心理學(英文名稱Psychology)是研究人和動物心理現象生、展和活動規律和的一門科學。心理學既研究動物的心理（研究動物心理主要是為深層次地瞭解、預測人的心理的生、展的規律）也研究人的心理，而以人的心理現象為主要的研究對象。因此總而言之，心理學是研究心理現象和心理規律的科學。
心理學一詞來源於希臘文，意思是關於靈魂的科學。靈魂在希臘文中也有氣或呼吸的意思，因為古代人們認為生命依賴於呼吸，呼吸停止，生命就完結。隨着科學的展，心理學的對象由靈魂改為心靈。直到19世紀初葉，德國哲學家、教育學家赫爾巴特首次提出心理學是一門科學。而原先，心理學、教育學都同屬於哲學的疇，來各自從哲學的襁褓中出來。科學的心理學不僅對心理現象進行描述，更重要的是對心理現象進行說明，以揭示其生展的規律。
有朋友說：“學心理學的人能看透別人的心理，知道他人心想什麽，好厲害！”這些說法把心理學神化，其實，心理學就是一門研究人的心理活動的規律的科學。心理學者是在可能的按照科學的方法，間接的觀察、研究或思考人的心理過程（包括感覺、知覺、註意、記憶、思維、想象和言語等過程）是怎樣的，人與人有什麽不同，為什麽會有這樣和那樣的不同，即人的人格或個性，包括需要與動機、能力、氣質、性格和自我意識等，從而得出適用人類的、一般性的規律，繼而運用這些規律，更好的服務於人類的生産和實踐。
心理的起源
心理是生物神經活動的産物,心理起源的研究主要從比較心理學(研究各生物物種神經功能及心理展水平),展心理學(人類個心理生展規律)兩方面進行.動物神經統的産生是心理起源的物質基礎和必要條件.
心理學是研究人的行為與心理活動規律的科學.
2000年前，古希臘的希波拉底提出四人格（膽汁質、多血質、粘稠質、抑質）
之古希臘的蓋倫提出氣質這一概念，用氣質代替人格，形成四氣質，來的心理學研究中，沿用這一分類方式。
19世紀前，心理學屬於哲學疇。
19世紀中葉，開始引入實驗作為心理學的研究方式，使得心理學成為一門獨立的學科。德國的韋伯，研究出著名的韋伯定律（感覺閾限定律）
1860年，德國的費希納開創心理物理學，德國的艾賓浩斯開創記憶的實驗研究。
1879年，德國的馮特在萊比錫大學建立心理研究，標志着科學心理學的誕生。實證研究方法的運用是這一學科成為科學的轉點.其的一百多年,心理學門派紛爭及高度展,學科唔系也進一步完善.
心理學是社會科學還是自然科學,在於視角及立場,因為它本身具備兩者的特點.基礎心理學歸為自然科學疇，應用心理學歸類於社會科學疇，因此，有人稱之為“中間學科”。
心理的起源,尤其是人類高級心理過程,如思維,語言,情感,意志,高級心理特的産生,是神經基礎及人類社會化進程的産物,所以我們不能以單純的生物學觀點來研究此命題.
