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秦莊公收復祖地歷史故事
秦仲戰敗被殺，是個歷史悲劇，是嬴秦發展史上的一次嚴重挫折。但是時隴上之秦國力畢竟已有較豐實的基礎，不至於因此次軍事失利便一蹶不振。再者，秦仲傢族興旺，後繼有人，故很快便出現了轉機。當然，轉機的主導性因素還是非同一般的周、秦關係和周宣王打敗西戎的决心。在共同抗戎的問題上，周人與嬴秦早已經“同呼吸，共命運”了。
《史記· 秦本紀》曰： “秦仲立二十三年，死於戎。有子五人，其長者日莊公。周宣王召莊公昆弟五人，與兵七千人，使伐西戎，破之。於是復予秦仲後，及其先大駱地犬丘並有之，為西垂大夫。”這一次周宣王是鐵了心要與西戎决一勝負了。他把秦仲的五個兒子召集起來，進行伐戎的動員。而且，這次不再衹是精神上的激勵，而是以軍力援助為前提的。“與兵七千”，這在當時可不是個小數目。西周、春秋時代，戰爭的主要形式是車戰。當時的戰車上載甲士三人，左主射，右主伐，中主禦，而每一乘戰車，又配備步卒十人。交戰時車馳卒奔，互相應合。七千戰士，可配戰車七百乘，可謂軍力雄厚。懿王時的名器《禹鼎》記述一次伐戎戰爭，兵力僅有“戎車百乘，斯馭百，徒千”。春秋時期戰爭規模已逐漸增大，但轟動一時的城濮之戰，晉國也不過纔出動兵車七百乘。宣王派兵七千協助嬴秦伐戎，確係一次空前的投入。宣王時的《多友鼎銘》，記載與獫狁的一場重大戰役，俘獲戰車127乘，斬首356人，其規模與這次周、秦聯軍的伐戎行動差不多。對於宣王初年的周王室來說，這已是很高規格的軍事部署了。據李學勤先生考證，傳世器不其簋蓋的銘文，講的就是秦莊公這次伐戎之役。李先生指出，據《史記．十二諸侯年表》，秦莊公名其，先秦行文“不”字常用作無義助詞，僅表語氣，故“不其”即其，也就是秦莊公。莊公之稱“公”乃後來的追稱。不其簋乃莊公自作器，故直用己名。銘中顯示，這次伐戎行動的總統帥為“伯氏”，他上對周王負責，下可指揮不其。按先秦的親稱習慣說，對伯父和同輩長兄均可稱伯,李學勤先生認為此伯氏乃莊公之兄。但《秦本紀》卻有明文，說秦仲的五個兒子中， “其長者曰莊公”。李先生解釋說，莊公“也許不是最年長的”，也就是說，莊公還有個兄長，被司馬遷忽略了。我想對李先生的說法略加修正。我認為銘中的“伯氏”非莊公兄長，而是莊公的伯父。秦仲之“仲”，乃以排行人名，說明他還有個長兄(或庶長兄)，依周王室用人的慣例，關係密切的屬國，國君之伯、叔父或兄長常有在王室供職者。此類事例多不勝舉。此“伯氏，即秦仲之兄、莊公之伯父而為王室重臣者。他就是受宣王之命帶領七千人馬去秦地作戰的統帥。“與兵七千”是說派七千軍隊前往助秦攻戎，而不是說把這七千軍隊送給秦國。當時的軍隊都是按國人的村社結構與井田配置編製的，是决不可能把歸屬權交出去的。這七千人，周王必然要派軍事長官統率。以那時的周秦關係及軍力對比說，這個“伯氏”是最合理的受命者。他既是王室大臣，又是嬴秦的傢族成員，而且還是莊公弟兄們的長輩，由他擔任這次伐戎之役的最高統帥，是非常合適的。銘中他稱莊公為“汝小子”，也正符合其長輩身份。我們還應當註意到一點，伐戎勝利後，伯氏對不其有“錫汝弓一，矢束，臣五傢。田十田”的奬賞，這表明當時莊公尚未繼承君位，否則伯氏無權也無須作這種規格的賞賜。情況可能是這樣：秦仲戰死後，周宣王派伯氏去隴上暫主秦事，以伐戎為急務，並未匆匆忙忙地册封新的嬴秦首領。待伐戎勝利，局面穩定後，方據戰功而册封了莊公。《秦本紀》言收復了西垂，將隴上秦地與大駱故地聯成一片後，莊公方“為西垂大夫”，這與我們上述推測是一致的。
銘文說：“朔方獫狁，廣伐西俞，王命我羞追於西。”獫狁即犬戎，金文中恆用獫狁而不用犬戎。 “西俞”之“西”，和“追於西”之“西”，是具體地名，就是犬丘的古稱。“西俞”，即西地之域。銘末言不其受賞賜後， “用作朕皇祖公伯、孟姬蹲簋”，以志紀念。莊公祖父名公伯，不為其父其母，而為其祖父祖母作祭器，大概與周、秦共行的昭、穆製有關，在祭統中祖與孫屬同一係列。從銘文內容看，這次伐戎戰役打得相當艱苦，並且轉戰了好多地方。最後周、秦聯軍終於打敗了犬戎，重新控製了隴山以西的局勢，雖不能說徹底解除了西戎對嬴秦的威脅，但總算遏製了戎人的猖獗勢頭，史載戎人“由是少卻”。通過此役，嬴秦從犬戎手中把已被犬戎占領了二十多年的西垂奪了回來，並乘勝擴展地盤，將隴上秦域同西垂地區聯成了一片。秦莊公於此役後繼承了君位，號稱“西垂大夫”。
出於對祖邑故都的嚮往，莊公將秦仲時代嬴秦在隴上的部族活動中心，又移至西垂，故《秦本紀》言 “莊公居其故西犬丘”。由於西垂作為嬴秦舊都已有悠久的歷史，並非新闢之邑，所以不存在地名轉移問題。而且，隴上之秦邑也並未放棄，仍為秦人所據有。當然其“秦”地之名也無需變。因此，莊公之居犬丘，地名不受影響，西垂地區從未擁有過“秦”之名。《秦本紀》載莊公在位44年，這段時間內，局勢相對平穩，嬴秦國力也有了較大的恢復和發展。
"Textual Research about," said: "Qin Zhongli 20 years, died of Jung. A child of five, the elderly on the duke. Zhou Xuan WANG Zhao Zhuang Gongkun brother five, with 7,000 soldiers, bringing the cutting Xi Rong, destructible. so complex to Qin Zhong, after its first big hill and Luo to have the dog for Xichui doctor. "This time, King Xuan of Zhou and Xi Rong is bent to determine the winner of the. He Qinzhong bringing together the five sons to carry out cutting-jung of the mobilization. Moreover, this incentive is no longer just the spiritual, but in military aid as a precondition. "And Bing 7000", which at that time is not insignificant. Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period, the main form of war fighting vehicles. The chariot was set Jiashi three, the left main fire, felling the right, in the main defense, and each by car, is equipped with Buzu ten. Ben Chi Death during fighting vehicles, should be combined with each other. 7000 soldiers, 700 tanks can be equipped by, can be described as military strong. Yi Wang device when the name "Yu Ding" account of a cutting-jung war, force only "cars Bai Sheng Rong, Sri Yu 100, only 1000." Spring and Autumn period the scale of war have gradually increased, but the sensation of Chengpu Battle, Jin has only been deployed by military vehicles 700. Xuan Wang 7000 troops to help YingQing cutting Rong, is really an unprecedented investment. Xuan Wang when "many friends Ding Ming," a record with Xian Yun's major battles, captured by 127 tanks, beheaded 356 people, its size and the Zhou, Qin Rong action of cutting forces almost. For the early years of King Xuan of Zhou royal family, this is a very high standard of military deployment. According to Mr. Li Xueqin to research, their Gui handed down does not cover the inscription, public speaking is the cutting Rong Qin Zhuang Battle. Mr. Li pointed out that, according to "Historical Records. 12 princes chronology ", Qin Zhuang public name of its first Qin Xingwen" no "is often used as nonsense utterances, only the tone table, so" not its "that is, its, that is, the duke of Qin. The duke called "public" is said to recover later. The gui is not self-made device duke, it has been used with names. Ming-Show, the cutting action of the President Rong Shuai as "Bo's" king of his responsibility on the week, under which the command is not his. Qin said the habit by the pro said, brother of the uncle and peers can be said Bo, Mr. Li Xueqin that this Peter is duke's brother. However, "Qin of the century," there is clear, said Qin Zhong's five sons, "the elders said, the duke." Lee explained that the duke, "may not be the oldest", that is, there is a brother of the duke, was Sima Qian ignored. I would like to say Mr Lee slightly modified. I think Ming's "Uncle's" non-Chong Kung brother, but duke's uncle. Qinzhong the "Chung", are based on ranking names, indicating he also had a brother (or Shuzhang brother), according to Zhou royal employment practices, close vassal, the duke of Peter, uncle or brother who often worked in the royal family . Such examples are too numerous to cite. This "Peter's, the Qin Zhong brother, an uncle of the duke but a senior official who for the royal family. He was declared Wang Zhiming led by 7000 troops to fight the commander of Qin." And the soldiers 7000 "is that to send 7000 troops to help Qin Gong Rong, not that this 7000 gave the army the state of Qin. then the military are people in the village according