物基本上停止，五坊的鷂鷹玩物和遊獵之事也都停廢。他自己的飲食從不鋪張，特別是遇到各地發生災荒的時候，他更是主動地減膳。十月十日是他的生日，這一天被立為“慶成節”，文宗也不允許宰殺豬牛，衹許食用瓜果蔬菜，他還特別詔令京兆尹暫停在城南的麯江池宴請百官和在宮中為他祝壽。文宗嚴禁臣下衣着豪華，有位駙馬戴了很貴重的頭巾，他提出批評。有位公主在參加宴會時穿的衣裙超過了規定，他就下令扣除駙馬兩個月的俸錢以示懲戒。有一個官員穿着桂管布做的衣服拜見皇上，桂管布是桂林地區生産的一種木棉布，布厚而粗糙，較之綾羅綢緞自然略遜一籌，文宗見他衣衫就認定此人是個忠正廉潔的臣子。他自己也做了一件桂管布的衣服，文武百官紛紛效仿，致使桂管布的價格上漲很快。文宗穿着樸素，有一次他對臣下說：“我身上的衣服已洗了三次了。”衆人都贊譽皇杜牧《張好好詩》局部上節儉的美德，衹有翰林學士兼侍書的柳公權認為，皇上君臨天下應該選賢任能，使天下太平，皇上穿洗過的衣服，衹是生活細節而已。不過，能夠註意節儉對於一個封建皇帝來說也是難能可貴的，史書上也稱贊他“恭儉儒雅，出於自然”。
喜歡讀書文宗不喜歡音樂、歌舞和遊樂，不近女色，自己在聽朝理政的閑暇，十分註意讀書。文宗曾對身邊的人說：“若不能甲夜（初更）親自處理政事，乙夜（二更）觀覽圖書，怎麽能夠做人間君主呢？”所以，他每當退朝處理完政事以後，就手不釋捲。
文宗博覽群書，見識很是淵博。他經常就經書詩賦中的名物詢問大臣，結果宰相經常被他問住，回答不上來。有時候，他不僅讀古典，也很瞭解當代人的詩文。有一次，他在內殿賞花，就問身邊的人：“現在京城傳唱牡丹詩，誰寫的最佳？”前朝劉禹錫的“唯有牡丹真國色，花開時節動京師”是很有名的，侍臣告訴他中書捨人李正封的“國色朝酣酒，天香夜染衣”句極佳，文宗聽了很是贊嘆。文宗平時尤喜讀史書，對於歷史上的名君賢臣羨慕不已。他因為喜歡讀《貞觀政要》而仰慕魏徵，就下詔尋訪到魏徵的後人五世孫魏謩，並把魏謩任命為右拾遺，也是屬於可以對皇帝進諫的言官。文宗也很喜歡把他認為有學問的大臣召到宮中講談經義，評論文章。像當時的翰林學士柳公權就常常被他召來，一談就是很長時間，有時候在夜裏閑聊不自覺中蠟燭都燃盡了。他和柳公權留下過“人皆苦炎熱，我愛夏日長。熏風自南來，殿閣生微涼” 的聯句。
自德宗以來，宦官典掌禁軍成為制度，宦官勢力的膨脹有了充足的理由，已經無法簡單根除。由於文宗是宦官擁立，所以宦官的權勢更是不斷擴大。
太和二年（828）三月，文宗下詔製舉，以賢良方正與直言極諫問策取士。進士出身的幽州昌平（今北京）劉蕡對策，直陳宦官專權，認為天下傾覆、海內大亂、國傢政治危機都是由於宦官的專權所導致的，他還論述了藩鎮擅兵、姦臣當道的危害，在當時引起了極大震動。由於文宗剛剛即位，羽翼未豐，他任用了其他的對策者，惟獨沒敢用劉蕡。隨着在位時間越來越長，他也開始着手解决專權的宦官。
太和四年（830），文宗任用宋申錫為宰相，要他秘密鏟除宦官勢力，但因時機不成熟，計謀破産。後來，文宗又重用鄭註、李訓開始剪除宦官。鄭註本姓魚，因為冒姓鄭，人稱“魚鄭”，以精通醫術得以進用。李訓原名李仲言，出身名門，以精通《周易》得以進用。鄭、李二人都善於揣度人心，思路敏捷，口才極佳，文宗把二人視為“奇才”。鄭註幾番死裏逃生都得益他的擅辯，他本來是因大宦官王守澄推薦得到重用的，太和九年（855）時他建議文宗剝奪了王守澄的實權並將他毒死。同時，李訓建議文宗將擔任山南東道監軍的陳弘志召回京城，宮中一直認為是此人當年殺死了憲宗，文宗便派人將其杖死於回京途中。文宗在剪除宦官的行動中，引發了一場震驚朝野的“甘露之變”。
本來，鄭註和李訓計劃在下葬王守澄的時候，要求所有宦官都為王守澄送殯，然後以所率親兵懷藏利斧將其全部砍殺。但李訓求功心切，决定搶先下手。太和九年（835）十一月二十一日，李訓提前在宮中部署了兵力，等文宗上朝後，假稱大明宮左金吾大廳之後的石榴樹上夜降甘露（甘露是預示天下升平的祥瑞），誘使神策軍中尉仇士良、魚弘志（今本《舊唐書》偶有誤為“魚志弘”處）等前往，想一舉誅殺宦官。沒想到，被仇士良看出破綻，他們立即返回大殿，挾持着文宗直往內宮奪路而逃，緩過神來之後，立即派兵關閉宮門，對宰相和朝廷官員下了殺手。李訓喬裝出宮，一路上假裝瘋癲逃到終南山的寺院中。後被地方官抓獲，他擔心押送到宦官手中會遭羞辱和酷刑，在到達京師附近時，便對押送的人說：“現在禁軍到處抓我，是因為能夠得到重賞。等他們見到我，肯定會將我從你們手裏搶去領功，不如你們把我殺了，拿着我的首級去領賞更直接了當。”結果，李訓被殺。鄭註和全家老幼被仇士良派人誅殺，與事變有關無關的朝廷官員也有上千人被殺。這次事變後，宦官更加盛氣凌人，對待皇帝也很不禮貌，常常出言不遜，文宗羞懼難當，從此也不再做聲。據說，衹是在獨居無人的時候，文宗纔會自言自語：“須殺此輩，令我君臣間隔。”文宗留下了一首“輦路生春草，上林花發時。憑高何限意，無復侍臣知”的詩，正是這一凄涼無奈神情的寫照。
