ā yóu bù wáng cháo wéi 12
shì jì héng 13
shì jì tǒng zhì '
āi jí、
xù lì yà、
yě mén de huí jiào wáng guó。
yóu kù '
ěr dé rén jiàn lì de gāi wáng cháo zuì qiáng shèng shí qī，
bǎn tú shèn zhì yán shēn zhì shèng chéng mài jiā yǔ běi yī lā kè。
ā yóu bù jiā zú de '
ā yóu bù、
xiè '
ěr kù hè xiōng dì yuán xiān shì ZengidDynasty
díshì bīng，
rán hòu tā men huò dé liǎo dú lì dì wèi，
ér '
ā yóu bù zhī zǐ biàn shì '
āi jí mín zú yīng xióng sà lā dīng。
sà lā dīng yú 1169
nián jiàn lì liǎo '
ā yóu bù wáng cháo， 1171
nián，
sà lā dīng zài '
ā lā bó dì guó fǎ dì mǎ wáng cháo mò dài hā lǐ fā sǐ hòu jiě sàn fǎ dì mǎ wáng cháo，
ā yóu bù wáng cháo huā fèi liǎo jiē xià lái de shí yú nián，
zhí dào 1183
nián，
duì '
āi jí、
xù lì yà、
běi bù měi suǒ bù dá mǐ yà、
yě mén、
běi fēi yán '
àn de zhēng fú wán chéng liǎo。
zài 1187
nián de hā dīng zhàn yì zhōng，
yòu qǔ dé duì yé lù sǎ lěng wáng guó de shèng lì，
dàn shì bù jiǔ yǐ hòu shí zì jūn yòu chóngxīn kòng zhì liǎo bā lè sī tǎn de hǎi '
àn xiàn。
sà lā dīng shì shì hòu，
qí hòu dài jīng zhēng zhàn cóng '
āi jí jìng nèi jì xù kuò zhāng qí lǐng tǔ，
bù guò zì cóng 1250
nián，
yóu qí shì měnggǔ rén zài 1260
nián qǔ dé duì '
ā yóu bù wáng cháo de kòng zhì zhī hòu jiàn qū mòluò，
měnggǔ rén lí kāi yǐ hòu，
mǎ mù lǔ kè rén zài hā mǎ (Harma)
tuī fān liǎo '
ā yóu bù wáng cháo zuì hòu yī rèn tǒng zhì zhě。
jìn guǎn shí jiān duǎn zàn，
dàn zài '
ā yóu bù wáng cháo kāi chuàng liǎo yī gè jīng jì fán róng de shí qī，
bìng qiě shǐ dé yī sī lán shì jiè de wén míng zài yī cì xīng shèng。
shǒu dū kāi luó（ 1171
nián zhì 1174
nián）
dà mǎ shì gé（ 1174
nián zhì 1218
nián）
kāi luó（ 1218
nián zhì 1250
nián）
dà mǎ shì gé（ 1250
nián zhì yī '
èr liù nián）
Harma（ 1260
nián zhì 1341
nián）
yǔ yán ā lā bó yǔ (
guān fāng yǔ yán )
kù '
ěr dé yǔ
zōng jiào xùn ní pài yī sī lán jiào
zhèng fǔ jūn zhù zhì
sū dān
-1174-1193
sà lā dīng (
shǒu wèi )
-1331-13411
ài fú dá lè mù hǎn mò dé (
mò wèi )
lì shǐ
-
jiàn lì 1171
nián
-
fèi chú 1341
nián
rén kǒu
-12
shì jì est. 7,200,000(
gū suàn )2
rén
huò bì dì nà '
ěr
Saladin was confirmed as Nureddin's deputy in Egypt, and on the death of Nureddin on April 12, 1174 he took the title sultan. During his reign Damascus, rather than Cairo, was the major city of the empire. Nevertheless he fortified Cairo, which became the political centre of Egypt. It was in 1183 that Saladin's rule over Egypt and North Syria was consolidated. Much of Saladin's time was spent in Syria, where he fought the Crusader States, and Egypt was largely governed by his deputy Karaksh.
Saladin's son Othman succeeded him in Egypt in 1193. He allied with his uncle (Saladin's brother) Al-Adil I against Saladin's other sons, and after the wars that followed, Al-Adil took power in 1200. He died in 1218 during the siege of Damietta in the Fifth Crusade, and was succeeded by al-Kamil, who lost Damietta to the Crusaders in 1219. However, he defeated their advance to Cairo by flooding the Nile, and they were forced to evacuate Egypt in 1221. Al-Kamil was later forced to give up various cities in Palestina and Syria to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor during the Sixth Crusade, in order to gain his help against Damascus.
Najm al-Din became sultan in 1240. His reign saw the recapture of Jerusalem in 1244, and the introduction of a larger force of Mameluks into the army. Much of his time was spent in campaigns in Syria, where he allied with the Khwarezmians against the Crusaders and Ayyubids. In 1249 he faced an invasion by Louis IX of France (the Seventh Crusade), and Damietta was lost again. Najm al-Din died soon after this, but his son Turanshah defeated Louis and expelled the Crusaders from Egypt. Turanshah was soon overthrown by the Mameluks, who had become the "kingmakers" since their arrival and now wanted full power for themselves.