| 網筆號： | 神武孝文皇帝 | |||||||||||||||||
| 廟號： | 德宗 | |||||||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 崇陵 | |||||||||||||||||
閱讀李適 Li Kuo在诗海的作品!!! | ||||||||||||||||||
14歲那年（天寶十四載，755）的十一月，爆發了安史之亂，第二年長安失守，玄宗出逃四川，從此大唐帝國陷於一場亙古少見的大動亂之中。在大唐帝國的盛衰變遷中，德宗和其他皇室成員一起飽嘗了戰亂和傢國之痛，也親身經歷了戰火的洗禮和考驗。
代宗即位之初，李適被任命為天下兵馬元帥，肩負起與安史叛軍餘孽最後决戰的使命。平定叛軍之後，李適因功拜為尚書令，和平叛名將郭子儀、李光弼等八人一起被賜鐵券、圖形凌煙閣。
一生四大矛盾
廣德二年（764）正月，李適以長子身份被立為皇太子，並於二月舉行册禮。大歷十四年（779）五月，代宗病逝於長安宮中。身為皇太子的李適遵照父皇遺詔柩前即位，就是歷史上的唐德宗。
德宗在位整整26年，要用他遺詔中所說，就是“二十有七載”，這是虛指。唐朝皇帝中，比他在位時間長的衹有高宗和玄宗，太宗也不過在位23年；在他之後，再沒有哪個唐朝皇帝比他在位時間長。
德宗登基以後次年改元。他在位期間，共使用了三個年號：建中（4年）、興元（1年）、貞元（21年）。
青少年時代的動蕩生活使德宗深知安定的可貴，他登基以後，大有圖強復興的雄心壯志。即位之初，為了實現自己的政治理想，他實施革新，果敢有為。但是，德宗采取的很多措施都因為安史之亂後唐帝國的積重難返而收效甚微，有的儘管粗見成效，但也為此付出了沉重代價。當德宗的一番改革遭遇挫折後，他的雄心竟然消失殆盡。德宗一生中，無論是性格還是行動，都充滿了矛盾和悲劇色彩。
矛盾之一：由即位之初信任宰相演變為對大臣的猜忌，並形成了拒諫飾非、剛愎自用的性格。
朝廷之上頻頻發生人事變動，尤其是頻繁地更換宰相，使德宗在位時期的朝政，即使偶爾能夠呈現令人鼓舞的新氣象，也都不過是曇花一現而無法保持下去。人事的紛爭使德宗徒有宏圖壯志，而不能實現救國興邦。
矛盾之二：由武力削藩轉而變為對藩鎮姑息。
德宗即位後，一直試圖削奪擁兵自重的地方藩鎮節度使的權力。為此，他不惜使用武力。
建中二年（781）正月，河北成德鎮（駐守恆州，今河北正定）節度使李寶臣病死。按照以往藩鎮節度使死後將職位和土地傳給子孫的規矩，他的兒子李惟嶽上表請求繼承父位。德宗早想革除藩鎮父子相傳、不聽命朝廷的弊端，堅决拒絶了這一要求。魏博節度使田悅、淄青節度使李正己、山南節度使梁崇義為了他們共同的利益和李惟嶽密謀聯手，準備以武力抗拒朝廷。德宗徵調京西防秋兵萬餘人戍守關東，並親自在長安設宴犒勞徵討兵馬，打響了武力削藩的戰役，並在最初階段取得了巨大成果：淄青李正己病死後，他的兒子李納被打得大敗，李惟嶽被其部將王武俊殺死，衹有田悅在魏州負隅頑抗。成德鎮的大將張忠和投降，德宗任命他為成德節度使。但是，德宗在削藩過程中，利用藩鎮打藩鎮，導致了參與朝廷削藩戰役的幽州節度使朱滔等人的不滿。結果，形勢發生逆轉。建中三年（782）底，盧竜節度使朱滔自稱冀王、成德王武俊稱趙王、淄青李納稱齊王、魏博田悅稱魏王，“四鎮”以朱滔為盟主，聯合對抗朝廷。李希烈稱帝後所鑄行軍都統印
同時，淮西節度使李希烈也自稱天下都元帥、太尉、建興王（不久又稱楚帝），與四鎮勾結反叛。戰火一下從河北蔓延到河南，而且東都告急。建中四年（783）十月，德宗準備調往淮西前綫平叛的涇原兵馬途經長安時，因為沒有得到夢寐以求的賞賜，加上供應的飯菜又都是糙米和素菜，士兵發生了嘩變，這就是歷史上著名的“涇師之變”。德宗倉皇出逃到奉天（今陝西乾縣），成為唐朝繼玄宗、代宗以後又一位出京避亂的皇帝。涇原兵馬擁立朱滔的兄長、曾擔任涇原軍統帥的朱泚，稱大秦（後改為漢）帝，年號應天。朱泚進圍奉天，前
綫李晟、朔方節度使李懷光等軍從河北撤軍勤王，德宗的削藩之戰被迫終止。
興元元年（784）正月，德宗痛下“罪己詔”，聲明“朕實不君”，公開承擔了導致天下大亂的責任，表示這都是自己“失其道”引起的。德宗在詔書中宣佈，李希烈、田悅、王武俊、李納等人叛亂是因為自己的失誤，所謂“朕撫禦乖方，緻其疑懼”，故而赦免了這些叛亂的藩鎮，表示今後“一切待之如初”。除了朱泚以外，甚至連朱滔也予以寬大，許其投誠效順。從此，開始調整了對藩鎮用兵的政策。王武俊、李納、田悅見到大赦令，取消了王號，上表謝罪。二月，由於朔方節度使李懷光聯絡朱泚反叛，德宗又不得不再次逃往山南西道的梁州（今陝西漢中）避亂。一直到七月，德宗纔因為李晟在五月打敗朱泚收復京師而重返長安，結束了顛沛流亡的生活。
貞元元年（785）秋，馬燧收復河中，李懷光兵敗自殺，第二年四月，淮西將陳仙奇殺李希烈投降，德宗就任命陳仙奇為節度使。七月，淮西兵馬使吳少誠殺陳仙奇，德宗又以吳為節度使留後。
