ā lā bó rén jìn gōng xù lì yà shǐ yú 629
nián，
shí yī sī lán jiào xiān zhī mù hǎn mò dé shàng zài。
zǎi dé ·
yī běn ·
hā liè sài（
mù hǎn mò dé de yì zǐ）
shuài sān qiān rén yú mó '
ěr tái（
sǐ hǎi nán duān de dōng miàn）
xí jī dōng luó mǎ jūn duì，
zhàn bài，
zǎi dé zhèn wáng。
zhè yě shì mù sī lín duì jī dū jiào dì qū de dì yī cì zhàn zhēng。
632
nián，
mù hǎn mò dé qù shì。 6
yuè 8
rì，
ài bǔ ·
bó kè '
ěr jì rèn，
hào hā lǐ fā。 633
nián qiū，
qiǎn sān zhī jūn duì，
yǐ '
ā mù '
ěr wéi zǒng sī lìng，
gōng xù lì yà。 634
nián，
bài bā lè sī tǎn de luó mǎ guì zú sài jī '
ā sī。 2
yuè 4
rì，
jiān miè luó mǎ kuì bīng yú dá xīn。
cǐ hòu hā lǐ fā '
ài bǔ ·
bó kè '
ěr lìng hā lì dé ·
yī běn ·
wéi lì dé zēng yuán。 3
yuè，
hā lì dé cóng yī lā kè biān jìng gāng zhēng fú de xī lā chéng chū fā，
jí xíng jūn shí bā tiān，
zhì dà mǎ shì gé。
qí zhōng wǔ tiān xíng yú shā mò，
yǐ pí dài zhù jūn duì yǐn shuǐ，
yán tú zǎi tuó gōng shàn，
yǐ tuó wèi zhī shuǐ yǐn mǎ。
jūn shì wǔ bǎi zhì bā bǎi rén，
chéng tuó，
ér bèi zhàn zhī mǎ kōng qí yǔ tuó bìng chí。
huì shī hòu hā lì dé rèn lián jūn zuì gāo zhǐ huī。 7
yuè 30
rì，
bài luó mǎ yú '
ài zhǐ nà dài。 635
nián 9
yuè，
wéi gōng dà mǎ shì gé liù gè yuè hòu，
jiàng zhī。
dà mǎ shì gé tóu jiàng de tiáo yuē yě chéng wéi yǐ hòu gè chéng tóu jiàng '
ā lā bó rén de fàn běn，
guī dìng：
ā lā bó tǒng shuài jìn chéng hòu dāyìng bǎo hù jū mín de shēng mìng、
cái chǎn hé jiào táng，
chéng qiáng bù bèi chāi chú，
rèn hé mù sī lín bù zhù zhā zài tā men de fáng wū lǐ；
jū mín xū yào jiǎo nà rén dīng shuì：
měi rén měi nián jiāo yī gè dì nà '
ěr hé yī dài xiǎo mài（
zài dì '
èr wèi hā lǐ fā '
ōu mài '
ěr shí dài yòu suǒ zēng jiā）。
qí hòu xù lì yà zhū chéng xiāng jì xiàn luò。
cǐ shí，
dōng luó mǎ huáng dì xī lā kè lüè jí jié liǎo wǔ wàn duō rén，
yǐ qí dì xī '
ào duō lā sī wéi shuài，
dǐ yù '
ā lā bó rén。
hā lì dé zàn qì huò mǔ sī、
dà mǎ shì gé zhū chéng，
yú yuē dàn hé zuǒ '
àn yǎ mù kè hé gǔ jí '
èr wàn wǔ qiān yú rén yǔ luó mǎ jūn duì zuò zhàn。 636
nián 8
yuè 20
rì，
tiān dà rè，
dà bài dōng luó mǎ jūn duì，
shā xī '
ào duō lā sī。
xī lā kè lüè táo huí。
xù lì yà suì guī shǔ '
ā lā bó。
639
nián，
ā mù '
ěr kāi shǐ jìn jūn '
āi jí。 640
nián 7
yuè，
zài '
ā yīn ·
shè mù sī chéng jī kuì dōng luó mǎ jūn duì。 642
nián 9
yuè，
āi jí shǒu fǔ yà lì shān dà gǎng jiàng，
dōng luó mǎ jūn duì chè tuì。
ér '
ā mù '
ěr zài bā bǐ lún bǎo wài de yíng dì jiàn chéng xīn dū fú sī tǎ dé（
kāi luó）。
āi jí chéng wéi '
ā lā bó dì guó de zhòng yào cái zhèng lái yuán。
645
nián dǐ，
yà lì shān dà gǎng rén qǐ bīng yú dōng luó mǎ，
jūn shì tǎn sī huáng dì pài qiǎn chuán sān bǎi sōu shōu fù yà lì shān dà gǎng。
ér gāng qù zhí de '
ā mù '
ěr dé dào fù zhí，
zài ní qiū jī bài dōng luó mǎ jūn duì， 646
nián chū，
chóngxīn zhàn lǐng yà lì shān dà gǎng。 649
nián，
xù lì yà zhǎngguān mù '
ā wēi yè duó qǔ sài pǔ lù sī dǎo。
