| 网笔号： | 元圣昭献孝皇帝 | ||||||||||||||
| 庙号： | 文宗 | ||||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 章陵 | ||||||||||||||
阅读李昂 Li Ang在诗海的作品!!! | |||||||||||||||
唐文宗李昂（809年-840年），汉族，唐穆宗第二子，本名涵，长庆元年（821）封江王，唐敬宗之弟。敬宗宝历二年（826年），被宦官王守澄等拥立为帝。他是唐朝第十四位皇帝（去武则天以外，827年-840年在位），在位14年，享年32岁。在位期间，朝臣朋党相互倾轧，官员调动频繁，政权甚至皇帝的废立生杀，均掌握在宦官手中。后起用李训、郑注等人，意欲铲除宦官。大和九年（835年），李训引诱宦官参观所谓“甘露”，企图将其一举消灭，但事情败露，反而导致宦官大肆屠杀朝官，史称“甘露之变”。事后，文宗更被宦官钳制，慨叹自己受制于家奴，境遇不如汉献帝。在位间,去奢从俭,勤于政务,期成名君,但既受制于宦官,又受制于朋党,又再受制于籓镇，开成五年（840年）抑郁病死，死后谥号为元圣昭献孝皇帝。曾用年号：大和 公元827—835年、开成 836—840年；庙号：文宗；安葬地：章陵。
【生平】
刘克明与苏佐明杀害敬宗后，假冒敬宗旨意选立了宪宗的另一个儿子绛王李悟“权勾当军国事”。这样做本来也是多年来宦官拥立的惯用伎俩，大臣也都见怪不怪了。刘克明等还不以此为满足，又商议着剥夺其他宦官手中的权力，这样就惹恼了内枢密使王守澄、杨承和以及神策军左右护军中尉魏从简、梁守谦——唐末任左右枢密使和左右神策军中尉的四位大宦官被称为“四贵”，他们是宦官中的实力派。王守澄等密谋商定，动用了所掌握的禁军力量将穆宗的次子江王涵迎入宫中，此举还得到了三朝元老大臣裴度等朝廷官员的支持。神策军中尉派出的精锐禁军将刘克明与苏佐明一伙全部诛杀，绛王悟也死于乱兵之手。江王涵就是文宗，即位后改名为李昂。
由于没有先帝的遗嘱，文宗应当以什么方式登基即位，王守澄搞不明白。他听从了翰林学士韦处厚的主张：先以江王的名义宣告平定了宫廷的叛乱（这是为了说明江王有功于国家），然后百官再三上表劝他登基（这是为了说明江王有群臣的拥戴），再以太皇太后的名义颁布册文，下令指定他为继承人（这是为了说明江王即位具有合法性），然后举行册立新君的大典。文宗于宝历二年十二月十日在紫宸殿外素服与百官相见，十二日正式在宣政殿即位，十三日正式“成服”，也就是扮上了皇帝的行头，次日亲政。十五日文宗将自己的生母萧氏上尊号曰皇太后（穆宗贞献皇后）。文宗即位后一直有崇树外戚的打算，但是他的生母萧氏是闽人，来京以后父母早亡，家里只有一个弟弟，已失去了联系。文宗后来令福建官员寻访，一连有三个人自称是文宗的舅舅，其中有人还得到了优厚的待遇，但是最终都是假冒，真的国舅竟无从找到。据说元和、长庆时，两京百姓在大街巷里见面打招呼，多说“合是阿舅”，文宗找国舅的事正好与“合是阿舅”的说法相应验。
文宗生母萧氏被立为皇太后以后，居住在大内，穆宗的母亲也就是文宗祖母懿安太皇太后郭氏居兴庆宫，敬宗的母亲王氏称宝历皇太后居义安殿，号“三宫太后”。文宗对她们是每五日一问安，逢年过节都会亲自往各宫谒见。对于祖母太皇太后郭氏，因为有拥立之功，更是礼数有加，文宗经常从城内复道中前往南内兴庆宫，群臣及内外命妇也到宫门问候起居。开始，有司献四时新鲜瓜果给三宫时称“赐”，文宗认为言赐不妥，就拿起笔将“赐”改为了“奉”。太和五年，在宰相的建议下，为了把太皇太后郭氏与宝历皇太后称号有所区别，将居义安殿的宝历太后以宫为称，改称为“义安太后”。开成年间的一个正月十五元宵节，文宗率同诸王、公主等在咸泰殿上灯，亮如白昼，迎来三宫太后，为她们奉觞进寿，一如家人之礼。
文宗在位期间的行为举止，与敬宗相比，简直是天壤之别。
勤勉听政文宗与敬宗每月上朝二三次不同，他每逢单日就上朝。每次上朝时间都很长，举凡军国大事，从朝廷用人到国库储藏，从各地灾情到水利兴修，他无所不问，从大政方针到具体措施，他都详细地与宰相大臣讨论研究。他要求把各种节假日或者辍朝的时间尽量安排在双日，以便不影响单日的上朝。文宗还比较重视发挥谏官的作用，太和九年（835）十二月，文宗令铸造“谏院之印”，改变了谏官进奏表章还要在其他部门请印以造成奏事泄密的状况。