“大歷元寶”、“建中通寶”銅錢
顯然，德宗在遭受削藩的挫折以後，特別是由於引發了“四王二帝”事件與“涇師之變”，他對藩鎮由強硬的武力轉為姑息。據說，德宗在離開京城時，曾打算逃亡成都，說明他在朱泚反叛以後對自己能否重回京師感到絶望，對能否消滅叛亂的藩鎮和長安的朱泚感到前景渺茫。如果不是李晟和山南西道節度使嚴震的勸阻，他也許會真的遠逃四川了。德宗一旦遭受挫折立即銳氣大傷的狀況，從他對待藩鎮的態度上可見一斑。德宗對待藩鎮態度的轉變，使登基以來解决藩鎮問題的大好形勢和良好機遇，也轉瞬即逝。藩鎮割據專橫，遂成積重難返。
矛盾之三：對內廷宦官由即位之初的“疏斥”轉而變為後來的委重，以宦官掌握神策禁軍和擔任監軍成為制度。
德宗的父親代宗，因為是由宦官擁立，所以對宦官很是優寵，特別是派往各地出使的宦官，任由其公開索賄、大肆搜刮。德宗為皇太子時就很清楚其中的弊端，所以即位伊始，就下决心加以整治。在剛剛即位的當年閏五月，德宗派宦官往淮西給節度使李希烈頒賜旌節。此人回京後，德宗得知，李希烈不僅送了他700匹縑、 200斤黃茗，還送了他駿馬和奴婢。德宗大怒，將其杖責六十以後又處以流刑。此事傳出京城，那些奉使出京還沒有回來的，都悄悄地把禮品扔到山𠔌之中，沒有收到禮品的就再不敢亂來了。不僅如此，在即位的當月，他還將暗懷異圖的宦官劉忠翼賜死。
後妃
昭德皇后王氏
韋賢妃
德宗皇帝十一子，昭德皇后王氏生順宗。
1. 宣王→唐順宗李誦
2. 舒王李誼，本名李謨，唐代宗李豫的第三子昭靖太子李邈的孩子。以其最幼，唐德宗李適憐惜之，命為自己的孩子。
3. 通王李諶
4. 虔王李諒
5. 肅王李詳
6. 邕王→文敬太子李謜，唐順宗李誦的孩子，唐德宗李適憐惜之，命為自己的孩子。
7. 資王李謙
8. 縉雲郡王→代王李諲
9. 照王李誡
10. 欽王李諤
11. 珍王李諴
唐德宗共有11位女兒：
1. 韓國貞穆公主（母昭德皇后，先封為唐安公主）
2. 魏國憲穆公主（先封為義陽公主，下嫁王士平）
3. 鄭國莊穆公主（先封為義章公主，下嫁茂宗）
4. 臨真公主（下嫁薛釗，薨於元和年間）
5. 永陽公主（下嫁崔諲）
6. 普寧公主（夭折）
7. 文安公主（出傢為道士，薨於大和年間）
8. 燕國襄穆公主（先封為鹹安公主，薨於元和年間）
9. 義川公主（夭折）
10. 宜都公主（下嫁柳昱，薨於貞元年間）
11. 晉平公主（夭折）
14 years old (Tempo 14 set, 755) in November, the outbreak of the Rebellion, the fall of the second year Chang, Hsuan-tsung fled Sichuan, from the Tang Empire caught in an ancient rare among the great chaos. Rise and Fall of the Tang Empire in Transition, Corrections, and with members of other royal family suffered the pain of war and the home country, but also personally experienced the war and challenge.
Daizong ascended the throne at the beginning, Lee was named the world appropriate marshal troops and horses, take up the remnants of the rebels and security history last battle mission. Put down the rebels, Lee suitable for power thanks to the Book of Order, and counter-insurgency a General, Li Guangbi give Master in iron along with coupons, graphics Lingyan Pavilion.
Four life conflicts
Hironori years (764) the first month, Lee has been established as appropriate to the eldest son as crown prince, and book ceremony held in February. Dali 14 years (779) in May, Daizong died in Chang'an palace. As crown prince Li appropriate follow Fuhuangyizhao coffin came to the throne, is the history of the Tang Dezong.
Corrections to the entire reign of 26 years, the use of his Yi Zhao said, is "twenty-seven set," which is virtual means. Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, reigned longer than his only Gojong and reign, Taizong reign of 23 years, but also; in him, which the Tang Dynasty emperor no longer than his reign.
Corrections to the throne after the reign title the following year. During his reign, reign of three were used: Jianzhong (4 years), Xing Yuan (1 year), Zhen Yuan (21 years).
Adolescent turmoil of life to make Corrections to know the stability of the value, after he ascended the throne, a great revival Tuqiang ambitions. Ascended the throne at the beginning, in order to achieve their own political ideals, he implemented innovative, decisive and energetic. However, Corrections to the many measures taken after the An-Tang Empire because the die-hard but have little effect, despite some rough fruit, but paid a heavy price. When the Corrections of some reform setbacks, his ambition even disappeared. Corrections to the life, both character and action, are full of contradictions and tragic.
One contradiction: the evolution from the throne at the beginning to trust the prime minister of the minister's suspicions, and refused to take advice form a non-decorated, self-willed character.
Frequent personnel changes over the court, especially the frequent change of prime minister, so that the affairs of state during the reign of the Han and even occasionally to present encouraging new atmosphere, but also short-lived and can not be maintained. De Apostle personnel disputes to have grand aspirations, but can not be achieved salvation and prosperous country.
The second contradiction: fan cut by the force of the military governors turned into appeasement.
Corrections to the throne and has been trying to deprived of their soldier dead weight of the power of the local Military Governor. Therefore, he did use force.