開成四年（839），文宗在一次延英召對的間隙，退坐思政殿，悄悄地問當直學士周墀：“在你看來，朕是什麽樣的君主？”周墀再拜：“此事不是臣所能夠有資格評價的。不過天下都說陛下是堯舜一樣的君主。”文宗苦笑道：“朕的意思是，如果與周赧王、漢獻帝相比如何？”周墀惶駭跪奏：“陛下之德，周成、康二王和漢文、景二帝也難與相比，怎麽要自比那二位君主呢？”文宗道：“周赧王、漢獻帝不過是受製強臣，今朕受製傢奴，自以為遠遠比不上他們。”說罷，不免又一陣傷感。宦官對待皇帝尚且如此，宰相更是不在話下。天下文宗章陵神道西側石人大事從此都由宦官的北司决策，南衙宰相機構衹是“行文書”而已。
歷史上對文宗留下了這樣的一句評價：有帝王之道，而無帝王之才。就是說，文宗雖然能夠勤勤勉勉、宵衣旰食，但自身缺乏治國的才幹，最終也不能消除禍患。似乎上天也不眷顧文宗，到開成（836～840）中，各地水旱蝗災不斷，彗星頻頻現於天際，百姓的房屋倒塌，田苗顆粒無收，文宗發出了存撫百姓實施賑濟的詔書，但至於能夠取得多少賑荒的實效，他已經顧不上了。開成三年（838）正月初五，京城內發生了宰相李石遭到刺客襲擊的嚴重事件。李石中了一劍，卻是刺斷了馬尾，還中了一箭，人傷得並不重，但引起了京城的巨大恐慌，第二天常參官入朝者僅有9人而已。開成四年六月，久旱無雨，派往各處祈雨的使者卻沒有帶來多少值得鼓舞的消息，文宗一度對宰相表示，如果上天再這樣不下雨，他就將退居南內興慶宮，另選賢明之主，不再做這個皇帝了。十二月，高宗和武則天的乾陵發生了大火，文宗的身體也出現了不適。開成五年（840）的新年，文宗沒有接受群臣的朝賀，正月初四，文宗在大明宮的太和殿走完了他33歲的一生。
【年表】
公元809年，唐穆宗的第二個兒子李昂出生，原名李涵。
公元826年，唐敬宗李湛被宦官劉剋明等人殺害，李昂在王守澄等人的支持下，即位為帝，是為唐文宗。
公元828年，橫海留後李同捷叛亂。
公元831年，盧竜節度使發動兵變。
公元835年，朝廷大臣與宦官鬥爭白熱化，發生“甘露之變”，宦官集團掌握朝政大權。
公元840年，李昂在宦官擅權的陰影中，抑鬱而死。
【後妃子女】
妃嬪
王德妃
楊賢妃
子
莊恪太子李永 母王德妃
蔣王李宗儉
女
興唐公主，母不詳。
西平公主，母不詳。
光化公主，母不詳，薨廣明時。
第四女郎寧公主，母不詳，薨鹹通時。
Life】 【
In the absence of a will Xian Di, Wen-tsung ascended the throne ascended the throne in what manner should, Wang Shoucheng not understand. He listened to the Imperial University Shiwei Department thick proposition: first, the name of Jiang Wang declared the rebellion put down the court (which is to illustrate active in the country Jiang Wang), and then again on the table Baiguan advised him to ascend to the throne (which is to illustrate the river Wang ministers of support), then the name of the Empress Dowager issued by ether text books, ordered his designated successor (which is to illustrate the legitimacy of Jiang Wang came to the throne), and then establish a new ruler of the ceremony held in volume. Bao Li Wen-tsung in two on Dec. 10 at the Capital Pavilion Dianwaisufu and Baiguan each other, on the 12th government formally declared the throne hall, on the 13th officially "into service" that is playing on the emperor's wardrobe, the next day reign . 15 Japanese cases of Shaw's own mother said, the appellation Queen Mother (Queen Mu Zongzhen offered). Wen-tsung's reign, Dukes has been the intention of tree worship, but his mother is Min Xiao's who come to Beijing after the parents of premature death, the family only one brother has lost contact. Master of literature search was made official in Fujian, a row of three individuals claiming to be master of literature's uncle, which was also received preferential treatment, but in the end are fake, really lords actually impossible to find. Element and is said, Changqing, the two met in Beijing greeted the people in the street alley, and more "to the liking is Ajiu" master of literature to find exactly what lords and "cooperation is Ajiu," saying the appropriate experience.
Master of literature during the reign of behavior, and Yoshimune than simply worlds apart.
Diligence hearings Wenzong and Yoshimune towards a two or three times a month, let him on the court was held every single day. Towards a very long time, every time that whenever military affair, court personnel to the state treasury from storage, from all over the disaster to the water conservancy, he in anything, and from the major policies and concrete measures, he had detailed discussions with the Prime Minister of the Minister. He requested that the DPRK suspend all kinds of holidays or the time as far as two-day, so as not to affect towards a single day. Wen-tsung also more emphasis on the role played Jianguan, Tai Wo nine (835) in December, master of literature that cast, "admonished the Court of India", has changed into Zoubiao remonstrant chapter also in other sectors to create Zoushi please print leak condition.