生活节俭文宗不仅倡导节俭，革除奢靡之风，他自己也身体力行。即位之初，就下令放宫女、太常音声人，各地额外的进献和上供的奇珍异物基本上停止，五坊的鹞鹰玩物和游猎之事也都停废。他自己的饮食从不铺张，特别是遇到各地发生灾荒的时候，他更是主动地减膳。十月十日是他的生日，这一天被立为“庆成节”，文宗也不允许宰杀猪牛，只许食用瓜果蔬菜，他还特别诏令京兆尹暂停在城南的曲江池宴请百官和在宫中为他祝寿。文宗严禁臣下衣着豪华，有位驸马戴了很贵重的头巾，他提出批评。有位公主在参加宴会时穿的衣裙超过了规定，他就下令扣除驸马两个月的俸钱以示惩戒。有一个官员穿着桂管布做的衣服拜见皇上，桂管布是桂林地区生产的一种木棉布，布厚而粗糙，较之绫罗绸缎自然略逊一筹，文宗见他衣衫就认定此人是个忠正廉洁的臣子。他自己也做了一件桂管布的衣服，文武百官纷纷效仿，致使桂管布的价格上涨很快。文宗穿着朴素，有一次他对臣下说：“我身上的衣服已洗了三次了。”众人都赞誉皇杜牧《张好好诗》局部上节俭的美德，只有翰林学士兼侍书的柳公权认为，皇上君临天下应该选贤任能，使天下太平，皇上穿洗过的衣服，只是生活细节而已。不过，能够注意节俭对于一个封建皇帝来说也是难能可贵的，史书上也称赞他“恭俭儒雅，出于自然”。
喜欢读书文宗不喜欢音乐、歌舞和游乐，不近女色，自己在听朝理政的闲暇，十分注意读书。文宗曾对身边的人说：“若不能甲夜（初更）亲自处理政事，乙夜（二更）观览图书，怎么能够做人间君主呢？”所以，他每当退朝处理完政事以后，就手不释卷。
文宗博览群书，见识很是渊博。他经常就经书诗赋中的名物询问大臣，结果宰相经常被他问住，回答不上来。有时候，他不仅读古典，也很了解当代人的诗文。有一次，他在内殿赏花，就问身边的人：“现在京城传唱牡丹诗，谁写的最佳？”前朝刘禹锡的“唯有牡丹真国色，花开时节动京师”是很有名的，侍臣告诉他中书舍人李正封的“国色朝酣酒，天香夜染衣”句极佳，文宗听了很是赞叹。文宗平时尤喜读史书，对于历史上的名君贤臣羡慕不已。他因为喜欢读《贞观政要》而仰慕魏徵，就下诏寻访到魏徵的后人五世孙魏謩，并把魏謩任命为右拾遗，也是属于可以对皇帝进谏的言官。文宗也很喜欢把他认为有学问的大臣召到宫中讲谈经义，评论文章。像当时的翰林学士柳公权就常常被他召来，一谈就是很长时间，有时候在夜里闲聊不自觉中蜡烛都燃尽了。他和柳公权留下过“人皆苦炎热，我爱夏日长。熏风自南来，殿阁生微凉” 的联句。
自德宗以来，宦官典掌禁军成为制度，宦官势力的膨胀有了充足的理由，已经无法简单根除。由于文宗是宦官拥立，所以宦官的权势更是不断扩大。
太和二年（828）三月，文宗下诏制举，以贤良方正与直言极谏问策取士。进士出身的幽州昌平（今北京）刘蕡对策，直陈宦官专权，认为天下倾覆、海内大乱、国家政治危机都是由于宦官的专权所导致的，他还论述了藩镇擅兵、奸臣当道的危害，在当时引起了极大震动。由于文宗刚刚即位，羽翼未丰，他任用了其他的对策者，惟独没敢用刘蕡。随着在位时间越来越长，他也开始着手解决专权的宦官。
太和四年（830），文宗任用宋申锡为宰相，要他秘密铲除宦官势力，但因时机不成熟，计谋破产。后来，文宗又重用郑注、李训开始剪除宦官。郑注本姓鱼，因为冒姓郑，人称“鱼郑”，以精通医术得以进用。李训原名李仲言，出身名门，以精通《周易》得以进用。郑、李二人都善于揣度人心，思路敏捷，口才极佳，文宗把二人视为“奇才”。郑注几番死里逃生都得益他的擅辩，他本来是因大宦官王守澄推荐得到重用的，太和九年（855）时他建议文宗剥夺了王守澄的实权并将他毒死。同时，李训建议文宗将担任山南东道监军的陈弘志召回京城，宫中一直认为是此人当年杀死了宪宗，文宗便派人将其杖死于回京途中。文宗在剪除宦官的行动中，引发了一场震惊朝野的“甘露之变”。
本来，郑注和李训计划在下葬王守澄的时候，要求所有宦官都为王守澄送殡，然后以所率亲兵怀藏利斧将其全部砍杀。但李训求功心切，决定抢先下手。太和九年（835）十一月二十一日，李训提前在宫中部署了兵力，等文宗上朝后，假称大明宫左金吾大厅之后的石榴树上夜降甘露（甘露是预示天下升平的祥瑞），诱使神策军中尉仇士良、鱼弘志（今本《旧唐书》偶有误为“鱼志弘”处）等前往，想一举诛杀宦官。没想到，被仇士良看出破绽，他们立即返回大殿，挟持着文宗直往内宫夺路而逃，缓过神来之后，立即派兵关闭宫门，对宰相和朝廷官员下了杀手。李训乔装出宫，一路上假装疯癫逃到终南山的寺院中。后被地方官抓获，他担心押送到宦官手中会遭羞辱和酷刑，在到达京师附近时，便对押送的人说：“现在禁军到处抓我，是因为能够得到重赏。等他们见到我，肯定会将我从你们手里抢去领功，不如你们把我杀了，拿着我的首级去领赏更直接了当。”结果，李训被杀。郑注和全家老幼被仇士良派人诛杀，与事变有关无关的朝廷官员也有上千人被杀。这次事变后，宦官更加盛气凌人，对待皇帝也很不礼貌，常常出言不逊，文宗羞惧难当，从此也不再做声。据说，只是在独居无人的时候，文宗才会自言自语：“须杀此辈，令我君臣间隔。”文宗留下了一首“辇路生春草，上林花发时。凭高何限意，无复侍臣知”的诗，正是这一凄凉无奈神情的写照。
