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塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone   首都:弗里敦  国家代码: sl   
  朝代
　　塞拉利昂共和国（Republic of Sierra Leone），位于西非大西洋岸，北部及东部被几内亚包围、东南与利比里亚接壤，首都弗里敦。台湾译为狮子山共和国，中国大陆和香港译为塞拉利昂共和国。
　　
　　历史
　　1462年葡萄牙探险家首先踏足此地，并命名为“Sierra Leone”，意思就是“狮子山”（与香港的狮子山没有关系）。其后，本地一直都是欧洲奴隶的供应来源地。1787年，在废奴主义者的压力下，于现在首都弗里敦建市，以供原来准备贩卖往伦敦工作的奴隶生活。
　　
　　1808年，塞拉利昂成为了英国的殖民地，直到20世纪中期英国的去殖民化运动开始为止。1961年4月27日，塞拉利昂宣告独立，但仍然奉英女皇为国家元首。首位首相由米尔顿·马尔盖（Milton Margai）爵士出任。
　　
　　独立后的塞拉利昂一直由一党专政，直到1991年内战爆发。福戴·桑科（Foday Sankoh）领导的的革命联合阵线（Revolutionary United Front，RUF）反抗政府一党专政的统治，内战造成数以万计的人民死亡及超过二百万人（相当于超过三分一国民人口）流离失所，这些失去家园的人民变成了邻国的难民。1997年5月25日发生的一次政变中，当时的总统艾哈迈德·泰詹·卡巴被军队少校约翰尼·保罗·科罗马所取替，但后来卡巴总统再次复职。
　　
　　2007年8月11日，总统和议会选举。埃内斯特·巴伊·科罗马和所罗门·贝雷瓦进入总统选举第二轮投票。9月8日，总统选举第二轮投票。科罗马当选总统。
　　
　　城市
　　弗里敦（Freetown）
　　考度（Koidu）
　　
　　人口
　　塞拉利昂国内共有18个种族，其中人口最多的是曼德族（Mende）及谭姆恩族（Temne），两族约占全国60%人口。曼德族主要居住于南部地区，而谭姆恩族则聚集于北部地区。
　　
　　塞拉利昂约有60%的人民信仰伊斯兰教，10%信仰基督教，30%信仰传统宗教或其他宗教。塞拉利昂政府奉行宗教自由政策，各宗教间因而能够和平共处，未如邻近各国般时常出现宗教冲突。
　　
　　经济
　　塞拉利昂人民至今仍然是过著奴隶生活，而且塞拉利昂是全世界最贫穷的国家之一，无论是购买能力、健康长寿或是教育获得都是世界倒数第一，建设更是严重不足。
　　
　　由于矿产丰富，塞拉利昂国的经济主要是依赖矿业，尤其钻矿业占了很大分量。其中最为世人所知的是从塞拉利昂国开采的血钻石以高价售出。在1970以及1980年代的早期，由于矿业中心城市的衰落以及政府的日益增加的贪污，造成经济成长率缓慢。到了1990年代，经济活动更加衰落，经济结构与水平也退步更多。在这十几年之中大部分的经济活动都因内战而崩溃。在2002年元月战争到达尾声，大量的外国援助涌入帮助塞拉利昂国的重建。而最主要能使塞拉利昂国经济重新复苏的关键将是未来政府能否有效地减少贪腐，尤其大多数人都认为内战是因领导者而起的。政府能否成功地管理钻矿中心，对于经济发展十分重要。


　　Sierra Leone ([sieɪrə liˈoːn]), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea in the northeast, Liberia in the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) and has a population estimated at 6.4 million. The country has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests.
　　
　　Freetown is the capital, seat of government, and largest city. Bo is the second largest city. Other major cities in the country with a population over 100,000 are Kenema, Koidu Town and Makeni. The country is home to Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, established in 1827. The Njala University in the country's second largest city of Bo is the other major university in the country. Sierra Leone is home to the third largest natural harbours in the world, the Queen Elizabeth II Quay (also known as the QE II Quay and locally as the Deep Water Quay or Government Warf).
　　
　　English is the official language of Sierra Leone spoken at schools, government administration and by the media. The Krio language (a language derived from English and several African languages and native to the Sierra Leone Krio people) is the national language of Sierra Leone and is the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. The Krio language is spoken by at least 95% of Sierra Leone's population and unites all the different ethnic groups, especially in their trade and interaction with each other .. In December 2002, Sierra Leone’s President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah named Bengali as an "official language" in recognition of the work of 5,300 troops from Bangladesh in the peace-keeping force. Sierra Leone is officially home to fifteen ethnic groups, each with its own language and costume; however, the two largest and most dominant are the Mende and Temne, each comprises 30% of the population. The Mende are predominantly found in South-eastern Sierra Leone and the Temne predominate in Northern Sierra Leone. The two ethnic groups are major rivals, particularly in politics.
　　
　　Early inhabitants of Sierra Leone included the Sherbro, Temne and Limba, and Tyra [disambiguation needed] peoples, and later the Mende, who knew the country as Romarong, and the Kono who settled in the East of the country. In 1462, it was visited by the Portuguese explorer Pedro da Cintra, who gave it its name Serra de Leão, meaning 'Lion Mountains'.
　　
　　Sierra Leone became an important centre of the transatlantic trade in slaves until 1792 when Freetown was founded by the Sierra Leone Company as a home for formerly enslaved African Americans. In 1808, Freetown became a British Crown Colony, and in 1896, the interior of the country became a British Protectorate; in 1961, the two combined and gained independence.
　　
　　Over two decades of government neglect of the interior followed by the spilling over of the Liberian conflict into its borders eventually led to the Sierra Leone Civil War, which began in 1991 and was resolved in 2000 after the United Nations led by Nigeria defeated the rebel forces and restored the civilian government elected in 1998 to Freetown.
　　
　　Since then, almost 72,500 former combatants have been disarmed and the country has reestablished a functioning democracy. The Special Court for Sierra Leone was set up in 2002 to deal with war crimes and crimes against humanity committed since 1996.
　　
　　Sierra Leone is the second lowest ranked country on the Human Development Index and seventh lowest on the Human Poverty Index, suffering from endemic corruption and suppression of the press.
 

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