心理産生的歷史根源
一 、心理産生的歷史根源：物質反映特性長期展的産物
自然界的物質都具有反映特性，在受到外部作用時都會作出反映。而且物質反映特性隨着自然界物質的進化而進化，越是處在高級階段的物質，其反映特性越發達越雜，（也有越倒退越簡單的高級階段的物質）。高級階段的物質的反映特性是從低級階段物質的物質反映特性經過漫長的歷史進化而産生的。在目前人類所把握的世界，物質反映特性經如下的階段：非生物的物態反映（物理的、化學的、機械的）、低等生物（包括植物）的刺激感應性、高等動物的感覺、知覺和象、人類的想象（內含記憶）和思維。( ? )由此可見：心理現象是物質世界長期進化所衍生出來的現象，是物質對外界刺激反映的高級形式，是物質高度組織化的現。心理的産生根源於物質反映特性的高度展。心理現象是專門應對刺激而産生的物質反映現象。
反映特性衹有在受到刺激顯現其存在，沒有刺激，反映特性就會潛伏起來，不會現出來。心理也具有如此共性。衹有在受到刺激時，會現出心理現象，展示心理的存在。沒有刺激，心理就會消失。心理是在刺激的基礎上産生、存在和展。心理是物質對刺激作出反映的高度組織化的物質
心理産生的標志
二 、心理産生的標志：感覺
在邏輯層上，心理現象包括感覺、知覺、象、記憶、思維、想象、情感和意志等，到底是那一種心理現象的出現標志着心理的誕生？即心理産生的標志是什麽？是何心理現象的産生宣告心理的産生？
有現象必有其本質，心理現象産生，就會有心理産生。在所有心理現象中那一種是最先産生而又最基本心理現象，又能理推出展其他心理現象？顯然是感覺。衹有感覺産生的最早又能展出其他心理現象，應該是心理誕生的標志。這可以從三個方面來推理：（1）感覺是其他一切心理現象的基礎，沒有感覺就沒有其他一切心理現象。感覺誕生，其他心理現象就在感覺的基礎上展起來，感覺是其他一切心理現象的源頭和“胚芽”，其他心理現象是在感覺的基礎上展、壯大和成熟起來的。感覺是其他心理現象大廈的“地基”，其他心理現象都是建立在感覺的基礎上。（2）個心理學明：剛出生的嬰兒就衹有無條件反射，衹有簡單的感覺，而知覺和象等等還沒有展起來，但我們不能否認嬰兒就沒有心理。這樣我們在潛意識中實際上承認衹有衹不過具有感覺的嬰兒也具有心理！心理隨着感覺的誕生而誕生，一旦有感覺也就有心理。單單有感覺，就標志着心理的誕生，其他一切心理現象都是以感覺為“胚芽”展起來，是胚芽成長的不同階段。隨着嬰兒的育，其心理也逐漸展起來，心理現象愈來愈雜。（3）動物進化史也明感覺是心理産生的標志和“胚芽”。感覺是在什麽時候産生的呢？也就是說感覺在動物進化史中是在那動物身上開始出現的呢？動物進化史中。最開始出現心理現象的動物是腔腸動物。具有網狀神經統的腔腸動物以簡單的感覺對外界刺激作出反映，腔腸動物具有最簡單最低級的心理現象，也即有心理，心理在腔腸動物身上誕生，以隨着動物的進化和展，心理也在逐漸展，豐富，漸次出現知覺、象、想象和思維等等。心理進化史是動物進化史的附着物，隨着動物的進化而進化的。心理也是從具有感覺的動物隨着生物的進化而展起來的，心理在感覺的基礎上隨着生物的進化而紛繁雜起來，出現知覺、象和想象等等，直至出現意識和思維等高級心理現象。
心理學的分類
現代心理學的展，在理論上已形成基本的、作為一門科學的獨立唔系。在應用上與社會各實踐領域建立泛的聯繫，從而形成許多分支學科，現獨立的在科學唔系上的分類。
普通心理學
