| 姓： | 赢 | |||||||||
| 名： | 开 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 西垂 | |||||||||
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公元前７６６年，秦襄公在战争中阵亡，葬于故地西垂。
开国功臣
当居住在我们辽阔的中国土地上的人类还没有进入文明社会的时候，在一些水草茂盛的区域，散布着一个个原始氏族部落，秦就是其中之一。秦的祖先是黄帝之孙颛顼的一个支系，以燕子为图腾，作为他们部落的标志。颛顼又称高阳氏，与黄帝、帝喾、尧、舜并称为我国历史传说中的五帝。秦人的祖先叫女修，相传她吞食了燕子蛋而怀孕，生了一个孩子叫大业。这个传说反映了当时秦人还处于"只知其母，不知其父"的母系氏族社会。那时，秦人部落还过着游牧的生活，他们的活动区域大约在黄河下游的东海之滨 。
到了大费作秦人部落首领时，他帮助著名的贤人舜调驯鸟兽，很有成绩，舜便赐他为"嬴"姓，当时"秦"这个名称尚未出现。大费还同大禹一起治过洪水。治水成功后，大禹受到舜的夸奖，禹说："这不是我一个人能干成的事，多亏有大费协助啊。"大费也受到舜的奖励。公元前21世纪，黄河中游地区出现了中国第一个奴隶制政权--夏王朝，秦人便在它的控制之下。夏代末年，大费的后代费昌脱离夏桀，投奔商族，并参加了商首领汤发动的推翻夏朝的战争。商朝建立后，费昌为汤驾车，其后代世世为商做事，社会地位比较高。这时，有一部分"嬴"姓氏族来到黄河中游，同商族保持着联盟关系。
公元前11世纪，周武王发动灭商战争，推翻了商朝，建立了周朝，定都镐京(今陕西西安附近)，史称西周。西周建立不久，发生了一件大事，几乎断送了秦人部落的命运。周武王死后，成王继位。成王年幼，所以国政由大臣周公执掌。这时，以武庚为首的商朝残余势力发动了叛乱，包括"嬴"姓氏族在内的??两次东征，彻底打垮了叛军。平叛后，西周统洽者用极残酷的方法惩罚参与叛乱的人们，其中一个办法就是将他们赶离故土，迁往他乡，逐到遥远的地方。秦人的祖先就是在这时从黄河中下游被赶向西方荒凉的黄土高原，在周的西部边陲"守边"。秦人被征服后，社会地位一落千丈，整个氏族都沦为奴隶，受西周奴隶主的驱使和奴役。因此，当西周势力逐渐强盛，一步步向东发展时，秦人部落被摒弃于西周统治中心之外，默默无闻地徘徊于茫茫的黄土高原，仿佛已被世人所遗忘。
秦人部落与西周奴隶主贵族的关系是统治与被统治的关系，在西周奴隶主眼里，秦人就像牲畜、物品一样，可以买卖、赠送和赏赐。秦人的首领也常常被周天子征调去服役。传说周穆王曾经到西方巡游，同西王母相会于瑶池，最远曾到达中亚和欧洲，为他驾车的就是秦的造父。由于造父技术精湛，赶的车一日千里，很讨穆王的欢喜，被封于赵城(今山西洪洞县北)。周孝王时，为了对外战争的需要，对养马业十分重视。他听说秦人首领非子特别善于养马，就把非子召来，让他在汧水和渭水会合处(今陕西宝鸡一带)的平原上主管养马之类的事宜。由于非子对马调教有方，马群繁殖很快，周孝王对非子十分赏识，便将非子的异母弟成封于秦(今甘肃天水附近)，作为周王的一个附庸，继承嬴氏血缘，号称秦嬴。所谓"附庸"就是还没有资格向周天子直接进贡，只能附属于某一个诸侯。尽管如此，秦在这时的地位毕竟比以前高了一点，周天子还允许秦人在"秦"这个地方筑城，此后，"嬴"姓居民才正式被称为"秦人"。
西周的西部边境之外，有一些少数民族部落，其中比较大的有"戎"、"狄"等，它们经常骚扰周的边境，甚至入其境内掠夺财物和人口。在周王室强大的时候，根本不把秦人放在眼里；当周王室衰落，在戎、狄进攻面前无力抵抗的时候，秦人才被重视起来。周宣王时，周王室为利用秦人抵御戎、狄，就封秦人的首领秦仲为"大夫"。秦仲受到周宣王的宠遇，非常卖命，率秦人向戎进攻，无奈力量单薄，屡遭失败，最后在一次伐戎战斗中，连秦仲自己也丧了命。秦仲死后，他的大儿子庄公率兄弟五人带兵继续同戎作战，取得一些小小的胜利，被封为"西垂大夫"。尽管秦人在戎、狄的进攻面前没有多少抵抗力，但对于周王室来说，秦人已经不再是从前那样无足轻重了，他们的首领在西周末年被升为级别较高的"大夫"，这反映了秦人正在发展和壮大，即将在中国历史上发挥更大的作用。
