心理学(英文名称Psychology)是研究人和动物心理现象发生、发展和活动规律和的一门科学。心理学既研究动物的心理（研究动物心理主要是为了深层次地了解、预测人的心理的发生、发展的规律）也研究人的心理，而以人的心理现象为主要的研究对象。因此总而言之，心理学是研究心理现象和心理规律的科学。
心理学一词来源于希腊文，意思是关于灵魂的科学。灵魂在希腊文中也有气体或呼吸的意思，因为古代人们认为生命依赖于呼吸，呼吸停止，生命就完结了。随着科学的发展，心理学的对象由灵魂改为心灵。直到19世纪初叶，德国哲学家、教育学家赫尔巴特才首次提出心理学是一门科学。而原先，心理学、教育学都同属于哲学的范畴，后来才各自从哲学的襁褓中出来。科学的心理学不仅对心理现象进行描述，更重要的是对心理现象进行说明，以揭示其发生发展的规律。
有朋友说：“学心理学的人能看透别人的心理，知道他人心里想什么，好厉害！”这些说法把心理学神化了，其实，心理学就是一门研究人的心理活动的规律的科学。心理学者只是在尽可能的按照科学的方法，间接的观察、研究或思考人的心理过程（包括感觉、知觉、注意、记忆、思维、想象和言语等过程）是怎样的，人与人有什么不同，为什么会有这样和那样的不同，即人的人格或个性，包括需要与动机、能力、气质、性格和自我意识等，从而得出适用人类的、一般性的规律，继而运用这些规律，更好的服务于人类的生产和实践。
心理的起源
心理是生物神经活动的产物,心理起源的研究主要从比较心理学(研究各生物物种神经功能及心理发展水平),发展心理学(人类个体心理发生发展规律)两方面进行.动物神经系统的产生是心理起源的物质基础和必要条件.
心理学是研究人的行为与心理活动规律的科学.
2000年前，古希腊的希波克拉底提出了四种人格（胆汁质、多血质、粘稠质、抑郁质）
之后古希腊的盖伦提出了气质这一概念，用气质代替人格，形成四种气质，后来的心理学研究中，沿用了这一分类方式。
19世纪前，心理学属于哲学范畴。
19世纪中叶，开始引入实验作为心理学的研究方式，使得心理学成为一门独立的学科。德国的韦伯，研究出著名的韦伯定律（感觉阈限定律）
1860年，德国的费希纳开创心理物理学，德国的艾宾浩斯开创记忆的实验研究。
1879年，德国的冯特在莱比锡大学建立心理研究，标志着科学心理学的诞生。实证研究方法的运用是这一学科成为科学的转折点.其后的一百多年,心理学门派纷争及高度发展,学科体系也进一步完善.
心理学是社会科学还是自然科学,在于视角及立场,因为它本身具备两者的特点.基础心理学归为自然科学范畴，应用心理学归类于社会科学范畴，因此，有人称之为“中间学科”。
心理的起源,尤其是人类高级心理过程,如思维,语言,情感,意志,高级心理特征的产生,是神经基础及人类社会化进程的产物,所以我们不能以单纯的生物学观点来研究此命题.
心理产生的历史根源
一 、心理产生的历史根源：物质反映特性长期发展的产物
自然界的物质都具有反映特性，在受到外部作用时都会作出反映。而且物质反映特性随着自然界物质的进化而进化，越是处在高级阶段的物质，其反映特性越发达越复杂，（也有越倒退越简单的高级阶段的物质）。高级阶段的物质的反映特性是从低级阶段物质的物质反映特性经过漫长的历史进化而产生的。在目前人类所把握的世界里，物质反映特性经历如下的阶段：非生物的物态反映（物理的、化学的、机械的）、低等生物（包括植物）的刺激感应性、高等动物的感觉、知觉和表象、人类的想象（内含了记忆）和思维。( ? )由此可见：心理现象是物质世界长期进化所衍生出来的现象，是物质对外界刺激反映的高级形式，是物质高度组织化后的表现。心理的产生根源于物质反映特性的高度发展。心理现象是专门应对刺激而产生的物质反映现象。
反映特性只有在受到刺激才显现其存在，没有了刺激，反映特性就会潜伏起来，不会表现出来。心理也具有如此共性。只有在受到刺激时，才会表现出心理现象，展示心理的存在。没有了刺激，心理就会消失。心理是在刺激的基础上产生、存在和发展。心理是物质对刺激作出反映的高度组织化的物质
心理产生的标志
二 、心理产生的标志：感觉
在逻辑层面上，心理现象包括感觉、知觉、表象、记忆、思维、想象、情感和意志等，到底是那一种心理现象的出现标志着心理的诞生？即心理产生的标志是什么？是何种心理现象的产生宣告了心理的产生？
有现象必有其本质，心理现象产生了，就会有心理产生。在所有心理现象中那一种是最先产生而又最基本心理现象，又能合理推出发展其他心理现象？显然是感觉。只有感觉才产生的最早又能发展出其他心理现象，应该是心理诞生的标志。这可以从三个方面来推理：（1）感觉是其他一切心理现象的基础，没有感觉就没有其他一切心理现象。感觉诞生了，其他心理现象就在感觉的基础上发展起来，感觉是其他一切心理现象的源头和“胚芽”，其他心理现象是在感觉的基础上发展、壮大和成熟起来的。感觉是其他心理现象大厦的“地基”，其他心理现象都是建立在感觉的基础上。（2）个体心理学表明：刚出生的婴儿就只有无条件反射，只有简单的感觉，而知觉和表象等等还没有发展起来，但我们不能否认婴儿就没有心理。这样我们在潜意识中实际上承认了只具有感觉的婴儿也具有心理！心理随着感觉的诞生而诞生，一旦有了感觉也就有了心理。单单有了感觉，就标志着心理的诞生，其他一切心理现象都是以感觉为“胚芽”发展起来，是胚芽成长的不同阶段。随着婴儿的发育，其心理也逐渐发展起来，心理现象愈来愈复杂。（3）动物进化史也表明了感觉是心理产生的标志和“胚芽”。感觉是在什么时候产生的呢？也就是说感觉在动物进化史中是在那种动物身上开始出现的呢？动物进化史中。最开始出现心理现象的动物是腔肠动物。具有网状神经系统的腔肠动物以简单的感觉对外界刺激作出反映，腔肠动物具有最简单最低级的心理现象，也即有了心理，心理在腔肠动物身上诞生，以后随着动物的进化和发展，心理也在逐渐发展，丰富，渐次出现了知觉、表象、想象和思维等等。心理进化史是动物进化史的附着物，并随着动物的进化而进化的。心理也是从只具有感觉的动物随着生物的进化而发展起来的，心理在感觉的基础上随着生物的进化而纷繁复杂起来，出现了知觉、表象和想象等等，直至出现了意识和思维等高级心理现象。
心理学的分类
现代心理学的发展，在理论上已形成了基本的、作为一门科学的独立体系。在应用上与社会各实践领域建立了广泛的联系，从而形成许多分支学科，体现了独立的在科学体系上的分类。
普通心理学
普通心理学是研究正常成人的心理过程和个性心理特征的一般规律的学科，是心理学最基本、最重要的基础研究。普通心理学研究心理过程的发生发展和个性心理特征形成的最一般的理论和规律，建立心理学研究最一般的方法论原则和具体的方法。普通心理学既包括过去研究中已经定论的、为科学实践所证实并为科学家所公认的理论和规律，也包括虽不一定为大家所公认，但却有重大影响的学派的理论和学说，还包括处于科学发展前沿的新成果和新发现。因此，普通心理学的内容不是一成不变的。在它已形成的理论体系上，不断地充实着新的内容。特别由于心理学尚属一门年轻的科学，这一点尤为重要。
在普通心理学的范围内，按照心理活动的基本过程和个性心理特征，还可分为感觉（视觉、听觉、触摸觉、运动觉、嗅味觉等）心理学、知觉心理学、记忆心理学、注意心理学、思维心理学、言语心理学、情绪心理学、动机心理学、智能心理学、气质心理学、人格心理学等分支基础学科。
生理心理学
生理心理学是从人体生理和神经生理、神经解剖、神经生物化学等方面进行关于心理的生理基础和机制研究的学科，是心理学基础研究的重要组成部分。生理心理学在现代脑科学研究成果和现代技术方法的基础上，揭示各种心理现象在脑的解剖部位及脑功能上发生的规律。生理心理学还包括神经心理学、心理生物学、动物心理学等分支学科。
社会心理学
社会心理学是研究个体在特定社会、群体条件下，心理、动机、人际关系发生发展及其规律的学科。社会心理学着重探讨个体社会化的条件和规律，个体的社会动机与态度的形成，人际关系和群体心理的形成与影响等方面的一般规律。社会心理学包括民族心理学、家庭心理学等分支学科。
