lěng zhàn（
yīng yǔ： ColdWar，
é yǔ： ХолоднаяВойна）
shì zhǐ měi guó hé sū lián jí tā men de méng yǒu zài 1945
nián zhì 1990
nián dài jiān zài zhèng zhì hé wài jiāo shàng de duì kàng、
chōng tū hé jìng zhēng。
yóu yú dì '
èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn gāng jié shù，
zài zhè duàn shí qī，
suī rán fēn qí hé chōng tū yán zhòng，
dàn duì kàng shuāng fāng dū jìn lì bì miǎn dǎo zhì shì jiè fàn wéi de dà guī mó zhàn zhēng（
shì jiè dà zhàn）
bào fā，
qí duì kàng tōng cháng tōng guò jú bù dài lǐ rén zhàn zhēng、
kē jì hé jūn bèi jìng sài、
wài jiāo jìng zhēng děng “ lěng ” fāng shì jìn xíng，
jí“
xiāng hù '
è zhì，
què yòu bù sù zhū wǔ lì”，
yīn cǐ chēng zhī wéi“
lěng zhàn”。
zhèn yíng
měi guó de zhù yào méng yǒu shì xī '
ōu、
jiā ná dà、
rì běn，
ér sū lián de zhù yào méng yǒu shì dōng '
ōu guó jiā hé zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó（
zhí dào zhōng sū fēn liè）。
zhè gè cí qǐ yuán yú 1947
nián 4
yuè 16
rì bó nà dé ·
bā lǔ kè zài nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu gē lún bǐ yà de yī cì yǎn shuō。
cǐ wài， 1946
nián qiū jí '
ěr fǎng wèn měi guó，
zài zhè cì fǎng wèn zhōng tā fā biǎo liǎo zhù míng de tiě mù yǎn shuō：“
cóng bō luó de hǎi biān de shí qiē qīng dào yà dé lǐ yà hǎi biān dídí lǐ yǎ sī tè，
yī fú héng guàn '
ōu zhōu dà lù de tiě mù yǐ jīng lā xià”。
jiànjiē biǎo shì lěng zhàn de kāi shǐ。
kǒng bù píng héng
zhè chǎng quán miàn de“
dōng fāng duì xī fāng”
de zhàn zhēng bìng wèi zhēn zhèng bào fā，
zuì dà de yuán yīn shì yóu yú shuāng fāng dū yōng yòu dà liàng de hé zǐ wǔ qì，
yī dàn zhí jiē chōng tū kě néng dǎo zhì quán rén lèi huǐ miè，
yīn cǐ shuāng fāng dū jìn lì bì miǎn fā shēng quán miàn de“
rè”
zhàn（
qǐng jiàn xiāng hù bǎo zhèng huǐ miè），
shí jì shàng zhǐ shì zài jīng jì、
zhé xué、
wén huà、
shè huì hé zhèng zhì lì chǎng fāng miàn chǎn shēng yán zhòng duì lì：
xī fāng zhǐ zé dōng fāng bù mín zhù、
jí quán zhù yì、
jí quán tiě mù hé gòng chǎn zhuān zhì，
qǐ tú jiāng mín zhù guó jiā nà rù jí quán zhuān zhì de tǒng zhì，
ér dōng fāng zé pī píng xī fāng shì zhōng chǎn jiē jí zī běn zhù yì、
dì guó zhù yì、
bō xuē láo gōng。
tè zhēng
bólín qiáng
lěng zhàn cóng dì '
èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn jié shù kāi shǐ，
suí zhe bā shí nián dài sū lián de jīng jì wēi jī，
hé gē '
ěr bā qiáo fū（
gē bā zhuó fū）
de mín zhù gǎi gé，
cù chéng gòng chǎn guó jiā dǎo tái，
dào 1990
nián dài chū sū lián jiě tǐ lěng zhàn zhèng shì jié shù。
zhōng guó guó gòng nèi zhàn、
cháo xiān zhàn zhēng、
zhōng dōng zhàn zhēng、
yuè nán zhàn zhēng、
ā fù hàn zhàn zhēng（ 1979
nián）
hé liǎng yī zhàn zhēng shì jǐ gè dōng xī fāng guó jiā fā shēng qū yù chōng tū de lì zǐ，
dàn shì dà duō shù shí hòu zhǐ shì shuāng fāng dài lǐ rén zhī jiān de chōng tū，
zài zhè xiē chōng tū zhōng，
zhù yào qiáng guó zhǐ shì tōng guò zī jīn hé wǔ qì yuán zhù gè zì zhī chí de guó jiā huò zǔ zhì。
zhè me zuò jiù jiǎn shǎo liǎo liǎng dà zhèn yíng chōng tū de jǐn zhāng xìng。
měi guó yǔ sū lián jìng zhēng de yī gè zhù yào lǐng yù jiù shì kē xué jì shù，
cǐ wài hái bāo kuò liǎo shí fēn yǐn bì de jiàndié zhàn，
hé shuāng fāng de zhèng zhì xuān chuán zhàn。
suī rán shuāng fāng de dié bào xì tǒng jīng cháng cǎi qǔ mì mì de '
àn shā xíng dòng，
dàn shì yóu yú hé wǔ qì de wēi shè，
liǎng zhèn yíng yī zhí méi yòu fā shēng quán miàn chōng tū。
dāng rán zài dāng shí，
rén men bìng bù qīng chǔ，
yī gè dì qū xìng de xiǎo guī mó chōng tū shì fǒu yòu kě néng yǐn fā hé zhàn zhēng，
yòu jiàn yú cǐ，