普通心理學是研究正常成人的心理過程和個性心理特的一般規律的學科，是心理學最基本、最重要的基礎研究。普通心理學研究心理過程的生展和個性心理特形成的最一般的理論和規律，建立心理學研究最一般的方法論原則和具的方法。普通心理學既包括過去研究中已經定論的、為科學實踐所證實為科學家所公認的理論和規律，也包括雖不一定為大所公認，但卻有重大影響的學派的理論和學說，還包括處於科學展前沿的新成果和新現。因此，普通心理學的內容不是一成不變的。在它已形成的理論唔系上，不斷地充實着新的內容。特由於心理學尚屬一門年輕的科學，這一點尤為重要。
在普通心理學的圍內，按照心理活動的基本過程和個性心理特，還可分為感覺（視覺、聽覺、觸摸覺、運動覺、嗅味覺等）心理學、知覺心理學、記憶心理學、註意心理學、思維心理學、言語心理學、情緒心理學、動機心理學、智能心理學、氣質心理學、人格心理學等分支基礎學科。
生理心理學
生理心理學是從人生理和神經生理、神經解剖、神經生物化學等方面進行關於心理的生理基礎和機研究的學科，是心理學基礎研究的重要組成部分。生理心理學在現代腦科學研究成果和現代技術方法的基礎上，揭示各種心理現象在腦的解剖部位及腦功能上生的規律。生理心理學還包括神經心理學、心理生物學、動物心理學等分支學科。
社會心理學
社會心理學是研究個在特定社會、群條件下，心理、動機、人際關係生展及其規律的學科。社會心理學着重探討個社會化的條件和規律，個的社會動機與態度的形成，人際關係和群心理的形成與影響等方面的一般規律。社會心理學包括民族心理學、家庭心理學等分支學科。
變態心理學
它研究人的心理與行為的異常，包括認知活動、情感活動、動機和意志行為活動、智力和人格特等方面的異常現。所以，也可以說，變態心理學是研究和揭示心理異常現象的生、展和變化規律的一門科學。
研究病人的異常心理或病態行為的醫學心理學分支。又稱病理心理學，它用心理學原理和方法研究異常心理或病態行為的現形式、生原因和機及其展規律，探討鑒評定的方法及矯治與預防的措施。變態心理有多外表電表現形式。按心理過程或狀，可分為感覺障礙、知覺障礙、註意障礙、記憶障礙、思維障礙、情感障礙、意志障礙、行為障礙、意識障礙、智力障礙、人格障礙等。按臨床精神疾病的現或狀可分為神經性障礙、精神病性障礙、人格障礙、藥物和酒精依賴、性變態、心理生理障礙、適應障礙、兒童行為障礙、智力落等。
評定心理現象是否異常，一般需從3 方面考察：①從統計學方面考察。處於群中常態麯綫兩個極端的個屬於異常。②從個人生活史考察。常把個當前的心理活動與以往的加以對比，看是否有異於尋常的改變。③從社會適應狀況考察。可根個社會適應能力缺陷的程度，分析其是否屬於異常。此外，在評定心理現象是否異常時，不可忽略參考社會文化背景等方面的資料。
對變態心理的矯治，可區分為心理治療和軀治療兩大類。心理治療如言語和非言語的心理療法、催眠療法、暗示療法、行為療法等。軀治療包括精神藥物治療、物理治療、心理生理治療和外科治療等。此外，用一些綜性療法也可取得顯著效果。預防是變態心理學中的一個重要課題。由於變態心理生的原因十分雜，因而需要各個方面取綜性的預防措施才能奏效。
變態心理學是研究病人的異常心理或病態行為的醫學心理學分支，又稱病理心理學。它用心理學原理和方法研究異常心理或病態行為的現形式、生原因和機及其展規律，探討鑒評定的方法及矯治與預防的措施。
展心理學