开成四年（839），文宗在一次延英召对的间隙，退坐思政殿，悄悄地问当直学士周墀：“在你看来，朕是什么样的君主？”周墀再拜：“此事不是臣所能够有资格评价的。不过天下都说陛下是尧舜一样的君主。”文宗苦笑道：“朕的意思是，如果与周赧王、汉献帝相比如何？”周墀惶骇跪奏：“陛下之德，周成、康二王和汉文、景二帝也难与相比，怎么要自比那二位君主呢？”文宗道：“周赧王、汉献帝不过是受制强臣，今朕受制家奴，自以为远远比不上他们。”说罢，不免又一阵伤感。宦官对待皇帝尚且如此，宰相更是不在话下。天下文宗章陵神道西侧石人大事从此都由宦官的北司决策，南衙宰相机构只是“行文书”而已。
历史上对文宗留下了这样的一句评价：有帝王之道，而无帝王之才。就是说，文宗虽然能够勤勤勉勉、宵衣旰食，但自身缺乏治国的才干，最终也不能消除祸患。似乎上天也不眷顾文宗，到开成（836～840）中，各地水旱蝗灾不断，彗星频频现于天际，百姓的房屋倒塌，田苗颗粒无收，文宗发出了存抚百姓实施赈济的诏书，但至于能够取得多少赈荒的实效，他已经顾不上了。开成三年（838）正月初五，京城内发生了宰相李石遭到刺客袭击的严重事件。李石中了一剑，却是刺断了马尾，还中了一箭，人伤得并不重，但引起了京城的巨大恐慌，第二天常参官入朝者仅有9人而已。开成四年六月，久旱无雨，派往各处祈雨的使者却没有带来多少值得鼓舞的消息，文宗一度对宰相表示，如果上天再这样不下雨，他就将退居南内兴庆宫，另选贤明之主，不再做这个皇帝了。十二月，高宗和武则天的乾陵发生了大火，文宗的身体也出现了不适。开成五年（840）的新年，文宗没有接受群臣的朝贺，正月初四，文宗在大明宫的太和殿走完了他33岁的一生。
【年表】
公元809年，唐穆宗的第二个儿子李昂出生，原名李涵。
公元826年，唐敬宗李湛被宦官刘克明等人杀害，李昂在王守澄等人的支持下，即位为帝，是为唐文宗。
公元828年，横海留后李同捷叛乱。
公元831年，卢龙节度使发动兵变。
公元835年，朝廷大臣与宦官斗争白热化，发生“甘露之变”，宦官集团掌握朝政大权。
公元840年，李昂在宦官擅权的阴影中，抑郁而死。
【后妃子女】
妃嫔
王德妃
杨贤妃
子
庄恪太子李永 母王德妃
蒋王李宗俭
女
兴唐公主，母不详。
西平公主，母不详。
光化公主，母不详，薨广明时。
第四女郎宁公主，母不详，薨咸通时。
Life】 【
In the absence of a will Xian Di, Wen-tsung ascended the throne ascended the throne in what manner should, Wang Shoucheng not understand. He listened to the Imperial University Shiwei Department thick proposition: first, the name of Jiang Wang declared the rebellion put down the court (which is to illustrate active in the country Jiang Wang), and then again on the table Baiguan advised him to ascend to the throne (which is to illustrate the river Wang ministers of support), then the name of the Empress Dowager issued by ether text books, ordered his designated successor (which is to illustrate the legitimacy of Jiang Wang came to the throne), and then establish a new ruler of the ceremony held in volume. Bao Li Wen-tsung in two on Dec. 10 at the Capital Pavilion Dianwaisufu and Baiguan each other, on the 12th government formally declared the throne hall, on the 13th officially "into service" that is playing on the emperor's wardrobe, the next day reign . 