变态心理学
它研究人的心理与行为的异常，包括认知活动、情感活动、动机和意志行为活动、智力和人格特征等方面的异常表现。所以，也可以说，变态心理学是研究和揭示心理异常现象的发生、发展和变化规律的一门科学。
研究病人的异常心理或病态行为的医学心理学分支。又称病理心理学，它用心理学原理和方法研究异常心理或病态行为的表现形式、发生原因和机制及其发展规律，探讨鉴别评定的方法及矫治与预防的措施。变态心理有多种表现形式。按心理过程或症状，可分为感觉障碍、知觉障碍、注意障碍、记忆障碍、思维障碍、情感障碍、意志障碍、行为障碍、意识障碍、智力障碍、人格障碍等。按临床精神疾病的表现或症状可分为神经症性障碍、精神病性障碍、人格障碍、药物和酒精依赖、性变态、心理生理障碍、适应障碍、儿童行为障碍、智力落后等。
评定心理现象是否异常，一般需从3 方面考察：①从统计学方面考察。处于群体中常态曲线两个极端的个体属于异常。②从个人生活史考察。常把个体当前的心理活动与以往的加以对比，看是否有异于寻常的改变。③从社会适应状况考察。可根据个体社会适应能力缺陷的程度，分析其是否属于异常。此外，在评定心理现象是否异常时，不可忽略参考社会文化背景等方面的资料。
对变态心理的矫治，可区分为心理治疗和躯体治疗两大类。心理治疗如言语和非言语的心理疗法、催眠疗法、暗示疗法、行为疗法等。躯体治疗包括精神药物治疗、物理治疗、心理生理治疗和外科治疗等。此外，采用一些综合性疗法也可取得显著效果。预防是变态心理学中的一个重要课题。由于变态心理发生的原因十分复杂，因而需要各个方面采取综合性的预防措施才能奏效。
变态心理学是研究病人的异常心理或病态行为的医学心理学分支，又称病理心理学。它用心理学原理和方法研究异常心理或病态行为的表现形式、发生原因和机制及其发展规律，探讨鉴别评定的方法及矫治与预防的措施。
发展心理学
发展心理学是研究个体心理发展规律的学科。发展中的个体，无论处于发展的哪一阶段之中，他们的心理发展既包括心理的各个过程及各个特征，又分别有着主要的发展方面和主要的矛盾。在全面发展的基础上，每一阶段主要矛盾得到解决，即将向下一阶段过渡。发展心理学就要研究个体心理发展各个阶段各方面的矛盾与变化。发展心理学可分为婴儿心理学、幼儿心理学、学龄儿童心理学、少年心理学、老年心理学等分支学科。发展心理学既是心理学理论体系的重要组成部分，又是对发展中的人进行教育、教养的理论根据。
教育心理学
教育心理学是研究学校教育和教学过程中学生的心理活动规律的学科。它主要涉及掌握各科知识和各种技能的心理活动特点及规律，研究智能的发展与智力测查方法，影响教学过程的心理因素、道德品质与行为习惯的形成规律，以及家庭、学校、团体、社会意识形态等对学生的影响。教育心理学涉及的范围很广，它可包括德育心理、学习心理、学科心理、智力缺陷与补偿、智力测量与教师心理等分支。
劳动心理学
劳动心理学研究人在劳动过程中所需的心理能力和心理品质，研究操作程序、操作条件与操作者的心理特点适应等问题。劳动心理学可包括工程心理学与工业心理学。工程心理学主要研究在生产高度机械化和自动化条件下人与机器的相互作用问题。工业心理学研究生产者选拔和操作合理化等问题。
文艺心理学
文艺心理学在各种艺术领域有不同的研究对象。对于绘画艺术，着重研究光感觉、视色学、视知觉的规律，如光觉与色觉的感受性，视知觉的参照、透视规律。对于音乐艺术，着重研究发音和听觉特性，如发声机制及发声规律，听觉的音高、音强、音色、节奏感和旋律感。对于舞台艺术体现的是完整的人物角色，需研究个性的全面特征、情绪体验和表现、人格结构和行为；探讨各类角色的典型特征并在舞台上再现的规律。艺术心理学还要研究艺术家独特的心理素质，如形象思维能力、情绪情感体验特征等。人的艺术特长属于特殊才能，不是人人所具备的。因此，对艺术工作者的心理特长、个性差异的鉴别及测量方法的制订，是重要的研究方面。
体育运动心理学
体育运动心理学研究体育活动和竞赛活动所涉及的心理特点。在一般的体育运动中，研究各种体育运动所涉及的骨骼肌肉系统的解剖特点和器官活动的灵敏度与感受性以及受意识支配的能力，研究运动技能和技巧形成的一般规律。在运动竞赛中，研究竞赛条件下应具备的情绪特征、意志品质和人格特点，竞赛中的动机水平、情绪状态对运动技能发生的影响。在运动员选拔方面，心理选拔和测量方法的制订也是重要的研究领域。
航空航天心理学
航空航天心理学研究在空中和宇宙飞行条件下人的心理活动特点。在非陆地的异常条件下从事紧张的驾驶操作，要求飞行员和宇航员具有较全面的优秀心理素质和较完善的个性特征。飞行中缺乏视觉参照物，完全依靠仪器仪表的指示进行操作，从而要求飞行员具备精确的视一动协调反应能力，对错觉的意识灵敏度，还要求坚强沉着的意志，稳定的情绪等特征。宇宙飞行在失重条件下，要求具备心理反应变化的高度适应性和自我协调能力。为了培养和选拔飞行员和宇航员，心理素质的测定和训练过程的检测方法，均是重要的研究方面。
组织管理心理学
组织管理心理学研究某一群体——一个企业或一个学校的组织管理工作中人的因素方面。它涉及领导者与被领导者的心理素质以及二者之间的关系的协调问题。一方面，包括领导者对被领导者的心理活动的掌握，例如对生产者的专业能力和技能的了解，用以对人才的估量和选拔；对生产者的动机、情绪和需要的了解，以预测他们的表现和对工作的影响；协调与生产者之间的关系，发挥他们的生产和工作积极性。另一方面，还包括对领导者的心理活动特点的研究。例如领导能力、领导作风、领导心理素质的了解，用以对领导行为的评价和对领导者的选拔。组织管理心理学既可用于工业生产、企业经营，又可用于诸如学校、医院、文体机构等事业单位。
临床或医学心理学
心理异常可由遗传和社会适应不良而产生。临床心理学是研究心理异常的发生原因、发病机制、症状与诊断、预防与治疗的学科，并从中分出心理治疗与心理咨询的面对社会和医疗服务的专门事业。临床心理学既包括严重的心理变态疾病（如精神分裂症）；也包括轻度的单纯由心理因素所引起的神经症（如神经性焦虑）或忧郁症，还包括由心理因素引起的躯体疾病（如高血压）。后者称为心身医学；并从治疗的角度，研究病因，诊断与预防，形成一门新兴的健康心理学。
对心理异常的研究，不仅对医疗实践有重要作用，而且从异常与正常的比较中，有助于揭示心理的机制。因此，从学科的观点和学术研究的角度，对心理异常的病因、机制、诊断与治疗方面的研究，称为变态心理学。
司法与犯罪心理学
司法心理学是研究违法行为以及处理违法行为中的心理学问题的学科。它涉及犯罪、侦察、审讯以及改造罪犯等过程中，对犯罪原因、侦讯技术、改造手段的研究。侦察和审讯人员应具备的心理素质和心理技能也是研究的组成部分。
犯罪心理学与司法心理学有重叠的方面，前者着重研究罪犯行为的心理原因。尤其是青少年犯的心理特点、心理动机、个体人格和情绪特征，是研究的重要方面。对罪犯的个人成长背景、家庭、学校、社会的致犯罪因素等方面也要进行调查研究。
心理产生的客观工具
三 、心理产生的客观工具：神经系统
心理并不是人脑特有的。例如：涡虫断头可以再生；蛙与蟾蜍切除大脑半球仍有条件反射；去除大脑的鸽子仍有本能的非条件反射，仍能走和飞。在大脑缺失的情况下，这些动物仍表现出心理现象.因此，大脑并不是心理存在的必要条件。
动物进化史表明：心理是动物进化到腔肠动物时产生的，此时的动物产生了最原始的神经系统 ----网状神经系统。在生物进化链上，神经系统出现之前并无心理现象，心理是与神经系统同时产生的。而后随着神经系统逐渐复杂，心理现象也亦步亦趋的丰富起来。作为心理的外观之一，其行为也日益复杂。不论处于何种阶段的动物，假如抽出或破坏其全部的神经系统，心理必将消失。并且若损坏某部分神经系统，其心理必然会出现若干不正常。
心理是由刺激引起的，是刺激引起的电脉冲在神经系统上传播的结果，是生物电流在神经系统中传播所引起而产生的，是刺激在细胞膜上引起的电流在神经系统中传导所引起的。是神经系统在刺激的作用下产生的。因此，神经系统是心理产生的工具。