展心理學是研究個心理展規律的學科。展中的個，無論處於展的哪一階段之中，他們的心理展既包括心理的各個過程及各個特，又分有着主要的展方面和主要的矛盾。在全發達展的基礎上，每一階段主要矛盾得到解决，即將下一階段過渡。展心理學就要研究個心理展各個階段各方面的矛盾與變化。展心理學可分為嬰兒心理學、幼兒心理學、學齡兒童心理學、少年心理學、老年心理學等分支學科。展心理學既是心理學理論唔系的重要組成部分，又是對展中的人進行教育、教養的理論根。
教育心理學
教育心理學是研究學校教育和教學過程中學生的心理活動規律的學科。它主要涉及掌握各科知識和各種技能的心理活動特點及規律，研究智能的展與智力測查方法，影響教學過程的心理因素、道德品質與行為習慣的形成規律，以及家庭、學校、團體、社會意識形態等對學生的影響。教育心理學涉及的圍很，它可包括德育心理、學習心理、學科心理、智力缺陷與補償、智力測量與教師心理等分支。
勞動心理學
勞動心理學研究人在勞動過程中所需的心理能力和心理品質，研究操作程序、操作條件與操作者的心理特點適應等問題。勞動心理學可包括工程心理學與工業心理學。工程心理學主要研究在生産高度機械化和自動化條件下人與機器的相互作用問題。工業心理學研究生産者選拔和操作理化等問題。
文藝心理學
文藝心理學在各種藝領域有不同的研究對象。對於繪畫藝，着重研究光感覺、視色學、視知覺的規律，如光覺與色覺的感受性，視知覺的參照、透視規律。對於音樂藝，着重研究音和聽覺特性，如聲機及聲規律，聽覺的音高、音強、音色、節奏感和旋律感。對於舞臺藝体夫現的是完整的人物角色，需研究個性的全特、情緒驗和現、人格結構和行為；探討各類角色的典型特并州在舞臺上再現的規律。藝心理學還要研究藝學家全家家庭家乡獨特的心理素質，如形象思維能力、情緒情感驗特等。人的藝特長屬於特殊才能，不是人人所具備的。因此，對藝工作者的心理特長、個性差異的鑒及測量方法的訂，是重要的研究方面。
育運動心理學
育運動心理學研究育活動和競賽活動所涉及的心理特點。在一般的育運動中，研究各種育運動所涉及的骨骼肌肉統的解剖特點和器官活動的靈敏度與感受性以及受意識支配的能力，研究運動技能和技巧形成的一般規律。在運動競賽中，研究競賽條件下應具備的情緒特、意志品質和人格特點，競賽中的動機水平、情緒狀態對運動技能生的影響。在運動員選拔方面，心理選拔和測量方法的訂也是重要的研究領域。
航空航天心理學
航空航天心理學研究在空中和宇宙飛行條件下人的心理活動特點。在非陸地的異常條件下從事緊張的駕駛操作，要求飛行員和宇航員具有較全的優秀心理素質和較完善的個性特。飛行中缺乏視覺參照物，完全依靠儀器儀的指示進行操作，從而要求飛行員具備精確的視一動協調反應能力，對錯覺的意識靈敏度，還要求堅強沉着的意志，穩定的情緒等特。宇宙飛行在失重條件下，要求具備心理反應變化的高度適應性和自我協調能力。為培養和選拔飛行員和宇航員，心理素質的測定和訓練過程的檢測方法，均是重要的研究方面。
組織管理心理學
組織管理心理學研究某一群——一個企業或一個學校的組織管理工作中人的因素方面。它涉及領導者與被領導者的心理素質以及二者之間的關係的協調問題。一方面，包括領導者對被領導者的心理活動的掌握，例如對生産者的專業能力和技能的瞭解，用以對人才的估量和選拔；對生産者的動機、情緒和需要的瞭解，以預測他們的現和對工作的影響；協調與生産者之間的關係，揮他們的生産和工作積極性。另一方面，還包括對領導者的心理活動特點的研究。例如領導能力、領導作風、領導心理素質的瞭解，用以對領導行為的評價和對領導者的選拔。組織管理心理學既可用於工業生産、企業經營，又可用於諸如學校、醫院、文機構等事業單位。
臨床或醫學心理學
心理異常可由遺傳和社會適應不良而産生。臨床心理學是研究心理異常的生原因、病機、狀與診斷、預防與治療的學科，從中分出心理治療與心理咨詢的面對社會和醫療服務的專門事業。臨床心理學既包括嚴重的心理變態疾病（如精神分裂）；也包括輕度的單純由心理因素所引起的神經（如神經性焦慮）或憂症候，還包括由心理因素引起的軀疾病（如高血壓）。者稱為心身醫學；從治療的角度，研究病因，診斷與預防，形成一門新興的健康心理學。
對心理異常的研究，不僅對醫療實踐有重要作用，而且從異常與正常的比較中，有助於揭示心理的機。因此，從學科的觀點和學研究的角度，對心理異常的病因、機、診斷與治療方面的研究，稱為變態心理學。
司法與犯罪心理學
司法心理學是研究違法行為以及處理違法行為中的心理學問題的學科。它涉及犯罪、偵察、審訊以及改造罪犯等過程中，對犯罪原因、偵訊技術、改造手段的研究。偵察和審訊人員應具備的心理素質和心理技能也是研究的組成部分。
犯罪心理學與司法心理學有重疊的方面，前者着重研究罪犯行為的心理原因。尤其是青少年犯的心理特點、心理動機、個人格和情緒特，是研究的重要方面。對罪犯的個人成長背景、家庭、學校、社會的犯罪因素等方面也要進行調查研究。
心理産生的客觀工具
三 、心理産生的客觀工具：神經統
心理並不是人腦特有的。例如：渦斷頭可以再生；蛙與蟾蜍切除大腦半球仍有條件反射；去除大腦的鴿子仍有本能的非條件反射，仍能走和飛。在大腦缺失的情況下，這些動物仍現出心理現象.因此，大腦並不是心理存在的必要條件。
動物進化史明：心理是動物進化到腔腸動物時産生的，此時的動物産生最原始的神經統 ----網狀神經統。在生物進化鏈上，神經統出現之前並無心理現象，心理是與神經統同時産生的。而隨着神經統逐漸雜，心理現象也亦步亦趨的豐富起來。作為心理的外觀之一，其行為也日益雜。不論處於何階段的動物，假如抽出或破壞其全部的神經統，心理必將消失。且若損壞某部分神經統，其心理必然會出現若不正常。
心理是由刺激引起的，是刺激引起的電脈衝在神經統上傳播的結果，是生物電流在神經統中傳播所引起而産生的，是刺激在細胞膜上引起的電流在神經統中傳導所引起的。是神經統在刺激的作用下産生的。因此，神經統是心理産生的工具。
心理産生的機
四 、心理産生的機：神經細胞的膜電位變化
從單一心理産生的起點來看，首先是刺激作用於神經細胞而引起心理的，這個單個刺激是如何引起心理的？神經細胞的細胞膜存在極化現象，細胞膜內側聚集負電荷，細胞膜外側聚集正電荷，膜兩側相當於各存在一個極，膜內側相當於負極，膜外側相當於正極，這樣細胞膜上就相當於存在一個電場，在細胞膜未受到任何刺激時，膜兩側相對靜止不動存在靜息電位，一旦膜受到一定強度的刺激，靜息電位就會變成動作電位，膜兩側的帶電粒子又重新組，形成膜內聚集正電荷而膜外聚集負電荷的電場，當刺激消失，細胞膜又進行調整，又恢到未受刺激地狀態，此時膜內聚集負電荷膜外聚集正電荷，這樣在膜兩側電場就生兩次方向性的改變，即電場生重大變化，變化的電場産生磁場，此時形成電磁場，這相當於電磁震蕩。而這次變化的結果是刺激處的細胞膜又恢原態，故刺激作用對細胞施加的能量全部傳遞出去。這些能量是如何傳遞的呢？這個刺激在細胞膜上引起細胞膜上電位的變化，産生一個興奮點，引起鄰近未受到刺激的細胞膜電位也生變化，形成新的興奮點，具過程是：興奮點的電場與鄰近未興奮點的電場之間出現電勢差，帶電粒子就會移動，使鄰近未興奮部興奮，電場生方向的改變，該處的電位由原來的靜息電位變成動作電位，産生一個膜內聚集正電荷膜外聚集負電荷的電場，與未興奮時的電場方向相反，原來興奮部的能量轉移到未興奮部，使未興奮部興奮起來，進行一次電磁震蕩，産生電磁場。