| 姓： | 嬴 | |||||||||
| 名： | 其 | |||||||||
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秦庄公收复祖地历史故事
秦仲战败被杀，是个历史悲剧，是嬴秦发展史上的一次严重挫折。但是时陇上之秦国力毕竟已有较丰实的基础，不至于因此次军事失利便一蹶不振。再者，秦仲家族兴旺，后继有人，故很快便出现了转机。当然，转机的主导性因素还是非同一般的周、秦关系和周宣王打败西戎的决心。在共同抗戎的问题上，周人与嬴秦早已经“同呼吸，共命运”了。
《史记· 秦本纪》曰： “秦仲立二十三年，死于戎。有子五人，其长者日庄公。周宣王召庄公昆弟五人，与兵七千人，使伐西戎，破之。于是复予秦仲后，及其先大骆地犬丘并有之，为西垂大夫。”这一次周宣王是铁了心要与西戎决一胜负了。他把秦仲的五个儿子召集起来，进行伐戎的动员。而且，这次不再只是精神上的激励，而是以军力援助为前提的。“与兵七千”，这在当时可不是个小数目。西周、春秋时代，战争的主要形式是车战。当时的战车上载甲士三人，左主射，右主伐，中主御，而每一乘战车，又配备步卒十人。交战时车驰卒奔，互相应合。七千战士，可配战车七百乘，可谓军力雄厚。懿王时的名器《禹鼎》记述一次伐戎战争，兵力仅有“戎车百乘，斯驭百，徒千”。春秋时期战争规模已逐渐增大，但轰动一时的城濮之战，晋国也不过才出动兵车七百乘。宣王派兵七千协助嬴秦伐戎，确系一次空前的投入。宣王时的《多友鼎铭》，记载与猃狁的一场重大战役，俘获战车127乘，斩首356人，其规模与这次周、秦联军的伐戎行动差不多。对于宣王初年的周王室来说，这已是很高规格的军事部署了。据李学勤先生考证，传世器不其簋盖的铭文，讲的就是秦庄公这次伐戎之役。李先生指出，据《史记．十二诸侯年表》，秦庄公名其，先秦行文“不”字常用作无义助词，仅表语气，故“不其”即其，也就是秦庄公。庄公之称“公”乃后来的追称。不其簋乃庄公自作器，故直用己名。铭中显示，这次伐戎行动的总统帅为“伯氏”，他上对周王负责，下可指挥不其。按先秦的亲称习惯说，对伯父和同辈长兄均可称伯,李学勤先生认为此伯氏乃庄公之兄。但《秦本纪》却有明文，说秦仲的五个儿子中， “其长者曰庄公”。李先生解释说，庄公“也许不是最年长的”，也就是说，庄公还有个兄长，被司马迁忽略了。我想对李先生的说法略加修正。我认为铭中的“伯氏”非庄公兄长，而是庄公的伯父。秦仲之“仲”，乃以排行人名，说明他还有个长兄(或庶长兄)，依周王室用人的惯例，关系密切的属国，国君之伯、叔父或兄长常有在王室供职者。此类事例多不胜举。此“伯氏，即秦仲之兄、庄公之伯父而为王室重臣者。他就是受宣王之命带领七千人马去秦地作战的统帅。“与兵七千”是说派七千军队前往助秦攻戎，而不是说把这七千军队送给秦国。当时的军队都是按国人的村社结构与井田配置编制的，是决不可能把归属权交出去的。这七千人，周王必然要派军事长官统率。以那时的周秦关系及军力对比说，这个“伯氏”是最合理的受命者。他既是王室大臣，又是嬴秦的家族成员，而且还是庄公弟兄们的长辈，由他担任这次伐戎之役的最高统帅，是非常合适的。铭中他称庄公为“汝小子”，也正符合其长辈身份。我们还应当注意到一点，伐戎胜利后，伯氏对不其有“锡汝弓一，矢束，臣五家。田十田”的奖赏，这表明当时庄公尚未继承君位，否则伯氏无权也无须作这种规格的赏赐。情况可能是这样：秦仲战死后，周宣王派伯氏去陇上暂主秦事，以伐戎为急务，并未匆匆忙忙地册封新的嬴秦首领。待伐戎胜利，局面稳定后，方据战功而册封了庄公。《秦本纪》言收复了西垂，将陇上秦地与大骆故地联成一片后，庄公方“为西垂大夫”，这与我们上述推测是一致的。
铭文说：“朔方猃狁，广伐西俞，王命我羞追于西。”猃狁即犬戎，金文中恒用猃狁而不用犬戎。 “西俞”之“西”，和“追于西”之“西”，是具体地名，就是犬丘的古称。“西俞”，即西地之域。铭末言不其受赏赐后， “用作朕皇祖公伯、孟姬蹲簋”，以志纪念。庄公祖父名公伯，不为其父其母，而为其祖父祖母作祭器，大概与周、秦共行的昭、穆制有关，在祭统中祖与孙属同一系列。从铭文内容看，这次伐戎战役打得相当艰苦，并且转战了好多地方。最后周、秦联军终于打败了犬戎，重新控制了陇山以西的局势，虽不能说彻底解除了西戎对嬴秦的威胁，但总算遏制了戎人的猖獗势头，史载戎人“由是少却”。通过此役，嬴秦从犬戎手中把已被犬戎占领了二十多年的西垂夺了回来，并乘胜扩展地盘，将陇上秦域同西垂地区联成了一片。秦庄公于此役后继承了君位，号称“西垂大夫”。
出于对祖邑故都的向往，庄公将秦仲时代嬴秦在陇上的部族活动中心，又移至西垂，故《秦本纪》言 “庄公居其故西犬丘”。由于西垂作为嬴秦旧都已有悠久的历史，并非新辟之邑，所以不存在地名转移问题。而且，陇上之秦邑也并未放弃，仍为秦人所据有。当然其“秦”地之名也无需变。因此，庄公之居犬丘，地名不受影响，西垂地区从未拥有过“秦”之名。《秦本纪》载庄公在位44年，这段时间内，局势相对平稳，嬴秦国力也有了较大的恢复和发展。
"Textual Research about," said: "Qin Zhongli 20 years, died of Jung. A child of five, the elderly on the duke. Zhou Xuan WANG Zhao Zhuang Gongkun brother five, with 7,000 soldiers, bringing the cutting Xi Rong, destructible. so complex to Qin Zhong, after its first big hill and Luo to have the dog for Xichui doctor. "This time, King Xuan of Zhou and Xi Rong is bent to determine the winner of the. He Qinzhong bringing together the five sons to carry out cutting-jung of the mobilization. Moreover, this incentive is no longer just the spiritual, but in military aid as a precondition. "And Bing 7000", which at that time is not insignificant. Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period, the main form of war fighting vehicles. The chariot was set Jiashi three, the left main fire, felling the right, in the main defense, and each by car, is equipped with Buzu ten. Ben Chi Death during fighting vehicles, should be combined with each other. 7000 soldiers, 700 tanks can be equipped by, can be described as military strong. Yi Wang device when the name "Yu Ding" account of a cutting-jung war, force only "cars Bai Sheng Rong, Sri Yu 100, only 1000." Spring and Autumn period the scale of war have gradually increased, but the sensation of Chengpu Battle, Jin has only been deployed by military vehicles 700. Xuan Wang 7000 troops to help YingQing cutting Rong, is really an unprecedented investment. Xuan Wang when "many friends Ding Ming," a record with Xian Yun's major battles, captured by 127 tanks, beheaded 356 people, its size and the Zhou, Qin Rong action of cutting forces almost. For the early years of King Xuan of Zhou royal family, this is a very high standard of military deployment. According to Mr. Li Xueqin to research, their Gui handed down does not cover the inscription, public speaking is the cutting Rong Qin Zhuang Battle. Mr. Li pointed out that, according to "Historical Records. 12 princes chronology ", Qin Zhuang public name of its first Qin Xingwen" no "is often used as nonsense utterances, only the tone table, so" not its "that is, its, that is, the duke of Qin. The duke called "public" is said to recover later. The gui is not self-made device duke, it has been used with names. Ming-Show, the cutting action of the President Rong Shuai as "Bo's" king of his responsibility on the week, under which the command is not his. Qin said the habit by the pro said, brother of the uncle and peers can be said Bo, Mr. Li Xueqin that this Peter is duke's brother. However, "Qin of the century," there is clear, said Qin Zhong's five sons, "the elders said, the duke." Lee explained that the duke, "may not be the oldest", that is, there is a brother of the duke, was Sima Qian ignored. I would like to say Mr Lee slightly modified. I think Ming's "Uncle's" non-Chong Kung brother, but duke's uncle. Qinzhong the "Chung", are based on ranking names, indicating he also had a brother (or Shuzhang brother), according to Zhou royal employment practices, close vassal, the duke of Peter, uncle or brother who often worked in the royal family . Such examples are too numerous to cite. This "Peter's, the Qin Zhong brother, an uncle of the duke but a senior official who for the royal family. He was declared Wang Zhiming led by 7000 troops to fight the commander of Qin." And the soldiers 7000 "is that to send 7000 troops to help Qin Gong Rong, not that this 7000 gave the army the state of Qin. then the military are people in the