心理产生的机制
四 、心理产生的机制：神经细胞的膜电位变化
从单一心理产生的起点来看，首先是刺激作用于神经细胞而引起心理的，这个单个刺激是如何引起心理的？神经细胞的细胞膜存在极化现象，细胞膜内侧聚集负电荷，细胞膜外侧聚集正电荷，膜两侧相当于各存在一个极板，膜内侧相当于负极板，膜外侧相当于正极板，这样细胞膜上就相当于存在一个电场，在细胞膜未受到任何刺激时，膜两侧相对静止不动并存在静息电位，一旦膜受到一定强度的刺激，静息电位就会变成动作电位，膜两侧的带电粒子又重新组合，形成了膜内聚集正电荷而膜外聚集负电荷的电场，当刺激消失后，细胞膜又进行了调整，又恢复到未受刺激地状态，此时膜内聚集负电荷膜外聚集正电荷，这样在膜两侧电场就发生两次方向性的改变，即电场发生了重大变化，变化的电场产生磁场，此时形成了电磁场，这相当于电磁震荡。而这次变化的结果是刺激处的细胞膜又恢复原态，故刺激作用对细胞施加的能量全部传递出去。这些能量是如何传递的呢？这个刺激在细胞膜上引起了细胞膜上电位的变化，产生一个兴奋点，引起邻近未受到刺激的细胞膜电位也发生变化，形成新的兴奋点，具体过程是：兴奋点的电场与邻近未兴奋点的电场之间出现电势差，带电粒子就会移动，使邻近未兴奋部兴奋，电场发生方向的改变，该处的电位由原来的静息电位变成动作电位，产生一个膜内聚集正电荷膜外聚集负电荷的电场，与未兴奋时的电场方向相反，原来兴奋部的能量转移到未兴奋部，使未兴奋部兴奋起来，进行一次电磁震荡，产生了电磁场。同理，这个新的兴奋部又依次向下一个未兴奋部传播电磁场，其机理在于膜两侧带电粒子的流动，但是，若我们比较相距较远的已兴奋过的兴奋点的话，就发现这两点并未有粒子的交流，相同的只是两点都经历了一次电场的连续变化，并产生了电磁场，这是什么引起的呢？究其根源，这实际上是刺激引起的电磁场在膜上进行的传播。神经细胞的细胞膜把刺激“编码”成一定频率和强度的电磁场，沿神经纤维传播，从而引起人的感觉，产生了心理，电磁场在神经系统内的活动就是心理活动，电磁场在神经系统内传导与加工所引起的现象就是心理现象（电磁场通过神经牵引肌肉细胞从而表现为体态的变化，因此我们可以通过考察体态的变化来推测心理变化）。心理就是这个电磁场，电磁场在神经系统内的有序扩展与运动就是心理活动。
电磁场是人类无法用感官直接感知的，看不见，摸不着，闻不到，这是由人类感官的局限造成的，而且心理只有在刺激下才能产生，故而使人感到神秘摸测，心理难以为人所理解所把握也就不足为怪了，可是，人的心理作为人对刺激反应的产物，在人类生活中占有极其重要的地位，发挥了非常广泛的作用，由于人类对他的无知，对他的巨大作用又无法控制，但人类又必须对心理现象作出看似合理的解释，所以就把他神秘化，产生了种种假想。
植物和低等动物没有神经系统，细胞膜上产生的电磁场无法在细胞膜上实现远距离传播，更无法实现定向传播，膜在刺激下所产生的电磁场只是在小范围内近距离扩散，实现不了电磁场的规范有序传播，故而这种电磁场不是心理。只有在神经系统的定向传导与约束下，在膜上产生的电磁场才是心理。离开了神经系统，心理将不会产生和存在。
总之，心理的本质是神经系统在刺激作用下形成的有序变化的电磁场。
心理现象和心理过程的统一
五、心理现象和心理过程的统一（感觉心理学的建立）
感觉是刺激物的某种特性进入神经系统的“通道”，它把刺激“编码”成不同频率和强度的电磁场在神经系统“周游”，引起相应的体态变化（包括行为和语言）。人的感觉是非常有限的，就种类而言，只有五种感官，人类就缺乏鸽子所具有的磁觉。就感受幅度而言，只能感受一定强度范围的刺激，过高过低的刺激都不能直接引起我们的感觉，人类就没有狗的嗅觉灵敏（一定存在一个我们所感觉不到的世界）。
知觉是把通过感觉而“搜集起来”的几种物质特性的综合起来进行的反映，表象则是对物质过去到现在的整体认识的总结，想象是在过去表象的基础上对物质的可能形态进行的预测。在四维时空中，到想象阶段就形成对物质的形象化的认识。这在思维上就是形象化思维，抽象思维则是对事物的抽象特征的思维。思维就是对事物特征的“加工”。由此可见，感觉是其他心理现象大厦的“地基”，其他心理现象都是建立在感觉的基础上。
记忆是把事物的特性“录入”大脑的过程；录入的内容有的建立了与其他原有内容的联系，扎下根来而表现为“长时记忆”，而扎不下根来的记忆，又根据其能回忆起来的时间长短分为短时记忆和暂时记忆。
意识和潜意识是经过记忆过程的事物特征的“存贮库”。能够回忆起来的内容是暂存在意识中的内容，不能够回忆起来的内容是存放在潜意识的内容。二者关系如下：（1）意识与潜意识并无明显的界限，但有一个过渡时期和过渡空间。（2）在自然状态下，意识总是向潜意识过渡。（3）在外界的干预下，人也可以把潜意识转化为意识，例如通过心理访谈知道自己的丧父或丧母心结。（4）潜意识虽然难以唤起，但仍然发挥作用，不自觉的改变人的行为。（5）潜意识的库存远远大与意识的库存。表现在当前作用上就是潜意识发挥的作用远远大于意识，意识只是潜意识和意识的“冰山一角”。
语言与行为都是人的一种“体态”，只不过是高度组织化了。心理通过神经系统调控人的外在肌肉就形成了“体态”。（1）语言的解释：语言是通过声带和口舌等相关肌肉的高度组织化，发出有规则的声波，不同的声波被赋予不同含义，就构成了口头语言；书面语言则是把不同含义的声波用符号记录下来，这个符号就是书面语言。（2）行为的解释：行为则是在心理支配下产生的各种动作，这些行为具有一定的含义并发挥一定的作用。体态除了语言和动作之外还有非常丰富的内容，最明显的是人的“心灵的窗户”----眼神。人们主要通过体态变化来推测和探知人的心理变化和作用，他是心理运动的外观。
能力是心理功能在行为结果上的反映，行为结果达到预期的目的就表明能力高，心理功能强，反之，则表明能力低和心理弱。
智力是心理功能在思维成果上的反映，有较高思维成果产生就表明智力高。反之，则表明低。
气质是心理状态在人的体态上的反映。良好的心理状态就使气质优良，不同的心理状态表象为不同的气质。
需求是生物自身的不断发展和完善在心理上的反映。动物总是趋向于保存和完善自我，现实一旦不能立即提供保存和完善自我的条件，心理就会产生要满足这个条件的要求，需求就这样产生了。需求的产生是生物自我生存和发展的需要。
动机是指心理指引行为要达到的目标。需求是动机产生的前提。
情绪是新认知与已有知识碰撞产生的心理现象，当新认知与已有知识发生冲突乃至矛盾时，心理就会引起负性情绪（通过内分泌系统？），随着强度大小，情绪的强度也相应增减，反之则引起正性情绪。
情感是情绪在某事物上的认知化凝结。一感觉到该事物就会主动认为该事物好或坏，飞快跳过冲突过程而产生固定情绪。这也是可以通过在另一个更高层次调节认知而改变这些情绪或情感的。
学习是主动、系统而专门的记忆过程。
性格是指心理的稳定的倾向性。在待人接物时直观表现出来。
人格是指心理特征在社会关系中表现出的稳定的倾向性。与性格相比，人格侧重于人的知识体系和由此决定的价值观，而性格则侧重于心理自身的特征。
心理学的种种过程与现象都是以感觉为基础建立起来的，感觉是心理过程和心理现象的逻辑起点，都是从感觉发展出来的。如果把感觉比作“婴儿”，心理过程和心理现象就是各种类型的“成人”，感觉是心理的“胚芽”。因此心理的一切过程与现象都可以从感觉出发得到合理解释，因此心理学统一的基础在于感觉。感觉心理学的实质就是大统一的心理学。
心理现象的复杂原因
六 、心理现象复杂的原因
(一)、心理的无法直接感知性。心理作为一种电磁场，人类有限的五种感官是无法直接感知的。只能意识到它的最大共性----客观实在性，而其他具体的性质则无法直接把握。
