公元前332年，亚历山大大帝在几乎没有遇到波斯人抵抗的情况下，被埃及人当成解放者占领了这片土地。亚历山大的继承者托勒密仿照埃及模式建立了政府机构，定都亚历山大。这座城市试图展现希腊统治者的权威，并以著名的亚历山大图书馆为核心，成为了文化和学术的中心。 亚历山大灯塔照亮了许多船只的航程，保证了城市间贸易的畅通。托勒密统治者将商业和创收行业作为发展首选，例如纸莎草纸的制造业。
希腊文明并没有取代埃及的传统文明，托勒密王朝的统治者扶持埃及历史悠久的传统以保证人民的忠诚。他们建立了埃及风格的神庙，维护传统的宗教仪式，把自己描绘成法老。两种文明的许多传统融合了，希腊和埃及的诸神融合为兼具多重神性，如塞拉皮斯（Serapis）。古典希腊风格的雕塑也影响了传统埃及的艺术题材。尽管希腊统治者试图缓和埃及人的情绪，托勒密王朝还是面临叛乱、家族权力斗争，以及伴随托勒密四世之死而来的亚历山大里亚的暴乱。。此外，由于罗马严重依赖埃及的粮食进口，罗马人对埃及的政治状况也大有兴趣。持续不断的叛乱、野心勃勃的政治家和强大的叙利亚对手动摇了王朝统治，以至埃及沦为罗马的保护国，并最终成了一个行省。
Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra of Egypt and the Roman conquest in 30 BC. The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life. Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome.