阿尤布王朝為12世紀—13世紀統治埃及、敘利亞、也門的回教王國。由庫爾德人建立的該王朝最強盛時期，版圖甚至延伸至聖城麥加與北伊拉剋。阿尤布傢族的阿尤布、謝爾庫赫兄弟原先是Zengid Dynasty的士兵，然後他們獲得了獨立地位，而阿尤布之子便是埃及民族英雄薩拉丁。
薩拉丁於1169年建立了阿尤布王朝，1171年，薩拉丁在阿拉伯帝國法蒂瑪王朝末代哈裏發死後解散法蒂瑪王朝，阿尤布王朝花費了接下來的十餘年，直到1183年，對埃及、敘利亞、北部美索不達米亞、也門、北非沿岸的徵服完成了。在1187年的哈丁戰役中，又取得對耶路撒冷王國的勝利，但是不久以後十字軍又重新控製了巴勒斯坦的海岸綫。薩拉丁逝世後，其後代經徵戰從埃及境內繼續擴張其領土，不過自從1250年，尤其是蒙古人在1260年取得對阿尤布王朝的控製之後漸趨沒落，蒙古人離開以後，馬穆魯剋人在哈馬(Harma)推翻了阿尤布王朝最後一任統治者。
儘管時間短暫，但在阿尤布王朝開創了一個經濟繁榮的時期，並且使得伊斯蘭世界的文明再一次興盛。
首都 開羅（1171年至1174年）
大馬士革（1174年至1218年）
開羅（1218年至1250年）
大馬士革（1250年至一二六○年）
Harma（1260年至1341年）
語言 阿拉伯語(官方語言) 庫爾德語
宗教 遜尼派伊斯蘭教
政府 君主製
蘇丹
- 1174-1193 薩拉丁(首位)
- 1331-13411 艾弗達勒 穆罕默德(末位)
歷史
- 建立 1171年
- 廢除 1341年
人口
- 12世紀 est. 7,200,000(估算)2 人
貨幣 第納爾
Saladin was confirmed as Nureddin's deputy in Egypt, and on the death of Nureddin on April 12, 1174 he took the title sultan. During his reign Damascus, rather than Cairo, was the major city of the empire. Nevertheless he fortified Cairo, which became the political centre of Egypt. It was in 1183 that Saladin's rule over Egypt and North Syria was consolidated. Much of Saladin's time was spent in Syria, where he fought the Crusader States, and Egypt was largely governed by his deputy Karaksh.
Saladin's son Othman succeeded him in Egypt in 1193. He allied with his uncle (Saladin's brother) Al-Adil I against Saladin's other sons, and after the wars that followed, Al-Adil took power in 1200. He died in 1218 during the siege of Damietta in the Fifth Crusade, and was succeeded by al-Kamil, who lost Damietta to the Crusaders in 1219. However, he defeated their advance to Cairo by flooding the Nile, and they were forced to evacuate Egypt in 1221. Al-Kamil was later forced to give up various cities in Palestina and Syria to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor during the Sixth Crusade, in order to gain his help against Damascus.
Najm al-Din became sultan in 1240. His reign saw the recapture of Jerusalem in 1244, and the introduction of a larger force of Mameluks into the army. Much of his time was spent in campaigns in Syria, where he allied with the Khwarezmians against the Crusaders and Ayyubids. In 1249 he faced an invasion by Louis IX of France (the Seventh Crusade), and Damietta was lost again. Najm al-Din died soon after this, but his son Turanshah defeated Louis and expelled the Crusaders from Egypt. Turanshah was soon overthrown by the Mameluks, who had become the "kingmakers" since their arrival and now wanted full power for themselves.