(二)、心理功能的强大及无所不在性。有人的地方必有心理发挥作用，必有心理发挥其难以名状的功能。心理支配人的行为，纷繁复杂的行为都可以从心理角度得到合理的解释。人的一切活动都是行为，而心理决定这一切，由此可见，心理的功能是多么的强大！而且心理自身又具有高度的复杂性。可是由于社会条件的限制，人是无法直接把握心理这种物质的，现实又要求必须对人的行为作出貌似合理的解释。于是人们就把它“神化”，把“心理”冠名为“灵魂”或“心灵”，把它作为上帝的“杰作”或“旨意”，心理在希腊文中的意思就是“灵魂”。这种把心理神化的观念使人坠入歧途，在思想是心理更是显得迷雾重重。
(三)、神经系统的强大自组织性。在心理依靠神经系统发挥其功能时，神经系统自身又可以不断的建构和完善，使心理功能更好的发挥并且更为强大，并使心理现象更加复杂。这实际上是功能与结构的关系的一个缩影。常用的手使手的结构发育的更能从事经常的活动，常年从事重体力劳动的人，其手较为宽大且结茧；常跑步的人，其大腿往往发达。这些都是功能促进结构发育的例子，发育起来的结构又能使功能更好的发挥。
神经系统的结构与功能的这种关系更加突出和明显。神经系统的建构很大程度上依赖神经系统发挥的程度和种类。神经系统发挥的作用越多，发挥作用的种类越多，其结构越完善，越利于其发挥作用（大脑越用越灵）。越高级的动物其神经系统越发达，功能对结构的促进作用越强大。就人而言，刚出生婴儿的大脑重量只有成人的一半，另一半大脑发育如何主要依靠出生后所接触的社会环境。有利神经系统发挥作用的环境能大大改善大脑的结构并增加其重量，印度“狼孩”的大脑，其重量大大低于常人，更无论其结构了。
脑科学也表明：经常从事某种活动的人，调节该活动的大脑部位往往越发达；而很少从事某种活动的人，调节该活动的大脑部位往往萎缩，甚至在人的成长中消失！
记忆心理学表明：长时记忆就是改变了神经突出和轴突的方向、大小乃至连接。暂时和短时记忆只是把神经细胞改变的不明显。
心理本来通过神经系统发挥作用，但在发挥作用的同时，神经系统“变的”更有利于心理作用的发挥。这种相互作用，相互完善和促进的情况使心理现象更为复杂，一如鸡生蛋还是蛋生鸡一样让人困惑而难辨。
刺激也是一种作用，是一种力的作用，自然界一切作用都可以归结为四种力的作用。不同强度和种类刺激能促使神经系统的发育，也使心理的功能强大起来。因此接触较多刺激的儿童就比较聪明。
(四)、五种感官的复杂的交互作用。五种感官何以造成如此复杂的心理现象。这是因为貌似复杂事物的本质原本是单纯而简单的，只是在发展过程中复杂起来。这个规律存在许多事物的发展之中，能够进行复杂计算与变换图形的电脑，是建立在简单的二进制的基础上的；“万经之首”的易经，其产生只是阴爻与阳爻二者的交互作用；自然界千万种生物的遗传物质都是五种碱基对的不同的顺序连接与配对。视觉、痛觉，触觉、味觉与听觉完全可以使心理复杂多变，令人眼花缭乱。
心理学流派的统一
七、心理学流派的统一
心理学流派大致有：行为主义心理学，精神分析心理学、存在主义心理学、人本主义心理学，格式塔心理学、认知心理学、功能主义心理学、结构主义心理学。这些流派着重于心理本质的探索，是其基本理论部分。下面对这些流派进行逐一分析，实际这种种流派都是着重心理现象、过程或功能的某个环节，而忽落其他环节所引起的，是片面、局部或环节性的研究，没有进行整体、全面或本质的研究。
行为主义心理学侧重于心理外化的一个表现（行为）进行研究。心理通过神经系统来支配肌肉收缩和舒张产生动作，从而产生行为。心理的这种发挥作用的方式是心理发挥作用的主要而且明显的渠道。心理发挥作用的方式还有许多渠道，例如：谈话、书面语言和眼神等。实际上，心理通过神经系统表现于外的整体现象是体态，行为是从体态之中发展起来的一个分支，这个分支被优先发展而且突出出来，以致掩盖整个体态。体态的其他分支好比星辰，而行为就好比太阳，行为掩盖了其他分支的光芒，人们往往是从明显而突出的部分着手来研究的，所以行为在心理学研究中被突出出来。甚至以研究行为来代替心理的研究，把心理学定位为研究行为的科学，这是研究方向的歧化和膨胀。行为主义心理学只是对心理的一个外在现象的研究，心理表现的整体是体态，体态还有其他形式----言谈、书面语言和眼神等等，近年来语言心理学的兴起就是一个明证。
精神分析心理学研究的侧重方向是潜意识功能的探究，确切的说是对压抑在潜意识中的伤害意识的研究。而心理的其他方面都很少涉及。其实潜意识与意识的界限并没有弗洛伊德所说那样明显。比如边骑自行车边看风景，骑自行车的行为控制可以根据情况变化随时出入潜意识。本质上意识也是潜意识，意识的内容一旦不被注意就压入潜意识，变成潜意识的内容。人的绝大部分行为是受潜意识控制的，受意识控制的行为只占很小的比例，这样有利于一个人同时从事多项运动，更深刻讲有利于人类适应自然，人的心跳、呼吸和眨眼等基本生理活动都是受潜意识控制的，这有利于减轻意识的压力。人如果同时要意识到并控制这些活动，人就会被这些活动累死，更无论生存与发展了。这些被压抑在潜意识的运动一旦出现不正常，就会返回到意识层，重新被意识主动积极的调控。
人本主义心理学从人人都有存在和发展的需要出发，认为人人都要发展和完善自己，都有向良好方向发展的心理。是人的正常合理需求的反映。该心理学把人看成一个整体，着重研究人的发展需求的实现过程，即旨在探讨人性自我实现的心理历程。该心理学主要观点是认为人人都有追求生命意义和创造美好生活的潜力，这实际上是人的发展需求的反映。一句话，人本主义心理学是着重研究人的生存和发展需要的心理学，而这仅仅是心理学一个很小的一个方面。
存在心理学是从人的整体出发探讨独立的个人心理与世界的关系，偏重个人心理的独立性，探讨独立个人存在的整体经验。该心理学本质是偏重研究个人心理在世界环境中的整体的变化规律。
完形心理学采用整体论观点解释知觉，认为知觉是以感觉为基础的超感觉的整体经验。其核心观念是 “整体不等于部分之和”。这实际上是人体结构与功能的自组织过程和结果。吃饭成长的人并不等于原初的人与饭的叠加；获取知识的人并不是人与知识的总合，知识被已有知识重新组织，然后被纳入已有的知识系统；神经系统在刺激的作用下，其结构也被或隐或显的改变。知觉就是对几种感觉经过类似的组织化而形成的，是对几种感觉的整体反映，虽不等于感觉之和，但感觉是知觉必备的素材和“原料”。这种自组织化的结果是表现出整体性，即完形性。一句话：完形心理学侧重的是心理的自组织性，是对心理的自组织现象和结果的研究。
认知心理学主要侧重人的认知过程的研究，即研究人是如何获取知识的，是研究人获得知识过程的心理学，对情绪，能力及性格等心理现象研究较少，更无论意志、动机和需求等现象。
结构主义心理学侧重采用实验方法研究意识的结构，这是受物质结构论影响的结果。由于心理的极高的流变性、复杂性和高度的自组织性，要用单纯的实验来精确化意识的结构，在现有科学水平上是根本不可能的。但该心理学充分发挥了“砖”的作用，引发对心理学的更广泛更深刻的研究，引出了心理学上许多“玉块”。
功能主义心理学是作为结构主义心理学的对立物出现的，着重探讨个体适应环境时所产生的心理功能。随着结构主义的衰落，该学派也自行消失
心理学：是研究人的心理现象的发生，发展和变化的过程，并在此基础上届时人的心理活动规律的一门科学。
简短的总结：
1、神经系统的产生是心理起源的物质基础和必要条件。（而不是脑）
2、心理是物质对刺激作出反映的高度组织化的物质。(心理的又一个必要条件)
3、心理产生的标志是感觉。（心理质的外在标志）
4、心理的本质是神经系统在刺激作用下形成的有序变化的电磁场。（心理的生物物理分析）
5、心理现象的复杂性源于神经系统的复杂性。
6、复杂的心理现象统一于感觉（及其系统化、组织化。）
7、各哲学流派的研究起点离不开神经系统及感觉。
色彩心理效应
色彩测试心理学家吕舍尔（M.Lusher）分析的颜色与性格的关系
颜色：
1.红色 2.蓝色 3.黄色 4.绿色 5.茶色 6.紫色 7.灰色 8.黑色
性格的倾向:
1.红色 代表人的征服欲与男子汉气概的颜色。喜欢红色的人大都有野心，会积极地争取想要得到的东西，是行动型的人。对工作也是热情高涨，但是过于兴奋时可能回对周围的人具有攻击性,红色代表着激情和光荣,红色代表永不言败的精神气质.
2.蓝色 大海的象征，是代表沉稳与女性气质的颜色。喜欢蓝色的人性格上都很沉着稳重，而且诚实，很重视人与人之间的信赖关系，能够关照周围的人，与人交往彬彬有礼,蓝色代表博大胸怀,用不言弃的精神.和谐世界.
3.黄色 代表活泼、明快与温暖的颜色。喜欢黄色的人性格开朗外向，而且有着远大的理想。他们希望显示出自己的性格，但有时候做事会有些勉强,黄色代表传统气息.
4.绿色 代表自信心、稳健与优越感的颜色。喜欢绿色的人比较稳重，是忍耐力很强的类型。很注意与周围环境的调和，但是在有必要贯彻自己想法的时候，也能够冷静地表达出来.绿色代表健康,自然,人与自然的相互和谐.
5.茶色 代表家族、家庭、温馨的环境和安全感的颜色。喜欢茶色的人温和宽厚，是有协调性的类型。他们很善于处理人与人之间的关系，一般来说在有烦恼的时候可以去找这一类型的人谈心,茶色也代表了一种特殊的文化,茶道.
6.紫色 这种颜色代表感性的、神秘的、情欲的事物。喜欢紫色的人很浪漫，是富于感受性的类型，性格细腻，富有个性。在某些方面会显示出自我陶醉的特征.紫色更代表了一种特殊的理想主义.
7.灰色 是代表沉静、优雅、寂寞的颜色。喜欢灰色的人多数以自我为中心，对他人不感兴趣。有时会显得优柔寡断，对他人依赖性强.灰色也代表了颓废,陈旧,象征着一种去旧成新的特殊意味.
8.黑色 是代表断绝念头、屈服、拒绝、放弃的颜色。喜欢黑色的人独立性强，有很强的改变现状的愿望。他们是十分努力上进的人，但有时没有常性.黑色代表神秘,无所不能的力量!.
国内有名的心理学网站
国内当前比较有名的几个心理学网站：
华夏心理学： www.psychcn.com 以心理咨询培训为主，是比较老牌的心理学站点了。
心理学8小时之外： www.psytopic.com 看起来像是一个心理学杂志网站，人气不错有杂志 。
赛客奇：www.psygi.com 心理学论文和娱乐并重，面向非心理学专业的爱好者。
心理搜普： www.psysoper.com 聚集了一些国外留学的心理学人才和国内一些心理学专业出身的人
浙江师范心理学系： http://psychology.zjnu.net.cn/ ，是国内比较早开设心理学系的学校，也是老牌的心理学网站。
福州大学应用心理学系 http://www.jyxxy.cn，福建省内第一所211工程高校开设应用心理学专业
心理咨询： www.xlzx.com 心理咨询为主的网站，有自己的论坛，目前做的不错。
广州韦志中心理咨询中心http://www.wzz.com.cn
相关的几个心理学精品课程
一、合一心身健康工作访系列：
A、“悠然自得”的心灵SPA----紧张与不安的压力管理；
B、冥想健康坊----传统的冥想与现代心理学相结合的心身健康与快乐之法；
C、幸福睡眠工作坊----失眠的自然治疗；
D、“妙音”健康坊----通过自我的简单发音或音乐帮助自己调理情绪，安宁心神，健康心身；
E、人生脚本的分析----探索你固有的模式，重新认识自己，以及潜意识层面的需求与渴望；
F、感官的复苏----真诚的面对自己的感受，了解自己感觉丧失或麻木的原因及解决之道，恢复各个感官的知觉，享受多采的幸福人生；
G、生命数字（颜色、环境、时间）能量----了解生命密码，运用自我密码数字的能量调和自己的能量体系，继而强大自己的能量，转化周围的能量，保护自己。
二、催眠系列：
1、国际催眠师证书课程
2、国际催眠治疗师证书课程
3、整合减压----身心喜悦之旅
4、催眠美容---- 魅力人生之旅
三、九型人格学系列：
1、九型人格基础班
2、九型人格进阶班
3、九型人格销售工作坊
4、九型人格管理工作坊
5、九型人格人际关系工作坊
四、商务系列：
1、巅峰销售心理学
2、营销渠道特训营
3、卓越沟通力
4、卓越领袖力
五、奇迹生命系列：
1、生命舞者----智慧静心之旅
2、心身合一----合一能量心灵之旅
3、奇迹生命之旅
Psychology (English name Psychology) is to study the phenomenon of human and animal psychology, development and activities of the law and of a science. Animal psychology to study both the psychological (mental animal research is mainly to deep to understand, predict the occurrence of human psychological development of the law) who also studied psychology, but to the psychological phenomenon as the main object of study. So short, psychology is the study of psychological phenomena and psychological laws.
The term psychology comes from the Greek, meaning science of the soul. Soul in the Greek text, the meaning of gas or breathing, because the ancient people that life is dependent on breathing, respiratory arrest, life is over. With the development of science, psychology, the object of the soul to soul. Until the early 19th century, German philosopher, educator Herbert was the first time is a science of psychology. The original, psychology and education are all belong to the scope of philosophy, and later in their infancy from the philosophy out. Science of psychology is not only to describe the psychological phenomenon, more importantly, explain the psychological phenomena to reveal their occurrence and development of the law.
Psychological origin
Psychology is the product of biological nervous activity, mainly from the psychological origin of Comparative Psychology (study of all biological species neurological and psychological development), developmental psychology (psychology during the development of human individuals) on two fronts. Nervous system produced animals is the psychological origin of the material base and the necessary conditions.
Psychology is the study of human behavior and mental activities of science.
2000 years ago in ancient Greece, Hippocrates identified four personality (choleric temperament, sanguine, thick quality, depression and quality)
Gailun Ti after the ancient Greek temperament out of this concept, instead of character with temperament, the formation of four kinds of temperament and later psychological study, followed this classification.
19th century, psychology and philosophical.
Mid-19th century, introduced experimental psychology research as a way to make psychology as an independent discipline. Germany Weber developed the famous Weber's law (sensation threshold law)
In 1860, Fechner in Germany to create a mental physics, Germany Ebbinghaus create memory in rats.
1879, University of Leipzig, Germany, Wundt established in psychological research, marking the birth of scientific psychology. Empirical research methods used in this discipline to become a turning point in science. The subsequent 100 years, psychology martial strife and a high degree of development, further improve the disciplinary system.
Psychology, social science or natural science, is the angle and position, because it itself has characteristics of both. Natural areas classified as basic psychology, applied psychology, social science areas classified, therefore, it was called the "middle Discipline. "
Psychological origin, especially human high-level psychological processes, such as thinking, language, emotion, will produce high-level psychological characteristics, is the neural basis of process and product of human society, so we can not be purely biological point of view to study the propositions .
The historical roots of psychology
First, the historical roots of psychology: the material reflects the characteristics of the product of long-term development
Reflect the characteristics of the boost was seen only in its existence, no stimulation, reflecting the characteristics of them will be hidden, not shown. Psychology also has such common. Only when stimulated, will demonstrate psychological phenomena, showing the existence of psychology. Without stimulation, psychological disappears. Mental stimulation is based on the creation, existence and development. Mental stimulation is made of material on the highly organized to reflect the material
Psychology logo
Second, a sign of psychology: feelings
The logical level, the psychological phenomena, including sensation, perception, image, memory, thought, imagination, emotion and will, etc., in the end is a psychological phenomenon that marks the birth of psychology? The psychology of sign that? What kind of psychological phenomenon is a declaration of psychology in?
A phenomenon must have its essence, a psychological phenomenon, there will be psychology. In all psychological phenomena to which is the first to produce and fundamental psychological phenomenon, and can launch the development of other psychological phenomena reasonable? Clearly felt. Only the sense of producing the first and can develop other psychological phenomena, should be a sign of psychological birth. This inference from three aspects: (1) feeling is the basis for all other psychological phenomena, did not feel there would be no all the other psychological phenomenon. Feeling was born, the other psychological phenomena on the basis of developed sense, the feeling is the source of all other psychological phenomena and the "germ" and other psychological phenomena is based on the development in the sense, grow and mature together. Feeling that the building other psychological phenomena, "the foundation", and other mental phenomena are built on the basis of feeling. (2) individual psychology that: newly born babies only unconditional reflex, just a simple feeling, and perception and representation, etc. have not yet developed, but we can not deny that there is no psychological baby. So we actually recognized in the subconscious feeling of infants only have a psychological! With the birth of psychological feeling of birth once and will have a psychological sense. With the feeling alone, it marks the birth of psychology, all other psychological phenomena are to feel the "germ" developed, is the germ at different stages of growth. As the baby's development, have gradually developed their mental and psychological phenomena become increasingly complex. (3) animal evolutionary history also shows that the feeling is a sign of psychology and the "germ." Feeling is that when _select_ed? That feeling in the evolutionary history of animals is that animals began to appear in it? History of animal evolution. The beginning of psychological phenomena is coelenterate animals. Coelenterate nervous system with the network to a simple sensory stimulus to reflect on the outside, coelenterate the lowest level with the most simple psychological phenomenon, namely with mental, psychological birth of the coelenterate body, with the animals after evolution and development, psychological development is also gradual, rich, gradually emerged in perception, image, imagination and thinking so. Evolutionary psychology evolutionary history is the history of animal attachments, and with the evolution and the evolution of animals. Psychology is also a feeling from the only animal with the biological evolution and developed, based on the psychological sense as in biological evolution and the complex together, there is a mirror and think, etc., until the emergence of consciousness and thinking and other senior psychological phenomenon.
The classification of psychology
The development of modern psychology, in theory, has formed a basic, as a science independent system. In the application of community practice in the field with established extensive contacts, to form the many branches, reflecting the independence of the scientific systems of classification.
General Psychology
In the context of general psychology, psychological activities in accordance with the basic processes and individual psychological characteristics, can be divided into sensory (vision, hearing, touch perception, motion perception, smell and taste) psychology, perception psychology, memory, psychology, attention to psychology, thinking, psychology, speech psychology, emotion psychology, motivation psychology, smart psychology, temperament psychology, personality psychology and other branches of basic subjects.
Physiological psychology
Physiological psychology from the physiological and neurological physiology, neuroanatomy, biochemistry and other aspects of nerve on the basis of psychological and physiological mechanism of the discipline, basic research is an important psychological component. Physiological psychology in the modern brain science research methods and modern technology, based on a variety of psychological phenomena reveal the anatomy of the brain and brain function of law occur. Physiological psychology, including neuropsychology, biological psychology, animal psychology and other branches.
Social Psychology
Social psychology is to study the individual in a particular society, community conditions, mental, motivation, interpersonal relationships and the law of the development of disciplines. Focuses on the social psychology of the individual conditions and rules of society, the individual's social motivation and attitude formation, interpersonal relations and group formation and psychological aspects of the general law. Social psychology including the national psychology, family psychology and other branches.
Abnormal psychology
It is the study of human psychology and behavior abnormalities, including cognitive activity, emotional activity, motivation and will conduct activities such as intelligence and personality characteristics of the abnormal performance. Therefore, it can be said, is to study and reveal abnormal psychology abnormal psychology De Fa Sheng, development and change Guilv of a science.
Evaluation of abnormal psychological phenomena, it generally takes from three study areas: ① From the statistical aspects of study. Normal curve in the two extreme groups of individuals are abnormal. ② from the personal life history study. Often the individual's current mental activity to be compared with the past to see if the change is different from ordinary. ③ study of social adaptation. Social adjustment according to individual level of defects, analysis of whether they are abnormal. In addition, in assessing whether the abnormal mental phenomena, can not be ignored social and cultural background reference information.
The correction of the abnormal psychology, can be divided into psychological and physical treatment of two categories. Psychological treatments such as verbal and non-verbal psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, suggestion therapy, behavior therapy. Physical therapy, mental therapy, physical therapy, psychological and physical therapy and surgical treatment. In addition, a number of comprehensive therapy can also be achieved remarkable results. Prevention is the abnormal psychology is an important issue. Because the causes abnormal psychology is very complex, requiring all aspects of comprehensive preventive measures to be effective.
Abnormal psychology is to study the patient's abnormal mental or pathological behavior of the branch of medical psychology, also known as pathological psychology. It uses psychological principles and methods of psychological or pathological behavior of abnormal manifestations, causes and mechanisms of development of the law, the methods of identification and assessment of treatment and prevention measures.
Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology
Educational psychology is to study the process of school education and teaching students the mental activities of the subjects. It mainly involves branches of knowledge and skills to master the psychological activities of the characteristics and laws of intellectual development and intelligence measurement investigation methods, psychological factors affect the teaching process, moral character and habits of the formation of laws, as well as families, schools, organizations social ideology of the students. Educational psychology involves a wide range, which may include educational psychology, learning psychology, mental discipline, mental retardation and compensation, intellectual and psychological measurement and teachers branch.
The psychology of work
Labor psychology in the labor required in the process of mental ability and psychological quality of operating procedures, operating conditions and operator of the psychological characteristics of adaptation problem. The psychology of work may include engineering and industrial psychology psychology. Psychology major research project in production is highly mechanized and automated conditions in human and machine interaction. Producer of industrial psychology to rationalize the _select_ion and operation issues.
Literary Psychology
Sports Psychology
Sport psychology and sports competitions involving psychological characteristics. Sports in general, the researchers involved in various sports anatomical characteristics of the musculoskeletal system and organ sensitivity and sensitivity as well as the activities of consciousness dominated by the ability to study the formation of motor skills and techniques of general laws. In sporting events, under the conditions of competition should have the emotional characteristics, will, and personality characteristics, motivation level of competition, emotional state of the occurrence of motor skills. In the athlete _select_ion, the _select_ion and measurement methods of psychological development are also important areas of research.
Aerospace Psychology
Organizational Management Psychology
Clinical or medical psychology
Psychological abnormalities may be genetic and caused by social maladjustment. Clinical psychology is to study the causes of psychological abnormality, pathogenesis, symptoms and diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the subject, and to separate the psychological from the face of social and psychological counseling and medical services, specialized undertaking. Clinical psychology, including serious psychological metamorphosis both diseases (such as schizophrenia); also includes mild psychological factors alone caused by a nerve disease (such as the nervous anxiety) or depression, psychological factors also include the body of disease (such as high blood pressure). The latter referred to as psychosomatic medicine; and from the perspective of the treatment, research etiology, diagnosis and prevention, the formation of a new health psychology.
Study of psychological abnormality, not only have an important role in medical practice, but also from abnormal and normal comparison, help to reveal the psychological mechanisms. Therefore, from an academic point of view and perspective of the causes of psychological abnormality, mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of research, known as abnormal psychology.
Justice and Criminal Psychology
Psychology is the study of judicial violations and to deal with violations of the psychological problems of the subjects. It involves crime, detection, trial, and the process of rehabilitation of offenders, etc., on the causes of crime, interrogation techniques, the transformation of research. Surveillance and interrogation personnel should possess the psychological and mental skills are also part of the study.
Criminal psychology and forensic psychology overlap, the former focuses on the psychological causes of criminal behavior. In particular, the psychological characteristics of young offenders, mental motivation, personality and emotional characteristics of individuals, is an important aspect of the study. The offender's personal background, family, school, community factors that cause crime and other aspects of research should be conducted.
Psychology in the objective tool
Third, the objective psychology tool: the nervous system
Psychology is not unique to the human brain. For example: decapitated planarians can regenerate; Frog and Toad are still conditioned hemispheric resection; still instinctively dove to remove the brain of non-conditioned reflex, can still walk and fly. Missing in the brain, these animals still showed psychological phenomenon. Therefore, the brain is not a necessary condition for mental existence.
History shows that animal evolution: evolutionary psychology is to coelenterate animals arising at this time the animals had the most primitive nervous system nervous system ---- mesh. In the chain of evolution, before the advent of the nervous system is not psychological phenomena, mental and nervous system is also generated. Then gradually as the complexity of the nervous system, psychological phenomena every step of the enrichment. Appearance as a psychological one, their actions are increasingly complex. No matter what stage of the animal, if its all out or damage the nervous system, psychology will disappear. And if the damage to certain parts of the nervous system, its bound to a number of abnormal psychology.
Caused by mental stimulation is caused by electrical pulses to stimulate the nervous system, the spread of the biological current spread in the nervous system caused arising, is to stimulate the cell membrane induced currents in the nervous system caused by conduction of. Is the role of the nervous system to stimulate the production of the next. Therefore, the nervous system is a tool for psychology.
