阿尤布王朝为12世纪—13世纪统治埃及、叙利亚、也门的回教王国。由库尔德人建立的该王朝最强盛时期，版图甚至延伸至圣城麦加与北伊拉克。阿尤布家族的阿尤布、谢尔库赫兄弟原先是Zengid Dynasty的士兵，然后他们获得了独立地位，而阿尤布之子便是埃及民族英雄萨拉丁。
萨拉丁于1169年建立了阿尤布王朝，1171年，萨拉丁在阿拉伯帝国法蒂玛王朝末代哈里发死后解散法蒂玛王朝，阿尤布王朝花费了接下来的十余年，直到1183年，对埃及、叙利亚、北部美索不达米亚、也门、北非沿岸的征服完成了。在1187年的哈丁战役中，又取得对耶路撒冷王国的胜利，但是不久以后十字军又重新控制了巴勒斯坦的海岸线。萨拉丁逝世后，其后代经征战从埃及境内继续扩张其领土，不过自从1250年，尤其是蒙古人在1260年取得对阿尤布王朝的控制之后渐趋没落，蒙古人离开以后，马穆鲁克人在哈马(Harma)推翻了阿尤布王朝最后一任统治者。
尽管时间短暂，但在阿尤布王朝开创了一个经济繁荣的时期，并且使得伊斯兰世界的文明再一次兴盛。
首都 开罗（1171年至1174年）
大马士革（1174年至1218年）
开罗（1218年至1250年）
大马士革（1250年至一二六○年）
Harma（1260年至1341年）
语言 阿拉伯语(官方语言) 库尔德语
宗教 逊尼派伊斯兰教
政府 君主制
苏丹
- 1174-1193 萨拉丁(首位)
- 1331-13411 艾弗达勒 穆罕默德(末位)
历史
- 建立 1171年
- 废除 1341年
人口
- 12世纪 est. 7,200,000(估算)2 人
货币 第纳尔
Saladin was confirmed as Nureddin's deputy in Egypt, and on the death of Nureddin on April 12, 1174 he took the title sultan. During his reign Damascus, rather than Cairo, was the major city of the empire. Nevertheless he fortified Cairo, which became the political centre of Egypt. It was in 1183 that Saladin's rule over Egypt and North Syria was consolidated. Much of Saladin's time was spent in Syria, where he fought the Crusader States, and Egypt was largely governed by his deputy Karaksh.
Saladin's son Othman succeeded him in Egypt in 1193. He allied with his uncle (Saladin's brother) Al-Adil I against Saladin's other sons, and after the wars that followed, Al-Adil took power in 1200. He died in 1218 during the siege of Damietta in the Fifth Crusade, and was succeeded by al-Kamil, who lost Damietta to the Crusaders in 1219. However, he defeated their advance to Cairo by flooding the Nile, and they were forced to evacuate Egypt in 1221. Al-Kamil was later forced to give up various cities in Palestina and Syria to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor during the Sixth Crusade, in order to gain his help against Damascus.
Najm al-Din became sultan in 1240. His reign saw the recapture of Jerusalem in 1244, and the introduction of a larger force of Mameluks into the army. Much of his time was spent in campaigns in Syria, where he allied with the Khwarezmians against the Crusaders and Ayyubids. In 1249 he faced an invasion by Louis IX of France (the Seventh Crusade), and Damietta was lost again. Najm al-Din died soon after this, but his son Turanshah defeated Louis and expelled the Crusaders from Egypt. Turanshah was soon overthrown by the Mameluks, who had become the "kingmakers" since their arrival and now wanted full power for themselves.