同理，這個新的興奮部又依次下一個未興奮部傳播電磁場，其機理在於膜兩側帶電粒子的流動，但是，若我們比較相距較遠的已興奮過的興奮點的話，就現這兩點未有粒子的交流，相同的是兩點都經受不了一次電場的連續變化，産生電磁場，這是什麽引起的呢？究其根源，這實際上是刺激引起的電磁場在膜上進行的傳播。神經細胞的細胞膜把刺激“編碼”成一定頻率和強度的電磁場，沿神經纖維傳播，從而引起人的感覺，産生心理，電磁場在神經統內的活動就是心理活動，電磁場在神經統內傳導與加工所引起的現象就是心理現象（電磁場通過神經牽引肌肉細胞從而現為態的變化，因此我們可以通過考察態的變化來推測心理變化）。心理就是這個電磁場，電磁場在神經統內的有序擴展與運動就是心理活動。
電磁場是人類無法用感官直接感知的，看不見，摸不着，聞不到，這是由人類感官的局限造成的，而且心理衹有在刺激下才能産生，故而使人感到神秘摸測，心理難以為人所理解所把握也就不足為怪，可是，人的心理作為人對刺激反應的産物，在人類生活中占有極其重要的地位，揮非常泛的作用，由於人類對他的無知，對他的巨大作用又無法控，但人類又必須對心理現象作出看似理的解釋，所以就把他神秘化，産生姓种种氏假想。
植物和低等動物沒有神經統，細胞膜上産生的電磁場無法在細胞膜上實現遠距離傳播，更無法實現定傳播，膜在刺激下所産生的電磁場是在小圍內近距離擴散，實現不電磁場的規有序傳播，故而這電磁場不是心理。衹有在神經統的定傳導與約束下，在膜上産生的電磁場是心理。離開神經統，心理將不會産生和存在。
總之，心理的本質是神經統在刺激作用下形成的有序變化的電磁場。
心理現象和心理過程的統一
五、心理現象和心理過程的統一（感覺心理學的建立）
感覺是刺激物的某特性進入神經統的“通道”，它把刺激“編碼”成不同頻率和強度的電磁場在神經統“周遊”，引起相應的態變化（包括行為和語言）。人的感覺是非常有限的，就類而言，衹有五感官，人類就缺乏鴿子所具有的磁覺。就感受幅度而言，能感受一定強度圍的刺激，過高過低的刺激都不能直接引起我們的感覺，人類就沒有狗的嗅覺靈敏（一定存在一個我們所感覺不到的世界）。
知覺是把通過感覺而“搜集起來”的姓种种氏物質特性的綜起來進行的反映，象則是對物質過去到現在的整認識的總結，想象是在過去象的基礎上對物質的可能形態進行的預測。在四維時空中，到想象階段就形成對物質的形象化的認識。這在思維上就是形象化思維，抽象思維則是對事物的抽象特的思維。思維就是對事物特的“加工”。由此可見，感覺是其他心理現象大廈的“地基”，其他心理現象都是建立在感覺的基礎上。
記憶是把事物的特性“錄入”大腦的過程；錄入的內容有的建立與其他原有內容的聯繫，紮下根來而現為“長時記憶”，而紮不下根來的記憶，又根其能憶起來的時間長短分為短時記憶和暫時記憶。
意識和潛意識是經過記憶過程的事物特的“存貯庫”。能夠憶起來的內容是暫存在意識中的內容，不能夠憶起來的內容是存放在潛意識的內容。二者關係如下：（1）意識與潛意識並無明顯的界限，但有一個過渡時期和過渡空間。（2）在自然狀態下，意識總是潛意識過渡。（3）在外界的預下，人也可以把潛意識轉化為意識，例如通過心理訪談知道自己的喪父或喪母心結。（4）潛意識雖然難以喚起，但仍然揮作用，不自覺的改變人的行為。（5）潛意識的庫存遠遠大與意識的庫存。現在當前作用上就是潛意識揮的作用遠遠大於意識，意識是潛意識和意識的“冰山一角”。