西周末年，周幽王昏庸无道，宠爱妃子褒姒，整日沉醉于花天酒地的生活之中，为博得褒姒一笑，他上演了一场"烽火戏诸侯"的闹剧。
古时候交通不便，为了及时报警，在山顶上修建了许多高大的烽火台，上面准备了许多狼粪、火把之类的燃料，并派兵在台上驻守。一旦有敌情，看守烽火台的士兵白天就燃起狼粪，一缕白烟便直冲云天，很远的地方都能看见；夜里则点起火把，远处见到火光冲天，也能知道这里发生了敌情。周幽王这一天陪伴褒姒来到烽火台上，点起狼烟火把，并把大鼓擂得震天响。按照约定，周王室一旦有敌情，各诸侯国必须派兵相救。诸侯们一看烽烟大起，以为有外敌入侵都城，急忙率领兵马赶到镐京。但到这里一看，只是周幽王陪伴着褒姒在台上悠然饮酒作乐，并没有什么紧急情况，才知道受了愚弄，一个个懊恼地带兵回国。
褒姒在台上看到各国诸侯受骗的狼狈相，觉得十分开心，禁不住哈哈大笑起来。周幽王一看这个办法终于逗得褒姒发了笑，心里也非常高兴，又依法炮制了几次，结果各国诸侯一次比一次来得少了。后来，当幽王再点起烽火时，就根本没人理睬了。
公元前771年，少数民族犬戎进攻周的都城镐京。周幽王慌忙燃起烽火向各国诸侯报警。但是，各国诸侯平时被幽王欺弄惯了，这次以为又是在戏弄他们，因此没有一国诸侯派兵前来救驾。镐京轻易地被犬戎攻破，周幽王带着褒姒仓皇出逃，在骊山脚下被戎人杀死，褒姒也成为戎人的掳获品。繁华的镐京经过戎人的烧杀抢掠，变得残破不堪。周王朝聚敛的大批财宝、珠玉也被戎入席卷而去。
这次事件在秦的发展史上却是一个历史性的转折点。各国诸侯得知镐京失陷、幽王被杀的消息后，纷纷派兵救援。当各路大军赶到镐京后，看到的只是一座被焚殆尽、洗劫一空的死城。各国诸侯见幽王已死，便共同拥立太子宜臼为周王朝的天子，这就是周平王。当时秦的首领是秦仲的孙子襄公，他带兵全力救周，立下很大的战功。
周平王即位后，看到戎人随时都有卷土重来的可能，再加上镐京已成废墟，自己兵力有限，无法在关中地区统治下去，于是在公元前770年，由各国诸侯护送，把都城迁到了河南洛阳，历史上称这个王朝为"东周"。周平王东迁的时候，秦襄公率兵护送，出了大力。由于对周王室有功，周平王就把秦襄公从"大夫"提拔为"诸侯"，并宣布把岐山以西的大片土地赏赐给秦。从此，秦正式成了一个诸侯国，可以同别的诸侯国平起平坐了。
尽管秦人获得了在关中地区自由发展的机会，但是在建国之初，还面临着能否生存下去的严峻考验。周平王赐给秦的土地，实际上布满了戎、狄部落，秦国要存在下去，就必须与戎、狄作长期的斗争，不断壮大自己，拓展疆土。最初几年的斗争，均以秦国的失败而告终。秦国统治者眼看着封赐给自己的土地却得不到手，很不甘心，于是连年向戎、狄发动进攻。秦襄公有一次率兵终于攻到属于自己的封地--岐山，但未能立足，只好又退回．"西垂"故地。直到秦文公即位后的第四年(公元前762年)，秦人才占据了岐山，真正取得了周天子赐给的封/p>
岐山是周族人的故地，是当时古代农业生产最发达的地方。这里气候温和，土壤肥沃，还有不少拥有丰富生产经验的劳动者。秦人利用这些有利条件，在这里筑城，建立根据地，使原来落后的游牧经济变为较先进的农业经济。在秦文公当政的几十年间，秦国在军事上虽没有取得什么进展，但巩固了岐山以西的广大地区，发展了奴隶制经济，为以后的更大胜利奠定了基础。
秦文公死后，秦宪公即位。他将秦国都城迁往平阳(今陕西宝鸡)，后来又消灭了国都附近的一些小股割据势力，关中西部基本上为秦国所控制。秦武公时，用武力向东、西两面扩展势力，不断取得对戎作战的胜利。经过80多年的斗争，秦国终于建立起以关中为中心、西至今甘肃天水一带、东至今陕西华县附近的强大诸侯国。