měi yī cì de chōng tū dū huì yǐn fā rén men jí gāo de guān zhù。
zhè zhǒng jǐn zhāng tài shì jīhū xiàng zhēn zhèng de zhàn zhēng nà yàng gǎi biàn liǎo quán shì jiè suǒ yòu rén de shēng huó。
dé guó kě yǐ suàn shì lěng zhàn zhōng zuì zhù yào de zhēng duān jiāo diǎn，
tè bié shì bólín。
bólín qiáng hěn kě néng shì lěng zhàn zuì shēng dòng de biāo zhì。
zhè dǔ qiáng fēn gé liǎo dōng bólín（
shǔ yú dōng dé）
yǔ xī bǎi lín（
shǔ yú xī dé），
shǐ xī bǎi lín gū lì yú dōng dé nèi。
lì shǐ
nà cuì dé guó de jué qǐ cù jìn liǎo xī fāng méng guó hé sū lián zài zhàn shí de hé zuò，
dàn cóng yī kāi shǐ shì jiè shàng dì yī gè shè huì zhù yì guó jiā sū lián hé shì jiè tóu hào jīng jì qiáng guó měi guó jiān de hé zuò jiù chōng mǎn liǎo bù xìn rèn hé yì shí xíng tài fēn qí。
wēi sī kāng xīn dà xué de yán jiū bào gào chēng，
jí shǐ bù kǎo lǜ yì shí xíng tài fēn qí，
měi sū liǎng guó zài jīng jì fāng miàn de jìng zhēng yě bì rán huì dǎo zhì '
èr zhě de duì lì。
wò '
ěr tè ． lā fǎ '
ěr chēng měi guó hé '
é luó sī dì guó zǎo zài 1900
nián shí jiù céng yīn zhōng guó dōng běi de fā zhǎn chǎn shēng guò duì lì qíng xù，
é luó sī dì guó yīn zài gōng yè fāng miàn wú fǎ tóng měi guó zhí jiē jìng zhēng '
ér zhuǎn '
ér xún qiú zì shēn zài yuǎn dōng dì qū de mào yì yōu shì bìng jié lì pái chú qí tā dà guó，
ér měi guó zé yào qiú mén hù kāi fàng，
lì yì jūn zhān。
xī fāng shì jiè duì lěng zhàn de yán jiū jīng lì liǎo 3
gè jiē duàn。
zài '
èr zhàn jié shù hòu 10
duō nián de shí jiān nèi，
hěn shǎo yòu xué zhě huì tiǎo zhàn měi guó guān fāng duì lěng zhàn qǐ yīn de kàn fǎ：
jí shuāng fāng guān xì de pò liè shì yóu yú sī dà lín wéi fǎn liǎo yǎ '
ěr tǎ gòng shí、
sū lián qǐ tú zhù zǎi dōng '
ōu，
yǐ jí sū lián de kuò zhāng zhù yì。
dàn shì，
zhī hòu hěn duō lì shǐ xué jiā tí chū liǎo lìng yī zhǒng guān diǎn：
měi guó qǐ tú bǎo zhàng qí zài quán qiú de mào yì lì yì cái shì lěng zhàn zuì zhù yào de qǐ yīn。
yī xiē lì shǐ xué jiā rèn wéi，
měi guó de dì guó zhù yì yě xīn rú guǒ bù shì zuì zhù yào，
zhì shǎo yě shì yǔ sū lián de zuò wéi tóng děng zhòng yào de dǎo zhì lěng zhàn bào fā de yuán yīn。
jiǎn dān '
ér yán，
shǐ xué jiā duì shuí yīnggāi wéi '
èr zhàn qī jiān jié méng de měi sū guān xì de pò liè fù zé yǐ jí lěng zhàn shì fǒu shì bù kě bì miǎn de zhè liǎng gè wèn tí shàng chǎn shēng fēn qí。
hòu yī zhǒng guān diǎn（
jí měi guó yīnggāi fù zé）
zài yuè nán zhàn zhēng zhōng dá dào dǐng fēng，
hěn duō rén kāi shǐ rèn wéi，
měi guó zài dào dé céng miàn shàng bìng bù bǐ sū lián gāo duō shǎo。
zài lěng zhàn hòu qī，
lì shǐ xué jiā men kāi shǐ xún qiú yī zhǒng hòu xiū zhèng zhù yì de jiě dá。
dào lěng zhàn jié shù hòu，
zhè yī pài guān diǎn yǐ jīng zhàn liǎo shàng fēng。
zhè pài lì shǐ xué jiā bìng bù rèn wéi liǎng gè chāo jí dà guó zhōng de rèn hé yī guó yīnggāi wéi lěng zhàn fù quán zé，
ér shì guī jiù yú shuāng fāng de wù jiě yǔ fǎn yìng，
liǎng fāng dū yìng duì lěng zhàn fù zé。
hòu xiū zhèng zhù yì xué zhě zhuī suí liǎo xiàn shí zhù yì guó jì guān xì de kàn fǎ，
rèn wéi měi guó zài '
ōu zhōu de zhèng cè，
rú 1947
nián duì xī là de yuán zhù hé mǎ xiē '
ěr jìhuà shì bì yào de。
gēn jù zhè zhǒng guān diǎn，“
gòng chǎn zhù yì yùn dòng”
bìng bù shì xī '
ōu kùn jìng de gēn yuán。
xiāng fǎn，
zài jīng jì、
zhèng zhì fāng miàn de quán miàn zhàn zhēng，
yǐ jí '
ōu zhōu de shè huì jié gòu cái shì qí gēn yuán。
ér mǎ xiē '
ěr jìhuà chóngjiàn liǎo yī gè liáng hǎo de '
ōu zhōu jīng jì tǐ xì，
cóng '
ér jiǎn shǎo liǎo jí zuǒ shì lì zài xī '
ōu de xī yǐn lì。
duì '
ōu zhōu lái shuō，
