xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó（
qián 626
nián － qián 539
nián），
yóu jiā lè dǐ rén suǒ jiàn，
dà yuē chǔyú gǔ dài měi suǒ bù dá mǐ yà nán bù。
gōng yuán qián 626
nián jiàn lì，
zài ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì tǒng zhì shí guó shì dá dào dǐng fēng，
zuì hòu zài gōng yuán qián 539
nián bèi bō sī rén xiāo miè。
jiàn lì
xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó yóu jiā lè dǐ rén jiàn lì，
jiā lè dǐ rén shì shǎn mǐ tè rén de yī zhī，
tā men yú gōng yuán qián 1000
nián dài chū lái dào liǎng hé liú yù nán bù dìng jū，
suí hòu yà shù dì guó zhēng fú bìng tǒng zhì liǎo liǎng hé liú yù nán bù，
jiā lè dǐ rén céng duō cì qǐ yì fǎn kàng yà shù de tǒng zhì。
gōng yuán qián 626
nián，
yà shù rén pài jiā lè dǐ rén lǐng xiù nà bō pà lā shā '
ěr shuài jūn zhù shǒu bā bǐ lún，
tā dào bā bǐ lún hòu，
què fā dòng fǎn duì yà shù tǒng zhì de qǐ yì，
jiàn lì xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó，
bìng yǔ yī lǎng gāo yuán de mǐ dǐ wáng guó lián hé，
gòng tóng duì kàng yà shù。
gōng yuán qián 612
nián，
yà shù dì guó jié shù，
yí chǎn bèi xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó jí mǐ dǐ wáng guó guā fēn，
qí zhōng xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó fēn qǔ liǎo yà shù dì guó de xī bàn bì hé shān，
jí liǎng hé liú yù nán bù、
xù lì yà、
bā lè sī tǎn jí féi ní jī。
qiáng shèng qī
gōng yuán qián 604
nián，
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì jí wèi，
xù lì yà lì shí guī shùn xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó，
dàn féi ní jī jí bā lè sī tǎn dì qū tài dù bù míng，
ér '
āi jí yī xiàng jì yú cǐ qū，
lā lǒng tuī luó、
xī dùn děng féi ní jī dì qū yǔ '
āi jí jié méng。
duì cǐ，
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì jì xù yǔ mǐ dǐ wáng guó jié méng，
yòu qǔ mǐ dǐ gōng zhù '
ā mǐ dì sī wéi hòu，
yǐ gǒng gù zì jǐ hòu fāng。
gōng yuán qián 597
nián，
chū bīng bā lè sī tǎn，
gōng zhàn yé lù sǎ lěng，
fú zhí yóu tài rén qí dé qǐ yà wéi kuǐ léi tǒng zhì yóu tài rén。
gōng yuán qián 590
nián，
āi jí fǎ lǎo pǔ sà mǔ tí kè chū bīng bā lè sī tǎn，
tuī luó guó wáng tóu kào '
āi jí，
xī dùn bèi zhàn lǐng，
yóu tài rén qí dé qǐ yà jí bā lè sī tǎn、
wài yuē dàn děng dì fēn fēn dǎo xiàng '
āi jí。
tóng shí，
mǐ dǐ wáng guó yǔ xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó de guān xì jǐn zhāng qǐ lái，
wèicǐ xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó zhù qǐ yī tiáo xīn cháng chéng fáng fàn mǐ dǐ rén。
rán '
ér，
mǐ dǐ yīn yào duì kàng wū lā '
ěr tú jí xī xú yà rén，
wú lì zài yǔ xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó duì kàng，
zhì shǐ ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì kě yú gōng yuán qián 587
nián dì '
èr cì huī jūn bā lè sī tǎn。
tā wéi kùn yóu tài rén de shèng chéng yé lù sǎ lěng，
qí dé qǐ yà tū wéi shī bài，
luò rù xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó jūn duì zhī shǒu，
bèi wā qù shuāng yǎn hòu sòng wǎng bā bǐ lún ní yà。
gōng yuán qián 586
nián，
yé lù sǎ lěng bèi wéi shí bā gè yuè hòu chéng xiàn，