766 BC, the Qin Xianggong killed in the war, buried in old haunt Xichui.
11th century BC, King Wu of Commerce launched off the war to overthrow the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou dynasty was established, its capital Gao Jing (now Xi'an in the vicinity), known to history as the Western Zhou Dynasty. Western Zhou Dynasty to establish soon a major event took place, almost ruined the Qin tribe's fate. King Wu of Zhou's death, as Ji-bit. Cheng Wang young, so by the Minister of National Policy Duke helm. At this time, to the remnants of the Shang Wu Geng-led insurgency launched, including the "win-win" family surname, including?? Two Eastern Campaign, completely defeated the rebels. After the rebellion was crushed, the Western Zhou system contact were extremely cruel method of punishment with the rebellion of the people involved, one way is to drive them from their homeland to move out, one by one to a distant place. Qin's ancestor was at this time were driven from the Yellow River to the West barren Loess Plateau, the western border in the week, "Shou Bian." Qin conquered, social status has plummeted, the entire clan have become slaves, driven by the slave owners and enslaved the Western Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, when the Western Zhou Dynasty forces became strong and prosperous, she keeps the East development, Qin Zhou tribe was excluded from the rule of centers, it is unknown wandering the wilderness of the Loess Plateau, the world seems to have been forgotten.
Qin Zhou tribes and the noble slave relationship is the relationship of domination, slave owners in the eyes of the Western Zhou, Qin people like animals, goods, can be traded, gifts and rewards. Qin's leaders have often been mobilized to serve the Zhou. Legend of King Mu had to the West Parade, meet with the Queen Mother at the Jade Pool, Central Asia and Europe has gone as far to reach, as he was driving Qin Cepheid. Since Cepheid skilled and drive the car leaps and bounds, very happy to discuss Ji Chuan, Zhao was closed in the city (now Hongdong County, Shanxi). King Xiao of Zhou, in order to the needs of foreign war, attaches great importance to the equine industry. He heard that particular non-subclass Qin good horse head, put non-subclass called to let him join in Qian Department of water and Wei (now Baoji area) of plain matters like the head of horse. As the non-subclass of the horse the diocese, breeding horses quickly, King Xiao of Zhou of the non-subclass is appreciated, they put a non-subclass of the half brother into closed YU Qin (today near Tianshui, Gansu), as a vassal king week, inheritance win's blood, called Qin win. The so-called "client" is not eligible for direct tribute to the Zhou can only subsidiary at a certain nobility. However, Qin's position at this time, after all, a little higher than before, also allows the Zhou Qin people, "Qin" This place is fortification, then, "win" was officially named the residents referred to as "Qin people."
Outside the Western Zhou Dynasty's western border, there are some minority tribes, of which there are relatively large, "Rong", "Di" and so on, they are often harassed weeks of the border, and even into the looting of property within its territory and population. In the week when the powerful royal family, did not pay too much attention to the Qin; week decline of the royal family, the Rong, Di unable to resist the time before the attack, Qin personnel are considered. King Xuan of Zhou, Zhou royal family for the use of Qin against Rong, Di, the seal's head Qin Zhong Qin as "doctor." Qin Zhong met by King Xuan of Zhou's pet, is their lives, to the rate of Qin Rong attack helpless weak force, which was defeated, the final battle in a cutting-jung, even Qinzhong himself lost his life. Qin Zhong's death, his eldest son, the duke rate of five brothers who lead troops to battle with Jung, had some small victories, to be called "Xichui doctor." Although the Qin Dynasty in Rong, Di little resistance before the attack, but for weeks the royal family, the Chin people is no longer used to be insignificant, and their leaders in the Western Zhou Dynasty was promoted to a higher level of "doctor" This reflects the development and growth of the Qin people are about to in the history of China play a bigger role.
Concubine in the table to see that princes cheated the Langbei Xiang, feel very happy, could not help but laugh. Zhou You Wang a look at this way finally made a concubine amused smile, heart, very happy, but also according to the law made up a few times, each time the result is more feudal countries less. Later, when You Wang again when the point of war, they simply had no response.
King Ping of Zhou's reign, see Rong people the possibility of a comeback at any time, together with Gao Jing in ruins, their strength is limited, can not continue to rule in the Guanzhong area, so in 770 BC, by the national nobility escorted to the capital moved to Luoyang, Henan Province, said the history of this dynasty as the "Eastern Zhou." King Ping of Zhou dongqian time, Qin Xianggong shuaibing escorted out vigorously. Because of the Zhou royal family active, King Ping of Zhou Qin Xianggong took from the "doctor" promoted as "nobility", and announced to reward Qishan large tracts of land to the west of Qin. Since then, formally became a vassal state of Qin, can equal a vassal state with the other.
Qin Wengong death, Qinxian Gong came to the throne. He will move to the state of Qin capital Pingyang (now Shaanxi Baoji), and later eliminated the capital near the separatist forces of small stocks, the relevant central and western essentially controlled by the state of Qin. Qin Wugong, the use of force, east and west sides of expansion forces continue to gain Rong combat. After 80 years of struggle, the state of Qin finally establish the relations for the center, along the West has Tianshui, Gansu, Shaanxi Hua county near the East has a powerful vassal state.