Psychology mechanism
4, Psychology mechanisms: changes in nerve cell membrane potential
Generated from a single starting point for psychological point of view, first of all stimulate the nerve cells causing psychological, this is how a single stimulus caused by psychological? Existence of nerve cell membrane polarization, gathered inside the cell membrane negative charge, positive charge accumulation outside the cell membrane, the membrane is equivalent to the existence of a plate on both sides of the membrane inside the equivalent of negative plates, membrane lateral equivalent of positive plate, This is equivalent to the existence of a membrane electric field, without any stimulation in the cell membrane, the membrane is relatively static and there on both sides of resting potential, once the film by a certain intensity of stimulation, resting potential becomes action potential, membrane again on both sides of the charged particles combined to form a positive charge and membrane accumulation gathered outside the negatively charged membrane electric field, when the stimulus disappears, the cell membrane has been adjusted, they were not stimulated to return to the state, gathered at this time membrane gathered outside the membrane negative charge positive charge, so that both sides of the membrane electric field changes direction on the two cases, that field has undergone major changes, changes in the electric field creates a magnetic field, this time formed the electromagnetic field, which is equivalent to electromagnetic shocks. The result of this change is to stimulate Department reinstated the original state of the cell membrane, thus stimulating the cell to exert all the energy transfer out. The energy is how to pass it? The stimulation in the membrane caused membrane potential changes, resulting in an excitement, causing close to not being stimulated membrane potential also changed the formation of new excitement, the specific process is: the electric field and the nearby excitement of not excitement potential difference between the electric field, charged particles will move to the Department of neighborhood is not excited excitement, change the direction of electric field, where the potential from the resting potential to become action potential, resulting in a positively charged membrane outer membrane gather together negative charge of the electric field, and are not excited when the electric field in the opposite direction, the original excitement of the energy transfer to the Department of the Ministry is not excited, so excited are not excited about the Department, conduct a magnetic shock, resulting in the electromagnetic field. Similarly, the excitement of this new department in turn down an electromagnetic field is not excited about the Department of Communication, the mechanism is the membrane on both sides of the flow of charged particles, but, if we compare the far distance over the excitement that has been excited, then realized that it the exchange of two particles has not been the same only two have gone through a field of continuous change and generate the electromagnetic field, which is what caused it? The root causes, which is actually caused by electromagnetic fields to stimulate the spread of the film for. Nerve cell membrane to stimulate the "code" into a certain frequency and intensity of the electromagnetic field propagation along the nerve fibers, causing a person's feelings, resulting in psychological, electromagnetic activity in the nervous system is the mental activity, electromagnetic field conduction in the nervous system and phenomenon is caused by processing of psychological phenomena (electromagnetic field through the muscle cells to nerve traction performance of the body changes, so we can examine the change of posture suggested psychological changes). Psychology is the electromagnetic field, electromagnetic field in the nervous system is the orderly expansion of mental activity and exercise.
Electromagnetic field of human senses can not perceive directly, see, touch or smell, which is caused by the limitations of the human senses, and mental stimulation can produce only, Guer people feel a mysterious touch test, psychological hardly be Not surprisingly, the understanding of a master, however, people's psychological response to a stimulus as a human product, in human life occupies an important position played a very extensive role, because of human ignorance of him, on his The significant role and can not control, but mankind must make a plausible psychological explanation of the phenomenon, it took him a mystery, resulting in various scenarios.
Plants and lower animals without nervous systems, electromagnetic fields generated by the membrane can not achieve long-distance communication in the cell membrane, but can not achieve directional communication, film electromagnetic fields generated by the stimulation of only a small area close diffusion, the electromagnetic field can not be achieved standardized and orderly dissemination, Guer this electromagnetic field is not psychological. Only the directional transmission in the nervous system and constraints, electromagnetic fields generated in the film is psychological. From the nervous system, psychological and there will not produce.
In short, the psychological nature of the nervous system to stimulate the formation of orderly change under the action of electromagnetic fields.
Psychological phenomena and the unity of mental processes
5, psychological phenomena and the unity of mental processes (feeling of psychological establishment)
Feeling is that some characteristics of stimulus into the nervous system of the "channel", which to stimulate the "code" into different frequency and intensity of the electromagnetic field in the nervous system "tour" of the body caused by corresponding changes in (including the behavior and language). The feeling is very limited, the species, only five senses, humans lack the pigeons possess magnetic sense. I can feel the increase could only feel a certain range of stimulus intensity, too low to stimulate are not directly caused by our feelings, humans have no sense of smell of dogs (there must be one that we feel the world).
By sensory perception is to the "gathering up" of several material properties were reflected together, the physical appearance is the overall understanding of the past to the present summary, the imagination is the basis of representation in the past, the possible morphology of the material forecast. In the four-dimensional space and time, to imagine the formation stage of understanding of the material of the visualization. This thinking is the figurative thinking, abstract thinking is characteristic of things of abstract thought. Thinking is characteristic of things "processing." This shows that the feeling is that the building of other psychological phenomena, "the foundation", and other mental phenomena are built on the basis of feeling.
Memory is a thing of the characteristics of the "input" of the brain process; input content either by creating a link with other existing content, to take root and the performance of "long memory", but no less than fixing the root to the memory, but also according to their can recall the length of time is divided into short-term memory and temporary memory.
Ability is the result of psychological function in the behavior of the reflection behavior of the purpose to achieve the desired results showed that the high capacity, strong mental function, otherwise, it indicates that the low capacity and psychological weak.
Intelligence is the outcome of the psychological functions of thinking reflects the outcome of thinking produces a higher high on that intelligence. On the contrary, it indicates that low.
Temperament is the psychological state of the human body to reflect on. Good mental state to make good temperament, a different appearance for different psychological temperament.
Demand for bio-own continuous development and improvement in psychological reflection. Animals always tend to preserve and improve the self, the reality can not be immediately available once the self-preservation and improvement of the conditions, psychological conditions will arise to meet this demand, the demand so created. Generate demand for self-survival and development of biological needs.
Guide behavior is the psychological motivation to achieve. Demand is the motivation generated by the premise.
Emotional awareness and prior knowledge of the new psychological phenomenon collision, when the new cognitive and conflicts and as there are conflicts between the Knowledge, can cause negative psychological Qing Xu (by endocrine Xitong?), With the intensity of Da Xiao, Qing Xu's corresponding change in intensity, and vice versa cause positive emotions.
Emotion is emotion recognition in a matter of condensation on. A feeling that things will take the initiative to think of the things good or bad, fast skip the process of conflict arising from a fixed sentiment. This is another higher level can be adjusted by changing the mood or cognition and emotion.
Learning is active, systematic and specialized memory processes.
Character refers to the psychological stability of the bias. Intuitive in the attitude shown by the time.
Psychological characteristics of personality is shown in the social relations of a stable tendency. Compared with the character, personality focused on the person's knowledge systems and thus determine the values and character are focused on the psychological characteristics of its own.
The various processes and phenomena of psychology are to _set_ up the basis of sensation, feeling of psychological processes and the logical starting point of mental phenomena are evolved from the feeling. If the feeling as "a baby", is the mental process and mental phenomena of various types of "adult", the feeling is psychological, "germ." Therefore, all the psychological processes and phenomena can be reasonably explained from the feeling of starting, so psychology is based on a unified feel. The essence of psychological feeling great unification of psychology.
Complex causes of mental phenomena
6, the complex causes of mental phenomena
(A), not directly perceptual psychology. Psychology as a Field, limited human five senses is not directly perceived. Only aware of its common ---- the largest objective reality, while others can not direct the specific nature of the grasp.
(C), the nervous system of the powerful self-organization. Rely on the psychological functioning of the nervous system, the nervous system and can keep their own construction and improvement of mental function to play better and more powerful, and to more complex psychological phenomenon. This is actually the relationship between function and structure of a microcosm. Commonly used hand to hand of the structure and development of more engaged in regular activity engaged in heavy physical labor all year round, their hands are more lenient and cocooning; always running, his legs are developed. These are examples of functions for structural development, the structure has grown to play it can function better.
Also showed that brain science: people often engage in certain activities, regulating the activities of the more developed parts of the brain often; the few people who engage in certain activities, regulating the activities of parts of the brain tend to shrink, even disappear in people's growing!
Memory psychology that: long-term memory is to change the direction of nerve prominent and axons, the size of even the connection. Temporary and short-term memory is the obvious change in nerve cells.
Psychology had a role to play through the nervous system, but also play a role in the nervous system, "change" more conducive to psychological role to play. This interaction, mutual improvement and promotion of the situation so that more complex psychological phenomenon, as the chicken egg thing as confusing and difficult to distinguish.
Stimulation is also a role, the role of a force, the role of nature can be attributed to all four types of loads. Different intensity and types of stimulation can promote the development of the nervous system, also make up a powerful psychological. Thus, children in contact with more stimulation is more intelligent.
(D), the complex interaction of the five senses. Caused by the five senses how such a complex psychological phenomenon. This is because the seemingly complex nature of things the original is pure and simple, but complicated in the development process. There are many things that the law of development, will be able to transform complex calculations and computer graphics, is based on a simple binary basis; "million through the first," the I Ching, which produces only two lines of Yin and Yang Yao those interactions; nature 10 million kinds of organisms are five base pairs of genetic material of a different order to connect and match. Vision, pain, touch, taste and hearing can make psychological complex, dazzling.
Psychology Schools Unity
7, the unity of psychology schools
Psychology Schools generally are: behavior psychology, psychoanalysis, psychology, existential psychology, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology, functional psychology, structural psychology. These schools focus on the exploration of psychological nature, is part of the basic theory. The following analysis of these schools one by one, these schools are focused on the real psychological phenomenon, process or function of a link, and suddenly drop caused by other sectors, is one-sided, partial, or part of the study, no overall, comprehensive or the nature of the study.
