古巴比伦(约前30世纪-前729年)位于美索不达米亚平原,大致在当今的伊拉克共和国版图内,在距今约5000年前左右,这里的人们建立了国家,到公元前18世纪.这里出现了古巴比伦王国。“美索不达米亚”—《圣经》称为“伊甸园”,是古希腊语,意为“两条河中间的地方”,故又称为两河流域。两河指的是幼发拉底河和底格里斯河。在这平原上发展了世界上第一个城市,颂布了第一部法典,流传最早的史诗、神话、药典、农人历书等,是西方文明的摇篮。
两河文明
两河流域目前发现的最早的古文明距今已有6000多年。虽然巴比伦现已消失,但其影响(尤其宗教方面)却很多流存至今。成为四大文明古国之一实在当之无愧。
巴比伦文明大致以今天的巴格达城为界,分为南北两部分。北部以古亚述城为中心,称为西里西亚,或简称亚述;南部以巴比伦城为中心,称为巴比伦尼亚,意思为“巴比伦的国土”。巴比伦尼亚又分为两个地区,南部靠近波斯湾口的地区为苏美尔,苏美尔以北地区为阿卡德,两地居民分别被称为苏美尔人和阿卡德人。美索不达米亚文明最初就是由苏美尔人创造出来的。
苏美尔几乎和古埃及人同时发明了文字。他们用削尖的芦苇做笔,把文字刻在泥胚上,然后把泥胚烘干,成为泥板。由于这种文字形状成尖劈形,所以被称为楔形文字。
建国
公元前2006年,阿摩利人入侵两河流域,摧毁了阿卡德人和苏美尔人建立的乌尔第三王朝。公元前1894年左右,阿摩利人建立起一个以幼发拉底河河畔的巴比伦城为首都的王朝。从那时起,美索不达米亚就被称为“巴比伦尼亚”,那里所有居民都被称为巴比伦人。
汉摩拉比法典
古巴比伦王国时期是两河流域历史上最辉煌的时期之一。这个国家出现了一位著名的君主-汉摩拉比。汉摩拉比用武力统一了两河流域后,建立了一个中央集权的专制国家。他个人集宗教、军事、 行政、司法和水利建设等各种大权于一身。为了更有效的统治自己的国家,他颁布了著名的《汉摩拉比法典》。法典共282条,刻在一块高2.25米的黑色玄武岩石柱上,是迄今发现的最早完备成文的法典。
灭亡
古巴比伦王国在汉穆拉比统治时期达到极盛,但是汉穆拉比死后,帝国就瓦解了。王国先后受到赫梯人、加喜特人的入侵,直到公元前729年终于被亚述帝国吞并。
Babylonia was a civilization in Lower Mesopotamia (central and southern Iraq), with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi (fl. ca. 1696 – 1654 BC, short chronology) created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad. The Amorites being a Semitic people, Babylonia adopted the written Semitic Akkadian language for official use, and retained the Sumerian language for religious use, which by that time was no longer a spoken language. The Akkadian and Sumerian cultures played a major role in later Babylonian culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under outside rule.
The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad, dating back to the 23rd century BC.
Following the collapse of the last Sumerian "Ur-III" dynasty at the hands of the Elamites (2002 BC traditional, 1940 BC short), the Amorites gained control over most of Mesopotamia, where they formed a series of small kingdoms. During the first centuries of what is called the "Amorite period", the most powerful city states were Isin and Larsa, although Shamshi-Adad I came close to uniting the more northern regions around Assur and Mari. One of these Amorite dynasties was established in the city-state of Babylon, which would ultimately take over the others and form the first Babylonian empire, during what is also called the Old Babylonian Period.