jū mín bèi fú wǎng bā bǐ lún ní yà，
shǐ chēng “ bā bǐ lún zhī qiú ”。
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì yòu wéi gōng féi ní jī de tuī luó，
bù guǒ。
gōng yuán qián 574
nián，
shuāng fāng yì hé，
tuī luó guó wáng yī tuō bā '
ěr sān shì chéng rèn ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì wéi zūn zhě，
bǎo chí liǎo tuī luó de zì zhì dì wèi，
qí tā fù jìn de xiǎo wáng guó dū fēn fēn xiàng ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì chēng chén、
gōng yuán qián 569
nián，
āi jí fā shēng wáng wèi zhī zhēng，
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì céng chèn cǐ zài gōng yuán qián 567
nián rù qīn '
āi jí，
jiēguǒ bù xiáng，
dàn pò shǐ '
āi jí fàng qì qīn lüè bā lè sī tǎn de yě xīn。
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì tǒng zhì shí de bā bǐ lún chéng shì tú
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì duì bā bǐ lún chéng jìn xíng rù dà mó mó jiàn shè，
shǐ bā bǐ lún chéng chéng wéi dāng shí shì shàng zuì fán huá de chéng shì，
yě shì zhōng dōng zuì zhòng yào de gōng shāng yè chéng shì。
bā bǐ lún chéng yǐ liǎng dào wéi qiáng wéi rào ． wài qiáng yǐ wài，
hái yòu yī dào zhù mǎn liǎo shuǐ de háo gōu jí yī dào tǔ dī，
chéng nèi de zhùgàn dào zhōng yāng yǐ bái sè jí méi guī sè shí bǎn pū chéng，
lìng chéng yòu bā gè chéng mén，
qí zhōng de běi mén jiù shì zhù míng de yī sī dá '
ěr mén，
biǎo miàn yòng qīng sè liú lí zhuān zhuāng shì，
zhuān shàng yòu xǔ duō gōng niú hé shén huà zhōng de guài wù děng fú diāo。
bā bǐ lún chéng bèi jiàn shè dé hóng wěi zhuàng lì，
zhí dào 100
duō nián hòu，
xī là lì shǐ xué jiā，
bèi chēng wéi“
lì shǐ zhī fù”
de xī luó duō dé lái dào bā bǐ lún chéng shí，
réng chēng tā wéi shì jiè shàng zuì zhuàng lì de chéng shì。
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì de jié zuò，
gǔ dài shì jiè qī dà qí guān zhī yī，
kōng zhōng huā yuán
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì hái zài bā bǐ lún chéng wéi mǐ dǐ lái de wáng hòu xīng jiàn“
kōng zhōng huā yuán”，
lìng mǐ dǐ de gōng zhù bù zài yòu sī xiāng zhī kǔ。
gāi huā yuán wèi yú dǐ gé lǐ sī hé biān，
jù dí '
ào duō lā jìzǎi，
huā yuán měi biān cháng 120
mǐ zuǒ yòu，
chéng zhèng fāng xíng，
huā yuán nèi mǎn shì qí huā yì cǎo，
bìng yòng luó xuán bèng bù duàn dì cóng yòu fā lā dǐ hé lǐ qǔ shuǐ zuò guàn gài。
zhè gè huā yuán yuǎn kàn qǐ lái jiù xiàng wèi yú tiān kōng zhōng bān，
yīn cǐ bèi chēng wéi kōng zhōng huā yuán。
nèi lǐ yì yòu zhe fù lì táng huáng de gōng diàn，
shǐ dé ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì hé wáng hòu kě yǐ zài gōng diàn lǐ bǎo lǎn quán chéng de jǐng sè。
zhè gè kōng zhōng huā yuán míng mǎn tiān xià，
bèi hòu shì yù wéi gǔ dài shì jiè qī dà qí guān zhī yī，
kōng zhōng huā yuán bèi huǐ yú gōng yuán qián sān shì jì。
xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó shí qī de nú lì zhì dù yě yòu liǎo gèng dà de fā zhǎn，
(
zhè yī duàn zhēn shì tài fēi lǐ liǎo ,
yīn wéi dāng yòu liǎo zī chǎn jiù bù néng zuò nú lì liǎo ,
nú lì běn lái shì wú chǎn jiē jí .