15 Japanese cases of Shaw's own mother said, the appellation Queen Mother (Queen Mu Zongzhen offered). Wen-tsung's reign, Dukes has been the intention of tree worship, but his mother is Min Xiao's who come to Beijing after the parents of premature death, the family only one brother has lost contact. Master of literature search was made official in Fujian, a row of three individuals claiming to be master of literature's uncle, which was also received preferential treatment, but in the end are fake, really lords actually impossible to find. Element and is said, Changqing, the two met in Beijing greeted the people in the street alley, and more "to the liking is Ajiu" master of literature to find exactly what lords and "cooperation is Ajiu," saying the appropriate experience.
Master of literature during the reign of behavior, and Yoshimune than simply worlds apart.
Diligence hearings Wenzong and Yoshimune towards a two or three times a month, let him on the court was held every single day. Towards a very long time, every time that whenever military affair, court personnel to the state treasury from storage, from all over the disaster to the water conservancy, he in anything, and from the major policies and concrete measures, he had detailed discussions with the Prime Minister of the Minister. He requested that the DPRK suspend all kinds of holidays or the time as far as two-day, so as not to affect towards a single day. Wen-tsung also more emphasis on the role played Jianguan, Tai Wo nine (835) in December, master of literature that cast, "admonished the Court of India", has changed into Zoubiao remonstrant chapter also in other sectors to create Zoushi please print leak condition.