village according to the structure and configuration prepared Ida is not possible to vest the right to pay out. This 7000 people Zhou Wang is bound to send military officer command. to that time of the Qin relations and military strength that the "Peter's" is the most reasonable Flesh. He is the minister of the royal family, but also YingQing family members, but also village Public brothers elders, who acts as the cutting-yung, the Supreme Commander of the Battle is very appropriate. Ming, he said the duke as "Ru-boy" and also is in line with their parents and identity. We also should be noted that cutting Rong Shengli, the Peter's do not it has "a tin-Ru Gong, vector bundles, Morrison 5. 10 Tin Tin, "the reward, which indicates that the duke was not inherit the throne, or Peter's right to make such a specification need not reward. That may be so: Qinzhong died, the King Xuan of Zhou sent to Gansu on Borrelia Qin temporary main thing, to cutting-jung to task for not rushing to win the canonization of the new leader of Qin. to be cutting Rongsheng Li, the situation stabilized, the canonization of the forked side of the village, according to the public. "Qin of the century" made to recover the West down, on the Long Qin associated with the old haunt into a large Luo, the village public square "for Xichui doctor", which is consistent with our above speculation.
Inscription said: "Shuofang Xian Yun, cutting the West Yu Guang, Wang Ming I am ashamed to recover in the West." Xian Yun is Quan Rong, Jin Xian Yun in constant use without Quanrong. "West Yu," the "West", and "chasing the West," the "West", is a specific place names, is the ancient name of dog mounds. "West Yu", that the West in the field. Ming by the end of words is not the reward, the "as I Wong Zugong Bo, MENG Gui Ji squatting", to mark the anniversary. Zhuang Gongzu parent name Gongbo, not his father, mother, grandmother and grandfather for their lists of exhibits, probably weeks, a total line of Qin Zhao, Mu system is related to the progenitor system in the festival of the same series with the Sun. Content from the inscriptions of view, this cutting-jung played very hard battle, and fought a lot of places. Last Week, Qin coalition forces finally defeated Quan Rong, to regain control of the Long Mountain to the west of the situation, though not completely remove the Xirong on YingQing threat, but finally checked Jung's rampant trend of history is contained Rong people "by a small but . " By The campaign, win the hands of the Qin was from Quanrong Quanrong occupied 20 years of Xichui won back, and follow up a victory extended the site, will be on the Qin Long the domain associated with the Xi Chui region has become one. Qin duke inherited the throne after all, known as "Xichui doctor."