suǒ yǐ kě shuō ,
zhè yàng de shè huì shì huàn xiǎng shè huì wú shí de ,
qǐng wéi jī jiǎn chá !)。
rán '
ér，
dà duō shù de nú lì de chǔjìng réng rán shì hěn bù hǎo，
cóng bǎo cún xià lái de sī fǎ wén jiàn zhōng，
nú lì fǒu rèn zì jǐ shì nú lì de shēnfèn，
hái yǐ táo wáng xíng shì jìn xíng fǎn kàng，
suǒ yǐ mǎi mài nú lì shí，
mài zhù bì xū xiàng mǎi zhù bǎo zhèng nú lì bù táo wáng。
chú nú lì wài，
shè huì shàng zhù yào de shēng chǎn zhě shì zì yóu mín，
tā men zū diàn wáng shì、
shén miào jí gè bié nú lì zhù de tǔ dì，
ér qiě wǎng wǎng hái yào '
é wài zū yòng shēng chù、
zhǒng zǐ hé nóng jù，
tā men yě tóng shí shì dāng shí de bèi bō xuē zhě。
fù wáng
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì sǐ hòu bù jiǔ，
guó nèi jiē jí máo dùn jí mín zú máo dùn jiā jù，
zuì hòu yī gè guó wáng nà bō ní dá tǒng zhì shí，
guó wáng jí mǎ '
ěr dù kè shén miào zhī jiān de máo dùn jiā jù，
bìng shì tú lìng lì xīn shén，
nà bō ní dá lí kāi shǒu dū，
yǐ qí zǐ bó shā sǎ shè zhèng。
gōng yuán qián 539
nián，
bō sī rén jué qǐ，
jū lǔ shì '
èr shì shuài jūn rù qīn xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó shí，
jì sī jìng dǎ kāi dà mén fàng bō sī jūn duì rù chéng，
bó shā sǎ bèi shā，
nà bō ní dá bèi fú，
xīn bā bǐ lún wáng guó bù zhàn '
ér wáng。
kǎo gǔ fā xiàn
19
shì jì xià bàn yè，
zài bā gé dá fù jìn fā jué chū hěn duō ní bǎn hé yuán zhù，
shǐ rén duì gǔ bā bǐ lún de lì shǐ rèn shí dà zēng。
qí zhōng zhī yī shì shēn jù jià zhí de yī fèn wén xiàn，
chēng wéi ná bō ní dù biān nián shǐ，
xiàn jīn shōu cáng yú dà yīng bó wù guǎn。
bā bǐ lún wáng ná bō ní dù céng yǔ '
ér zǐ bó shā sǎ gòng tóng shè zhèng。
dàn tā bǐ '
ér zǐ huó dé gèng jiǔ，
hòu zhě yú gōng yuán qián 539
nián 10
yuè 5
rì de wǎn shàng zài jū lǔ shì shǒu xià de jūn duì gōng xiàn bā bǐ lún shí bèi shā。
ná bō ní dù biān nián shǐ jiù bā bǐ lún de xiàn luò tí gōng yī xiàng zhù míng rì qī de jì lù，
bāng zhù què dìng shì jiàn fā shēng de shí jiān。
yǐ xià shì ná bō ní dù biān nián shǐ yī xiǎo bù fēn de fān yì：“
tǎ sī lì dū yuè (
tí sī lì yuè（ 9/10
yuè） )，
jū lǔ shì zài dǐ gé lǐ sī hé de '
é bì sī xí jī '
ā kǎ dé de jūn duì。
……
yuè zhōng dì 14
rì，
xī bā '
ěr bù zhàn '
ér jiàng，
ná bō ní dù táo lí gāi chéng。
dì 16
rì (
rú lüè lì gōng yuán qián 539
nián 10
yuè 11
rì；
gé léi guǒ lǐ lì 10
yuè 5
rì )
gǔ tí '
ēn de zǒng dū gē bù lì yà（
wū gé bā lǔ）
lián tóng jū lǔ shì de jūn duì bù yòng dòng dāo biàn jìn rù bā bǐ lún chéng。
qí hòu，
ná bō ní dù zài fǎn huí bā bǐ lún shí bèi bǔ。……
yà lā shā mǔ nǔ yuè (
hè shè wàn yuè（ 10/11
yuè） )
dì 3
rì ［ rú lüè lì 10
yuè 28
rì ］，
jū lǔ shì jìn rù bā bǐ lún，
jū mín jiāng qīng lǜ de shù zhī pū zài tā jiǎo qián héng héng tā xuān bù ‘ hé píng ’ (sulmu)
lín dào chéng zhōng。
jū lǔ shì xiàng bā bǐ lún quán jìng zhì yì。
tā de zǒng dū gē bù lì yà zài bā bǐ lún shè lì（
fǔ）
zǒng dū。”
xīn bā bǐ lún wáng liè biǎo
*
nà bō pà lā shā '
ěr (Nabopolassar)
gōng yuán qián 626
nián -
gōng yuán qián 605
nián
*
ní bù jiá ní sǎ '
èr shì (NebuchadnezzarII)
gōng yuán qián 605
nián -
gōng yuán qián 562
nián
*
yǐ wèi mǐ luó dá (Evil-Merodach/Amel-Marduk)
gōng yuán qián 562
nián -
gōng yuán qián 560
nián
*
niè lǐ gé lì shā '
ěr (Neriglissar/Nergal-sharezer)
gōng yuán qián 560
nián -
gōng yuán qián 556
nián
*
lā bā shī mǎ '
ěr dù kè (Labashi-Marduk)
gōng yuán qián 556
nián
*
nà bō ní dá (Nabonidus)
gōng yuán qián 556
nián -
gōng yuán qián 539
nián
*
bó shā sǎ (Belshazzar)
shè zhèng wáng，
gōng yuán qián 553
nián huò qián 549
nián -
gōng yuán qián 539
nián
Through the centuries of Assyrian domination, Babylonia enjoyed a prominent status, or revolted at the slightest indication that it did not. The Assyrians always managed to restore Babylonian loyalty, however, whether through granting of increased privileges, or militarily. That finally changed in 627 BC with the death of the last strong Assyrian ruler, Assurbanipal, and Babylonia rebelled under Nabopolassar the Chaldean the following year. With help from the Medes, Nineveh was sacked in 612 BC, and the seat of empire was again transferred to Babylonia.