Not only promote frugal living frugal master of literature, get rid of Luxurious Atmosphere, he himself personally. Ascended the throne at the beginning, it ordered the release maids, voice too often people all over the additional and rare into the offer and the altar is basically to stop foreign bodies, 5 Place the Chicken Hawk playthings and safari also stops waste things. Never extravagance of his own diet, especially in face of famine in various parts of the time, he is actively reduced meals. October 10th is his birthday, the day was established to "celebrate the completion of Day", master of literature is also not allowed to slaughter cattle, only allowed to eat fruits and vegetables, he also suspended in the south in particular edict Lord Mayor's banquet 100 Qujiang Pool officers and in the palace for him. Wenzong prohibited the subjects as clothing luxury, there has been a very valuable Fuma wearing turbans, he criticized. One time the princess in a dress for the banquet over which he had ordered a two-month salary deduction Fuma money as a punishment. Gui control officer wearing a cloth dress audience with the emperor, Guangxi Guilin area of production control fabric is a cotton wood, cloth, thick, rough, slightly inferior compared to the natural grade silk, master of literature see his clothes on the person is identified Zhong is honest servant. He also did a GUI control fabric clothes, all the officials to follow suit, resulting in price increases announced by the Gui soon. Wenzong wearing plain, once he his courtiers, said: "I clothes have been washed three times." All the people praise Huang Du Mu, "Zhang good poem" Local on the thrift, only Imperial Academy and paternity books Liu public power that the emperor Dominating should be selecting candidates to make peace and harmony, the emperor wearing clothes washed, but only details of life. However, to note that for a feudal emperor thrift is also valuable, historical records also praised his "Gong Jian refined, for nature."
Like reading Wenzong not like music, dance and play, not the past and woman, their listening leisure towards governance, great attention to reading. Wen-tsung had people around, said: "If it is not a night (Chugeng) personally handling government affairs and B in the night (2 more) Ferris books, how to make human monarchy?" So, when he finished with public life after Tuichao on Shoubushijuan.
Master of literature read, it is a profound insight. He regularly by the name of the book Poetry in the matter asked the Minister, the result is often the prime minister asked him to live, not answer. Sometimes, he not only read classic, and very understanding of the poetry of contemporary people. Once, he flowers in the sanctuary, he asked people around: "Now Beijing Peony sung poetry, who wrote the best?" Former Liu Yuxi's "only true national peony color, bloom season, moving the Capital" is known, courtiers told him of the book Scheeren Li Zheng Feng "national colors toward intoxicated liquor, Fantasy Night Ran Yi," saying good, master of literature was very impressed listening. An avid reader of history books usually Wenzong particular, for the history of the name of the monarch he eventually envy. He liked to read because of "Zhen Guan" and admire Wei Zheng, the edict really find the descendants of five-generation descendant of Wei Zheng Wei, Religion, Issues, and the right to appointed Wei, Religion, Issues Supplements, also belong to the Emperor remonstrances of Supervisors. Wen-tsung also liked that he learned of the minister summoned to the palace say about Sutra commentary. Liu was the Imperial Academy as public rights are often summoned to a talk about that for a long time, sometimes in the night chatting unconsciously burn the candle all. He and Liu had left the public right "people Jieku hot, I love summer long. Uptrend from the south, Diange Health and cool earth" couplet.
Since the Han and has become a eunuch Code charge of imperial guards system, the expansion of eunuchs forces with good reason, has not simply eradicated. As the master of literature is a eunuch, his position, so the power of eunuchs is expanding.
Wo years (828) March, master of literature even ordered the system move to virtuous Founder and very bluntly admonished asked to take disability policy. Scholars origin Youzhou Changping (now Beijing), Liu Fei countermeasures, bluntly eunuchs, that the world is overturned, at home and chaos, the country's political crisis are due to result of eunuchs in power, he also discussed the military governors trespassing soldiers, a traitor is king harm caused great shock at the time. As the master of literature has just ascended the throne, infancy, and he who appointed the other measures, but only dared to use Liu Fei. As more and more time in office, he also started to address specifically the right to eunuchs.