Not only promote frugal living frugal master of literature, get rid of Luxurious Atmosphere, he himself personally. Ascended the throne at the beginning, it ordered the release maids, voice too often people all over the additional and rare into the offer and the altar is basically to stop foreign bodies, 5 Place the Chicken Hawk playthings and safari also stops waste things. Never extravagance of his own diet, especially in face of famine in various parts of the time, he is actively reduced meals. October 10th is his birthday, the day was established to "celebrate the completion of Day", master of literature is also not allowed to slaughter cattle, only allowed to eat fruits and vegetables, he also suspended in the south in particular edict Lord Mayor's banquet 100 Qujiang Pool officers and in the palace for him. Wenzong prohibited the subjects as clothing luxury, there has been a very valuable Fuma wearing turbans, he criticized. One time the princess in a dress for the banquet over which he had ordered a two-month salary deduction Fuma money as a punishment. Gui control officer wearing a cloth dress audience with the emperor, Guangxi Guilin area of production control fabric is a cotton wood, cloth, thick, rough, slightly inferior compared to the natural grade silk, master of literature see his clothes on the person is identified Zhong is honest servant. He also did a GUI control fabric clothes, all the officials to follow suit, resulting in price increases announced by the Gui soon. Wenzong wearing plain, once he his courtiers, said: "I clothes have been washed three times." All the people praise Huang Du Mu, "Zhang good poem" Local on the thrift, only Imperial Academy and paternity books Liu public power that the emperor Dominating should be selecting candidates to make peace and harmony, the emperor wearing clothes washed, but only details of life. However, to note that for a feudal emperor thrift is also valuable, historical records also praised his "Gong Jian refined, for nature."
Like reading Wenzong not like music, dance and play, not the past and woman, their listening leisure towards governance, great attention to reading. Wen-tsung had people around, said: "If it is not a night (Chugeng) personally handling government affairs and B in the night (2 more) Ferris books, how to make human monarchy?" So, when he finished with public life after Tuichao on Shoubushijuan.
Master of literature read, it is a profound insight. He regularly by the name of the book Poetry in the matter asked the Minister, the result is often the prime minister asked him to live, not answer. Sometimes, he not only read classic, and very understanding of the poetry of contemporary people. Once, he flowers in the sanctuary, he asked people around: "Now Beijing Peony sung poetry, who wrote the best?" Former Liu Yuxi's "only true national peony color, bloom season, moving the Capital" is known, courtiers told him of the book Scheeren Li Zheng Feng "national colors toward intoxicated liquor, Fantasy Night Ran Yi," saying good, master of literature was very impressed listening. An avid reader of history books usually Wenzong particular, for the history of the name of the monarch he eventually envy. He liked to read because of "Zhen Guan" and admire Wei Zheng, the edict really find the descendants of five-generation descendant of Wei Zheng Wei, Religion, Issues, and the right to appointed Wei, Religion, Issues Supplements, also belong to the Emperor remonstrances of Supervisors. Wen-tsung also liked that he learned of the minister summoned to the palace say about Sutra commentary. Liu was the Imperial Academy as public rights are often summoned to a talk about that for a long time, sometimes in the night chatting unconsciously burn the candle all. He and Liu had left the public right "people Jieku hot, I love summer long. Uptrend from the south, Diange Health and cool earth" couplet.
Since the Han and has become a eunuch Code charge of imperial guards system, the expansion of eunuchs forces with good reason, has not simply eradicated. As the master of literature is a eunuch, his position, so the power of eunuchs is expanding.
Wo years (828) March, master of literature even ordered the system move to virtuous Founder and very bluntly admonished asked to take disability policy. Scholars origin Youzhou Changping (now Beijing), Liu Fei countermeasures, bluntly eunuchs, that the world is overturned, at home and chaos, the country's political crisis are due to result of eunuchs in power, he also discussed the military governors trespassing soldiers, a traitor is king harm caused great shock at the time. As the master of literature has just ascended the throne, infancy, and he who appointed the other measures, but only dared to use Liu Fei. As more and more time in office, he also started to address specifically the right to eunuchs.
