gōng yuán qián 332
nián，
yà lì shān dà dà dì zài jīhū méi yòu yù dào bō sī rén dǐ kàng de qíng kuàng xià，
bèi '
āi jí rén dàngchéng jiě fàng zhě zhàn lǐng liǎo zhè piàn tǔ dì。
yà lì shān dà de jì chéng zhě tuō lè mì fǎng zhào '
āi jí mó shì jiàn lì liǎo zhèng fǔ jī gòu，
dìng dū yà lì shān dà。
zhè zuò chéng shì shì tú zhǎn xiàn xī là tǒng zhì zhě de quán wēi，
bìng yǐ zhù míng de yà lì shān dà tú shū guǎn wéi hé xīn，
chéng wéi liǎo wén huà hé xué shù de zhōng xīn。
yà lì shān dà dēng tǎ zhào liàng liǎo xǔ duō chuán zhǐ de háng chéng，
bǎo zhèng liǎo chéng shì jiān mào yì de chàng tōng。
tuō lè mì tǒng zhì zhě jiāng shāng yè hé chuàng shōu hángyè zuò wéi fā zhǎn shǒu xuǎn，
lì rú zhǐ suō cǎo zhǐ de zhì zào yè。
xī là wén míng bìng méi yòu qǔ dài '
āi jí de chuán tǒng wén míng，
tuō lè mì wáng cháo de tǒng zhì zhě fú chí '
āi jí lì shǐ yōu jiǔ de chuán tǒng yǐ bǎo zhèng rén mín de zhōng chéng。
tā men jiàn lì liǎo '
āi jí fēng gé de shén miào，
wéi hù chuán tǒng de zōng jiào yí shì，
bǎ zì jǐ miáo huì chéng fǎ lǎo。
liǎng zhǒng wén míng de xǔ duō chuán tǒng róng hé liǎo，
xī là hé '
āi jí de zhū shén róng hé wéi jiān jù duō zhòng shén xìng，
rú sài lā pí sī（ Serapis）。
gǔ diǎn xī là fēng gé de diāo sù yě yǐng xiǎng liǎo chuán tǒng '
āi jí de yì shù tí cái。
jìn guǎn xī là tǒng zhì zhě shì tú huǎn hé '
āi jí rén de qíng xù，
tuō lè mì wáng cháo hái shì miàn lín pàn luàn、
jiā zú quán lì dǒu zhēng，
yǐ jí bàn suí tuō lè mì sì shì zhī sǐ '
ér lái de yà lì shān dà lǐ yà de bào luàn。。
cǐ wài，
yóu yú luó mǎ yán zhòng yǐ lài '
āi jí de liáng shí jìn kǒu，
luó mǎ rén duì '
āi jí de zhèng zhì zhuàng kuàng yě dà yòu xīng qù。
chí xù bù duàn de pàn luàn、
yě xīn bó bó de zhèng zhì jiā hé qiáng dà de xù lì yà duì shǒu dòng yáo liǎo wáng cháo tǒng zhì，
yǐ zhì '
āi jí lún wéi luó mǎ de bǎo hù guó，
bìng zuì zhōng chéng liǎo yī gè xíng shěng。
Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra of Egypt and the Roman conquest in 30 BC. The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life. Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome.