楚国 人物列表
熊蚤 Xiong Zao熊丽 Xiong Li熊狂 Xiong Kuang
熊绎 Xiong Yi熊艾 Xiong Ai熊䵣 Xiong Da
熊胜 Xiong Sheng熊杨 Xiong Yang熊渠 Xiong Qu
熊挚 Xiong Zhi熊延 Xiong Yan熊勇 Xiong Yong
熊严 Xiong Yan熊霜 Xiong Shuang熊徇 Xiong Xun
熊咢 Xiong E熊仪 Xiong Yi熊坎 Xiong Kan
熊眴 Xiong Xuan熊通 Xiong Tong熊赀 Xiong Zi
熊艰 Xiong Jian熊恽 Xiong Yun熊商臣 Xiong Shangchen
熊侣 Xiong Lv熊审 Xiong Shen熊招 Xiong Zhao
熊员 Xiong Yuan熊围 Xiong Wei熊比 Xiong Bi
熊居 Xiong Ju熊珍 Xiong Zhen熊章 Xiong Zhang
熊中 Xiong Zhong熊当 Xiong Dang熊疑 Xiong Yi
熊臧 Xiong Cang熊良夫 Xiong Liangfu熊商 Xiong Shang
熊槐 Xiong Huai熊横 Xiong Heng熊完 Xiong Wan
熊悍 Xiong Han熊犹 Xiong You熊元 Xiong Yuan
昌平君 Chang Pingjun熊心 Xiong Xin项羽 Xiang Yu
熊侣 Xiong Lv
楚国  (?前613年前591年)
网笔号: 庄王
开端终结
在位前613年前591年

  楚庄王(?-前591年),又称荆庄王,出土的战国楚简文写作臧王,芈姓,熊氏,名旅(一作吕、侣)。郢都(江陵纪南城)人,楚穆王之子。中国春秋时期楚国最有成就的君主,春秋五霸之一。
  春秋时期,先后有五位君主称霸,其中以楚国的地域最大、人口最多,物产最丰,文化最盛。庄王之前,楚国一直被排除在中原文化之外,庄王自称霸中原,不仅使楚国强大,威名远扬,也为华夏的统一,民族精神的形成发挥了一定的作用。
  楚庄王自前613年至前591年,共在位23年,后世对其多给予较高评价,有关他的一些典故,如“一鸣惊人”等也成为固定的成语,对后世有深远的影响。
  
  生平
  一鸣惊人
  
  历史上关于楚庄王的出生以及庄王登基之前的记载十分有限,一般历史文献对其记载多从“一鸣惊人”开始。
  
  楚庄王于公元前613年登基,即位之初,沉迷声色,荒于政事,并下令拒绝一切劝谏,违者“杀无赦”。大臣伍举冒以隐言进谏,称楚国高地有一大鸟,栖息三年,不飞不鸣,不知是什么鸟,当时庄王即位已经第三年,庄王知道伍举在以大鸟讽喻自己,于是回答说,大鸟三年不飞,飞则冲天;三年不鸣,鸣必惊人。然而此后数月,庄王依然如故,仍旧以淫乐为好,大夫苏从冒死再次进谏,庄王终于听从劝告,奋起图治,诛杀小人,任用贤良,使得楚国国力日益强盛。
  
  随后庄王奋起图强,先后任用伍参、苏从、孙叔敖、子重等卓有才能的文臣武将,整顿内政,厉行法制,百姓安居乐业,兵力日益强盛,使楚国出现一派国富兵强的景象,为庄王取得霸业奠定了基础。由于庄王日后取得丰硕业绩,确应验其所言“三年不鸣,鸣必惊人”,后世称为“一鸣惊人”。
  问鼎中原
  
  自庄王三年(前611年),楚国先后伐庸、麋、宋、舒、陈、郑等国,均取得胜利。前606年,楚庄王伐陆浑(今河南嵩县北)之戎,一直打到洛水边,“观兵于周疆”,在周都洛阳陈兵示威。周王派王孙满去慰劳,楚庄王借机询问周鼎的大小轻重,意欲移鼎于楚。王孙满说:“政德清明,鼎小也重,国君无道,鼎大也轻。周王朝定鼎中原,权力天赐。鼎的轻重不当询问。”楚庄王傲然地对王孙满说:“你不要阻止铸鼎之事,我们楚国只要把折断的钩(一种铜兵器)尖收集起来,就足够铸造九鼎了。”楚庄王问鼎,大有欲取周王朝天下而代之的意思,结果遭到定王使者王孙满态度强硬的严词斥责,楚庄王只好退出周疆。
  
  庄王十七年(前597年)夏,又在泌之战中一举击败当时楚国以外最强的诸侯晋国,自此楚国强盛一时,不再有敌手。庄王二十年(前594年)冬,楚、鲁、蔡、许、秦、宋、陈、卫、郑、齐、曹、邾、薛、鄫等十四国于蜀(今山东泰安西)会盟,正式推举楚国主盟,楚庄王遂成为称雄中原的霸主。
  逸事
  庄王葬马
  
  《史记·滑稽列传》中说,楚庄王有一匹心爱之马,庄王给马的待遇不仅超过了对待百姓,甚至超过了给大夫的待遇。庄王给它穿刺绣的衣服,吃有钱人家才吃得起的枣脯,住富丽堂皇的房子。后来,这匹马因为恩宠过度,得肥胖症而死。楚庄王让群臣给马发丧,并要以大夫之礼为之安葬(内棺外椁)。大臣们认为庄王在侮辱大家,说大家和马一样。从而,众臣对庄王此举表示不满。庄王下令,说再有议论葬马者,将被处死。
  
  优孟听说楚庄王要葬马的事,跑进大殿,仰天痛哭。庄王很吃惊,问其缘由。优孟说,死掉的马是大王的心爱之物,堂堂楚国,地大物博,无所不有,而如今只以大夫之礼安葬,太吝啬了。大王应该以君王之礼为之安葬。庄王听后,无言以对,只好取消以大夫之礼葬马的打算。
  
  庄王葬马这则寓言,从原先庄王执意以大夫规格葬马,到最后庄王答应放弃奢侈的葬马之举,映射了庄王从昏庸之君到圣明霸主的史实。“庄王葬马”以及“一鸣惊人”是楚庄王人生的一个缩影。从最开始庄王昏庸无道,到最后大彻大悟做明君,都表现在这两则寓言里。
  
  后世也有类似庄王葬马的事情。汉武帝时期,大宛向大汉进献了一匹汗血宝马。汗血马一生为汉朝立过不少功劳(成语汗马功劳即源自汗血马)。它死后,武帝执意要将汗血马厚葬,同样遭到了大臣们的反对。后来,武帝也同样取消葬马之念。可见这两次葬马的事情基本雷同。
  绝缨之宴
  
  庄王宴赐群臣喝酒。天色黑了,大家喝得酒酣耳热之际,灯火突然熄灭,于是有人趁机会拉扯美人的衣裳。美人拉断那人的帽带,向楚庄王报告说:“刚才灯火熄灭的时候,有人拉扯我的衣裳。我已经扯断他的帽带拿在手里了。叫人赶快把火点上吧!看看是谁帽带断了。”楚庄王说:“宴赐群臣喝酒,让人喝醉而失礼,怎么可以为了彰显女人的节操而羞辱人呢!”于是传令左右说:“今晚同我一起喝酒,不喝到帽带断了,就不算尽兴。”大臣有一百多人,大家都把帽带拉断,然后才叫人把火点上,大家都喝得十分尽兴而离席散去。
  
  过了三年,晋国和楚国交战,有位大臣总是在前面冲锋陷阵,五度交锋五度奋勇作战,带头击退了敌人,最后终于获得胜利。楚庄王讶异地问他说:“我的德行浅薄,又不曾特别优待你,你为什么毫不犹豫地为我出生入死到这样的地步呢?”那大臣回答说:“我本就该死!从前喝醉而失去了礼节,君王您隐忍而不诛杀我。我始终不敢因为君王您蔽荫的德行而不显扬地加以报答,常常希望自己能够肝脑涂地,用颈上的热血溅到敌人身上很久了!我就是那天晚上帽带断了的人哪!”于是打败了晋军,楚国因此而得以强盛。


  Spring and Autumn Period, there have been five monarchs to dominate, in which Chu of the largest and most populous, the most abundant property, cultural height. Before Prince Zhuang, Chu has been excluded from the Central Plains culture, the Prince Zhuang dominate the Central Plains since, not only Chu Guoqiang large, Wal gone, for China's reunification and the formation of the national spirit to play a certain role.
  Blockbuster
  Then Prince Zhuang rise Tuqiang, has appointed WU, Su from, Sun Shuao, weight and other community of talented children can Wenchen generals, rectify internal affairs and rigorously enforce the rule of law, the people live, work and force more powerful, so Chu school of the Wealth of Nations soldiers emerged strong scene , to achieve dominance Prince Zhuang basis. As the Prince Zhuang fruitful results in future, do come true and that his words "three years is not Ming, Ming will be amazing," later called "blockbuster."
  Prince Zhuang 17 years (before 597) in summer, again beat the Battle of bleeding was the strongest outside Chu various Houjin Guo, Sheng Chu Guoqiang since time, are no longer adversaries. Prince Zhuang two years (before 594) in winter, Chu, Lu, Cai, Xu, Qin, Song Chen, Wei Zheng, Qi, Cao, Zhu, Xue, Zeng and other 14 countries in Sichuan (this, Shandong Taian Xi) Alliance, the main Chu Union formally elected, King Zhuang of Chu became the dominant powers in the Central Plains.
  "Biographies of Historical funny," said King Zhuang of Chu had a favorite horse, Prince Zhuang to the treatment of horses to treat people, not only over, or even more than the treatment to the doctor. Prince Zhuang embroidery to give it to wear clothes, eat only the rich could afford to eat the date breast, living luxurious house. Later, the horse as a gift too, have died of obesity. King Zhuang of Chu to the ministers to horse hair mourning, and to whom burial rites to the doctor (outside the coffin inside the coffin). Ministers that the Prince Zhuang insult us by saying that all of us and horses. Thus, expressed dissatisfaction with his court to the Prince Zhuang move. Prince Zhuang ordered that the horses were buried further discussions will be put to death.
  Prince Zhuang later similar things the horse's burial. Han period, Dawan to the Han dynasty into a horse Ferghana BMW offered. Ferghana Ma Yisheng Li had a lot of credit for the Han (Chinese idioms contribution is from the Ferghana horse). It's death, Emperor insists Ferghana horse burial, as were the ministers of the opposition. Later, Emperor Wu also abolish the concept horse burial. Shows these two basic things similar horse burial.
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(前613年前591年)
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