In 639 an army of some 4,000 men was sent against Egypt by the second caliph, Umar, under the command of Amr ibn al-As. This army was joined by another 5,000 men in 640 and defeated a Byzantine army at the battle of Heliopolis. Amr next proceeded in the direction of Alexandria, which was surrendered to him by a treaty signed on November 8, 641.
Alexandria was regained for the Byzantine Empire in 645 but was retaken by Amr in 646. In 654 an invasion fleet sent by Constans II was repulsed. From that time no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country.
In return for a tribute of money and food for the troops of occupation, the Christian inhabitants of Egypt were excused military service and left free in the observance of their religion and the administration of their affairs.
Conversions of Copts to Islam were at first rare, and the old system of taxation was maintained for the greater part of the first Islamic century. The old division of the country into districts (nomoi) was maintained, and to the inhabitants of these districts demands were directly addressed by the governor of Egypt, while the head of the community—ordinarily a Copt but in some cases a Muslim Egyptian—was responsible for compliance with the demand.
The resentment of the Copts against taxation, however, led to a revolt in 725. In 727, to strengthen Arab representation, a colony of 3,000 Arabs was set up near Bilbeis. Meanwhile, the employment of the Arabic language had been steadily gaining ground, and in 706 it was made the official language of the government. Egyptian Arabic, the modern language of Egypt, began to form. Other revolts of the Copts are recorded for the years 739 and 750, the last year of Umayyad domination. The outbreaks in all cases are attributed to increased taxation.
The Abbasid period was marked by new taxations, and the Copts revolted again in the fourth year of Abbasid rule. At the beginning of the 9th century the practice of ruling Egypt through a governor was resumed under Abdallah bin Tahir, who decided to reside at Baghdad, sending a deputy to Egypt to govern for him. In 828 another Egyptian revolt broke out. And in 831 the Copts joined with native Muslims against the government.
In the 9th century Egypt was mostly governed by Turks (Tulunids, Ikhshidids) ruling in the name of the Muslim governor. Egypt came into conflict with Syria and the Caliphate until peace was made in 891. In 914 Egypt was invaded for the first time by a Fatimid force sent by the Caliph al-Mahdi Obaidallah, now established at Kairawan. The Mahdi's son succeeded in taking Alexandria in 919, and Egypt wasn't freed from the invaders until the year 921, when reinforcements had been repeatedly sent from Baghdad to deal with them. In 969 the Fatimid general Jawhar as-Siqilli was placed at the head of an army said to number 100,000 men and attempted to seize Egypt. He had little difficulty defeating the Egyptian army. And on July 6, 969, he entered Fostat at the head of his forces. Egypt was transferred from the Eastern to the Western caliphate.