Behavioral psychology focus on the mental addition of a performance (behavior) were studied. Mental through the nervous system to produce disposable muscle contraction and relaxation movements, resulting in behavior. This psychological approach is the role of mental functioning and apparently the main channel. Psychological functioning the way there are many channels, such as: speech, written language and gaze. In fact, the mental through the nervous system is reflected in the overall phenomenon is outside the body, the behavior is developed from the body into a branch, the branch is priority and prominence, so that cover the entire body. Body like the other branches of the stars, while the behavior is like the sun, cover up acts of other branches of the light, there is often significant and prominent part from start to study, so the behavior was prominent in the psychology out. Even to study the behavior instead of psychological research, the psychology, behavioral science orientation for the study, which is the disproportionation and the expansion of research. Behavioral psychology is only an external phenomenon of psychological research, psychological performance of a whole body, posture and other forms ---- discourse, written language and eye contact, etc. In recent years, language is a proof of the rise of psychology .
Psychoanalytic Psychology focuses on the direction of the unconscious functions of the inquiry, precisely, is suppressed in the subconscious awareness of the damage. The psychology was very little involved in other aspects. In fact, the boundaries of the unconscious and consciousness is not as obvious Floyd said. Such as landscape edges look bike, cycling behavior of control can change at any time under the circumstances out of the subconscious. Consciousness is essentially unconscious, the contents of consciousness when attention is not on the pressure into the subconscious, into the contents of the unconscious. Most people act is subject to subconscious Kong Zhi, and conscious control of behavior by only a small proportion of this will help a person while engaged in a number of campaigns, the speech and even more profound for human adaptation to natural, human heart, respiratory and blink, and other basic physiological activities are controlled by the subconscious, which will help reduce the sense of pressure. Person who at the same time recognize and control these activities, people will be exhausted by these activities, but regardless of the survival and development. The campaign was suppressed in the subconscious if abnormal, will return to the awareness level, re-regulation to be proactive sense.
Humanistic Psychology from everyone has the existence and development needs, that everyone must develop and perfect themselves, have a good direction to the psychological. Is the normal and reasonable person needs to reflect. The psychology of man as a whole, and focused on the realization of human development needs of the process, that aims to explore the psychological process of human self-realization. The psychology major point is that everyone has the pursuit of the meaning of life and the potential to create a better life, which is in fact a reflection of people's development needs. In short, humanistic psychology is the focus of people's survival and development needs of the psychology, but this is only a small aspect of psychology.
There's a whole psychology is starting from independent personal psychology of the relationship with the world, emphasizing the independence of individual psychology to explore the overall experience of independent personal existence. The emphasis of individual psychology is the psychological nature of the world's environment as a whole were studied.
The main focus of cognitive psychology who studies cognitive process, that of how people acquire knowledge is the process of acquiring knowledge of human psychology, emotional, ability and personality and other psychological phenomena of smaller, more regardless of the will, motivation and demand and so on.
Structuralism focuses on using experimental methods of psychology, the structure of consciousness, which is affected by the physical structure of the results. As the psychological high flow variability, complexity and a high degree of self-organization, to use a simple test to accurately sense the structure of the existing scientific level is impossible. However, the full psychology of "brick" role, lead to the broader and more profound psychological study raises a number of psychology "jade pieces."
Functional psychology as the opposite of structural psychology emerged, focusing on the individual to adapt to the environment arising from the psychological function. With the decline of structuralism, the school also go away
Psychology: a study of human psychological phenomenon, the process of development and change, and on this basis, people's mental activities will be a science.
Brief summary:
1, the nervous system is the psychological origin of the material production base and the necessary conditions. (Not brain)
2, psychology is reflected in the physical stimulus to highly organized substances. (Another psychological prerequisites)
3, symbol of psychology is feeling. (Mental quality of the external signs)
4, the psychological nature of the nervous system to stimulate the formation of orderly change under the action of electromagnetic fields. (Mental biophysical analysis)
5, the complexity of mental phenomena from the complexity of the nervous system.
6, complex psychological phenomenon of unity in feeling (and its systematic and organized.)
7, the schools of philosophy can not be separated from the nervous system and sensory.
Psychological effects of color
Psychologist Luescher color test (M. Lusher) of the relationship between color and personality
Color:
1. Red 2. Blue 3. Yellow 4. Green 5. Tan 6. Purple 7. Gray 8. Black
Character orientation:
1. Red representative of conquest and masculinity color. Like the red are for the most ambitious, will actively seek the things you want to get is action-oriented people. Work is also enthusiastic, but too excited to be back on when the people around offensive, red represents the passion and glory, red never give ethos.
2. Blue symbolizes the sea is calm and the representative color of femininity. Like the blue in very calm and stable character of people, but honestly, attaches great importance to the relationship of trust between people can take care of the people around, with people very polite, blue for broad mind, with not giving up spirit. harmonious world.
3. On behalf of lively yellow, bright and warm colors. Character of people like the bright yellow outgoing, and has a lofty ideal. They want to show your personality, but sometimes things will be some reluctance on behalf of the traditional yellow flavor.
4. Green on behalf of self-confidence, stability and sense of superiority of color. People who like green more stable, is very strong type of endurance. Great attention to the harmony with the surrounding environment, but it is necessary when carrying out their own ideas, and can be expressed in a calm manner. Green represents health, nature, harmony between man and nature.
5. Brown on behalf of family, home, warm colors of the environment and security. Moderate generous people like brown, is the type of coordination. They are very good at dealing with human relations, in general, when there is trouble to find this type of people can talk, Brown also represents a unique culture, tea ceremony.
6. Purple color is representative of sensual, mysterious, erotic things. Like the purple people are very romantic, is a rich sensitivity to the type of fine character, full of personality. Will show in some narcissistic features. Purple more representative of a special idealism.
7. Gray represent the quiet, elegant, lonely color. Most people like the gray self-centered, others are not interested. Sometimes appear weak, dependence on others. Gray represents the decadence of old, a symbol of a kind to the old into new and special meaning.
8. Cut off the black represents the idea, yield, refused to give up color. Like black people more independent, has a strong desire to change the status quo. They are very hard to improve themselves, but sometimes not always sexual. Black on behalf of the mysterious, omnipotent power!.
Psychology of domestic well-known websites
Comparing the current known number of domestic Psychology Web site:
China Psychology: www.psychcn.com counseling training to the main site is a relatively old psychology.
8 hours outside psychology: www.psytopic.com looks like a Psychology website, a magazine popular good.
Game Kijiji: www.psygi.com psychology papers and entertaining, for fans of non-psychologists.
Psychological General Search: www.psysoper.com gathered some of the psychological study of foreign and domestic talent of some people who came Psychology
Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal: http://psychology.zjnu.net.cn/, is the earlier creation of the Department of Psychology of school psychology site is old.
Fuzhou University, Department of Applied Psychology http://www.jyxxy.cn, Fujian Province _set_ up the first 211 universities of Applied Psychology
Counseling: www.xlzx.com psychological counseling-based site, have their own forum, now doing well.
Psychological Consultation Center, Guangzhou Wei Zhihua http://www.wzz.com.cn
Some psychological-related Courses
First, unity of physical and mental health working visit series:
A, "leisurely" soul SPA ---- tension and anxiety stress management;
B, Square ---- meditation health meditation with modern psychology, the traditional combination of physical and mental health and happiness of the Act;
C, happiness workshops ---- sleep insomnia natural treatment;
D, "wonderful sounds," Health Corner ---- pronunciation through simple self-conditioning or music to help their own emotions, peace mind, healthy mind and body;
E, analysis of the script of life ---- to explore the pattern inherent in your new understanding of themselves, and the subconscious level of demand and desire;
F, sensory recovery ---- sincere face their feelings about their loss of sensation or numbness of the cause and solution to restore all sensory perception, and enjoy them much more happiness in life;
G, life figures (color, environment, time) to understand life and energy ---- the password, the password using the number of energy self-reconciling their own energy system, then the energy of their powerful, transforming the energy around to protect themselves.
Second, hypnosis series:
1, International Hypnosis Certificate Course
2, International Hypnotherapist Certificate
3, integration of physical and mental pleasure trip decompression ----
4, hypnotic charm of beauty ---- Life Journey
Third, Enneagram Studies series:
1, the basis of class Enneagram
2, Advanced Course Enneagram
3, selling Enneagram Workshop
4 Enneagram Management Workshop
5 Enneagram workshop relationships
4, Business Series:
1, peak sales of Psychology
2, marketing channels Tactical Training Camp
3, excellent communication ability
4, excellent leadership ability
5, the miracle of life series:
1, Life Wisdom meditation tour dancers ----
2, psychosomatic unity of spirit energy ---- One Journey
3, the miracle of life journey
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