to the structure and configuration prepared Ida is not possible to vest the right to pay out. This 7000 people Zhou Wang is bound to send military officer command. to that time of the Qin relations and military strength that the "Peter's" is the most reasonable Flesh. He is the minister of the royal family, but also YingQing family members, but also village Public brothers elders, who acts as the cutting-yung, the Supreme Commander of the Battle is very appropriate. Ming, he said the duke as "Ru-boy" and also is in line with their parents and identity. We also should be noted that cutting Rong Shengli, the Peter's do not it has "a tin-Ru Gong, vector bundles, Morrison 5. 10 Tin Tin, "the reward, which indicates that the duke was not inherit the throne, or Peter's right to make such a specification need not reward. That may be so: Qinzhong died, the King Xuan of Zhou sent to Gansu on Borrelia Qin temporary main thing, to cutting-jung to task for not rushing to win the canonization of the new leader of Qin. to be cutting Rongsheng Li, the situation stabilized, the canonization of the forked side of the village, according to the public. "Qin of the century" made to recover the West down, on the Long Qin associated with the old haunt into a large Luo, the village public square "for Xichui doctor", which is consistent with our above speculation.
Inscription said: "Shuofang Xian Yun, cutting the West Yu Guang, Wang Ming I am ashamed to recover in the West." Xian Yun is Quan Rong, Jin Xian Yun in constant use without Quanrong. "West Yu," the "West", and "chasing the West," the "West", is a specific place names, is the ancient name of dog mounds. "West Yu", that the West in the field. Ming by the end of words is not the reward, the "as I Wong Zugong Bo, MENG Gui Ji squatting", to mark the anniversary. Zhuang Gongzu parent name Gongbo, not his father, mother, grandmother and grandfather for their lists of exhibits, probably weeks, a total line of Qin Zhao, Mu system is related to the progenitor system in the festival of the same series with the Sun. Content from the inscriptions of view, this cutting-jung played very hard battle, and fought a lot of places. Last Week, Qin coalition forces finally defeated Quan Rong, to regain control of the Long Mountain to the west of the situation, though not completely remove the Xirong on YingQing threat, but finally checked Jung's rampant trend of history is contained Rong people "by a small but . " By The campaign, win the hands of the Qin was from Quanrong Quanrong occupied 20 years of Xichui won back, and follow up a victory extended the site, will be on the Qin Long the domain associated with the Xi Chui region has become one. Qin duke inherited the throne after all, known as "Xichui doctor."