Originally, training programs and Li Zheng note buried Wang Shoucheng at the time, requires that all eunuchs are as Wang Shoucheng funeral, then the rate of pregnant Tibetan ax bodyguard stabbed his all. Gong Li and training requirements, but eager to decide the first to start with. Wo nine (835) November 21, ahead of Lee training troops deployed in the palace, and so on towards a master of literature, the false claims after Hall of the Daming Palace Sakingo night dew pomegranate tree (nectar indicate world peace and prosperity and good fortune), to induce Shence Jun Lieutenant Choushi Liang, fish Hiroshi (now the "Old Tang," sometimes mistaken as "fish zu fon" Department), etc. go to Heaven's eunuch in one fell swoop. Unexpectedly, by Chou Shiliang see flaws, they immediately return to the main hall, seized the palace Duo Lu Wen-tsung fled inside straight, the pressure of cross God to immediately after the troops closed palace, the prime minister and court officials on down the killer. Lee posing as the eviction of training, all the way to pretend madness fled to the monastery in Zhongnanshan. Local officials after being arrested, he was escorted to the eunuch in the hands liable to fear humiliation and torture, in the near Capital arrived, they escorted the man on, said: "Now everywhere imperial guards arrested me, because it can be so rewarded. Wait for them to see me certainly will be snatched my hand from you claiming credit as you kill me, with my heads to seek awards more straightforward. "a result, Li Xun killed. Zheng Note and the whole family young and old are Choushi Liang sent Heaven's, nothing to do with the incident about a thousand court officials have been killed. After this incident, eunuchs more domineering, very rude towards the emperor, often insulted, master of literature shame fear harder and harder, do not sound from this. It is said that only when no one living alone, master of literature will be talking to himself: "These types have to kill, I interval monarch and his subjects." Wenzong left a "chariot Road Health spring grass, flower hair when Shanglin. With high He limited means, nothing courtiers know "the poem is a portrayal of the desolate helpless look.
History of the master of literature left such an evaluation: the emperors of the Road, without the emperors only. That is, master of literature Although the diligent can Mian Qin, Xiao-Yi Gan Shi, but their lack of competence of governing the country, and ultimately can not eliminate the scourge. God does not favor the master of literature seems to open into the (836 ~ 840), the plague of locusts around the drought continued, the comet is frequently in the sky, the people of the housing collapse, Tien Miao harvests destroyed, master of literature sent relief deposit ask the people to implement the edict, But as for how much relief to the effectiveness of shortage, he had not attend the. Open into the three years (838) fifth day of the first month, occurred in the capital were assassins attacked the prime minister Shih serious incident. Li Shi of the sword, but it is broken thorn cauda equina, also in the stone, who was not re-injury, but caused great panic in the capital the next day, who often participate in only 9 official entry into it. Open into the four in June, long drought, no rain, pray for rain throughout the angel sent to has not brought the number of encouraging news, master of literature on the prime minister once said that if God does not rain like this, he would retreat to the south within Imperial palace, elect wise Lord, no longer do this emperor. December, Qianling Zong and Empress Wu, the fire occurred, Wen-tsung, the body also appeared unwell. Open into five (840) New Year, master of literature did not receive the ministers of the Asaga, first month, fourth day, master of literature in the Daming Palace of Supreme Harmony has completed 33 years of his life.
】 【Chronology
AD 809, Tang Mu Li were the second son was born, formerly known as Han Li.
AD 826, Tang Jingzong eunuch Liu Keming Li Zhan, who was killed, Li Wang Shoucheng and others in support of the throne as emperor, is Emperor Tang Wenzong.
In 828 AD, after cross the sea to stay with Li Jie rebellion.
In AD 831, Lulong Jiedushi mutiny.
AD 835, the court eunuchs Minister and intense struggle took place, "Sweet Dew" eunuch Group have affairs of state power.
In 840, Li eunuch good at the right of the shadow of grief.
】 【Concubines children
Concubines
Wang Defei
Yang 贤妃
Son
Prince Zhuang Ke Wang Defei LEE Wing-mother
Jiang Wang Li Zongjian
Female
Xing Tang princess, mother unknown.
Xiping princess, mother unknown.
Photochemical princess, mother unknown, pass away when wide out.
Ning fourth girl princess, mother unknown, pass away when the Northern Sung Painting.
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