Originally, training programs and Li Zheng note buried Wang Shoucheng at the time, requires that all eunuchs are as Wang Shoucheng funeral, then the rate of pregnant Tibetan ax bodyguard stabbed his all. Gong Li and training requirements, but eager to decide the first to start with. Wo nine (835) November 21, ahead of Lee training troops deployed in the palace, and so on towards a master of literature, the false claims after Hall of the Daming Palace Sakingo night dew pomegranate tree (nectar indicate world peace and prosperity and good fortune), to induce Shence Jun Lieutenant Choushi Liang, fish Hiroshi (now the "Old Tang," sometimes mistaken as "fish zu fon" Department), etc. go to Heaven's eunuch in one fell swoop. Unexpectedly, by Chou Shiliang see flaws, they immediately return to the main hall, seized the palace Duo Lu Wen-tsung fled inside straight, the pressure of cross God to immediately after the troops closed palace, the prime minister and court officials on down the killer. Lee posing as the eviction of training, all the way to pretend madness fled to the monastery in Zhongnanshan. Local officials after being arrested, he was escorted to the eunuch in the hands liable to fear humiliation and torture, in the near Capital arrived, they escorted the man on, said: "Now everywhere imperial guards arrested me, because it can be so rewarded. Wait for them to see me certainly will be snatched my hand from you claiming credit as you kill me, with my heads to seek awards more straightforward. "a result, Li Xun killed. Zheng Note and the whole family young and old are Choushi Liang sent Heaven's, nothing to do with the incident about a thousand court officials have been killed. After this incident, eunuchs more domineering, very rude towards the emperor, often insulted, master of literature shame fear harder and harder, do not sound from this. It is said that only when no one living alone, master of literature will be talking to himself: "These types have to kill, I interval monarch and his subjects." Wenzong left a "chariot Road Health spring grass, flower hair when Shanglin. With high He limited means, nothing courtiers know "the poem is a portrayal of the desolate helpless look.
History of the master of literature left such an evaluation: the emperors of the Road, without the emperors only. That is, master of literature Although the diligent can Mian Qin, Xiao-Yi Gan Shi, but their lack of competence of governing the country, and ultimately can not eliminate the scourge. God does not favor the master of literature seems to open into the (836 ~ 840), the plague of locusts around the drought continued, the comet is frequently in the sky, the people of the housing collapse, Tien Miao harvests destroyed, master of literature sent relief deposit ask the people to implement the edict, But as for how much relief to the effectiveness of shortage, he had not attend the. Open into the three years (838) fifth day of the first month, occurred in the capital were assassins attacked the prime minister Shih serious incident. Li Shi of the sword, but it is broken thorn cauda equina, also in the stone, who was not re-injury, but caused great panic in the capital the next day, who often participate in only 9 official entry into it. Open into the four in June, long drought, no rain, pray for rain throughout the angel sent to has not brought the number of encouraging news, master of literature on the prime minister once said that if God does not rain like this, he would retreat to the south within Imperial palace, elect wise Lord, no longer do this emperor. December, Qianling Zong and Empress Wu, the fire occurred, Wen-tsung, the body also appeared unwell. Open into five (840) New Year, master of literature did not receive the ministers of the Asaga, first month, fourth day, master of literature in the Daming Palace of Supreme Harmony has completed 33 years of his life.
】 【Chronology
AD 809, Tang Mu Li were the second son was born, formerly known as Han Li.
AD 826, Tang Jingzong eunuch Liu Keming Li Zhan, who was killed, Li Wang Shoucheng and others in support of the throne as emperor, is Emperor Tang Wenzong.
In 828 AD, after cross the sea to stay with Li Jie rebellion.
In AD 831, Lulong Jiedushi mutiny.
AD 835, the court eunuchs Minister and intense struggle took place, "Sweet Dew" eunuch Group have affairs of state power.
In 840, Li eunuch good at the right of the shadow of grief.
】 【Concubines children
Concubines
Wang Defei
Yang 贤妃
Son
Prince Zhuang Ke Wang Defei LEE Wing-mother
Jiang Wang Li Zongjian
Female
Xing Tang princess, mother unknown.
Xiping princess, mother unknown.
Photochemical princess, mother unknown, pass away when wide out.
Ning fourth girl princess, mother unknown, pass away when the Northern Sung Painting.
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