jīng jì yuán zhù jié shù liǎo zī jīn duǎn quē，
cì jī liǎo duì zhàn hòu chóngjiàn de tóu zī。
duì měi guó lái shuō，
gāi jìhuà jiě jué liǎo shēng chǎn guò shèng de wèn tí，
zēng jiā liǎo měi guó duì wài chū kǒu。
běi yuē zǔ zhì zé jiāng xī '
ōu guó jiā nà rù gòng tóng fáng yù tǐ xì，
cóng '
ér bì miǎn liǎo gòng chǎn zhù yì de kuò zhāng。
hòu xiū zhèng zhù yì xué pài bù rèn wéi gòng chǎn zhù yì jù yòu kuò zhāng xìng，
qǐ tú tuī fān“
zì yóu shì jiè”，
dàn shì tā men tóng shí rèn wéi měi guó zài '
ōu zhōu de zhèng cè zài què bǎo '
ōu zhōu de wěn dìng fāng miàn shì bì yào de，
cóng '
ér bì miǎn quán lì xiàng sū lián qīng xié，
zuì zhōng wēi jí dào xī fāng de jīng jì、
zhèng zhì zhì dù。
1989
nián yǐ lái，
dōng '
ōu gè guó fēn fēn tuō lí shè huì zhù yì zhì dù hé jìhuà jīng jì。 1990
nián ,
bólín qiáng chāi xià。 1991
nián ,
dōng xī dé tǒng yī。 1991
nián，
sū lián jiě tǐ。
huá shā tiáo yuē jiě sàn，
lěng zhàn shí dài yě suí zhī jié shù。
The Cold War (1945–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–1945), primarily between the USSR and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, including the United States. Although the primary participants' military forces never officially clashed directly, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, a nuclear arms race, espionage, proxy wars, propaganda, and technological competition, e.g. the Space Race.
Despite being allies against the Axis powers, the USSR, the US, the United Kingdom and France disagreed during and after World War II, especially about the configuration of the post-war world. At war's end, they occupied most of Europe, with the US and USSR the most powerful military forces.
The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc with the eastern European countries it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states, some of which were later consolidated as the Warsaw Pact (1955–1991). The US and some western European countries established containment of communism as a defensive policy, establishing alliances (e.g. NATO, 1949) to that end.
Several such countries also coordinated the rebuilding of western Europe, especially western Germany, which the USSR opposed. Elsewhere, in Latin America and Southeast Asia, the USSR fostered communist revolutions, opposed by several western countries and their regional allies; some they attempted to roll back, with mixed results. Some countries aligned with NATO and the Warsaw Pact, yet non-aligned country blocs also emerged.
The Cold War featured periods of relative calm and of international high tension – the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949), the Korean War (1950–1953), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War (1959–1975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989), and the Able Archer 83 NATO exercises in November 1983. Both sides sought détente to relieve political tensions and deter direct military attack, which would likely guarantee their mutual assured destruction with nuclear weapons.
In the 1980s, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures against the USSR, which had already suffered severe economic stagnation. Thereafter, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ("reconstruction", "reorganization", 1987) and glasnost ("openness", ca. 1985). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, and Russia possessing most of the Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal.