xiōng nú yuán běn shì huó yuè zài zhōng yà měnggǔ dà cǎo yuán shàng de yóu mù mín zú，
tā men cóng gōng yuán 3
shì jì kāi shǐ liǎo màn cháng de xī qiān。
xiōng nú rén shì qí zài mǎ bèi shàng de mín zú，
xiōng nú de qí bīng shàn cháng shǐ yòng cháng máo hé gōng jiàn zuò zhàn。
wèile zhǎo dào xīn de shì hé fàng mù de cǎo yuán，
xiōng nú rén dài zhe jiā juàn hé dà liàng de mǎ pǐ shēng kǒu kāi shǐ liǎo qiān xǐ。
xiōng nú jūn duì yòu zhe qiáng dà de lì liàng hé yán míng de jì lǜ，
tā men yǐ bù kě zǔ dǎng zhī shì sǎo qīng liǎo xī qiān lù shàng de suǒ yòu zhàng '
ài。
dāng dì de mín zú wèile duǒ bì kǒng bù de dí rén '
ér bù dé bù lí kāi zì jǐ de jiā yuán，
cóng '
ér xiān qǐ liǎo yī zhèn jù dà de qiān xǐ làng cháo。
zhè yī lián suǒ fǎn yìng yóu jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo hé dōng luó mǎ dì guó yī zhí yán shēn dào duō nǎo hé hé lāi yīn hé liú yù，
zuì zhōng zài gōng yuán 476
nián yān méi liǎo xī luó mǎ dì guó。
xiōng nú rén zhōng yú fā xiàn liǎo suǒ xǐ '
ài de tǔ dì，
tā men dìng jū zài xiōng yá lì píng yuán，
zài dì sà hé pàn de sài gé dé chéng jiàn lì liǎo zì jǐ de dà běn yíng。
xiōng nú rén xū yào guǎng kuò de cǎo yuán lái fàng mù tā men de mǎ qún hé shēng kǒu，
cóng zhè yī piàn qū yù kāi shǐ，
xiōng nú rén tōng guò tóng méng huò shì zhēng fú de fāng shì kòng zhì liǎo yóu '
é luó sī de wū lā '
ěr shān zhí dào fǎ guó de lāi yīn hé zhī jiān de qū yù。
xiōng nú rén shì mǎ shù jīng zhàn de qí shǒu，
cóng shàonián shí qī jiù kāi shǐ jiē shòu xùn liàn，
yī xiē lì shǐ xué jiā xiāng xìn zhèng shì xiōng nú rén fā míng liǎo mǎ dèng，
zēng qiáng liǎo qí bīng zài chí wò cháng máo chōng fēng shí de zhàn dǒu lì。
xiōng nú qí bīng de jī dòng néng lì shǐ dí rén dài lái gǎn dào kǒng jù，
tā men měi tiān yào gēnghuàn jǐ pǐ zhàn mǎ yǐ bǎo chí zhè yī yōu shì。
xiōng nú rén de dì '
èr gè yōu shì shì tā men shǐ yòng de fù hé gōng，
yuǎn yuǎn chāo guò liǎo xī fāng de rèn hé tóng lèi wǔ qì。
zhàn lì zài mǎ dèng shàng，
tā men néng gòu xiàng qián hòu zuǒ yòu gè gè fāng xiàng fā shè gōng jiàn。
xiōng nú rén de zhàn shù shì lìng rén jīng yì de shǎn diàn bān de tū xí，
bìng yīn cǐ '
ér dài lái kǒng bù。
tā men shì yī zhī yóu qīng qí bīng suǒ zǔ chéng de jūn tuán，
tā men de xíng zhèng tǐ xì xū yào yī míng wěi dà de lǐng xiù lái tǒng shuài zhěng gè bù luò。
dāng yī lǎng rén zhǒng de yóu mù mín（
sī jī tài rén hé sà '
ěr mǎ tè rén）
zhàn jù zhe cǎo yuán dì dài xī bù jí nán '
é luó sī shí，
wú yí dì hái bāo kuò tú '
ěr gài hé liú yù hé xī xī bó lì yà；
cǎo yuán dì dài de dōng bù shì chù yú tū jué － měnggǔ zhòngmín zú de tǒng zhì zhī xià。
qí zhōng zài gǔ dài shǐ shàng zhàn tǒng zhì dì wèi de mín zú shì yǐ "
xiōng nú "
yī míng '
ér bèi zhōng guó rén suǒ zhī。
xiōng nú yī míng yǔ hòu lái luó mǎ rén hé yìn dù rén chēng hū tóng yī mán zú de míng chēng（ Huns
〔 Hunni
〕 hé Huna）
shì tóng cí yuán de。
kě néng zhè xiē xiōng nú rén（
zhí dào gōng yuán qián 3
shì jì de qín cháo，
cái zài zhōng guó biān nián shǐ shàng qīng chǔ dì jìzǎi liǎo xiōng nú yī míng）
zài gōng yuán qián dì 9
hé dì 8
shì jì shí yǐ jīng bèi zhōng guó rén chēng wéi yán yǔn。
gèng zǎo yī xiē de shí hòu，
tā men kě néng bèi chēng wéi "
cǎo yù "，
huò gèng hán hú dì bèi jiào zuò "
hú rén "。
zài lì shǐ de lí míng shí qī，
hàn rén suǒ zhī de hú rén shì zhǐ nà xiē dāng shí jū zhù zài zhōng guó biān jìng shàng，
jí zài '
è '
ěr duō sī、
shān xī běi bù hé hé běi běi bù de nà xiē mín zú。
mǎ sī pèi luó tuī cè：
suǒ wèi běi róng jí "
běi bù zhī róng "，
fēn bù zài jīn tiān de běi jīng xī bù hé xī běi bù，
shì yī zhī hú rén bù luò。
qí tā de bù luò zài gōng yuán qián dì 4
shì jì shí yǐ jīng guī jiàng yú zhào guó。
zhào wǔ líng wáng（
dà yuē gōng yuán qián 325－ 298
nián zài wèi）
shèn zhì cóng tā men nà lǐ duó qǔ liǎo shān xī zuì běi bù（
dà tóng dì qū），
shí jì shàng hái duó qǔ liǎo jīn '
è '
ěr duō sī běi bù dì qū（
yuē gōng yuán qián 300
nián）。
zhèng shì wèile yòu xiào dì fáng fàn zhè xiē yóu mù mín de jìn gōng，
qín guó（
shǎn xī）
hé zhào guó（
shān xī）
de hàn réndōu gǎi tā men de zhòng chē bīng wéi líng huó de qí bīng。
zhè yī jūn shì gǎi gé dài lái liǎo zhōng guó fú zhuāng shàng de chè dǐ biàn huà；
gōng jiàn shí dài de cháng páo bèi cóng yóu mù mín nà lǐ xué lái de qí bīng kù zǐ suǒ qǔ dài。
cóng yóu mù mín nǎ lǐ，
zhōng guó wǔ shì men hái mó fǎng liǎo yǔ máo zhuāng shì de mào zǐ、 "
sān wěi fú "
hé hòu lái duì míng wéi "
zhàn guó shí qī "
de yì shù qǐ dào hěn dà zuò yòng de "
dài kòu "。
yě zhèng shì wèile fáng yù xiōng nú，
zhào guó jí qí lín jìn zhū guó de zhōng guó rén kāi shǐ yán qí běi bù biān jìng lěi qǐ zuì chū de chéng qiáng，
hòu lái qín shǐ huáng tǒng yī hé wán chéng liǎo chéng qiáng de jiàn zhù，
chéng wéi liǎo cháng chéng。
jù sī mǎ qiān jì shù，
zhèng shì zài gōng yuán qián 3
shì jì hòu bàn yè，
xiōng nú sì hū chéng wéi yī zhī tǒng yī de、
qiáng dà de mín zú，
tā men yóu yī wèi míng jiào chányú de shǒu lǐng tǒng shuài zhe，
chányú de quán míng hàn wén yì yīn shì chēng lí gū tú chányú，
zhōng guó rén bǎ zhè xiē cí jiě shì wéi "
xiàng tiān zǐ yī yàng guǎng dà de shǒu lǐng "。
zài zhè xiē cí zhōng kě yǐ fā xiàn tū jué－
měnggǔ yǔ cí gēn，
tè bié shì "
chēng lí "
shì tū jué－
měnggǔ yǔ cí（ Tangri，
tiān guó）
de yì yīn。
zài chányú zhī xià，
yòu liǎng gè zuì dà de guān zhí，
jí tú qí wáng，
yì wéi zuǒ yòu xián wáng。
hàn wén yì yīn "
tú qí "
yǔ tū jué zì（ doghri）
yòu guān xì，
yì sī shì "
zhèng zhí de "、 "
zhōng shí de "。
jiù jī běn shàng yǐ yóu mù shēng huó wéi zhù de mín zú suǒ néng tán dào de gù dìng jū zhù dì '
ér yán，
chányú zhù zài '
è '
ěr hún hé shàng yóu de shān qū，
yǐ hòu chéng jí sī hàn měnggǔ rén dedōu chéng hā lā hé lín jiù jiàn zài zhè '
ér。
zuǒ xián wáng --
yuán zé shàng shì chányú de jì chéng rén --
zhù zài dōng miàn，
kě néng zài kè lǔ lún gāo dì。
yòu xián wáng zhù zài xī miàn，
kě néng xiàng '
ā '
ěr bó tè ·
hè '
ěr màn rèn wéi de nà yàng，
zài háng '
ài shān qū、
jīn wū lǐ yǎ sū tái fù jìn。
jiē xià qù，
xiōng nú tǒng zhì jí tuán nèi yǐ cì yòu：
zuǒ yòu gǔ lí wáng、
zuǒ yòu dàjiàng、
zuǒ yòu dà dū wèi、
zuǒ yòu dà dāng hù、
zuǒ yòu gǔ dū hóu，
rán hòu shì qiān fū cháng、
bǎi fū cháng，
shí fū cháng。
zhè gè yóu mù mín zú，
zài xíng jìn shí bèi zǔ zhì dé xiàng yī zhī jūn duì。
yī bān xíng jìn de fāng xiàng shì cháo nán，
zhè zài tū jué－
měnggǔ zhǒng gè mín zú zhōng yǐ chéng wéi xí guàn；
lèi sì de xiàn xiàng zài xiōng nú de hòu yì、 6
shì jì de tū jué rén zhōng，
yǐ jí chéng jí sī hàn de měnggǔ rén zhōng dōukě yǐ kàn dào。
hàn rén miáo huì de xiōng nú xiào xiàng shàng de tè zhēng，
wǒ men zài tā men de jì chéng zhě tū jué rén hé měnggǔ rén shēn shàng yě kě yǐ kàn dào。
wēi gé '
ěr gài kuò dào： "
tā men de shēn cái '
ǎi '
ér cū zhuàng，
tóu dà '
ér yuán，
kuò liǎn，
quán gǔ gāo，
bí yì kuān，
shàng hú xū nóng mì，
ér lǐng xià jǐn yòu yī xiǎo cuō yìng xū，
cháng cháng de '
ěr chuí shàng chuānzhuó kǒng，
pèi dài zhe yī zhǐ '
ěr huán。
tóu bù chú liǎo tóu dǐng shàng liú zhe yī shù tóu fā wài，
qí yú bù fēn dū tì guāng。
hòu hòu de méi máo，
xìng yǎn，
mù guāng jiǒng jiǒng yòu shén。
shēn chuān cháng qí xiǎo tuǐ de、
liǎng biān kāi chā de kuān sōng cháng páo，
yāo shàng xì yòu yāo dài，
yāo dài liǎng duān dū chuí zài qián miàn，
yóu yú hán lěng，
xiù zǐ zài shǒu wàn chù shōu jǐn。
yī tiáo duǎn máo pí wéi zài jiān shàng，
tóu dài pí mào。
xié shì pí zhì de，
kuān dà de kù zǐ yòng yī tiáo pí dài zài huái bù kǔn zhā jǐn。
gōng jiàn dài xì zài yāo dài shàng，
chuí zài zuǒ tuǐ de qián miàn，
jiàn tǒng yě xì zài yāo dài shàng héng diào zài yāo bèi bù，
jiàn tóu cháo zhe yòu biān。 "
shàng shù fú zhuāng de yī xiē xì bù，
tè bié shì guǒ qí huái bù de kù zǐ，
duì xiōng nú rén yǔ sī jī tài rén lái shuō dōushì gòng tóng de。
yòu xǔ duō xí guàn yě shì xiāng tóng de：
rú zàng lǐ shàng de xī shēng。
xiōng nú hé sī jī tài réndōu shì zài qiú cháng（
huò shǒu lǐng）
de mù shàng，
gē kāi qí qī zǐ jí suí cóng men de hóu lóng，
zhì yú xiōng nú rén，
qí rén shù dá dào shàng bǎi huò zhě shàng qiān。
xī luó duō dé（ IV
． 65）
jìzǎi，
sī jī tài rén jiāng dí rén de tóu gài gǔ zài yán méi máo píng chù jù kāi，
zài wài miàn yòng pí tào méng shàng，
lǐ miàn qiàn shàng jīn piàn，
zuò wéi yǐn qì shǐ yòng。《
qián hàn shū》
zhèng shí liǎo xiōng nú rén zhōng yòu tóng yàng de xí guàn。
zhè yī xí guàn tè bié shì cóng lǎo shàng chányú yòng yuè shì wáng de tóu gài gǔ lái yǐn jiǔ de lì zǐ zhōng kě yǐ kàn dào。
què shí，
xiōng nú hé sī jī tài réndōu shì bǎ tóu kàn zuò zhàn lì pǐn de。
xī luó duō dé（ IV． 64）
céng tí dào sī jī tài rén zài zhàn lì pǐn zhōng zhǎn shì tā men kǎn xià de dí rén de tóu lú yǐ jí guà zài mǎ jiāng shéng shàng de tóu pí，
yǐ shì kuā yào。
zài xiōng nú de hòu yì，
jí gōng yuán dì 6
shì jì de tū jué rén zhōng，
yī gè zhàn shì fén dūn shàng de shí tóu，
qí shù mù shì yǔ tā yī shēng zhōng suǒ shā dí rén de shù mù chéng bǐ lì。
zhè zhǒng shì xuè xìng de fēng sú yě tóng yàng shèng xíng yú yìn '
ōu zhǒng hé tū jué－
měnggǔ zhǒng de yóu mù mín zhōng。
sī jī tài rén yòng dí rén de xuè sǎ zài chā zài yī gè xiǎo tǔ duī shàng de shén shèng de duǎn wān dāo shàng，
yǐ jí hē yī bēi bèi tā shā sǐ de dì yī gè dí rén de xuè。
xiōng nú rén zài dìng méng yuē shí，
yào yòng rén tóu gài gǔ zhì chéng de róng qì hē xuè。
zài dào niàn sǐ zhě shí，
sī jī tài rén hé xiōng nú rén yòng xiǎo dāobà liǎn huá pò， "
ràng xuè hé lèi yī qǐ liú chū lái "。
xiàng sī jī tài rén yī yàng，
xiōng nú rén jī běn shàng shì yóu mù mín，
tā men shēng huó de jié zòu yě shì yóu tā men de yáng qún、
mǎ qún、
niú qún hé luò tuó qún '
ér tiáojié。
wéi xún zhǎo shuǐ yuán hé mù chǎng，
tā men suí mù qún '
ér qiān xǐ。
tā men chī de zhǐ shì chù ròu（
zhè yī xí guàn gěi gèng duō shì yǐ shū cài wéi shí de zhōng guó rén hěn shēn de yìn xiàng），
yī pí gé，
bèi xiè qiú，
zhù zhān zhàng。
tā men xìn fèng yī zhǒng yǐ chóng bài tiān（
téng gé lǐ）
hé chóng bài mǒu xiē shén shān wéi jī chǔ de、
hán hùn bù qīng de sà mǎn jiào。
tā men de chányú huò zhě zuì gāo jūn zhù，
zài qiū jì zhào jí quán tǐ xiōng nú rén（
zhè gè jì jié mǎ zuì zhuàng）
kè xiào rén chù。
suǒ yòu de zhōng yuán hàn rén zhù zuò jiādōu bǎ zhè xiē yě mán rén miáo shù chéng wán gù de lüè duó zhě，
tā men huì chū qí bù yì dì chū xiàn zài gēng dì biān yuán，
qīn xí rén chù hé qiǎng jié cái chǎn，
rán hòu zài rèn hé hái jī kě néng lái dào zhī qián dài zhe zhàn lì pǐn liù zǒu。
dāng tā men bèi zhuī gǎn shí，
tā men de zhàn shù shì yǐn yòu hàn rén jūn duì shēn rù dà gē bì tān huò shì cǎo yuán huāng liáng zhī dì，
rán hòu zài zì jǐ bù zāo mái fú de qíng kuàng xià，
yǐ léi yǔ bān de jiàn chéng fá zhuī gǎn zhě，
zhí dào tā men de dí rén bèi tuō kuǎ，
bèi jī kě nòng dé jīng pí lì jié，
tā men cái yī jǔ '
ér xiāo miè zhī。
yóu yú tā men de qí bīng de jī dòng xìng yǐ jí tā men de gōng jiàn jì shù，
zhè xiē fāng fǎ xiāng dāng yòu xiào。
zài cóng zuì chū de xiōng nú dào chéng jí sī hàn shí qī de suǒ yòu cǎo yuán jū mín zhōng，
zhè xiē fāng fǎ dōuhěn shǎo biàn huà。
duì yú suǒ yòu nà xiē yóu mǎ shàng gōng jiàn shǒu zǔ chéng de bù luò，
wú lùn shì dōng fāng de xiōng nú rén huò shì xī fāng de sī jī tài rén，
zhè xiē fāng fǎ dōushì gòng tóng de。
zhèng rú xī luó duō dé suǒ chén shù de，
sī jī tài rén duì fù dà liú shì jiù shì cǎi yòng tóng yàng de cè lüè。
dà liú shì jí shí dì yì shí dào zhè zhǒng wēi xiǎn，
bìng qiě zài zhè zhǒng "
tuì chū '
é luó sī "
kě néng zhōng zhǐ zāinàn de lái lín zhī qián jiù chè tuì liǎo。
yòu duō shǎo hàn rén jiànglǐng hòu lái yīn wéi quē fá zhè zhǒng jǐn shèn，
tā men shòu dào xiōng nú rén yáng zhuāng táo yì de méng bì '
ér jìn rù shā mò huāng liáng zhī dì，
zài nà '
ér zāo dào liǎo tú shā ní？
zhì yú xiōng nú zài tū jué－
měnggǔ zhǒng gè mín zú zhōng de yǔ yán wèi zhì，
yī xiē zuò zhě，
rú bái niǎo kù jí qīng xiàng yú bǎ tā men guī rù měnggǔ zhǒng rén。
xiāng fǎn，
bó xī hècóng hàn wén yì běn suǒ tí gōng de fǎn fù hé duì de jǐ cì qiǎo hé zhōng，
rèn wéi quán miàn lái kàn，
zhè xiē xiōng nú rén yīnggāi shǔ yú tū jué zhǒng，
tè bié shì tā men de zhèng zhì lǐng dǎo rén。
zhōng guó gǔ dài běi fāng yóu mù mín zú。
qí zú shǔ shàng wú dìng lùn，
zhù yào yòu tū jué、
měnggǔ děng shuō。
wú wén zì。
zhàn guó mò，
cháng rǎo lüè qín、
zhào、
yàn běi biān，
sān guó xiāng jì zhù cháng chéng yǐ jù zhī。
mòdú chányú zài wèi（
qián 209
～ qián 174）
shí，
tǒng yī gè bù，
jiàn lì guó jiā，
tǒng yòu dà mò nán běi guǎng dà dì qū。
lǎo shàng chányú（
yuē qián 174～
qián 160）
shí，
xiōng nú shì lì dōng zhì liáo hé，
xī yuè cōng lǐng，
běi dǐ bèi jiā '
ěr hú，
nán dá cháng chéng，
chéng wéi lì shǐ shàng dì yī gè cǎo yuán yóu mù dì guó。
hàn chū，
xiōng nú bù duàn nán xià qīn lüè。
gōng yuán qián 200
nián，
wéi hàn gāo zǔ liú bāng yú bái dēng shān（
jīn shān xī dà tóng dōng běi），
suì pò hàn cháo shí xíng hé qīn，
qiě suì fèng gòng xiàn，
bìng kāi guān shì yǔ zhī jiāo yì。
rán '
ér，
xiōng nú réng lǚ lǚ bèi yuē nán qīn，
chéng wéi hàn cháo yī dà biān huàn。
hàn wǔ dì shí guó lì qiáng shèng，
céng 3
cì (
qián 127、
qián 121、
qián 119）
dà jǔ chū bīng fǎn jī xiōng nú，
xiōng nú shì lì jiàn shuāi。
hàn dài，
xiōng nú yóu yú tiān zāi、
rén huò jí hàn jūn de dǎ jī，
fā shēng guò liǎng cì fēn liè：
yī cì shì gōng yuán qián 57
nián zuǒ yòu chū xiàn de wǔ chányú bìng lì jú miàn。
jiēguǒ shì gōng yuán qián 53
nián hūhányè chányú guī hàn，
yǐn zhòng nán xǐ yīn shān fù jìn。
gōng yuán qián 36
nián，
hàn xī yù fù xiào wèi chén tānɡ fā xī yù gè guó bīng yuǎn zhēng kāngqú，
jī shā yǔ hàn wéi dí de zhì zhī chányú，
xiāo miè liǎo xiōng nú zài xī yù de shì lì，
gōng yuán qián 33
nián，
hàn yuán dì yǐ gōng rén wáng qiáng（
zhāo jūn）
jià hūhányè chányú，
huī fù liǎo hé qīn。
lìng yī cì shì wáng mǎng cuàn hàn hòu，
xiōng nú de shì lì yòu suǒ fā zhǎn。
dàn dào dōng hàn guāng wǔ dì jiàn wǔ '
èr shí sì nián（
gōng yuán 48
nián），
xiōng nú rì zhú wáng bǐ bèi nán biān bā bù yōng lì wéi nán chányú，
xí yòng qí zǔ fù hūhányè chányú de chēng hào，
qǐng qiú nèi fù，
dé dào dōng hàn yǔn xǔ。
xiōng nú yòu yī cì fēn liè，
chéng wéi nán běi '
èr bù。
nán xià fù hàn de chēng wéi nán xiōng nú，
liú jū mò běi de chēng wéi běi xiōng nú。
nán xiōng nú tún jū shuò fāng、
wǔ yuán、
yún zhōng（
zài jīn nèimēng gǔ zì zhì qū jìng nèi）
děng jùn，
dōng hàn mò fēn wéi wǔ bù。
zhì xī jìn，
nán xiōng nú rén zài zhú bù zhuànxiàng dìng jū nóng gēng shēng huó，
dàn chú liǎo shàng céng guì zú shēng huó xí guàn hé wén huà jiào yǎng shòu hàn wén huà yǐng xiǎng jiào shēn wài，
xiōng nú réng rán jù zú '
ér jū，
shè huì jié gòu biàn huà bù dà。 304
nián，
xiōng nú liú yuān jiàn lì zhèng quán，
mín zú gòng tóng tǐ kāi shǐ wǎ jiě，
zhú jiàn hàn huà。
chú liú zhào zhèng quán wài，
shí liù guó zhōng de xià（
hè lián shì）
hé běi liáng（
jù qú shì）
yě shì xiōng nú zhī yì jiàn lì de。
gōng yuán 91
nián，
hàn jūn chū jū yán sài (
jīn nèimēng gǔ xī bù '
é jì nà qí yī dài )，
wéi běi xiōng nú chányú yú jīn wēi shān（
jīn '
ā '
ěr tài shān）。
běi xiōng nú zhàn bài hòu bù fēn xī qiān，
yú zhòng hòu lái guī fù yú xīng qǐ de xiān bēi。
duō shù xué zhě rèn wéi，
xī qiān de běi xiōng nú jiù shì '
ōu zhōu shǐ shàng de xiōng rén。
qǐ yuán zhōng guó bù fēn shǐ jí jìzǎi，
xiōng nú rén shì xià cháo de yí mín。《
shǐ jì ·
xiōng nú lièzhuàn》
jìzǎi∶
“ xiōng nú，
qí xiān zǔ xià hòu shì zhī miáo yì yě，
yuē chún wéi。
”。《
shān hǎi jīng ·
dà huāng běi jīng》
chēng∶
quǎn róng yǔ xià rén tóng zǔ，
jiē chū yú huáng dì。《
shǐ jì suǒ yǐn》
yǐn zhāng yàn de huà shuō∶“
chún wéi yǐ yīn shí bēn běi biān。”
yì jí xià de hòu yì chún wéi，
zài shāng cháo shí táo dào běi biān，
zǐ sūn fán yǎn chéng liǎo xiōng nú。
hái yòu yī shuō rèn wéi，
yí jū běi dì de xià zhī hòu yì，
shì xià jié de '
ér zǐ。
xià jié liú fàng sān nián '
ér sǐ，
qí zǐ xūn yù dài zhù fù qīn liú xià de qī qiè，
bì jū běi yě，
suí chù yí xǐ，
jí shì zhōng guó suǒ chēng de xiōng nú。
bù fēn xué zhě gēn jù《
shǐ jì》
jìzǎi de hòu bàn duàn wén zì，
rèn wéi xiōng nú yuán shì shān róng、
xiǎn yǔn、
hūn yù。
wáng guó wéi zài《
guǐ fāng kūn yí xiǎn yǔn kǎo》
zhōng，
bǎ xiōng nú míng chēng de yǎn biàn zuò liǎo xì tǒng de gài kuò，
rèn wéi shāng cháo shí de guǐ fāng、
hùn yí、
xūn yù，
zhōu cháo shí de xiǎn yǔn，
chūn qiū shí de róng、
dí，
zhàn guó shí de hú，
dōushì hòu shì suǒ wèi de xiōng nú。
hái yòu yī shuō，
bǎ guǐ róng、
yì qú、
yàn jīng、
yú wú、
lóu fán、
dà lì děng shǐ jí zhōng suǒ jiàn zhī yì mín zú，
tǒng chēng wéi xiōng nú。
hái yòu rén rèn wéi xiōng nú yǔ xiān qín shí qī de běi fāng shǎo shù mín zú bù kě hùn wéi yī tán，
xiōng nú yīngshì xī fāng cǎo yuán de yī gè yóu mù mín zú，
zhàn guó mò qī zhī qián，
hái wèi yóu mù zhì zhōng guó běi bù。
shàng shù kàn fǎ，
zài jìn xiàn dài xué zhě zhōng bìng wèi qǔ dé tǒng yī。
yóu yú xiōng nú de qǐ yuán wèn tí bù néng jiě jué，
xiōng nú de zú shǔ yǔ xiōng nú de yǔ xì yědōu chéng wéi xuán '
àn。
zhōu cháo zì xī zhōu qǐ，
róng zú kāi shǐ wēi xié zhōng yuán wáng cháo，
zhōu yōu wáng fēng huǒ xì zhū hóu hòu，
quǎn róng bù luò gōng xiàn gǎo jīng，
pò shǐ píng wáng dōng qiān。
zhàn guó shí lín hú、
lóu fán duō cì qīn rǎo zhào guó，
zhào wǔ líng wáng hú fú qí shè qū zhú lín hú、
lóu fán，
zài běi biān xīn kāipì de dì qū shè zhì liǎo yún zhōng děng xiàn。
lín hú、
lóu fán běi qiān róng rù xīn jué qǐ de xiōng nú。
zhàn guó mò qī zhào jiāng lǐ mù céng dà bài xiōng nú。
qín cháo qián 3
shì jì xiōng nú tǒng zhì jié gòu fēn wéi zhōng yāng wáng tíng、
dōng bù de zuǒ xián wáng、
hé xī bù de yòu xián wáng，
kòng zhì zhe cóng lǐ hǎi dào cháng chéng de guǎng dà dì yù，
bāo kuò jīn měnggǔ guó、
é luó sī de xī bó lì yà、
zhōng yà běi bù、
zhōng guó dōng běi děng dì qū。
qín shǐ huáng tǒng yī zhōng yuán hòu，
mìng méng tián běi jī xiōng nú，
shōu hé tào，“
què xiōng nú qī bǎi yú lǐ，
hú rén bù gǎn nán xià '
ér mù mǎ”（《
guò qín lùn》）。
xī hàn zhēn zhèng yǔ xiōng nú jìn xíng dà guī mó zhàn dǒu shì zài hàn cháo。
hàn chū qián 201
nián，
hán wáng xìn tóu jiàng xiōng nú。
cì nián，
liú bāng qīn shuài dà jūn zhēng tǎo，
zài bái dēng（
jīn shān xī dà tóng dōng běi）
bèi xiōng nú mòdú chányú 30
yú wàn qí bīng wéi kùn qī zhòu yè。
hòu yòng jì táo tuō，
zhī hòu kāi shǐ yǔ xiōng nú hé qīn。
qí hòu de wén、
jǐng zhū dì yě shì yán yòng hé qīn zhèng cè yǐ xiū yǎng shēng xī。
dào hàn wǔ dì shí，
hàn cháo cóng zhàn lüè fáng yù zhuǎn wéi zhàn lüè jìn gōng。
yuán shuò '
èr nián (
qián 127
nián )
pài wèi qīng zhàn lǐng hé tào dì qū，
qián 121
nián pài huò qù bìng duó qǔ fù shù de hé xī zǒu láng，
qián 119
nián wèi、
huò fēn dōng xī liǎng lù jìn gōng mò běi。
huò qù bìng jī xiōng nú zhì jīn měnggǔ guó jìng nèi láng jū xū shān，
wèi qīng dōng lù sǎo píng xiōng nú wáng tíng。
yòu xián wáng shuài lǐng sì wàn yú rén tóu guī hàn cháo，
chányú jí zuǒ xián wáng táo zǒu。
hàn cháo zài dōng bù lián hé wū huán，
xī bù yǐ hé qīn（
qián 105
nián，
hàn wǔ dì fēng xì jūn gōng zhù xià jià wū sūn guó wáng）、
tōng shāng de fāng shì lián hé xī yù zhū guó，
yā suō xiōng nú de kōng jiān。
qián 73
nián，
hàn yǔ wū sūn lián bīng 20
wàn jìn gōng xiōng nú，
zhí dǎo yòu gǔ lí wáng tíng。
qián 57
nián xiōng nú fēn liè，
zhì zhī chányú huò shèng jù mò běi，
hūhányè chányú qián 51
nián nán xià tóu kào hàn cháo。
hòu lái zhì zhī chányú zé shuài bù zhòng tuì zhì zhōng yà kāngqú（
jīn bā '
ěr kā shí hú yǔ xián hǎi zhī jiān，
jí '
ā fù hàn、
wū cí bié kè sī tǎn、
hā sà kè sī tǎn yī dài），
hūhányè chányú zhàn jù mò běi wáng tíng。
qián 36
nián，
wèile qīng chú xiōng nú zài xī yù de yǐng xiǎng，
gān yán shòu、
chén tānɡ yuǎn zhēng kāngqú de xiōng nú，
jī shā zhì zhī chányú。
qián 33
nián hūhányè chányú qǔ wáng zhāo jūn yǔ hàn xiū hǎo。
xī hàn shí qī de chányú yòu：
tóu màn chányú、
mòdú chányú、
lǎo shàng chányú、
jūn chén chányú、
yī zhì xié chányú、
wū wéi chányú、
ér chányú、
xǔ lí hú chányú、
qiě dī hóu chányú、
hú lù gū chányú、
hú yǎn dī chányú、
xū lǘ quán qú chányú、
wò yǎn xuàn dī chányú、
hūhányè chányú、
zhì zhī chányú。
dōng hàn 48
nián，
dōng hàn chū nián，
xiōng nú fēn liè wéi liǎng bù，
hūhányè chányú zhī sūn rì zhú wáng bǐlǜ 4
wàn duō rén nán xià fù hàn chēng wéi nán xiōng nú，
bèi hàn cháo '
ān zhì zài hé tào dì qū。
liú jū mò běi de chēng wéi běi xiōng nú。 89
nián dào 91
nián nán xiōng nú yǔ hàn lián hé jiā jī běi xiōng nú，
xiān hòu bài zhī yú mò běi hé '
ā '
ěr tài shān，
pò shǐ qí xī qiān，
cóng cǐ běi xiōng nú jiù cóng zhōng guó gǔ shū zhōng xiāo shī。
187
nián，
dōng hàn mò nián huáng jīn qǐ yì、
dǒng zhuó zhuān quán zhī jì，
nán xiōng nú fā shēng nèi hòng。 195
nián，
nán xiōng nú cānyù liǎo zhōng yuán hùn zhàn，
dōng hàn cài yōng zhī nǚ cài wén jī bèi lǔ lüè qù xiōng nú。 202
nián，
nán xiōng nú shǒu lǐng guī fù hàn chéngxiàng cáo cāo，
cài wén jī guī hàn。
cáo cāo jiāng nán xiōng nú fēn chéng wǔ bù。
hàn cháo zhī hòu nán xiōng nú nán xià hàn huà，
yī zhí jū zhù zài hé tào yī dài，
sān guó shí qī cáo cāo bǎ xiōng nú fēn chéng wǔ gè bù。 4
shì jì chū，
xiōng nú zú de wǔ bù dà dū dū liú yuān zài chéng dū wáng sī mǎ yíng shǒu xià wéi jiāng。
chéng xī jìn bā wáng zhī luàn zhī hòu de hùn luàn shí qī，
liú yuān qǐ bīng zhàn lǐng liǎo běi zhōng guó de dà bù fēn dì qū，
zì chēng hàn wáng， 311
nián gōng zhàn luò yáng， 316
nián gōng zhàn cháng '
ān，
miè xī jìn。
shǐ chēng qián zhào huò hàn zhào。
xiōng nú de yī zhī dì wèi dī xià de zú qún chēng wéi jié rén。
hàn zhào de dàjiàng jié rén shí lè zì lì，
jiàn lì zhào guó，
shǐ chēng shí zhào huò hòu zhào， 351
nián bèi hàn zú rén rǎn mǐn suǒ miè。
róng rù xiōng nú rén zhōng de yuè shì rén，
chēng wéi xiōng nú bié bù lú shuǐ hú。
qí zhōng jù qú jiā zú tuī hòu liáng hàn guān duàn yè wéi zhù，
zài xiàn gān sù dì qū jiàn lì běi liáng。
hòu jù qú méng xùn shā duàn yè，
zì lì wéi běi liáng zhù。
hòu bèi xiān bēi rén tuò bá shì běi wèi suǒ miè。
xiōng nú yǔ xiān bēi de hùn xuè hòu dài chēng wéi tiě fú rén。
tiě fú rén liú bó bó bèi xiān bēi tuò bá shì jī bài hòu tóubèn qiāng rén de hòu qín。
hòu zì rèn wèishì mò dài de xiōng nú wáng，
gǎi xìng hè lián，
zài hé tào dì qū chuàng lì xià guó，
shǐ chēng hú xià。
hòu bèi běi wèi suǒ miè。
xiōng nú róng rù kào jìn gāolí de xiān bēi de yǔ wén shì bù luò，
jìn rù cháo xiān bàn dǎo。
hòu lái yǔ wén shì cuàn xī wèi jiàn lì de běi zhōu zhèng quán，
hòu bèi hàn zú wài qī yáng jiān suǒ cuàn。
yáng jiān chuàng lì suí cháo，
tǒng yī zhōng yuán。
yǐ shàng shì wǔ hú shí liù guó jí nán běi cháo shí qī，
xiōng nú zài zhōng guó lì shǐ wǔ tái shàng jìn xíng liǎo zuì hòu yīcháng yǎn chū。
zhī hòu，
yà zhōu bù fēn de xiōng nú zuì hòu yī diǎn cán yú bù zú，
zuò wéi yī gè dú lì mín zú de shēn fèn cóng zhōng guó lì shǐ zhōng chè dǐ xuān gào zhōng jié，
hé qí tā yī xiē mín zú yī qǐ xiāo róng yú hàn zú wéi zhù tǐ de huá xià zú。
xiōng nú hòu yì hàn huà hòu，
jù shuō yòu yī xiē mù qián hái shēng huó zài jīn tiān de shǎn xī、
shān xī děng dì。
xiōng nú zài dōng běi yà zhī wài de yǐng xiǎng běi xiōng nú yuǎn zǒu '
ōu zhōu，
yī bù fēn zài gāo jiā suǒ，
yī bù fēn zài zhōng fú '
ěr jiā hé dì qū（
jīn tiān de '
é luó sī dá dá zì zhì gòng hé guó），
yī bù fēn zài xià duō nǎo hé（
jīn tiān de bǎo jiā lì yà），
yī bù fēn zài zhōng duō nǎo hé（
jīn tiān de xiōng yá lì）。
zhōng yà xiōng nú，
yī bù fēn yǔ tú lán dī dì mín zú róng hé（
zhōng yà liǎng hé dì qū），
yī bù fēn zài '
ā fù hàn shān qū，
yī bù fēn zài yìn dù bàng zhē pǔ bāng。
zài 3
shì jì mò，
zhè gè jīhū xiāo shī liǎo de jié lüè mín zú tū rán yòu chū xiàn zài rén men de shì yě nèi，
dōng zhēng xī tǎo jiàn lì liǎo yī gè páng dà de“
dì guó”。
xiōng nú rén yú 350
nián zuǒ yòu qīn rù liǎo '
ōu zhōu，
suí hòu zài chēng wéi“
bā lán bǐ '
ěr wáng”
de qiú cháng lǐng dǎo xià kāi shǐ liǎo tā men de yě mán qīn lüè zhàn zhēng，
dì yī gè mù biāo biàn shì dāng shí chēng wéi '
ā lán de tū jué rén guó dù。
ā lán rén de miè wáng 350
nián，
dāng shí de '
ā lán guó kān chēng qiáng guó，
ā lán wáng qīng quán guó zhī bīng yǔ xiōng nú jūn zhàn yú dùn hé yán '
àn，
què zāo cǎn bài，
ā lán wáng bèi shā，
ā lán guó miè，
ā lán yú bù zuì zhōng chén fú yú xiōng nú。
xiōng nú zài xī fāng shǐ shū dì yī cì chū xiàn jí bàn suí zhù '
ā lán guó de miè wáng，
zhěng gè xī fāng shì jiè wéi zhī zhèn dòng。
miè wáng '
ā lán guó hòu，
xiōng nú zài dùn hé liú yù fù jìn dòu liú liǎo jǐ nián，
rán hòu zài tā men nián mài de qiú cháng bā lán bǐ '
ěr de dài lǐng xià jì xù kāi dòng tā men jí jù huǐ miè xìng de qīn lüè tiě tí，
tà xiàng xī fāng。
duì rì '
ěr màn mín zú de qīn lüè 374
nián shí，
wèi yú hēi hǎi běi '
àn、
rì '
ěr màn rén suǒ jiàn lì de dōng gē tè wáng guó shì yī gè chéng lì bù jiǔ de guó jiā。
tā liáo kuò de jiāng tǔ dōng qǐ zhì dùn hé，
yǔ '
ā lán rén jiē rǎng；
xī zhì dé niè tè hé yǔ xī gē tè rén wéi lín；
nán qǐ hēi hǎi běi zhì dé niè sī tè hé de zhī liú，
pǔ lì pài tè hé zhǎo dì；
xiōng nú lián tóng bèi zhēng fú de '
ā lán rén，
dà jūn jìn rù dōng gē tè lǐng tǔ，
bèi céng bèi dōng gē tè rén zhēng fú de bù luò chéng jī zào fǎn，
nèi luàn yǐ zhì dōng gē tè rén lǚ zhàn lǚ bài，
zhōng yú 375
nián tóu jiàng。
dōng gē tè rén miè guó hòu，
xiōng nú rén jiē zhù jì xù xiàng xī，
xī gē tè rén yǐ dé niè sī tè hé wéi xiǎn，
bù bīng fáng shǒu，
shì tú jī xiōng nú jūn yú bàn dù。
xiōng nú jūn yī biān zài hé duì '
àn zuò shì yáng gōng，
dà bù què cóng shàng yóu chéng yè tōu dù zài huí gōng。
zhè biān xī gē tè rén zài hé '
àn gòu zhù gōng shì bèi zhàn zhèng hān，
què bù liào bèi lán yāo yī dùn tòng dǎ，
shù shí wàn rén mǎ dù guò duō nǎo hé táo rù luó mǎ dì guó jìng nèi，
bìng yú 378
nián zài '
ā dé lǐ yǎ bǎo dà bài luó mǎ huáng dì wǎ lún sī，
yóu cǐ dòng yáo liǎo luó mǎ de gēn jī，
luó mǎ zài yě méi fǎ kòng zhì guǎn xiá xià de zhū hóu hé lǐng tǔ。
xiōng nú rén zài zhēng fú běi fāng de zhū rì '
ěr màn bù luò，
duó qǔ liǎo xiōng yá lì píng yuán。
yóu cǐ，
qǐ zì hēi hǎi zhì duō nǎo hé yǐ běi de dà piàn dì tǔ，
jìn rù xiōng nú rén zhī shǒu。
duì bài zhàn tíng hé sè léi sī gè shěng de jìn gōng 395
nián dōng，
xiōng nú rén gōng rù sè léi sī，
dà lüè '
ér fǎn。 400
nián，
xiōng nú rén zài cì gōng rù sè léi sī，
yǐ hòu duì sè léi sī lián nián qīn rǎo。 431
nián，
dōng luó mǎ dì guó bù dé yǐ，
dāyìng měi nián xiàng xiōng nú jiāo nà yè shuì，
bìng yǔn xǔ tā men zài jìng nèi de jǐ gè chéng zhèn tóng jìn xíng hù shì。 435
nián zuǒ yòu，
ā tí lā shā sǐ yǔ zì jǐ gòng tóng zhǎng zhèng de xiōng dì '
ér dà quán dú lǎn。
tā duì nán '
é luó sī hé bō sī dì guó fā dòng liǎo yī xì liè de tū xí。
bù jiǔ tā jiāng mù guāng tóu xiàng liǎo bài zhàn tíng，
bī shǐ dōng luó mǎ jiǎo nà gèng duō de gòng shuì，
bìng qiě bù jì chā shǒu xī luó mǎ dì guó de wài jiāo shì wù。
luó mǎ zì rán wú fǎ mǎn zú zhè nián nián gāo shēng de gòng shuì，
xiōng nú rén zé yǐ cǐ wéi jiè kǒu yú 441
nián xiàng bài zhàn tíng xuān zhàn，
dà sì xǐ jié bā '
ěr gān bàn dǎo， 442
nián cái bèi dōng luó mǎ de '
ā sī pà '
ěr jiāng jūn zǔ jié yú sè léi sī dì qū，
bèi pò hòu sǎ。 443
nián，
xiōng nú gōng dào dōng luó mǎ shǒu dū jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo chéng wài，
dōng luó mǎ quán jūn fùmò，
bù dé yǐ qiān chéng xià zhī méng，
yǔ xiōng nú dìng lì hé yuē。
ā tí lā de tǒng zhì shí qī，
shèng jí shí de xiōng nú dì guó yóu 448
nián zhì 450
nián，
xiōng nú dì guó de bǎn tú dào liǎo shèng jí de dì bù：
dōng qǐ zì xián hǎi，
xī zhì dà xī yáng hǎi '
àn；
nán qǐ zì duō nǎo hé，
běi zhì bō luó de hǎi。
zhè guǎng dà qū yù de yī dài fù shǔ guó，
dōuyòu zì jǐ de guó wáng hé bù luò qiú cháng，
píng rì xiàng '
ā tí lā chēng chén nà gòng，
zhàn shí chū bīng cān zhàn。
duì xī luó mǎ de qīn lüè hé xiōng nú dì guó de wǎ jiě luó mǎ jūn duì zài jiào huáng lǐ '
ào yī shì de shuài lǐng xià，
dǎ bài '
ā tí lā dài lǐng de xiōng nú rén。 451
nián，
zài yì dà lì běn tǔ，
rù qīn de xiōng nú rén bèi jī tuì。
450
nián，
ā tí lā zhuǎn '
ér jìn gōng xī luó mǎ dì guó，
tā dài zhù dà yuē shí wàn míng zhàn shì dù guò liǎo lāi yīn hé。
zài xiàng qián tuī jìn de yī bǎi yīng lǐ nèi，
xiōng nú jūn tuán xǐ jié liǎo wèi yú xiàn jīn fǎ guó běi bù de dà bù fēn cūn zhuāng。
luó mǎ jiāng jūn '
ā tí niǔ sī zǔ zhì liǎo yī zhī gāo lú luó mǎ jūn tuán yǐ dǐ kàng zhèng zài wéi kùn '
ào '
ěr liáng chéng de '
ā tí lā。
zài chá lóng pī ní de dà jué zhàn zhōng，
ā tí lā zhōng yú bèi dǎ bài。
jìn guǎn xiōng nú rén de zhàn lì méi yòu bèi wán quán huǐ miè，
zhè yì zhàn yì bèi rèn wéi shì lì shǐ shàng zuì jù jué dìng xìng yì yì de zhòng dà zhàn yì zhī yī，
tā zǔ zhǐ liǎo zhěng gè jī dū jiào de fù miè hé yóu mù mín zú kòng zhì '
ōu zhōu de yán zhòng hòu guǒ。 453
nián，
ā tí lā zài yíng qǔ rì '
ěr màn gōng zhù de dì '
èr tiān bèi fā xiàn sǐ yú dòng mài pò liè。
zài shī qù liǎo qiáng yòu lì de lǐng dǎo rén zhī hòu，
céng jīng chēng xióng yī shí de xiōng nú dì guó miàn lín zhù bēng kuì de biān lǜ。
yì zú de nú lì fēn fēn qǐ lái fǎn kàng，
bù tóng de pài xì wèile zhēng duó tǒng zhì quán '
ér jī zhàn bù xiū。
xiōng nú dì guó zuì zhōng yóu yú wāng dá '
ěr bù luò děng xīn dí rén de rù qīn '
ér miè wáng，
cóng lì shǐ de cháng hé zhōng xiāo shì bù jiàn liǎo。
měnggǔ（
xiōng nú）
zì táng cháo jiù shì zhōng guó lǐng tǔ táng，
liáo，
yuán（
hū bì liè chēng huáng dì，
xíng hàn fǎ，
zhù zhāng hàn huà，
dìng dū běi jīng，
zhè yī qiēdōu shuō míng：
yuán cháo shì hàn huà wáng cháo，
bù shì wài zú tǒng zhì），
qīng táng cháo jiāng yù tú :
měnggǔ zì táng cháo jiù shì zhōng guó lǐng tǔ，
bāo kuò mín guó qián qī：
měnggǔ yī zhí shǔ yú zhōng guó lǐng tǔ！
yǐng xiǎng xiōng nú rén zài '
ōu zhōu jiàn lì liǎo yī gè páng dà de dì guó，
dàn tā men de dì guó shì duǎn mìng de。
tā men de dì guó hěn kuài bèi wǎ jiě hòu，
shèn zhì zhěng gè mín zú yě xiāo shī zài '
ōu zhōu de lì shǐ hé wén huà dāng zhōng。
xiōng nú rén cù chéng liǎo '
ōu zhōu lì shǐ de fā zhǎn，
tā men bǎ cóng lín lǐ de rì '
ěr màn rén tuī shàng liǎo lì shǐ wǔ tái，
bìng yǔ hòu zhě yī qǐ cuī huǐ liǎo luó mǎ rén de shí dài。
dì guó de lì shǐ xiāo shī hòu，
duō yuán huà de fēng jiàn guó jiā zhèng zhì kāi shǐ liǎo，
yī gè jīhū yán xù zhì jīn de '
ōu zhōu guó jiā de zhù yào huàfēn gé jú xíng chéng liǎo。
xiōng nú hòu yì yòu xiē xué zhě rèn wéi xiōng nú 4
shì jì xī qiān dào liǎo '
ōu zhōu dōng bù，
bìng rù qīn '
ōu zhōu，
yǔ dì 4、 5
shì jì qīn rù '
ōu zhōu de xiōng rén yòu xuè yuán guān xì huò xì tóng yī mín zú。
xiōng rén qū zhú rì '
ěr màn rén děng yě mán mín zú shǐ dé mán zú dà qiān xǐ，
cóng '
ér miè wáng luó mǎ dì guó。
《
sān guó zhì》
wéi：“
yòu yòu yǎn cài guó yī míng '
ā lán，
jiē yǔ kāngqú tóng sú。
xī yǔ dà qín dōng nán yǔ kāngqú jiē。
qí guó duō míng diāo，
xùmù zhú shuǐ cǎo，
lín dà zé，
gù shí jī shǔ kāngqú，
jīn bù shǔ yě。”
zài zhōng guó gǔ shū zhōng，“
dà qín”
jí wéi luó mǎ dì guó。《
shǐ jì》
wéi：
yǎn cài zài kāngqú xī běi kě '
èr qiān lǐ，
xíng guó，
yǔ kāngqú dà tóng sú，
kòng xián zhě shí yú wàn。
lín dà zé，
wú yá，
gài nǎi běi hǎi yún。”《
běi shǐ》
zhōng nà duàn jì lù de shì gāi guó qiǎn shǐ jié dào běi wèi。
xiōng nú miè qí guó de“
yǐ sān shì yǐ”
jí 75
nián，
ér qiǎn shǐ jié dào běi wèi wéi xī yuán 445
nián，
zhèng hǎo wéi xī yuán 370
nián zuǒ yòu，
yǔ '
ōu zhōu jì lù yī zhì。
lìng wài，
yòu shǎo liàng de xiōng nú bāng chè dǐ xiāo shī zài yì guó，
zài dōng、
xī luó mǎ dì guó jūn duì fú yì de xiōng nú jūn rén bù shǎo，
dà duō zhù zhā zài běi xù lì yà、
běi fēi zhōu yǔ nán yīng gé lán dì qū，
yòu jǐ gè xiōng nú bāng suí xī gē tè rén jìn rù fǎ guó yǔ xī bān yá，
yòu yī gè xiōng nú bù luò suí dōng gē tè rén jìn rù yì dà lì。
yòu rén rèn wéi jīn tiān de xiōng yá lì rén jiù shì xiōng nú de hòu yì，
zhè gè wèn tí xiàn zài réng shì gè yí wèn。
xiōng nú yǔ 《
hòu hàn shū》
zhōng yòu yī shǒu《
xiōng nú gē》，
bù shǎo xué zhě yòng měnggǔ yǔ、
tū jué yǔ、
yè ní sài yǔ yán děng jìn xíng guò fēn xī hé jiě dú，
dōuméi yòu dé dào lǐ xiǎng de jiēguǒ。
chú cǐ zhī wài，
xiōng nú de rén míng、
bù luò míng、
dì míng hé chēng hào dōukě yǐ yòng lái yán jiū xiōng nú yǔ。
lì rú：“
chēng lí gū tú chányú”
jù shuō zài xiōng nú lǐ yòu“
tiān zǐ”
de yì sī，
qí zhōng de“
chēng lí”（
shàng gǔ hàn yǔ *thrangrii）
hé“
chányú”（
shàng gǔ hàn yǔ *darwa）
fēn bié hé méng gǔ yǔ de tngri“
tiān”
hé daruγa“
jūn zhù”
xiāng sì。
guān yú xiōng nú yǔ de lái yuán，
yóu yú zī liào jué rú，
hěn nán dé dào kěn dìng de jié lùn，
yòu xiē rèn wéi xiōng nú rén jiǎng méng gǔ yǔ，
ér qí tā zé rèn wéi tā men de yǔ yán shǔ yú yè ní sài yǔ xì。
xiōng nú zhàn mǎ yīn shān děng dì de yán huà zhōng chū xiàn de qiān mǎ tú hé qí mǎ tú biǎo míng zài 5000
nián zuǒ yòu，
běi fāng cǎo yuán mín zú yǐ shùn lì wán chéng liǎo duì mǎ de xùn huà。
zhèng shì yóu yú duì mǎ xùn huà de chéng gōng，
dài lái liǎo cǎo yuán huàshídài de biàn gé，
shǐ cǎo yuán jīng jì zhú jiàn yóu xùmù zhuǎn biàn wéi yóu mù，
diǎn rán liǎo càn làn de cǎo yuán yóu mù wén huà de huǒ jù。
yóu yú mǎ de chéng qí，
chè dǐ gǎi biàn liǎo cǎo yuán xiān mín de shēng chǎn、
shēng huó，
yǐ jí sī wéi fāng shì。
yóu qí shì mǎ de xùn jié hé líng huó，
gěi cǎo yuán mín zú de jūn shì dài lái liǎo kōng qián de huó lì hé yōu shì，
yě fù yú liǎo qí mǎ mín zú zhàn dǒu de rén shēng，
mǎ chéng wéi cǎo yuán mín zú shēng sǐ yǔ gòng de péng yǒu。
wài bèi jiā '
ěr、
měnggǔ hé nèimēng gǔ dì qū fā jué de shàng qiān zuò xiōng nú mù zàng xiǎn shì，
yòng mǎ tóu péi zàng shì xiōng nú mín zú de zhòng yào xí sú，
mǎ bù jǐn shì cái fù de xiàng zhēng，
gèng shì xiōng nú mín zú jìng zhēng lì de yuán quán。
mǎ pǐ zài xiōng nú rén de shēng huó zhōng bàn yǎn zhe shuāngchóng juésè，
hé píng shí qī tā gèng duō shì zuò wéi jiāo tōng gōng jù，
zhàn zhēng shí qī，
tā jiù chéng wéi zhàn mǎ。
cóng chū tǔ shí wù kàn，
xiōng nú mǎ pǐ shēn tǐ lüè '
ǎi，
tóu bù piān dà，
yìng shǔ yú měnggǔ mǎ。
měnggǔ mǎ suī bù shí fēn gāo dà，
dàn tǐ néng chōng pèi，
nài lì chí jiǔ，
xíng dòng xùn sù，
fēi cháng shì yìng gāo yuán huán jìng，
yīn cǐ，
měnggǔ mǎ zuò wéi cǎo yuán zhàn mǎ gèng jiào qí tā mǎ zhǒng zhàn yòu yōu shì。
zhè xiē yōu liáng de zhàn mǎ zài pèi shàng xiān jìn de yù mǎ gōng jù héng héng mǎ lóng tóu hé biàn yú chéng qí de mǎ '
ān，
dà dà zēng qiáng liǎo xiōng nú jūn duì de zhàn dǒu néng lì。《
shǐ jì ·
xiōng nú lièzhuàn》
jìzǎi xiōng nú bīng zhǒng“
jìn wéi jiá qí”，
biǎo míng zhàn mǎ shì xiōng nú jūn shì de zhòng yào zǔ chéng yuán sù。“
kòng xián zhī shì sān shí yú wàn”
chōng fēn xiǎn shì liǎo xiōng nú dì guó qiáng dà de jūn shì shí lì。
xiōng nú bīng qì、
tóu shì 《
shǐ jì ·
xiōng nú lièzhuàn》
jìzǎi xiōng nú bīng qì“
qí cháng bīng zé gōng shǐ，
duǎn bīng zé dāo chán”，
kǎo gǔ fā jué zī liào yǔ cǐ zhèng xiāng wěn hé。
xiōng nú mù dì fā jué qíng kuàng xiǎn shì，
bīng qì yī bān chū tǔ yú nán xìng mù zàng zhōng，
yǐ tóng、
tiě、
gǔ、
mù zhì dì wéi zhù，
zhù yào yòu gōng、
jiàn zú、
dāo、
jiàn、
máo、
fǔ、
děng。
xiōng nú de gōng duō mù zhì，
shàng yòu huá lì de zhuāng shì gòu jiàn。
yóu yú mù tóu róng yì fǔ xiǔ，
mù qián hái méi yòu fā xiàn wán zhěng de xiōng nú gōng，
dà duō shì yī xiē cán liú de gōng shì jiàn，
jù tǐ xíng zhì wú fǎ dé zhī。
dàn gēn jù gōng fǔ xiǔ hòu cán liú de hén jì kàn，
qí cháng kě dá 1.3
mǐ。
xiōng nú jiàn zú xíng zhì duō yàng，
yòu tóng、
tiě hé gǔ sān zhǒng zhì dì，
qí zhōng bāo kuò zhù míng de fā xìn hào yòng de xiōng nú míng dí。
mù qián suī rán hái méi yòu fā xiàn kě què rèn de xiōng nú míng dí，
dàn wǒ men kě cóng shāo wǎn de qì dān zú míng dí dé dào qǐ fā。
qí tā de zuò wéi bīng qì de xiōng nú jiàn zú chū tǔ shù liàng zhòng duō，
yóu qí shì zài wài bèi jiā '
ěr nán bù、
měnggǔ běi bù hé zhōng bù dì qū chū tǔ de jiàn zú tè zhēng xiān míng，
sàn fā zhe shè rén de lì liàng。
kàn zhe tā men zhì jīn yǐ rán ruì lì de qián fēng，
zài jiǎ yǐ nǔ jī huò piāo hàn de shén shè shǒu wān gōng fā shè shí de wēi lì，
rén men réng néng zhēn qiē dì gǎn shòu dào tā men jù dà de shā shāng lì hé chuān suō yú dāo guāng jiàn yǐng zhōng shēng mìng de cuì ruò。
xiōng nú dāo jiàn duō yǐ tiě zhì chéng，
hái yòu shǎo liàng de tóng dāo。
dāo dà duō '
ān zhuāng yòu mù bǐng，
fēn zhí bèi hú rèn、
hú bèi zhí rèn、
zhí bèi zhí rèn děng jǐ zhǒng xíng zhì，
dāo qiào dài yòu zhuāng shì wù。
xiōng nú duǎn jiàn duō fā xiàn yú '
è '
ěr duō sī dì qū，
jù yòu jiào míng xiǎn de '
è '
ěr duō sī shì duǎn jiàn de fēng gé，
shuāng rèn，
bǐng mò duān cháng zhuāng shì yòu dòng wù wén shì，
yòu de wéi líng shǒu huò huán shǒu。
cháng jiàn yī bān cháng 1
mǐ zuǒ yòu，
shuāng rèn，
yòu de yòu bǐng，
yòu de wú bǐng，
duō xiù shí yán zhòng，
nán jiàn qí yuán lái miàn mù。
xiōng nú mù zàng zhōng chū tǔ de fǔ、
máo hé gē yīngshì duì zhōng yuán bīng qì de yǐn jìn hé jiè jiàn。
zhè xiē xiōng nú duǎn bīng qì zài liáo kuò de dì guó jiāng yù nèi biǎo xiàn chū jiào qiáng de yī zhì xìng，
jù yòu xiān míng de xiōng nú zú tè diǎn，
yǔ qí tā mín zú de bīng qì yòu jiào míng xiǎn de qū bié。
zōng guān xiōng nú de bīng qì，
kě yǐ kàn chū jù yòu xiān míng xiōng nú tè sè de wéi gōng shǐ hé cháng jiàn，
dāo zǐ hé duǎn jiàn duō shì zài jì chéng '
è '
ěr duō sī shì qīng tóng qì yí fēng de jī chǔ shàng，
jìn xíng liǎo gǎi jìn。
lìng wài，
duì zhōng yuán yōu liáng bīng qì de xī shōu hé yǐn jìn wú yí dà dà tí gāo liǎo xiōng nú bīng qì de shā shāng néng lì。
nèimēng gǔ chū tǔ de xiōng nú fù nǚ tóu shì，
fēi cháng huá lì。
tóu shàng shì yòu yún xíng jīn piàn、
bāo jīn bèi ké hé shuǐ jīng zhū děng。
měi yī jiàn shì wù shàng dū yòu xiǎo kǒng，
yǐ biàn féng huò xì zài tóu jīn shàng。
ěr zhuì hěn dà，
fēn shàng xià liǎng bù fēn：
shàng bù shì cháng fāng xíng jīn pái，
xià bù shì bāo jīn yù zhuì hé jīn chuàn zhū。
jǐng bù hái yòu yòng shuǐ jīng zhū hé mǎ nǎo zhū zhì chéng de dà xiàng liàn。
cóng zhè xiē tóu shì kě yǐ kàn chū，
xiōng nú zú de shǒu gōng yì shuǐ píng jiào gāo。
xiōng nú kuī jiá zài xū yào jìn shēn bó dǒu de lěng bīng qì shí dài，
shì bīng zhuāng bèi de jiān shí yǔ fǒu huì jí dà dì yǐng xiǎng zhe jūn duì zhěng tǐ de zhàn dǒu lì。
xiōng nú rén shēn '
ān cǐ dào，
fēi cháng zhòng shì shì bīng de bǎo hù，
tā men bù xiàng zhōng yuán shì bīng kào dùn pái bǎo hù zì jǐ，
ér dài zhī yǐ gèng shěng jìn、
gèng jiān gù de kuī jiá lái zhuāng bèi zì shēn，
xíng chéng“
jìn wéi jiá qí”、
jī dòng líng huó '
ér yòu páng dà de xiōng nú qí bīng。
chū tǔ de xiōng nú tóu kuī jì chéng liǎo běi fāng cǎo yuán de chuán tǒng，
yǔ běi jīng chāng píng xī zhōu bái fú mù guǒ mù jí nèimēng gǔ chì fēng shì níng chéng nán shān gēn chū tǔ de dōng hú zú qīng tóng tóu kuī xíng zhì xiāng fǎng，
xiōng nú de tóu kuī réng wéi qīng tóng zhì dì，
sù miàn wú yán，
kuī dǐng yòu fāng niǔ，
liǎng cè hù '
ěr xià fāng yòu xì chuān dài zǐ de xiǎo dòng，
liǎng miàn kāi kǒu，
pèi dài kě bù fēn qián hòu。
cóng qí xíng zhì kàn，
wǒ men kě yǐ liǎo jiě xiōng nú tóu kuī de xì dài fāng shì，
tóng shí yě kě tǐ huì dào zhè yàng de tóu bù fáng hù zài jī liè de ròu bó zhàn zhōng duì shì bīng suǒ qǐ dào de liáng hǎo bǎo hù zuò yòng。
xiōng nú kǎi jiá bǐ qǐ tóu kuī lái gèng shǎo jiàn，
gāo lè máo dū M32
chū tǔ de xiōng nú jiá cán piàn qīng tóng zhì chéng，
chéng yú lín zhuàng mì bù，
xiǎn dé fēi cháng jiān shí。
nèimēng gǔ zì zhì qū bó wù guǎn lì yòng xiōng nú qīng tóng jiá piàn fù yuán liǎo yī jiàn xiōng nú kǎi jiá，
chǐ cùn yuē wéi 65×50
㎝，
fēn qián hòu liǎng piàn，
yóu zhòng duō de yuán xíng qīng tóng jiá piàn zǔ hé '
ér chéng。
jiá piàn zhī jiān yuán yìng yòng pí tiáo lián xì，
dàn pí tiáo yǐ fǔ xiǔ，
yīn cǐ zhǐ shèng xià jiá piàn。
zōng shàng suǒ shù，
xiōng nú mín zú yòu wán shàn de jūn shì zhuāng bèi。
yōu liáng de zhàn mǎ，
jiáo jiàn de qí shì，
jiān gù de kuī jiá，
jiā shàng fēng lì wú bǐ de bīng qì，
gòu lè chū liǎo xiōng nú jūn duì de wēi wǔ fēng zī，
yòng“
bīng lì mǎ jí”
xíng róng xiōng nú jūn duì，
dāng shì zuì qiàdàng de gài kuò。《
shǐ jì ·
xiōng nú lièzhuàn》
jìzǎi：“
qí gōng zhàn，
zhǎn shǒu lǔ cì yī zhī jiǔ，
ér suǒ dé lǔ huò yīn yǐ yú zhī，
dé rén yǐ wéi nú bì。
gù qí zhàn，
rén rén zì wéi qù lì，
shàn wéi yòu bīng yǐ mào dí。
gù qí jiàn dí zé zhú lì，
rú niǎo zhī jí ……
zhàn '
ér fú yú sǐ zhě，
jìn dé sǐ zhě jiā cái。”
zhè shuō míng xiōng nú jūn duì yòu liáng hǎo de jī lì cuò shī。
cǐ wài，
xiōng nú mù zàng chū tǔ wù biǎo míng，
xiōng nú rén yǐ kāi fàng de shì yě hé xiōng huái duì bǐ qí xiān jìn de wén míng jiā yǐ xī shōu hé yǐn jìn yě shì shǐ qí bù duàn qiáng dà de yī gè yīn sù。
suǒ yòu zhè xiē gòu chéng liǎo cǎo yuán dì yī dì guó de jūn shì jī chǔ，
wéi xiōng nú zú juézhú cǎo yuán bà zhù tí gōng liǎo jiān qiáng de jūn shì bǎo zhàng。
xiōng nú dà shì nián biǎo gōng yuán qián èr yī wǔ nián qín shǐ huáng fā bīng sān shí wàn，
shǐ méng tián běi gōng xiōng nú。
gōng yuán qián èr yī sì nián méng tián bài xiōng nú，
lüè hé nán dì，
shè xiàn sì shí sì。
zēng xiū mín chéng，
xī qǐ lín tiǎo，
dōng zhì liáo dōng，
yù xiōng nú。
gōng yuán qián èr líng yī nián jiǔ yuè，
hán wáng xìn jiàng xiōng nú。
mòdú jìn bīng tài yuán，
zhì jìn yáng。
gōng yuán qián èr líng líng nián shí yuè，
liú bāng jī hán wáng xìn，
xìn bài zǒu xiōng nú。
màn qiū chén děng fú zhào lì wéi zhào wáng。
hé hán wáng xìn jí xiōng nú bīng fǎn jī hàn jūn。
hàn jūn bèi wéi yú píng chéng qī rì。
shí '
èr yuè，
xiōng nú gōng dài。
gōng yuán qián yī jiǔ bā nián dōng，
hàn shǐ rén zhì xiōng nú jié hé qīn。
gōng yuán qián yī jiǔ qī nián jiǔ yuè，
dài xiāng chén xī jié xiōng nú zì lì wéi dài wáng，
liú bāng zì gōng zhī。
gōng yuán qián yī jiǔ wǔ nián sān yuè，
yàn wáng lú wǎn wáng rù xiōng nú，
bèi fēng wéi dōng hú lú wáng。
gōng yuán qián yī jiǔ '
èr nián hàn yǐ zōng shì nǚ shì wéi gōng zhù，
jià xiōng nú。
gōng yuán qián yī bā '
èr nián xiōng nú rù dí dào，
gōng '
ā yáng。
gōng yuán qián yī bā yī nián shí '
èr yuè，
xiōng nú zhì dí dào，
lüè '
èr qiān yú rén。
gōng yuán qián yī qī qī nián wǔ yuè，
xiōng nú yòu xián wáng rù jū hé nán dì，
lüè shàng jùn。
gōng yuán qián yī qī sì nián chūn，
mòdú zhì shū hàn wén dì，
yuē hé。
mòdú sǐ，
lǎo shàng（
jī yù）
jí“
chányú”
wèi。
hàn wén dì qiǎn zōng shì nǚ wéi gōng zhù zhì xiōng nú hé。
gōng yuán qián yī liù jiǔ nián xiōng nú lüè dí dào。
gōng yuán qián yī liù liù nián dōng，
xiōng nú rù hàn cháo nà、
péng yáng，
hóu qí zhì gān quán gōng，
yuè yú nǎi tuì。
zhōng xíng shuō jiàng xiōng nú，
quàn jī yù wù '
ài hàn wù。
gōng yuán qián yī liù '
èr nián xiōng nú lián nián rǎo hàn biān，
yún zhōng、
liáo dōng zuì shèn。
hàn wén dì zhì shū dān zǐ，
xiōng nú yì shǐ rén bào pìn，
yòu hé qīn。
gōng yuán qián yī wǔ bā nián dōng，
xiōng nú rù shàng jùn、
yún zhōng、
yuè yú shǐ tuì。
jī yù sǐ，
jūn chén jí wèi。
gōng yuán qián yī wǔ liù nián sì yuè，
hàn yǔ xiōng nú hé qīn。
gōng yuán qián yī wǔ wǔ nián qiū，
hàn yǔ xiōng nú hé qīn。
gōng yuán qián yī wǔ sì nián zhēngyuè，
hàn qī wáng yǔ xiōng nú jié bīng zào fǎn，
wèi suì。
gōng yuán qián yī wǔ '
èr nián hàn gōng zhù jià xiōng nú。
xiōng nú yǔ hàn tōng shì。
gōng yuán qián yī sì bā nián '
èr yuè，
xiōng nú bīng pò yàn dì。
gōng wú qián yī sì sì nián liù yuè，
xiōng nú bīng zhì yàn mén，
rù shàng jùn，
qǔ hàn yuàn mǎ。
gōng yuán qián yī sì '
èr nián sān yuè，
xiōng nú bīng zhì yàn mén。
gōng yuán qián yī sān sān nián liù yuè，
hàn wǔ dì shǐ sì jiāng jūn，
bīng sān shí yú wàn，
yòu jī xiōng nú，
wú gōng。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr jiǔ nián xiōng nú rù shàng gǔ，
hàn shǐ wèi qīng děng sì jiāng jūn gè shuài wàn qí fēn dào chū jī。
qīng zhì lóng chéng zhǎn huò。
qiū，
xiōng nú rù hàn sài，
hán '
ān guó tún yú yáng。
xiōng nú shēng qín lǐ guǎng。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr bā nián qiū，
xiōng nú rù liáo xī、
yú yáng、
yàn mén。
wèi qīng děng jī tuì zhī。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr qī nián xiōng nú rù shàng gǔ、
yú yáng。
wèi qīng jī tuì zhī yú hé nán，
zhú xiōng nú bái yáng wáng、
lóu fán wáng，
qǔ hé nán dì，
shè shuò fāng jùn，
zhù shuò fāng chéng。
xiū qín shí suǒ zhù sài。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr liù nián dōng，
jūn chén sǐ，
yī zhì xié lì，
nèi zhàn，
tài zǐ yú chán chū jiàng hàn。
xiōng nú rù hàn dài jùn。
yòu rù yàn mén。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr wǔ nián xià，
xiōng nú rù hàn dài jùn、
dìng xiāng、
shàng jùn。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr sì nián chūn，
xiōng nú yòu xián wáng bīng lín hàn shuò fāng，
hàn yǐ wèi qīng děng shí yú jiāng wǎng zhēng。
qiū，
xiōng nú rù hàn dài jùn。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr sān nián '
èr yuè，
hàn wèi qīng tǒng liù jiāng jūn jī xiōng nú。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr '
èr nián wǔ yuè，
xiōng nú rù shàng gǔ。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr yī nián sān yuè，
huò qù bìng jī xiōng nú。
xià，
qù bìng zài jī xiōng nú。
xiōng nú rù dài、
yàn mén。
qiū，
xiōng nú hún xié wáng shā xiū tú wáng，
bìng qí zhòng jiàng hàn。
hàn fēn xǐ xiōng nú qián hòu jiàng zhě zǐ lǒng xī、
běi dì、
shàng jùn、
shuò fāng、
yún zhōng děng wǔ jùn wài wéi wǔ shǔ guó。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr líng nián qiū，
xiōng nú rù yòu běi píng、
dìng xiāng。
gōng yuán qián yī yī jiǔ nián chūn，
hàn dà gōng xiōng nú。
xiōng nú mò nán wú wáng tíng。
gōng yuán qián yī yī wǔ nián hàn yú yuán hún xié wáng dì shè jiǔ quán jùn，
xiū tú wáng dì shè wǔ wēi jùn。
gōng yuán qián yī yī sì nián xiōng nú yī zhì xié sǐ，
wū wéi lì。
gōng yuán qián yī yī '
èr nián xī qiāng jié xiōng nú gōng hàn '
ān gù，
wéi bào hǎn。
xiōng nú rù wǔ yuán。
gōng yuán qián yī yī yī nián hàn '
èr jiāng jūn shuài qí rù xiōng nú '
èr qiān lǐ，
wú gōng。
gōng yuán qián yī yī líng nián shí yuè，
hàn wǔ dì běi xún、
dēng chányú tái、
xiàng xiōng nú tiǎo zhàn，
xiōng nú chányú shā zhù zhāng jiē jiàn hàn shǐ zhě，
jū hàn shǐ。
gōng yuán qián yī líng qī nián qiū，
xiōng nú shù rǎo hàn biān。
gōng yuán qián yī líng wǔ nián wū wéi sǐ；
zhān shī lú jí chányú wèi。
xiōng nú wáng tíng yì xī běi。
xiōng nú jìng dà yǔ xuě。
guó zhōng bù '
ān。
gōng yuán qián yī líng sì nián hàn zhù shòu jiàng chéng yú sài wài。
gōng yuán qián yī líng sān nián hàn '
èr wàn qí qīn xiōng nú，
bèi jiān，
zhào pò nú bèi qín。
xiōng nú rù shuāng biān。
gōng yuán qián yī líng '
èr nián zhān shī lú sǐ，
jù lí hú jí chányú wèi。
hàn yú wǔ yuán sài wài shù bǎi lǐ zhì qiān lǐ，
zhù chéng zhàng。
qiū，
xiōng nú rù hàn dìng xiāng、
yún zhōng、
jiǔ quán、
zhāng yè děng jùn。
gōng yuán qián yī líng yī nián hàn shǐ lóu lán wáng hóu sì xiōng nú。
dōng，
xiōng nú jìn guī xiàng suǒ jū hàn shǐ，
shǐ rén pìn yú hàn。
gōng yuán qián yī líng líng nián sān yuè，
hàn shǐ sū wǔ sòng xiōng nú shǐ zhī liú zài hàn zhě。
wǔ yǐ mì móu xiōng nú shì fā，
bèi jū。
jù lí hú sǐ，
qiě dī hóu lì wéi chányú。
gōng yuán qián jiǔ jiǔ nián wǔ yuè，
hàn jī xiōng nú yú tiān shān。
jūn hái，
wéi xiōng nú suǒ wéi，
dà bài。
lǐ líng bài jiàng xiōng nú。
hàn yǐ xiōng nú pàn wáng jiè hé wáng chéng miǎn jiāng．
lóu lán bīng jī chē shī，
wéi xiōng nú jiù bīng suǒ bài。
gōng yuán qián jiǔ bā nián qiū，
xiōng nú rù yàn mén。
gōng yuán qián jiǔ qī nián zhēngyuè，
hàn fēn lù jī xiōng nú，
wú gōng。
gōng yuán qián jiǔ liù nián qiě dī hóu sǐ，
hú lù gū jí chányú wèi。
gōng yuán qián jiǔ yī nián qiū，
xiōng nú rù shàng gǔ，
wǔ yuán。
gōng yuán qián jiǔ líng nián sān yuè，
hàn lǐ guǎng lì jī xiōng nú，
bài jiàng。
xiōng nú jiè hé wáng shuài liù guó bīng gōng chē shī。
hú lù gū zhì shū hàn wǔ dì、
yuē biān jiè。
gōng yuán qián bā qī nián dōng，
xiōng nú rù shuò fāng。
gōng yuán qián bā wǔ nián hú lù gū sǐ，
hú yǎn dī jí chányú wèi。
xiōng nú zhēng luàn。
gōng yuán qián bā yī nián xiōng nú yǔ hàn yì hé，
shì sū wǔ guī。
gōng yuán qián bā líng nián xiōng nú rù hàn biān，
dà bài。
gōng yuán qián qī jiǔ nián xiōng nú bèi hàn jìn gōng，
zhù yú wú shuǐ qiáo。
gōng yuán qián qī qī nián wū huán fā xiōng nú xiān chányú mù jí。
xiōng nú yǔ wū huán zhàn。
gōng yuán qián qī '
èr nián xiōng nú fá wū sūn，
hàn jiù zhī。
gōng yuán qián qī yī nián wǔ yuè，
hàn gōng xiōng nú jūn bà。
dōng，
xiōng nú jī wū sūn。
xiōng jìng dà yǔ xuě。
xī、
běi、
dōng lín guó jìn gōng。
shǔ guó wǎ jiě。
gōng yuán qián liù bā nián hú yǎn dī sǐ，
xū lǘ quán qú lì wéi chányú。
xiōng nú fā tún bīng bèi hàn。
qiū，
xiōng nú tóu shǔ zhī rǔ jū zhǒng jū zuǒ dì zhě qǐ bīng，
yǔ '
ōu tuō zhàn，
bài '
ér jiàng hàn。
gōng yuán qián liù qī nián hàn zhèng jí pò chē shī，
qí wáng bēn xiōng nú。
gōng yuán qián liù sì nián xiōng nú gōng chē shī，
zhèng jí bèi wéi，
hàn yǐ chē shī dì guī xiōng nú。
gōng yuán qián liù líng nián xiōng nú rì zhú wáng xiān xián dǎn jiāng zhòng jiàng hàn。
xiōng nú bà xī yù tóng pú dū wèi。
gōng yuán qián wǔ jiǔ nián xiōng nú jī chē shī。
xiōng nú shǐ rén fèng xiàn yú hàn，
hè hàn míng nián zhēngdàn。
gōng yuán qián wǔ bā nián dīng líng lüè xiōng nú。
chányú shǐ dì cháo yú hàn。
xiōng nú tíng nèi zhēng，
hūhányè lì。
gōng yuán qián wǔ qī nián qī yuè，
xiōng nú wǔ chányú zhēng lì。
zhì zhī lì wéi chányú。
gōng yuán qián wǔ liù nián bā yuè，
xiōng nú tú yíng chányú zǐ yòu gǔ lí wáng yǐ xiāng zhēng bīng bài，
jiàng hàn。
shí yī yuè，
xiōng nú zuǒ dàjiàng wū lì qū děng jiàng hàn。
gōng yuán qián wǔ wǔ nián liù yuè，
hàn shè xī hé、
běi dì shǔ guó，
yǐ chù xiōng nú jiàng zhě。
gōng yuán qián wǔ sì nián zhēngyuè，
xiōng nú chányú chēng chén yú hàn，
shǐ dì yòu gǔ lí wáng rù shì hàn。
gōng yuán qián wǔ sān nián zhēngyuè，
xiōng nú tíng nèi jiù jiàng hàn yǔ fǒu zhèng cè zhēng lùn。
hū hán、
zhì zhī gè qiǎn zǐ rù shì hàn。
dōng．
xiōng nú chányú hè hàn zhēngdàn。
gōng yuán qián wǔ '
èr nián dōng，
hūhányè qǐng míng nián cháo hàn。
gōng yuán qián wǔ yī nián zhēngyuè，
hūhányè rù hàn cháo，
hàn shòu xǐ shòu。
èr yuè，
hàn shǐ qí sòng zhī guī guó，
yǔn qí jū hàn guāng lù sài xià。
gōng yuán qián wǔ líng nián dōng，
hū hán、
zhì zhī gè xiàn yú hàn。
gōng yuán qián sì jiǔ nián zhēngyuè，
hū hán cháo hàn。
èr yuè guī guó。
gōng yuán qián sì bā nián hàn shǐ yún zhōng、
wǔ yuán shū gǔ，
jiù hūhányè kùn pín。
gōng yuán qián sì sì nián zhì zhī shā hàn shǐ gǔ jí，
xǐ zhàng kāngqú。
gōng yuán qián sì sān nián hūhányè běi guī tíng。
yǔ hàn méng shì。
gōng yuán qián sān liù nián qiū，
hàn xī yù dū hù gān yán shòu fā xī yù bīng gōng rù kāngqú，
shā zhì zhī。
xiōng nú suí zhì zhī xī qiān zhě jǐ jìn。
gōng yuán qián sān sān nián zhēngyuè，
hūhányè cháo hàn。
hàn yǐ wáng qiáng jià zhī。
hūhányè wéi hàn bǎo sài。
gōng yuán qián sān yī nián hūhányè sǐ，
diāo táo mò gāo lì wéi fù zhū lěi ruò dī chányú。
gōng yuán qián èr qī nián xiōng nú chányú shǐ cháo hàn。
gōng yuán qián èr wǔ nián zhēngyuè，
diāo táo mò gāo cháo hàn。
gōng yuán qián èr líng nián diāo táo mò gāo sǐ，
qiě jūn xū lì wéi sōu xié ruò dī chányú，
sōu xié shǐ zǐ rù shì。
gōng yuán qián yī '
èr nián sōu xié rù hàn，
bìng sǐ hàn sài xià。
gōng yuán qián shí yī nián qiě mò chē lì wéi chē yá ruò dī chányú。
gōng yuán qián bā nián chē yá sǐ，
náng zhī yá sī lì wéi wū zhū liú ruò dī chányú。
hàn shǐ dān zǐ xiàn dì。
gōng yuán qián sān nián xiōng nú chányú qǐng cháo hàn。
gōng yuán qián yī nián zhēngyuè，
wū zhū liú rù cháo。
gōng yuán èr nián hàn yào wáng qiáng xū bǔ jū cì rù shì。
chē shī hòu wáng wǔ hàn wù jǐ xiào wèi，
wáng rù xiōng nú。
chuò qiāng qù hú lái wáng shuài qī zǐ rén mín rù xiōng nú。
wáng mǎng pò xiōng nú yǔn sì tiáo jiàn；
yào xiōng nú gǎi yī zì míng。
wū huán shā xiōng nú shǐ zhě，
jù jué nà shuì。
gōng yuán jiǔ nián wáng mǎng huàn dān yú xǐ，
shòu xīn zhāng。
gōng yuán shí nián hàn gǎi xiōng nú chányú wéi xiōng nú fú yú。
bèi jiá shuài sān shí wàn gōng xiōng nú，
yù fēn qí dì wéi shí wǔ guó。
gōng yuán shí yī nián wáng mǎng shǐ rén yòu lù hūhányè zhū zǐ。
wū zhū liú fēn gào zhū bù rù hàn sài、
dà lù。
chē shī jiàng xiōng nú。
gōng yuán shí sān nián wū zhū liú sǐ，
chéng lì wéi wū lěi ruò dī chányú。
xiōng nú chányú gǎi zuǒ xián wáng wéi hù yú。
gōng yuán shí sì nián xiōng nú qǐng hé。
gōng yuán shí wǔ nián chūn，
hàn gǎi xiōng nú chányú wéi gōng nú shàn yú。
gōng yuán shí liù nián hàn jī xiōng nú、
bīng tún yú biān。
gōng yuán shí bā nián xián sǐ，
yú lì wéi hū dū '
ér shī dào gāo ruò dī chányú。
chányú qiǎn shǐ xiàng hàn fèng xiàn。
hàn pò xiōng nú dà chén xū bǔ dāng zhì cháng '
ān，
bài wéi xū bǔ chányú。
xiōng nú rù hàn biān。
gōng yuán shí jiǔ nián hàn“
zhū tū xī yǒng”
jī xiōng nú。
gōng yuán èr yī nián hàn zhuǎn gǔ、
bó dào biān jùn，
bèi jī xiōng nú。
gōng yuán èr sān nián dōng，
gēngshǐ dì shǐ rén zhì xiōng nú。
chányú bù zài chēng chén。
gōng yuán èr wǔ nián lú fāng chēng xī píng wáng，
jié xiōng nú，
xiōng nú lì wéi hàn huáng dì。
gōng yuán èr qī nián '
èr yuè，
hàn yú yáng tài shǒu péng chǒng zì lì wéi yàn wáng。
jié xiōng nú。
gōng yuán èr bā nián wǔ yuè，
xiōng nú zhù péng chǒng zhàn，
bài。
gōng yuán èr jiǔ nián shí yī yuè，
hàn wǔ yuán lǐ diǎn děng jié xiōng nú，
yíng lú fāng dū jiǔ yuán，
jù wǔ yuán děng jùn。
gōng yuán sān líng nián shí '
èr yuè，
hàn féng yì pò lú fāng、
xiōng nú bīng。
xiōng nú qiǎn shǐ xiàng hàn fèng xiàn。
hàn bào mìng、
tōng jiù hǎo。
gōng yuán sān shí yī nián sān yuè，
gōng sūn shù lì guī qì wéi shuò níng wáng。
dōng，
lú fāng suǒ shè yún zhōng、
shuò fāng tài shǒu jiàng hàn。
gōng yuán sān '
èr nián shí yī yuè，
lǒng xī děng jùn fù guī '
áo。
gōng yuán sān sān nián hàn qiān yàn mén lì mín yú tài yuán。
liù yuè，
xiōng nú bài hàn bīng。
hàn bīng tún cháng shān bèi xiōng nú。
gōng yuán sān sì nián zhēngyuè，
hàn wú hàn pò xiōng nú bīng。
hàn shěng dìng xiāng jùn，
qiān mín yú xī hé。
gōng yuán sān wǔ nián hàn shěng shuò fāng mù bìng yú bìng zhōu。
gōng yuán sān liù nián xiōng nú yǔ wū huán zhù lú fāng rǎo hàn biān。
gōng yuán sān qī nián '
èr yuè，
lú fāng rù xiōng nú。
wǔ yuè，
xiōng nú rù hàn hé dōng。
gōng yuán sān bā nián xī yù zhū guó kǔ xiōng nú zhòng liǎn，
qǐng hàn zhì dū hù，
bù xǔ。
gōng yuán sān jiǔ nián '
èr yuè，
wú hàn gōng xiōng nú。
hàn qiān yàn mén、
dài、
shàng gǔ lì mín yú jū yōng、
cháng shān guān yǐ dōng，
bì xiōng nú。
xiōng nú zuǒ bù zhuǎn jū sài nèi。
shí '
èr yuè，
xiōng nú hù lú fāng jū gāo liǔ。
gōng yuán sì líng nián shí '
èr yuè，
lú fāng jiàng hàn，
bèi fēng dài wáng。
gōng yuán sì yī nián xiōng nú、
wū huán、
xiān bēi lián bīng rù hàn sài。
gōng yuán sì '
èr nián wǔ yuè，
lú fāng yòu rù xiōng nú。
shí nián hòu sǐ yú cǐ。
gōng yuán sì sì nián wǔ yuè，
xiōng nú lüè shàng dǎng děng dì。
shí '
èr yuè，
xiōng nú lüè tiān shuǐ děng dì。
hàn qiān wǔ yuán mín yú hé dōng。
gōng yuán sì wǔ nián sì yuè，
ān dìng shǔ guó hú jù qīng shān。
dōng，
xiōng nú rù shàng gǔ。
gōng yuán sì liù nián xiōng nú qiú hé qīn。
xiōng nú wéi wū huán suǒ pò，
běi qiān。
dū shàn、
chē shī jūn fù xiōng nú。
gōng yuán sì liù nián hū dū '
ér shī sǐ，
pú nú lì。
xiōng nú lián nián huáng hàn；
gōng yuán sì qī nián yù jiān rì zhú wáng bǐ shǐ rén fèng xiōng nú dì tú zhì xī hé，
xiàng hàn qiú nèi fù。
gōng yuán sì bā nián zhēngyuè，
rì zhú wáng bǐ yǔ bā bù dà rén kòu hàn wǔ yuán sài，
qǐng wéi hàn qiān biān．
hàn xǔ zhī。
shí yuè，
bǐ lì wéi chányú，
shì wéi“
nán”
chányú。
cóng cǐ，
xiōng nú bèi fēn chēng wéi nán、
běi xiōng nú。
gōng yuán sì jiǔ nián zhēngyuè，
hàn jì tóng lù xiān bēi gōng xiōng nú。
nán chányú xiàng hàn chēng fān。
sān yuè，
shǐ zǐ rù shì hàn。
gōng yuán wǔ líng nián zhēngyuè，
hàn shòu nán chányú xǐ shòu。
tīng rù jū yún zhōng，
shè shǐ xiōng nú zhōng láng jiāng。
xià，
nán chányú bù xià nèi hòng，
zuǒ xián wáng zì lì wéi chányú，
yuè yú sǐ。
dōng，
běi xiōng nú shǐ gōng nán chányú，
hàn shǐ nán chányú，
jū xī hé měi jì，
shǐ xī hé zhǎnglì yǐ bīng wèi zhī。
nán chányú yǐ bīng tún bā jùn，
wéi hàn zhēn hóu。
gōng yuán wǔ yī nián běi xiōng nú zhì hàn wǔ wēi，
qǐng hé qīn。
gōng yuán wǔ '
èr nián běi xiōng nú shǐ rén xiàng hàn gòng mǎ qiú，
qǐng hé qīn。
gōng yuán wǔ wǔ nián běi xiōng nú qiǎn shǐ xiàng hàn fèng xiàn。
gōng yuán wǔ liù nián bǐ sǐ，
mò lì wéi chén fú yóu dī láo chányú。
yī nián hòu，
hàn lì wéi hé fá yú lǜ dī chányú。
gōng yuán wǔ jiǔ nián zhēngyuè，
hàn míng táng dà lǐ，
nán xiōng nú shì zǐ zhù jì。
hàn sǐ，
shì lì wéi xī tóng shī zhú hóu dī chányú。
gōng yuán liù '
èr nián shí yī yuè，
běi xiōng nú rǎo wǔ yuán。
shí '
èr yuè，
rǎo yún zhōng，
nán chányú jī què zhī。
chányú shì sǐ，
sū lì wéi qiū xú chē lín dī chányú，
shù yuè sǐ。
gōng yuán liù sān niánzhǎng lì wéi hú xié shī zhú hóu dī chányú。
gōng yuán liù sì nián běi xiōng nú xiàng hàn qiú shì，
xǔ zhī。
gōng yuán liù wǔ nián sān yuè，
hàn zhèng zhòng shǐ běi xiōng nú hái。
xī nán、
běi xiōng nú jiāo tōng zhuàng，
tún yíng wǔ yuán màn bǎi yǐ fáng zhī。
shí yuè，
běi xiōng nú rǎo xī hé zhū jùn。
gōng yuán liù liù nián '
èr yuè，
nán xiōng nú shǐ zǐ rù hàn xué。
gōng yuán qī '
èr nián shí '
èr yuè，
hàn gěng bǐng、
dòu gù děng tún liáng zhōu，
bèi jī xiōng nú。
gōng yuán qī sān nián '
èr yuè，
hàn sì lù jī běi xiōng nú。
dòu gù qǔ yī wú lú、
yú wú gōng。
hàn bān chāo shǐ xī yù，
shā běi xiōng nú shǐ zhě。
jiǔ yuè，
běi xiōng nú dà rù yún zhōng。
gōng yuán qī sì nián bā yuè，
hàn lìng zhū shǔ guó qiú rèn bīng，
fù jūn yíng gōng yuán qī wǔ nián sān yuè，
běi xiōng nú pò chē shī hòu wáng，
wéi jīn mǎn chéng。
qī yuè，
běi xiōng nú wéi gōng hàn gěng gōng。
shí yī yuè，
běi xiōng nú wéi liǔ zhōng chéng。
yòu gōng gěng gōng yú shū lè chéng。
gōng yuán qī liù nián hàn biān jùn bīng yǔ nán chányú，
gòng gōng běi xiōng nú。
gōng yuán qī qī nián sān yuè，
běi xiōng nú fù jù yī wú dì。
gōng yuán bā sān nián liù yuè，
běi xiōng nú sān mù lóu pǔ dà rù qǐng jiàng hàn。
gōng yuán bā sì nián běi xiōng nú xiàng hàn qǐng shì，
xǔ zhī。
dà qiě qú qū niú、
yáng zhì guān shì，
wéi nán chányú chāo lüè '
ér qù。
gōng yuán bā wǔ nián běi xiōng nú dà rén jiàng hàn zhě qī sān rén。
xī yù、
dīng líng、
xiān bēi gòng gōng xiōng nú，
chányú yuǎn zǒu。
dōng，
běi xiōng nú shēng yán huí jī nán chányú，
hàn shǐ nán chányú hái suǒ lüè。
chányú cháng sǐ，
xuān lì wéi yī tú yú lǘ dī chányú。
gōng yuán bā qī nián qī yuè，
xiān bēi dà pò běi xiōng nú，
shā yóu liú chányú。
shí yuè，
běi xiōng nú dà luàn，
wǔ shí bā bù '
èr bā wàn kǒu jiàng hàn。
gōng yuán bā bā nián qī yuè，
běi xiōng nú jī luàn，
jiàng nán chányú zhě suì shù qiān rén。
nán chányú qǐng hàn bīng jī běi xiōng nú。
xuān sǐ，
tún tú hé lì wéi xiū lán shī，
zhú hóu yí chányú。
gōng yuán bā jiǔ nián liù yuè，
hàn dòu xiàn pò běi xiōng nú yú jī luò shān、
lè shí yàn rán。
běi dān yú xiàng hàn fèng xiàn。
gōng yuán jiǔ líng nián '
èr yuè，
hàn fù shè xī hé、
shàng jùn shǔ guó dū wèi。
wǔ yuè，
dòu xiàn gōng běi xiōng nú yī wú lú dì。
jiǔ yuè，
běi dān yú xiàng hàn chēng chén。
shí yuè，
nán chányú yǔ hàn bīng xí běi xiōng nú。
gōng yuán jiǔ yī nián '
èr yuè，
dòu xiàn pò běi xiōng nú yú jīn wēi shān。
chányú yuǎn zǒu。
běi xiōng nú yú chú jiān lì wéi chányú，
zhì pú lèi hǎi、
kuǎn hàn sài qǐng jiàng。
gōng yuán jiǔ '
èr nián zhēngyuè，
hàn shòu yú chú jiān chányú xǐ huǎn，
tún yī wú，
yǐ bīng jiān hù zhī gōng yuán jiǔ sān nián zhēngyuè，
yú chú jiān shuài zhòng běi guī，
běi xiōng nú cán pò，
xiān bēi jù qí dì，
xiōng nú yú zhǒng shí yú wàn luò zì chēng xiān bēi。
tún tú hé sǐ，
ān guó lì wéi chányú。
gōng yuán jiǔ sì nián zhēngyuè，
ān guó yùshī zǐ bù hé。
ān guó bèi shǔ xià shā。
shī zǐ lì wéi tíng dú shī zhú hóu dī chányú。
shí yī yuè，
běi xiōng nú xīn jiàng zhě shí wǔ bù '
èr shí yú wàn rén yōng féng hóu wéi dān zǐ '
ér qǐ shì。
hàn、
xiān bēi gōng féng hóu。
gōng yuán jiǔ liù nián wǔ yuè，
nán xiōng nú yòu wēn yú dú wáng wū jū zhàn chū sài。
qī yuè，
hàn zhuī jī。
qiān qí yú zhòng yú '
ān dìng，
běi dì。
dōng，
féng hóu zuǒ bù wàn yú rén jiàng hàn。
gōng yuán jiǔ bā nián shī zǐ sǐ，
tán lì wéi wàn shì shī zhú dī chányú。
gōng yuán yī líng sì nián shí yī yuè，
běi xiōng nú chēng chén，
yuàn hé qīn，
hàn bù xǔ。
gōng yuán yī líng wǔ nián běi xiōng nú zhì dūn huáng gòng xiàn，
qǐng hàn xiū gù yuē，
hàn bù xǔ。
gōng yuán yī líng jiǔ nián jiǔ yuè，
nán xiōng nú gǔ dū hóu yǔ xiān bēi dà rén、
yàn mén wū huán lián bīng fàn wǔ yuán，
bài hàn bīng，
wéi měi jì。
shí yī yuè，
hàn bīng pò nán xiōng nú yù jiān rì zhú wáng。
gōng yuán yī yī líng nián zhēngyuè，
gěng kuí、
liáng jǐn bīng pò nán chányú。
èr yuè，
nán xiōng nú gōng cháng shān。
sān yuè，
nán chányú jiàng hàn，
hái suǒ lüè hàn nán nǚ jí qiāng suǒ mài rù xiōng nú zhě。
gōng yuán yī yī liù nián hàn yǔ nán chányú pò xiān líng qiāng yú líng zhōu。
gōng yuán yī yī bā nián chūn，
féng hóu jiàng hàn。
gōng yuán yī yī jiǔ nián běi xiōng nú fù yì shǔ xī yù zhū guó。
gōng yuán yī '
èr líng nián sān yuè，
běi xiōng nú jié chē shī hòu wáng，
shā hàn shǐ，
zhú chē shī qián wáng。
gōng yuán yī '
èr sān nián sì yuè，
běi xiōng nú shù rǎo hé xī，
hàn bān yǒng tún liǔ zhōng yǐ '
è zhī。
shí yī yuè，
xiān bēi gōng nán dān zǐ yú màn bǎi。
gōng yuán yī '
èr sì nián zhēngyuè，
bān yǒng fā xī yù bīng gōng běi xiōng nú yī lí wáng yú chē shī qián tíng。
wǔ yuè，
nán xiōng nú dà rén '
ā zú yǐ dān zǐ zhēng diào fán lěi，
běi zǒu，
hàn zhuī zhī，
zhǎn huò dài jìn。
tán sǐ，
bá bèi lì wéi nán chányú。
gōng yuán yī '
èr wǔ nián qī yuè，
bān yǒng zhǎn xiōng nú zài chē shī hòu tíng zhī shǐ zhě。
gōng yuán yī '
èr liù nián bān yǒng fā zhū guó bīng jī běi xiōng nú hū yǎn wáng。
hū yǎn wáng qiān jū kū wú hé shàng。
běi dān yú lái yuán，
yǒng zhú zhī。
xiān bēi shù kòu nán xiōng nú，
qiú hàn fù zhàng sài。
gōng yuán yī '
èr qī nián zhēngyuè，
hàn yǔ nán xiōng nú pò xiān bēi qí zhì jiān。
gōng yuán yī '
èr bā nián bá sǐ，
xiū lì lì wéi qù tè ruò shī zhú jiù dān zǐ。
gōng yuán yī sān sān nián sān yuè，
hàn yǔ nán xiōng nú jī xiān bēi。
gōng yuán yī sān sì nián sì yuè，
chē shī hòu bù jī běi xiōng nú yú chāng wú lóng gǔ。
gōng yuán yī sān wǔ nián chūn，
běi xiōng nú hū yǎn wáng gōng chē shī hòu bù。
gōng yuán yī sān qī nián bā yuè，
hàn bīng gōng hū yǎn wáng。
gōng yuán yī sì líng nián sì yuè，
nán xiōng nú jù lóng dà rén wú sī、
chē niǔ děng gōng xī hé、
wéi měi jì、
rǎo shuò fāng。
wǔ yuè，
hàn pò zhī。
hàn zhōng láng jiāng chén guī shā nán chányú。
jiǔ yuè，
wú sī lì chē niǔ wéi chányú，
jié wū huán，
qiāng hú，
lüè bìng zhōu、
liáng、
yōu、
jì děng dì。
hàn qiān xī hé、
shàng jùn、
shuò fāng yú nèi dì。
shí '
èr yuè，
pò chē niǔ yú mǎ yì，
chē niǔ jiàng。
gōng yuán yī sì '
èr nián wú sī lüè bìng zhōu。
gōng yuán yī sì sān nián liù yuè，
hàn lì shǒu yì wáng dōu lóu chǔ wéi chányú。
shí yī yuè，
hàn zhōng láng jiāng '
àn shā wú sī。
gōng yuán yī sì sì nián sì yuè，
hàn pò nán xiōng nú zuǒ bù。
gōng yuán yī sì qī nián dōu lóu chǔ sǐ，
chē jū '
ér lì wéi yī líng shī zhú jiù chányú。
gōng yuán yī wǔ yī nián sì yuè，
hū yǎn wáng rǎo yī wú。
gōng yuán yī wǔ sān nián chē shī hòu wáng jìn rù xiōng nú。
gōng yuán yī wǔ wǔ nián qī yuè，
nán xiōng nú zuǒ yù jiān tái qí，
qiě qú bó dé děng gōng měi chéng，
dōng qiāng yìng zhī。
hàn zhāo yòu dōng qiāng pò tái yíng，
bó dé děng。
gōng yuán yī wǔ liù nián qī yuè，
xiān bēi tán shí huái jìn yòu xiōng nú gù dì。
gōng yuán yī wǔ bā nián shí '
èr yuè，
nán xiōng nú zhū bù jié wū huán、
xiān bēi rǎo yán biān jiǔ jùn。
hàn yòu wū huán shā xiōng nú tú gè bù shuài，
yǐn bīng jī nán chányú、
pò jiàng zhī。
gōng yuán yī liù liù nián qī yuè，
xiān bēi jié nán xiōng nú rǎo jiǔ biān。
shí '
èr yuè，
nán xiōng nú、
wū huán '
èr shí wàn kǒu jiàng hàn。
gōng yuán yī qī sì nián shí '
èr yuè，
xiān bēi rǎo běi dì，
hàn jùn bīng yǔ tú gè bīng pò zhī。
gōng yuán yī qī qī nián bā yuè，
hàn yǔ nán xiōng nú bīng jī xiān bēi，
dà bài。
chē jū '
ér sǐ。
gōng yuán yī qī bā nián hū zhǐ lì wéi nán chányú。
gōng yuán yī qī jiǔ nián hàn zhōng láng jiāng shā hū zhǐ，
lì qiāng qú。
gōng yuán yī bā qī nián shí '
èr yuè，
tú gè hú qǐ shì。
gōng yuán yī bā bā nián sān yuè，
tú gè hú gōng shā bìng zhōu cì shǐ。
xiōng nú nèi hòng，
yī bù yǔ tú gè hú hé gōng shā qiāng qú，
qí zǐ yú fú luó lì wéi chí zhì shī zhú hóu dān zǐ。
qǐ yì zhě lìng lì xū bǔ gǔ dū hóu wéi chányú。
jiǔ yuè，
nán chányú yú fú luó yǔ bái bō、
huáng jīn hé gōng hé dōng。
gōng yuán yī bā jiǔ nián xū bǔ gǔ dū hóu sǐ。
nán chányú xū qí wèi，
yǐ lǎo wáng xíng guó shì。
gōng yuán yī jiǔ yī nián qī yuè，
yú fū luó fù dǒng zhuó。
gōng yuán yī jiǔ '
èr nián mù gù jié yú yú fū luó lüè。
cáo cāo pò zhī yú nèi huáng。
gōng yuán yī jiǔ sān nián zhēngyuè，
hēi shān bié bù yǔ yú fū luó fù yuán shù，
tún fēng qiū。
liù yuè，
cáo cāo jī tú gè bīng yú cháng shān，
wú gōng。
gōng yuán yī jiǔ wǔ nián shí yī yuè，
nán xiōng nú yòu xián wáng qù bēi hù wèi hàn xiàn dì，
jī tuì lǐ què、
guō bǎ bīng。
yú fū luó sǐ，
hū chú quán lì wéi chányú。
gōng yuán èr líng '
èr nián jiǔ yuè，
cáo cāo jī jiàng nán chányú。
gōng yuán èr yī liù nián qī yuè，
hū chú quán cháo jiàn wèi，
cáo cāo liú zhī，
shǐ qù bēi jiān qí guó。
fēn bù wéi wǔ，
gè lì guì rén wéi shuài，
yǐ hàn sī mǎ jiān zhī。
gōng yuán èr '
èr líng nián wèi shòu hū chú quán wèi xǐ shòu。
gōng yuán 290
nián，
xiōng nú kāi shǐ zài '
ā lán guó zhōu wéi huó dòng。
gōng yuán 350
nián，
xiōng nú miè '
ā lán。
gōng yuán 374
nián，
gōng rù dì niè bó hé，
yǔ dōng gē tè rén zhàn。
gōng yuán 375
nián，
miè dōng gē tè。
gōng yuán 376
nián，
xiōng nú dà bài xī gē tè，
hòu zhě táo rù luó mǎ dì guó jìng nèi。
gōng yuán 408
nián，
wū dīng wáng qù shì，
ào kè tǎ wáng cháo kāi shǐ，
ào kè tǎ chéng wéi guó wáng（
chányú）。
gōng yuán 434
nián，
bù léi dá hé '
ā tí lā gòng tóng chéng wèiguó wáng（
chányú），
gōng bài zhàn tíng，
hòu zhě bèi pò kāi shǐ xiàng xiōng nú fù 700
huáng jīn nián gòng。
gōng yuán 445
nián，
bù léi dá qù shì，
ā tí lā dú zhǎng dà quán。
gōng yuán 447
nián，
gōng bài zhàn tíng，
hòu zhě jiāng nián gòng zēng dào 2100
huáng jīn。
gōng yuán 451
nián，
shā lóng huì zhàn，
xī gē tè yǔ xī luó mǎ lián jūn shèng '
ā tí lā。
gōng yuán 452
nián，
xiōng nú rén bīng lín luó mǎ chéng，
jiào huáng lǐ '
ào yī shì chū chéng jiāng '
ā tí lā quàn shuō huí qù。
gōng yuán 453
nián，
ā tí lā qù shì，
xiōng nú dì guó bēng kuì。
gōng yuán 468
nián，
ā tí lā yī '
ér zǐ fā dòng duì bài zhàn tíng de zhàn zhēng，
zì jǐ zhàn bài sǐ qù。
cóng cǐ，
xiōng nú rén cóng lì shǐ shàng xiāo shī liǎo，
hěn kě néng bèi tóng huà dào bǎo jiā lì yà rén zhōng qù。
zhì yú xiōng yá lì de mǎ zhā '
ěr rén，
shì bù kě néng hé xiōng nú rén yòu guān lián de。
xiōng nú de guān zhí shè zhì xiōng nú de zhèng quán jī gòu gòng fēn sān gè bù fēn，
yī shì chányú tíng，
tā zhí xiá de dì qū zài xiōng nú zhōng bù；
èr shì zuǒ xián wáng tíng，
tā zhí xiá de dì qū zài xiōng nú dōng bù；
sān shì yòu xián wáng tíng，
tā zhí xiá de dì qū zài xiōng nú xī bù。
chányú zǒng lǎn jūn zhèng dà quán，
chányú hé zuǒ yòu xián wáng gè zài zì jǐ de xiá qū nèi zǔ zhì jūn duì bìng shí xíng tǒng zhì，
zuǒ yòu xián wáng shì xiōng nú zhèng quán dōng xī liǎng gè dì qū de zuì gāo xíng zhèng zhǎngguān，
xiōng nú rén yǐ zuǒ wéi shàng，
yīn cǐ，
chányú zhī xià yǐ zuǒ xián wáng wéi guì，
yīn cǐ quán lì hé dì wèi yào bǐ yòu xián wáng gāo。
zuǒ yòu xián wáng zhī xià shì zuǒ yòu gǔ lí wáng，
zuǒ yòu gǔ lí wáng yì gè jiàn guān liáo jī gòu yú qí suǒ xiá mù dì，
gǔ lí wáng zhī xià zé yòu zuǒ yòu dàjiàng、
zuǒ yòu dà dū wèi、
zuǒ yòu dà dāng hù、
zuǒ yòu xū děng hòu děng '
èr shí sì cháng，
tā men bèi chēng wéi“
wàn qí”，
èr shí sì gè wàn qí zhī xià gè shè qiān cháng（
qiān qí cháng）、
bǎi cháng（
bǎi qí cháng）、
shí cháng（
shí qí cháng），
pí xiǎo wáng、
xiāng、
fēng dū wèi děng guān，
zhè xiē dū wèi、
dànghù děng yě shì dài bīng guān tā men gè yǐ quán lì yōu liè、
bù duì duō shǎo fēn gāo xià。
The Xiongnu (Chinese: 匈奴; pinyin: Xiōngnú; Wade–Giles: Hsiung-nu, Middle Chinese: Guangyun: [xi̯woŋ˥˩nu˩]) were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin. The bulk of information on the Xiongnu comes from Chinese sources. What little is known of their titles and names comes from Chinese transliterations of their language.
The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses, because only a few words, mainly titles and personal names, were preserved in the Chinese sources. Proposals by scholars include Mongolic, Turkic, Iranian and Yeniseian. The name Xiongnu may be cognate to the name Huns, but the evidence for this is controversial.
Chinese sources from the 3rd century BC report them creating an empire under Modu Chanyu (who became supreme leader in 209 BC) stretching beyond the borders of modern day Mongolia. In the 2nd century BC, they defeated and displaced the previously dominant Yuezhi and became the predominant power on the steppes of eastern Asia. They were active in the areas now known as southern Siberia, Mongolia, western Manchuria, and the Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Xinjiang. Relations between early Chinese dynasties and the Xiongnu were complex, with repeated periods of military conflict and intrigue alternating with exchanges of tribute, trade, and marriage treaties.
Chronology
c. 700–209 BC Pastoral Nomad society develops north of China. There are petty raids on China but no organized nomad state.
244BC: First mention of Xiongnu. 221 BC: Qin dynasty founded. 215 BC: Meng Tian drives nomads out of the Ordos Loop but they return when Qin falls.
Rise: 209 BC: Modu Chanyu becomes Xiongnu Chanyu (ruler). 208?: Modu conquers the Donghu to the east creating an empire from the Ordos to Manchuria. 202 BC: Han Dynasty founded. 200: Xiongnu defeat and almost capture the first Han emperor. c. 200–140 BC Heqin policy adopted. Chinese pay tribute to Xiongnu which is cheaper than war. Chinese hope to civilize or corrupt Xiongnu with Chinese luxuries. Raids continue because the Chanyu does not fully control his tribesmen.
176 BC: Wusun in far western Gansu annexed. They later flee westward. ?: Xiongnu expand into the Tarim Basin and gain a non-Chinese source of urban and peasant produce. 162 BC: Modu's son drives the Yuezhi out of the Gansu corridor. 158 BC: Xiongnu raid near Han capital.
Decline: Before 140 BC: Chinese begin extensive horse-breeding to support a proper cavalry. 140–87 BC: Emperor Wu of Han adopts aggressive policy. 138–126 BC: Zhang Qian travels west to Bactria and returns with first information on the Western Regions. 133 BC: Han attempt to ambush the Chanyu. 133–119 BC: Han occupy Ordos Loop. Peasant colonization and food-growing military colonies. 119 BC: Battle of Mobei, a major Xiougnu defeat, Chanyu withdraws north of Gobi. 119–104 BC: Chinese raids north to Ulan Bator area. Han expand west to the Gansu corridor between Mongolia and Tibet. Xiongnu confined to Outer Mongolia and cut off from the Quiang on the Tibetan plateau. 104–87 BC: expansion into the eastern Tarim Basin, thereby 'cutting off the Xiongnu right hand'. Thereafter major fighting dies down. In the Tarim over the next two centuries there are complex shifts of power between Han, Xiongnu and local rulers.
104–100 BC: Li Guangli conquers Dayuan in the Ferghana Valley.
Breakup: First civil war: 60 BC: two rivals for throne. 51: weaker party moves south and submits to Chinese. 43: Southern Chanyu defeats northern one and reunites the empire. Second civil war: 47 AD: One faction moves south as Chinese ally or subject. Unable to retake the north, Xiongnu permanently split between northern and southern Chanyus. In the east Wuhuan and Xianbei (former Donghu) become independent and are paid by Chinese to attack northern Chanyu. 83 AD: disorders in the north. 87 AD: Xianbei behead northern Chanyu, tribes defect to the south. 89 AD: Han, Xianbei and Southern Xiongnu defeat Northern Chanyu who flees north. Many tribesmen join the Xianbei. 155 AD: last mention of northern Chanyu. Northern regions now controlled by the Xianbei state.
After 47 AD the Southern Xiongnu lived along the frontier as allies, subjects or border guards and become mixed with Chinese. After the fall of the Han in 220 AD Xiongnu remnants created many short-lived states all over north China. The Xiongnu seem to disappear as a distinct people by the 5th century AD.
Early history
Sima Qian stated, based on preceding Chinese records (Bamboo Annals), that the Xiongnu's ruling clan were descendants of Chunwei (淳維 "Chun tribes"), possibly a son of Jie, the final ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC).
The Xiongnu were initially a collection of small tribes residing in the barren Mongolian highlands. They were recognized as the most prominent of the nomads bordering the Han Empire. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (1045–256 BCE), the campaigns by Zhou's vassal states to purge other hostile "barbarians" allowed the Xiongnu the opportunity to fill a power vacuum. These newly arisen nomads became a great problem for the Chinese, as their horseback lifestyle made them ready for rapid invasion and raiding villages and townships. During the Warring States period (476–221 BCE), three out of the seven warring states shared borders with Xiongnu territory, and a series of interconnected defensive fortresses were constructed, which joined later into the Great Wall.
During the Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 BC), the Chinese army, under the command of General Meng Tian, drove the Xiongnu tribes away and recaptured the Ordos region. The presence of the powerful Donghu in the east and Yuezhi in the west also served to check the Xiongnu, forcing them to migrate further north for the next decade. With the collapse of the Qin Dynasty and the subsequent civil war (206–202 BC), the Xiongnu, under Chanyu Toumen, were able to migrate back to the border with China.
Confederation under Modu
Domain and influence of Xiongnu under Modu Chanyu around 205 BC
Asia in 200 BC, showing the early Xiongnu state and its neighbors.
In 209 BC, three years before the founding of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were brought together in a powerful confederacy under a new chanyu named Modu Chanyu. This new political unity transformed them into a more formidable state by enabling formation of larger armies and the ability to exercise better strategic coordination. The reason for creating the confederation remains unclear. Suggestions include the need for a stronger state to deal with the Qin unification of China that resulted in a loss of Ordos at the hands of Meng Tian, or the political crisis that overtook the Xiongnu in 215 BC, when Qin armies evicted them from their pastures on the Yellow River;
After forging internal unity, Modu expanded the empire on all sides. To the north he conquered a number of nomadic peoples, including the Dingling of southern Siberia. He crushed the power of the Donghu of eastern Mongolia and Manchuria, as well as the Yuezhi in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu where his son Jizhu made a cup out of the skull of the Yuezhi king. Modu also reoccupied all the lands previously taken by the Qin general Meng Tian. Under Modu's leadership, the Xiongnu threatened the Han Dynasty, almost causing Liu Bang to lose his throne in 200 BCE. By the time of Modu's death in 174 BC, the Xiongnu had driven the Yuezhi from the Hexi corridor, killing the Yuezhi king in the process and asserting their presence in the Western Regions of Xinjiang.
Nature of the Xiongnu state
After Modu, later leaders formed a dualistic system of political organisation with the left and right branches of the Xiongnu divided on a regional basis. The chanyu or shan-yü — supreme ruler equivalent to the Chinese "Son of Heaven" — exercised direct authority over the central territory. Longcheng (蘢城), near Koshu-Tsaidam in Mongolia, became the annual meeting place and de facto Xiongnu capital.
Xiongnu Hierarchy
The chief of the Xiongnu was called the Chanyu. Under the him were the "Wise Kings of the Left and Right." The Wise King of the Left was normally the heir presumptive. Next lower in the hierarchy came more officials in pairs of left and right: the guli (kuli, 'kings'), the army commanders, the great governors, the dunghu (tung-hu), the gudu (ku-tu). Beneath them came the commanders of detachments of one thousand, of one hundred, and of ten men. This nation of nomads, a people on the march, was organized like an army. ("Chanyu", in Chinese Chengli Gutu Shanyü, "Majesty Son of Heaven" might be a loanword from Turko-Mongol Tängri, Heaven or God. "Wise", in Chinese 'tuqi' or 'tu-ch'i, is perhaps from Turkic 'doghri', straight, faithful.)
Yap, apparently describing the early period, places the Chanyu's main camp north of Shanxi with the Wise King of the Left holding the area north of Beijing and the Wise King of the Right holding the Ordos Loop area as far as Gansu. Grousset, probably describing the situation after the the Xiongnu had been driven north, places the Chanyu on the upper Orkhon near where Ghengis Khan would later establish his capital of Karakorum. The Wise King of the Left lived in the east, probably on the high Kherlen. The Wise King of the Right lived in the west, perhaps near present day Uliastai in the Khangai Mountains.
The marriage treaty system
In the winter of 200 BC, following a siege of Taiyuan, Emperor Gao personally led a military campaign against Modun. At the battle of Baideng, he was ambushed reputedly by 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry. The emperor was cut off from supplies and reinforcements for seven days, only narrowly escaping capture.
After the defeat at Pingcheng, the Han emperor abandoned a military solution to the Xiongnu threat. Instead, in 198 BC, the courtier Liu Jing (劉敬) was dispatched for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties included a Han princess given in marriage to the chanyu (called heqin 和親 or "harmonious kinship"); periodic gifts to the Xiongnu of silk, liquor, and rice; equal status between the states; and the Great Wall as mutual border.
This first treaty set the pattern for relations between the Han and the Xiongnu for sixty years. Up to 135 BC, the treaty was renewed no less than nine times, each time with an increase in the "gifts". In 192 BC, Modun even asked for the hand of Emperor Gao's widow Empress Lü Zhi. His son and successor, the energetic Jiyu, known as the Laoshang Chanyu, continued his father's expansionist policies. Laoshang succeeded in negotiating with Emperor Wen terms for the maintenance of a large scale government sponsored market system.
While the Xiongnu benefited handsomely, from the Chinese perspective marriage treaties were costly, humiliating, and ineffective. Laoshang showed that he did not take the peace treaty seriously. On one occasion his scouts penetrated to a point near Chang'an. In 166 BC he personally led 140,000 cavalry to invade Anding, reaching as far as the imperial retreat at Yong. In 158 BC, his successor sent 30,000 cavalry to attack the Shang commandery and another 30,000 to Yunzhong.
War with Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty made preparations for war when the Han Emperor Wu dispatched the explorer Zhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the Xiongnu. While Zhang Qian did not succeed in this mission, his reports of the west provided even greater incentive to counter the Xiongnu hold on westward routes out of China, and the Chinese prepared to mount a large scale attack using the Northern Silk Road to move men and material.
While Han China was making preparations for a military confrontation from the reign of Emperor Wen, the break did not come until 133 BC, following an abortive trap to ambush the chanyu at Mayi. By that point the empire was consolidated politically, militarily and economically, and was led by an adventurous pro-war faction at court. In that year, Emperor Wu reversed the decision he had made the year before to renew the peace treaty.
Full scale war broke out in autumn 129 BC, when 40,000 Chinese cavalry made a surprise attack on the Xiongnu at the border markets. In 127 BC, the Han general Wei Qing retook the Ordos. In 121 BC, the Xiongnu suffered another setback when Huo Qubing led a force of light cavalry westward out of Longxi and within six days fought his way through five Xiongnu kingdoms. The Xiongnu Hunye king was forced to surrender with 40,000 men. In 119 BC both Huo and Wei, each leading 50,000 cavalrymen and 100,000 footsoldiers (in order to keep up with the mobility of the Xiongnu, many of the non-cavalry Han soldiers were mobile infantrymen who traveled on horseback but fought on foot), and advancing along different routes, forced the chanyu and his court to flee north of the Gobi Desert. Major logistical difficulties limited the duration and long-term continuation of these campaigns. According to the analysis of Yan You (嚴尤), the difficulties were twofold. Firstly there was the problem of supplying food across long distances. Secondly, the weather in the northern Xiongnu lands was difficult for Han soldiers, who could never carry enough fuel. According to official reports, the Xiongnu lost 80,000 to 90,000 men. And out of the 140,000 horses the Han forces had brought into the desert, fewer than 30,000 returned to China.
As a result of these battles, the Chinese controlled the strategic region from the Ordos and Gansu corridor to Lop Nor. They succeeded in separating the Xiongnu from the Qiang peoples to the south, and also gained direct access to the Western Regions.
Ban Chao, Protector General (都護; Duhu) of the Han Dynasty embarked with an army of 70,000 men in a campaign against the Xiongnu insurgents who were harassing the trade route we now know as the Silk Road. His successful military campaign saw the subjugation of one Xiongnu tribe after another. Ban Chao also sent an envoy named Gan Ying to Daqin (Rome). Ban Chao was created the Marquess of Dingyuan (定遠侯, i.e., "the Marquess who stabilized faraway places") for his services to the Han Empire and returned to the capital Loyang at the age of 70 years old and died there in the year 102. Following his death, the power of the Xiongnu in the Western Regions increased again, and the emperors of subsequent dynasties were never again able to reach so far to the west.
The First Xiongnu Civil War (60-53BC)
When a Chanyu died, power could pass to his younger brother if his son was not of age. This system, which can be compared to Gaelic tanistry, normally kept an adult male on the throne, but could cause trouble in later generations when there were several lineages that might claim the throne. When the 12th Chanyu died in 60BC, power was taken by Woyanqudi, a grandson of the 12th Chanyu's cousin. Being something of a usurper, he tried to put his own men in power, which only increased the number of his enemies. The 12th Chanyu's son fled east and, in 58BC, revolted. Few would support Woyanqudi and he was driven to suicide, leaving the rebel son, Huhanye, as the 14th Chanyu. The Woyanqudi faction then set up his brother, Tuqi, as Chanyu (58BC). In 57BC three more men declared themselves Chanyu. Two dropped their claims in favor of the third who was defeated by Tuqi in that year and surrendered to Huhanye the following year. In 56BC Tuqi was defeated by Huhanye and committed suicide, but two more claimants appeared: Runzhen and Huhanye's elder brother Zhizhi Chanyu. Runzhen was killed by Zhizhi in 54BC, leaving only Zhizhi and Huhanye. Zhizhi grew in power, and, in 53BC, Huhanye moved south and submitted to the Chinese. Huhanye used Chinese support to weaken Zhizhi, who gradually moved west. In 49BC a brother to Tuqi set himself up as Chanyu and was killed by Zhizhi. In 36BC Zhizhi was killed by a Chinese army while trying to establish a new kingdom in the far west near Lake Balkhash.
Tributary relations with the Han
The Han Dynasty world order in AD 2.
In 53 BC Huhanye (呼韓邪) decided to enter into tributary relations with Han China. The original terms insisted on by the Han court were that, first, the chanyu or his representatives should come to the capital to pay homage; secondly, the chanyu should send a hostage prince; and thirdly, the chanyu should present tribute to the Han emperor. The political status of the Xiongnu in the Chinese world order was reduced from that of a "brotherly state" to that of an "outer vassal" (外臣). During this period, however, the Xiongnu maintained political sovereignty and full territorial integrity. The Great Wall of China continued to serve as the line of demarcation between Han and Xiongnu.
Huhanye sent his son, the "wise king of the right" Shuloujutang, to the Han court as hostage. In 51 BC he personally visited Chang'an to pay homage to the emperor on the Lunar New Year. On the financial side, Huhanye was amply rewarded in large quantities of gold, cash, clothes, silk, horses and grain for his participation. Huhanye made two more homage trips, in 49 BC and 33 BC; with each one the imperial gifts were increased. On the last trip, Huhanye took the opportunity to ask to be allowed to become an imperial son-in-law. As a sign of the decline in the political status of the Xiongnu, Emperor Yuan refused, giving him instead five ladies-in-waiting. One of them was Wang Zhaojun, famed in Chinese folklore as one of the Four Beauties.
When Zhizhi learned of his brother's submission, he also sent a son to the Han court as hostage in 53 BC. Then twice, in 51 BC and 50 BC, he sent envoys to the Han court with tribute. But having failed to pay homage personally, he was never admitted to the tributary system. In 36 BC, a junior officer named Chen Tang, with the help of Gan Yanshou, protector-general of the Western Regions, assembled an expeditionary force that defeated him at the Battle of Zhizhi and sent his head as a trophy to Chang'an.
Tributary relations were discontinued during the reign of Huduershi (18 AD–48), corresponding to the political upheavals of the Xin Dynasty in China. The Xiongnu took the opportunity to regain control of the western regions, as well as neighbouring peoples such as the Wuhuan. In 24 AD, Hudershi even talked about reversing the tributary system.
Xiongnu and the Silk Road
The Silk Road was built because of the interaction between the Xiongnu and the Han Empire. The Hans cut their trade of weaponry with the Xiongnu. They then killed any merchant trading illegally with the Xiongnu. With this, the Hans were able to take control of Xiongnu territory. They were able to create trade routes all over India, Middle East and even the Roman empire. The main product of trade was silk. Silk became desirable by those countries and the Xiongnu were the main factor of transporting silk. They served the most important transportes and distributors of Chinese goods in Central Asia and helped establish reliable networks for the exchange of trade goods.
Cross-Cultural Encounter
While the Chinese were trying to bring the Xiongnu under control, something of high significance happened: cross-cultural encounters. A large variety of people (such as traders, ambassadors, hostages, parents in cross-cultural marriages, etc) served as helpers that passed on ideas, values, and techniques across cultural boundary lines. These encounters helped cultures learn from other cultures. Which is how the Xiongnu adopted Chinese argriculture techniques, silk, chopsticks, and houses of Chinese style.
Probably the most unexpected result of the Xiongnu and Chinese encounter was the loss of Chinese faith in themselves. Chinese military forces sometimes joined the Xiongnu en masse when they feared that their failure to defeat an enemy would get them at risk of punishment. A popular saying of the Han frontier explained their attiude: "Northward we can flee to the Hsiung-nu (that is, Xiongnu) and southward to the Yüeh."
Late history
Northern Xiongnu
Periods of Pre-Mongol Mongolia
Xiongnu Period
Xianbei Period
Nirun Period
Turkic Period
Uyghur Period
Khitan Period
The Xiongnu's new power was met with a policy of appeasement by Emperor Guangwu. At the height of his power, Huduershi even compared himself to his illustrious ancestor, Modu. Due to growing regionalism among the Xiongnu, however, Huduershi was never able to establish unquestioned authority. When he designated his son as heir apparent (in contravention of the principle of fraternal succession established by Huhanye), Bi, the Rizhu king of the right, refused to attend the annual meeting at the chanyu's court.
As the eldest son of the preceding chanyu, Bi had a legitimate claim to the succession. In 48, two years after Huduershi's son Punu ascended the throne, eight Xiongnu tribes in Bi's powerbase in the south, with a military force totalling 40,000 to 50,000 men, acclaimed Bi as their own chanyu. Throughout the Eastern Han period, these two groups were called the southern Xiongnu and the northern Xiongnu, respectively.
Hard pressed by the northern Xiongnu and plagued by natural calamities, Bi brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in 50. The tributary system was considerably tightened to keep the southern Xiongnu under Han supervision. The chanyu was ordered to establish his court in the Meiji district of Xihe commandery. The southern Xiongnu were resettled in eight frontier commanderies. At the same time, large numbers of Chinese were forced to migrate to these commanderies, where mixed settlements began to appear. The northern Xiongnu were dispersed by the Xianbei in 85 and again in 89 by the Chinese during the Battle of Ikh Bayan, in which the last Northern Chanyu was defeated and fled over to the north west with his subjects.
Southern Xiongnu
Southern and Northern Xiongnu in 200 AD, before the collapse of the Han Dynasty.
Economically, the southern Xiongnu relied almost totally on Han assistance. Tensions were evident between the settled Chinese and practitioners of the nomadic way of life. Thus, in 94 Anguo Chanyu joined forces with newly subjugated Xiongnu from the north and started a large scale rebellion against the Han.
Towards the end of the Eastern Han, the southern Xiongnu were drawn into the rebellions then plaguing the Han court. In 188, the chanyu was murdered by some of his own subjects for agreeing to send troops to help the Han suppress a rebellion in Hebei – many of the Xiongnu feared that it would set a precedent for unending military service to the Han court. The murdered chanyu's son Yufuluo, entitled Chizhisizhu (持至尸逐侯), succeeded him, but was then overthrown by the same rebellious faction in 189. He travelled to Luoyang (the Han capital) to seek aid from the Han court, but at this time the Han court was in disorder from the clash between Grand General He Jin and the eunuchs, and the intervention of the warlord Dong Zhuo. The chanyu had no choice but to settle down with his followers in Pingyang, a city in Shanxi. In 195, he died and was succeeded by his brother Hucuquan.
In 216, the warlord-statesman Cao Cao detained Hucuquan in the city of Ye, and divided his followers in Shanxi into five divisions: left, right, south, north, and centre. This was aimed at preventing the exiled Xiongnu in Shanxi from engaging in rebellion, and also allowed Cao Cao to use the Xiongnu as auxiliaries in his cavalry. Eventually, the Xiongnu aristocracy in Shanxi changed their surname from Luanti to Liu for prestige reasons, claiming that they were related to the Han imperial clan through the old intermarriage policy.
After the Han Dynasty
After Hucuquan, the Xiongnu were partitioned into five local tribes. The complicated ethnic situation of the mixed frontier settlements instituted during the Eastern Han had grave consequences, not fully apprehended by the Chinese government until the end of the 3rd century. By 260, Liu Qubei had organized the Tiefu confederacy in the north east, and by 290, Liu Yuan was leading a splinter group in the south west. At that time, non-Chinese unrest reached alarming proportions along the whole of the Western Jin frontier.
Liu Yuan's Northern Han (304–318)
In 304 the sinicised Liu Yuan, a grandson of Yufuluo Chizhisizhu stirred up descendants of the southern Xiongnu in rebellion in Shanxi, taking advantage of the War of the Eight Princes then raging around the Western Jin capital Luoyang. Under Liu Yuan's leadership, they were joined by a large number of frontier Chinese and became known as Bei Han. Liu Yuan used 'Han' as the name of his state, hoping to tap into the lingering nostalgia for the glory of the Han dynasty, and established his capital in Pingyang. The Xiongnu use of large numbers of heavy cavalry with iron armour for both rider and horse gave them a decisive advantage over Jin armies already weakened and demoralised by three years of civil war. In 311, they captured Luoyang, and with it the Jin emperor Sima Chi (Emperor Huai). In 316, the next Jin emperor was captured in Chang'an, and the whole of north China came under Xiongnu rule while remnants of the Jin dynasty survived in the south (known to historians as the Eastern Jin).
Liu Yao's Former Zhao (318–329)
In 318, after suppressing a coup by a powerful minister in the Xiongnu-Han court (in which the Xiongnu-Han emperor and a large proportion of the aristocracy were massacred), the Xiongnu prince Liu Yao moved the Xiongnu-Han capital from Pingyang to Chang'an and renamed the dynasty as Zhao (Liu Yuan had declared the empire's name Han to create a linkage with Han Dynasty—to which he claimed he was a descendant, through a princess, but Liu Yao felt that it was time to end the linkage with Han and explicitly restore the linkage to the great Xiongnu chanyu Maodun, and therefore decided to change the name of the state. However, this was not a break from Liu Yuan, as he continued to honor Liu Yuan and Liu Cong posthumously.) (it is hence known to historians collectively as Han Zhao). However, the eastern part of north China came under the control of a rebel Xiongnu-Han general of Jie (probably Yeniseian) ancestry named Shi Le. Liu Yao and Shi Le fought a long war until 329, when Liu Yao was captured in battle and executed. Chang'an fell to Shi Le soon after, and the Xiongnu dynasty was wiped out. North China was ruled by Shi Le's Later Zhao dynasty for the next 20 years.
However, the "Liu" Xiongnu remained active in the north for at least another century.
Tiefu & Xia (260–431)
The northern Tiefu branch of the Xiongnu gained control of the Inner Mongolian region in the 10 years between the conquest of the Tuoba Xianbei state of Dai by the Former Qin empire in 376, and its restoration in 386 as the Northern Wei. After 386, the Tiefu were gradually destroyed by or surrendered to the Tuoba, with the submitting Tiefu becoming known as the Dugu. Liu Bobo, a surviving prince of the Tiefu fled to the Ordos Loop, where he founded a state called the Xia (thus named because of the Xiongnu's supposed ancestry from the Xia dynasty) and changed his surname to Helian (赫連). The Helian-Xia state was conquered by the Northern Wei in 428–431, and the Xiongnu thenceforth effectively ceased to play a major role in Chinese history, assimilating into the Xianbei and Han ethnicities.
Tongwancheng (meaning "Unite All Nations") was the capital of the Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms), whose rulers claimed descent from Modu Chanyu.
File:Hunmuseum.jpg
Inner-Mongolian Xiongnu Museum. Hohhot, Inner-Mongolia, China
The ruined city was discovered in 1996 and the State Council designated it as a cultural relic under top state protection. The repair of the Yong'an Platform, where Helian Bobo, emperor of the Da Xia regime, reviewed parading troops, has been finished and restoration on the 31-meter-tall turret will begin soon. There are hopes that Tongwancheng may achieve UNESCO World Heritage status.
Juqu & Northern Liang (401–460)
The Juqu were a branch of the Xiongnu. Their leader Juqu Mengxun took over the Northern Liang by overthrowing the former puppet ruler Duan Ye. By 439, the Juqu power was destroyed by the Northern Wei. Their remnants were then settled in the city of Gaochang before being destroyed by the Rouran.
Interpretation
Barfield attempted to interpret Xiongnu history as well as narrate it. He made the following points. The Xiongnu confederation was unusually long-lived for a steppe empire. The purpose of raiding China was not simply booty, but to force the Chinese to pay regular tribute. The power of the Xiongnu ruler was based on his control of Chinese tribute which he used to reward his supporters. The Han and Xiongnu empires rose at the same time because the Xiongnu state depended on Chinese tribute. A major Xiongnu weakness was the custom of lateral succession. If a dead ruler's son was not old enough to take command, power passed to the late ruler's brother. This worked in the first generation but could lead to civil war in the second generation. The first time this happened, in 60 BC, the weaker party adopted what Barfield calls the 'inner frontier strategy.' They moved south and submitted to China and then used Chinese resources to defeat the Northern Xiongnu and re-establish the empire. The second time this happened, about 47 AD, the strategy failed. The southern ruler was unable to defeat the northern ruler and the Xiongnu remained divided.
Religion
Chinese sources inform us that the Xiongnu worshipped the sun, moon, heaven, earth, and their ancestors.
Languages: origins and descendant
Turkic theories and possible relationship to Hun
Since the early 19th century, Western scholars have proposed various language families or subfamilies as the affines of the language of the Xiongnu. Proponents of the Turkic languages included E.H. Parker, Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, Julius Klaproth, Kurakichi Shiratori, Gustaf John Ramstedt, Annemarie von Gabain, and Omeljan Pritsak. Some sources say the ruling class was proto-Turkic, while others suggest it was proto-Hunnic.
Just as in the 7th century Chinese History of Northern Dynasties and the Book of Zhou, an inscription in the Iranian language, Sogdian, reports the Turks to be a subgroup of the Huns. Henning (1948) also exorcised the perpetual debate about equivalency of the numerous Chinese phonetic renditions of the word Hun and the Huns known from non-Chinese sources, by demonstrating an alphabetical form of the word coded in the Chinese as Xiongnu.
The names "Xiongnu" and "Hun"
Pronunciation of 匈
Source: http://starling.rinet.ru
Preclassic Old Chinese: sŋoŋ
Classic Old Chinese: [ŋ̊oŋ]
Postclassic Old Chinese: hoŋ
Middle Chinese: xöuŋ
Modern Cantonese: [hʊ́ŋ]
Modern Mandarin: [ɕɥʊ́ŋ]
Modern Sino-Korean: [hɯŋ]
Modern Sino-Japanese: [kjoː]
Location of Xiongnu and other steppe nations in 300 AD.
The supposed sound of the first character has a clear similarity with the name "Hun" in European languages. Whether this is evidence of kinship or mere coincidence is hard to tell. It could lend credence to the theory that the Huns were in fact descendants of the Northern Xiongnu who migrated westward, or that the Huns were using a name borrowed from the Northern Xiongnu, or that these Xiongnu made up part of the Hun confederation. As in the case of the Rouran with the Avars, oversimplifications have led to the Xiongnu often being identified with the Huns, who populated the frontiers of Europe. The connection started with the writings of the 18th century French historian de Guignes, who noticed that a few of the barbarian tribes north of China associated with the Xiongnu had been named "Hun" with varying Chinese characters. This theory remains at the level of speculation, although it is accepted by some scholars, including Chinese ones. DNA testing of Hun remains has not proven conclusive in determining the origin of the Huns.
"Xiōngnú" [ɕɥʊ́ŋnǔ] is the modern Mandarin Chinese pronunciation. At the time of Hunnish contact with the western world (the 4th–6th centuries AD), the sound of the character "匈" 'chest' has been reconstructed as /hoŋ/. The second character, "奴", appears to have no parallel in Western terminology. Its contemporary pronunciation was /nhō/, and it means "slave" — usually a pejorative term, although it is possible that it has only a phonetic role in the name 匈奴. There is almost certainly no connection between the "chest" meaning of 匈 and its ethnic meaning. There might conceivably be some sort of connection with the identically pronounced word "凶", which means "fierce", "ferocious", "inauspicious", "bad", or "violent act".
Although the phonetic evidence is inconclusive, new results from Central Asia might shift the balance in favor of a political and cultural link between the Xiongnu and the Huns. The Central Asian sources of the 4th century translated in both direction Xiongnu by Huns (in the Sogdian Ancient Letters, the Xiongnu in Northern China are named xwn, while in the Buddhist translations by Dharmarakhsa Huna of the Indian text is translated Xiongnu). The Hunnic cauldrons are similar to the Ordos Xiongnu ones. Moreover, both in Hungary and in the Ordos they were found buried in river banks.
Iranic theory
Among scholars who proposed an Iranic origin for the Xiongnu are H.W. Bailey (1985) and János Harmatta (1999), who believe that the Xiongnu confederation consisted of 24 tribes, controlling a nomadic empire with a strong military organization, and that "their loyal tribes and kings (shan-yü) bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of the Saka type. . . . It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language". Jankowski concurs.
Yeniseian theory
Lajos Ligeti was the first to suggest that the Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language. In the early 1960s Edwin Pulleyblank was the first to expand upon this idea with credible evidence. In 2000, Alexander Vovin reanalyzed Pulleyblank's argument and found further support for it by utilizing the most recent reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology by Starostin and Baxter and a single Chinese transcription of a sentence in the language of the Jie (a member tribe of the Xiongnu confederacy). Previous Turkic interpretations of the aforementioned sentence do not match the Chinese translation as precisely as using Yeniseian grammar. The hypothesis of Edwin Pulleyblank (1962) in favor of the Ket also seems to be favored by some scholar
Mongolic theorie
Some scholars, including Paul Pelliot and Byambyn Rinchen, insisted on a Mongolic origin. B.Rinchen and G.Sukhbaatar first used the term: "Hunnu" instead of the Chinese corruption Xiongnu. Now, Hunnu (Хүннү) is more commonly used in Mongolia. The Mongolian government will celebrate the 2220th anniversary of the Hunnu Empire in 2011.
Theories on multi-ethnicity
Albert Terrien de Lacouperie considered them to be multi-component groups. Many scholars believe the Xiongnu confederation was a mixture of different ethno-linguistic groups, and that their main language (as represented in the Chinese sources) and its relationships, have not yet been satisfactorily determined.
Language Isolate theory
The Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer has denied any possibility of a relationship between the Xiongnu language and any other known language and rejected in the strongest terms any connection with Turkish or Mongolian.
Archaeology and genetic
In the 1920s, Pyotr Kozlov's excavations of the royal tombs dated to about 1st century CE at Noin-Ula in northern Mongolia provided a glimpse into the lost world of the Xiongnu. Other archaeological sites have been unearthed in Inner Mongolia and elsewhere; they represent the Neolithic and historical periods of the Xiongnu's history. Those included the Ordos culture, many of them had been identified as the Xiongnu cultures. The region was occupied predominantly by peoples showing Mongoloid features, known from their skeletal remains and artifacts. Portraits found in the Noin-Ula excavations demonstrate other cultural evidences and influences, showing that Chinese and Xiongnu art have influenced each other mutually. Some of these embroidered portraits in the Noin-Ula kurgans also depict the Xiongnu with long braided hair with wide ribbons, which are seen to be identical with the Turkic Ashina clan hair-style.
Geographic location & Xiongnu genetic
The original geographic location of Xiongnu is generally placed at the Ordo
. A study based on mitochondrial DNA analysis of human remains interred in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia concluded that the Turkic peoples originated from the same area and therefore are possibly related.
A majority (89%) of the Xiongnu mtDNA sequences can be classified as belonging to Asian haplogroups, and nearly 11% belong to European haplogroups. This finding indicates that the contacts between European and Asian populations were anterior to the Xiongnu culture, and it confirms results reported for two samples from an early 3rd century BC. Scytho-Siberian population (Clisson et al. 2002).
Another study from 2004 screened ancient samples from the Egyin Gol necropolis for the Y-DNA Tat marker. The Egyin Gol necropolis, located in northern Mongolia in the region of Lake Baikal, is ~2300 years old and belongs to the Xiongnu culture. This Tat-polymorphism is a biallelic marker what has so far been observed only in populations from Asia and northern Europe. It reaches its highest frequency in Yakuts and northern Finno-Ugric peoples. Opinions differ about whether the geographic origin of the T-C mutation lies in Asia or northern Eurasia. Zerjal et al. suggested that this mutation first arose in the populations of Central Asia; they proposed Mongolia as a candidate location for the origin of the T-C polymorphism. In contrast, for Lahermo et al. the wide distribution of the mutation in north Eurasian populations suggests that it arose in northern Eurasia. According to them, the estimated time of the C mutation is ~2400–4440 years ago. (According to some more recent researches of the Y-DNA Hg N the presence of N1c and N1b in modern Siberian and Asian populations is considered to reflect an ancient substratum, possibly speaking Uralic/Finno-Ugric languages. Haplogroup N). Concerning the Xiongnu people, two of them from the oldest section harboured the mutation, confirming that the Tat polymorphism already existed in Mongolia 2300 years ago. The next archaeogenetical occurrence of this N-Tat ancient DNA was found in Hungary among the so-called Homeconqueror Hungarians. Also three Yakuts' aDNA from the 15th century, and of two from the late 18th century were this haplogroup. Additionally two mtDNA sequence matches revealed in this work suggest that the Xiongnu tribe under study may have been composed of some of the ancestors of the present-day Yakut population.
Another study of 2006 aimed at the contacts between Siberian and steppe peoples with the analysis of a Siberian grave of Pokrovsk recently discovered near the Lena River and dated from 2,400 to 2,200 years B.P., and proved the existence of previous contacts between autochthonous hunters of Siberia and the nomadic horse breeders from the Altai-Baikal area (Mongolia and Buryatia). Indeed, the stone arrowhead and the harpoons relate this Pokrovsk man to the traditional hunters of the Taiga. Some artifacts made of horse bone and the pieces of armor, however, are related to the tribes of Mongolia and Buryatia of the Xiongnu period (3rd century BC). This affinity has been confirmed by the match of the mitochondrial haplotype of this subject with a woman of the Egyin Gol necropolis (2nd/3rd century AD). This haplotype was attributed to the mtDNA D haplogroup. The paternal lineage of the Pokrovsk subject seems to differ from the lineages found in the modern local population. The mtDNA sequence was compared with databases and the haplotype matched two Buryats from the Baikal area, two West Siberians, two Mansis, one Evenk, one older and two modern Yakuts, and one female from the Egyin Gol necropolis. This mitochondrial haplotype is not found in Koryaks, Chukchi, Itelmen, or Yukaghirs, sometimes considered "Paleo-Asiatic" ethnic groups, or in Central Asian populations. The similarity of the mitochondrial haplotype of the Pokrovsk subject with Buryats and a skeleton from the Egyin Gol necropolis, located 2,000 km to the south, confirms the occurrence of ancient contacts between the Altai-Baikal region and Oriental Siberia before the end of the Xiong Nu period (3rd century BC to 2nd century AD). Some female ancestors of this Pokrovsk hunter may originate from the First Empire of the Steppes, well known for its military expansion to the south (China) and to the west. However, the man of the Pokrovsk grave shows that these nomadic people may have also tried to explore the north by diffusion along the rivers. The match of the sequence with two Mansis from the Ural Mountains and two western Siberians could be related to an extensive gene flow along the Ienissei River (Starikovskaya et al. 2005). Considering the important frequency of Asian haplogroups present in the Mansi (Derbeneva et al. 2002), this similarity may stem from the wide expansion of the nomadic tribes from the southern steppe to the Ural Mountains. Thus the gene flow seems to have affected autochthonous populations from Oriental and Occidental Siberia during the Xiong Nu period since the 3rd century BC. The analysis of the Pokrovsk grave corroborates the great influence of the Xiongnu Empire over the Siberian populations and early admixture between populations from the southern steppe and Central Siberia aboriginals.
Another 2006 study observed genetic similarity among Mongolian samples from different periods and geographic areas including 2,300-year-old Xiongnu population of the Egyin Gol Valley. This results supports the hypothesis that the succession over time of different Turkic and Mongolian tribes in the current territory of Mongolia resulted in cultural rather than genetic exchanges. Furthermore, it appears that the Yakuts probably did not find their origin among the Xiongnu tribes as previously hypothesised.
A research study of 2006 focused on Y-DNAs of the Egyin Gol site, and besides the confirmation of the above mentioned two N3-Tats, it also identified a Q haplogroup from the middle period and a C haplogroup from the later (2nd century AD). The Q is one of the haplogroups of the indigenous peoples of the Americas (though this is not this subclade), and a minor in Siberia and Central Asia. Only two groups in the Old World are high majority Q groups. These are the Uralic Selkups and the Yeniseian Kets. They live in western and middle Siberia, together with the Ugric Khantys. The Kets originally lived in southern Siberia. The Uralic-Samoyedics were an old people of the Sayan-Baikal region, migrated northwest around the 1st/2nd century AD. According to the Uralistic literature the swift migration and disjunction of the Samoyedic peoples may be connected to a heavy warring in the region, probably due to the dissolution of the Xiongnu Empire in the period of the Battle of Ikh Bayan. The mutation defining this haplogroup C, is restrained in North and Eastern-Asia and in America (Bergen et al. 1998. 1999.) (Lell et al. 2002.). The highest frequencies of Haplogroup C3 are found among the populations of Mongolia and the Russian Far East, where it is generally the modal haplogroup. Haplogroup C3 is the only variety of Haplogroup C to be found among Native Americans, among whom it reaches its highest frequency in Na-Dené populations.
A research project of 2007 (Yi Chuan, 2007) was aimed at the genetic affinities between Tuoba Xianbei and Xiongnu populations. Some mtDNA sequences from Tuoba Xianbei remains in Dong Han period were analyzed. Comparing with the published data of Xiongnu, the results indicated that the Tuoba Xianbei presented some close affinities to the Xiongnu, which implied that there was a gene flow between Tuoba Xianbei and Xiongnu during the 2 southward migrations.
A study of 2010 analysed six human remains of a nomadic group, excavated from Pengyang, Northern China. From the mtDNA, six haplotypes were identified as three haplogroups: C, D4 and M10. The analyses revealed that these individuals were closely associated with the ancient Xiongnu and modern northern Asians. The analysis of Y chromosomes from four male samples that were typed as haplogroup Q indicated that these people had originated in Siberia.
Rock Art and Writing
The rock art of the Yinshan and Helanshan is dated from the 9th millennium BC to 19th century. It consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and only minimally of painted images.
Excavations conducted between 1924–1925, in Noin-Ula kurgans located in Selenga River in the northern Mongolian hills north of Ulan Bator, produced objects with over twenty carved characters, which were either identical or very similar to that of to the runic letters of the Turkic Orkhon script discovered in the Orkhon Valley. From this a some scholars hold that the Xiongnu had a script similar to Eurasian runiform and this alphabet itself served as the basis for the ancient Turkic writing.
