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| 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 首都:弗裏敦 國家代碼: sl |
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塞拉利昂共和國（Republic of Sierra Leone），位於西非大西洋岸，北部及東部被幾內亞包圍、東南與利比裏亞接壤，首都弗裏敦。臺灣譯為獅子山共和國，中國大陸和香港譯為塞拉利昂共和國。
歷史 1462年葡萄牙探險傢首先踏足此地，並命名為“Sierra Leone”，意思就是“獅子山”（與香港的獅子山沒有關係）。其後，本地一直都是歐洲奴隸的供應來源地。1787年，在廢奴主義者的壓力下，於現在首都弗裏敦建市，以供原來準備販賣往倫敦工作的奴隸生活。 1808年，塞拉利昂成為了英國的殖民地，直到20世紀中期英國的去殖民化運動開始為止。1961年4月27日，塞拉利昂宣告獨立，但仍然奉英女皇為國傢元首。首位首相由米爾頓·馬爾蓋（Milton Margai）爵士出任。 獨立後的塞拉利昂一直由一黨專政，直到1991年內戰爆發。福戴·桑科（Foday Sankoh）領導的的革命聯合陣綫（Revolutionary United Front，RUF）反抗政府一黨專政的統治，內戰造成數以萬計的人民死亡及超過二百萬人（相當於超過三分一國民人口）流離失所，這些失去傢園的人民變成了鄰國的難民。1997年5月25日發生的一次政變中，當時的總統艾哈邁德·泰詹·卡巴被軍隊少校約翰尼·保羅·科羅馬所取替，但後來卡巴總統再次復職。 2007年8月11日，總統和議會選舉。埃內斯特·巴伊·科羅馬和所羅門·貝雷瓦進入總統選舉第二輪投票。9月8日，總統選舉第二輪投票。科羅馬當選總統。 城市 弗裏敦（Freetown） 考度（Koidu） 人口 塞拉利昂國內共有18個種族，其中人口最多的是曼德族（Mende）及譚姆恩族（Temne），兩族約占全國60%人口。曼德族主要居住於南部地區，而譚姆恩族則聚集於北部地區。 塞拉利昂約有60%的人民信仰伊斯蘭教，10%信仰基督教，30%信仰傳統宗教或其他宗教。塞拉利昂政府奉行宗教自由政策，各宗教間因而能夠和平共處，未如鄰近各國般時常出現宗教衝突。 經濟 塞拉利昂人民至今仍然是過著奴隸生活，而且塞拉利昂是全世界最貧窮的國傢之一，無論是購買能力、健康長壽或是教育獲得都是世界倒數第一，建設更是嚴重不足。 由於礦産豐富，塞拉利昂國的經濟主要是依賴礦業，尤其鑽礦業占了很大分量。其中最為世人所知的是從塞拉利昂國開採的血鑽石以高價售出。在1970以及1980年代的早期，由於礦業中心城市的衰落以及政府的日益增加的貪污，造成經濟成長率緩慢。到了1990年代，經濟活動更加衰落，經濟結構與水平也退步更多。在這十幾年之中大部分的經濟活動都因內戰而崩潰。在2002年元月戰爭到達尾聲，大量的外國援助涌入幫助塞拉利昂國的重建。而最主要能使塞拉利昂國經濟重新復蘇的關鍵將是未來政府能否有效地減少貪腐，尤其大多數人都認為內戰是因領導者而起的。政府能否成功地管理鑽礦中心，對於經濟發展十分重要。 Freetown is the capital, seat of government, and largest city. Bo is the second largest city. Other major cities in the country with a population over 100,000 are Kenema, Koidu Town and Makeni. The country is home to Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, established in 1827. The Njala University in the country's second largest city of Bo is the other major university in the country. Sierra Leone is home to the third largest natural harbours in the world, the Queen Elizabeth II Quay (also known as the QE II Quay and locally as the Deep Water Quay or Government Warf). English is the official language of Sierra Leone spoken at schools, government administration and by the media. The Krio language (a language derived from English and several African languages and native to the Sierra Leone Krio people) is the national language of Sierra Leone and is the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. The Krio language is spoken by at least 95% of Sierra Leone's population and unites all the different ethnic groups, especially in their trade and interaction with each other .. In December 2002, Sierra Leone’s President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah named Bengali as an "official language" in recognition of the work of 5,300 troops from Bangladesh in the peace-keeping force. Sierra Leone is officially home to fifteen ethnic groups, each with its own language and costume; however, the two largest and most dominant are the Mende and Temne, each comprises 30% of the population. The Mende are predominantly found in South-eastern Sierra Leone and the Temne predominate in Northern Sierra Leone. The two ethnic groups are major rivals, particularly in politics. Early inhabitants of Sierra Leone included the Sherbro, Temne and Limba, and Tyra [disambiguation needed] peoples, and later the Mende, who knew the country as Romarong, and the Kono who settled in the East of the country. In 1462, it was visited by the Portuguese explorer Pedro da Cintra, who gave it its name Serra de Leão, meaning 'Lion Mountains'. Sierra Leone became an important centre of the transatlantic trade in slaves until 1792 when Freetown was founded by the Sierra Leone Company as a home for formerly enslaved African Americans. In 1808, Freetown became a British Crown Colony, and in 1896, the interior of the country became a British Protectorate; in 1961, the two combined and gained independence. Over two decades of government neglect of the interior followed by the spilling over of the Liberian conflict into its borders eventually led to the Sierra Leone Civil War, which began in 1991 and was resolved in 2000 after the United Nations led by Nigeria defeated the rebel forces and restored the civilian government elected in 1998 to Freetown. Since then, almost 72,500 former combatants have been disarmed and the country has reestablished a functioning democracy. The Special Court for Sierra Leone was set up in 2002 to deal with war crimes and crimes against humanity committed since 1996. Sierra Leone is the second lowest ranked country on the Human Development Index and seventh lowest on the Human Poverty Index, suffering from endemic corruption and suppression of the press. |
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