Jianzhong years (781) the first month, Hebei Chengde Town (stationed permanent state, this Hebei definite) Jiedushi Libao Chen died. Military Governor in accordance with previous jobs and land after the death of the sons of the rules passed to his son Lee Koreoka father's footsteps on the table the request bit. Corrections would like to get rid of military governors as early as his son is said, does not obey the court's shortcomings, firmly rejected the request. Weibo Jiedushi Denetsu poetry of Jiedushi Jane Lee himself, Shannan Jiedushi Liangchong Yi for their common interests and Lee Koreoka conspiring together, ready to use force to resist the court. Corrections to requisition troops Jingxi thousand people guarding against the autumn Kanto, and personally in the campaign against Chang hosted a Treat Horses, started a campaign to force cut fan, and made great in the first stage results: poetry of Jane Lee has died, his son, defeated Li Na was beaten, Li Koreoka killed by his Ministry Wang Wujun only Denetsu in Weizhou resist. Into Germany and the surrender of the town's general Zhang, Corrections appointed him into the German military commissioner. However, Corrections cut fan in the process, the use of military governors to fight military governors, leading to participation in the court battle Youzhou Jiedushi cut Fan Tao Zhu and others dissatisfied. Results, the situation reversed. Jianzhong three years (782) end, Lulong Jiedushi claim Ji Zhu Tao Wang, Zhao Cheng Tak Wang Wujun said poetry of Li Na said the King of Qi, Weibo Tian Yue said the king and the "four towns" to Zhu Tao was the chief and joint fight against the court. Li Xilie emperor system after the Two Birds are printed on the march
Line Li Sheng, Shuofang Jiedushi Li Huaiguang other loyalist troops withdrawal from Hebei, Corrections to the cut-fan war end.
Zhen Yuan Dynasty (785), in autumn, Ma Sui recovered in the river, Li Huaiguang defeated and committed suicide, the second in April, would be Chen Xianqi kill Li Xilie Huaixi surrender, Corrections on the appointment of Chen Xianqi as military commissioner. July, Huaixi Bingma Shi Wu Shaocheng kill Chen Xianqi, Corrections Youyi Wu Jiedushi after leaving.
"Dali ingot", "Jianzhong Tong Bao" coin
The third contradiction: on the inner court eunuchs from the throne at the beginning of the "dredging exclusion" turned into a subsequent re-appointed to policy imperial guards and eunuchs grasp God as a system of supervisory army.
Empress
Akinori Empress Wang
Wei 贤妃
Corrections to the emperor, 11 children, Seven Generations of students at Queen's Wang Shun cases.
1. → Emperor Shunzong of Tang Xuan Wang Li Deng
2. Shu Wang Li Yi, whose real name is Li Mo, Li Yu's third child in Tang prince Li Zhao Jing Miao children. Its most children, Tangde Zong Li appropriate sense of pity, life for their children.
3. Tong Wang Li Chen
4. Qian Wang Li understanding
5. Su Wang Li Long
6. Yong Wang Wen Jing Prince → Li Yuan, Emperor Shunzong of Tang Li Deng's children, Tangde Zong Li appropriate sense of pity, life for their children.
7. Information Wang Li Qian
8. Jinyun Dukes → behalf of Wang Li Yin
9. According to Wang Li Commandments
10. Qin Wang Li-e
11. Jane Wang Lee Hsien Chou
Tang Dezong total of 11 daughter:
1. Han Guozhen Princess Mu (Queen Mother Seven Generations, the first labeled TANG Princess)
2. Weiguo Xian Mu Princess (Princess Yiyang first labeled, married Wang Shiping)
3. Zheng Zhuang Mu Princess (first labeled Yoshiaki princess, married Mao cases)
4. Pro True Princess (married Xue Zhao, death of a prince in dollars and years)
5. Yongyang Princess (married Cui Yin)
6. Puning princess (died)
7. Wen'an Princess (ordained as a priest, death of a prince in Japan years)
8. Yan Guo Xiang Mu Princess (Princess first labeled Haman, death of a prince in dollars and years)
9. Yi Chuan Princess (mortality)
10. Yidu Princess (married Liu Yu, death of a prince in Zhenyuan years)
11. Jinping Gong master (died)
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