Nabopolassar was followed by his son Nebuchadnezzar II, whose reign of 43 years made Babylon once more the mistress of the civilized world, including the conquering of Phoenicia in 585 BC. Only a small fragment of his annals has been discovered, relating to his invasion of Egypt in 567 BC, and referring to "Phut of the Ionians".
Of the reign of the last Babylonian king, Nabonidus (Nabu-na'id), and the conquest of Babylonia by Cyrus, there is a fair amount of information available. This is chiefly derived from a chronological tablet containing the annals of Nabonidus, supplemented by another inscription of Nabonidus where he recounts his restoration of the temple of the Moon-god at Harran; as well as by a proclamation of Cyrus issued shortly after his formal recognition as king of Babylonia. It was in the sixth year of Nabonidus (549 BC) that Cyrus, the Achaemenid Persian "king of Anshan" in Elam, revolted against his suzerain Astyages, "king of the Manda" or Medes, at Ecbatana. Astyages' army betrayed him to his enemy, and Cyrus established himself at Ecbatana, thus putting an end to the empire of the Medes. Three years later Cyrus had become king of all Persia, and was engaged in a campaign in northern Mesopotamia. Meanwhile, Nabonidus had established a camp in the desert, near the southern frontier of his kingdom, leaving his son Belshazzar (Belsharutsur) in command of the army.
In 539 BC Cyrus invaded Babylonia. A battle was fought at Opis in the month of June, where the Babylonians were defeated; and immediately afterwards Sippara surrendered to the invader. Nabonidus fled to Babylon, where he was pursued by Gobryas, and on the 16th day of Tammuz, two days after the capture of Sippara, "the soldiers of Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting." Nabonidus was dragged from his hiding-place, where the services continued without interruption. Cyrus did not arrive until the 3rd of Marchesvan (October), Gobryas having acted for him in his absence. Gobryas was now made governor of the province of Babylon, and a few days afterwards the son of Nabonidus died. A public mourning followed, lasting six days, and Cambyses accompanied the corpse to the tomb.
Cyrus now claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of Bel-Marduk, who was assumed to be wrathful at the impiety of Nabonidus in removing the images of the local gods from their ancestral shrines to his capital Babylon. Nabonidus, in fact, had excited a strong feeling against himself by attempting to centralize the religion of Babylonia in the temple of Merodach (Marduk) at Babylon, and while he had thus alienated the local priesthoods, the military party despised him on account of his antiquarian tastes. He seems to have left the defense of his kingdom to others, occupying himself with the more congenial work of excavating the foundation records of the temples and determining the dates of their builders.
The invasion of Babylonia by Cyrus was doubtless facilitated by the existence of a disaffected party in the state, as well as by the presence of foreign forced exiles like the Jews, who had been planted in the midst of the country. One of the first acts of Cyrus accordingly was to allow these exiles to return to their own homes, carrying with them the images of their god and their sacred vessels. The permission to do so was embodied in a proclamation, whereby the conqueror endeavored to justify his claim to the Babylonian throne. The feeling was still strong that none had a right to rule over western Asia until he had been consecrated to the office by Bel and his priests; and accordingly, Cyrus henceforth assumed the imperial title of "King of Babylon."