語言與行為都是人的一種“態”，衹不過是高度組織化。心理通過神經統調控人的外在肌肉就形成“態”。（1）語言的解釋：語言是通過聲帶和口舌等相關肌肉的高度組織化，出有規則的聲波，不同的聲波被賦予不同含義，就構成口頭語言；書語言則是把不同含義的聲波用符號記錄下來，這個符號就是書語言。（2）行為的解釋：行為則是在心理支配下産生的各種動作，這些行為具有一定的含義發達揮一定的作用。態除語言和動作之外還有非常豐富的內容，最明顯的是人的“心靈的窗戶”----眼神。人們主要通過態變化來推測和探知人的心理變化和作用，他是心理運動的外觀。
能力是心理功能在行為結果上的反映，行為結果達到預期的目的就明能力高，心理功能強，反之，則明能力低和心理弱。
智力是心理功能在思維成果上的反映，有較高思維成果産生就明智力高。反之，則明低。
氣質是心理狀態在人的態上的反映。良好的心理狀態就使氣質優良，不同的心理狀態象為不同的氣質。
需求是生物自身的不斷展和完善在心理上的反映。動物總是趨於保存和完善自我，現實一旦不能立即提供保存和完善自我的條件，心理就會産生要滿足這個條件的要求，需求就這樣産生。需求的産生是生物自我生存和展的需要。
動機是指心理指引行為要達到的目標。需求是動機産生的前提。
情緒是新認知與已有知識碰撞産生的心理現象，當新認知與已有知識生衝突乃至矛盾時，心理就會引起負性情緒（通過內分泌統？），隨着強度大小，情緒的強度也相應增減，反之則引起正性情緒。
情感是情緒在某事物上的認知化凝結。一感覺到該事物就會主動認為該事物好或壞，飛快跳過衝突過程而産生固定情緒。這也是可以通過在另一個更高層次調節認知而改變這些情緒或情感的。
學習是主動、統而專門的記憶過程。
性格是指心理的穩定的傾性。在待人接物時直觀現出來。
人格是指心理特在社會關係中現出的穩定的傾性。與性格相比，人格側重於人的知識唔系和由此决定的價值觀，而性格則側重於心理自身的特。
心理學的姓种种氏過程與現象都是以感覺為基礎建立起來的，感覺是心理過程和心理現象的邏輯起點，都是從感覺展出來的。如果把感覺比作“嬰兒”，心理過程和心理現象就是各種類型的“成人”，感覺是心理的“胚芽”。因此心理的一切過程與現象都可以從感覺出得到理解釋，因此心理學統一的基礎在於感覺。感覺心理學的實質就是大統一的心理學。
心理現象的雜原因
六 、心理現象雜的原因
(一)、心理的無法直接感知性。心理作為一種電磁場，人類有限的五感官是無法直接感知的。能意識到它的最大共性----客觀實在性，而其他具的性質則無法直接把握。
(二)、心理功能的強大及無所不在性。有人的地方必有心理揮作用，必有心理揮其難以名狀的功能。心理支配人的行為，紛繁雜的行為都可以從心理角度得到理的解釋。人的一切活動都是行為，而心理决定這一切，由此可見，心理的功能是多麽的強大！而且心理自身又具有高度的雜性。可是由於社會條件的限，人是無法直接把握心理這物質的，現實又要求必須對人的行為作出貌似理的解釋。於是人們就把它“神化”，把“心理”冠名為“靈魂”或“心靈”，把它作為上帝的“傑作”或“旨意”，心理在希臘文中的意思就是“靈魂”。這把心理神化的觀念使人墜入歧途，在思想是心理更是顯得迷霧重重。
(三)、神經統的強大自組織性。在心理依靠神經統揮其功能時，神經統自身又可以不斷的建構和完善，使心理功能更好的揮且更為強大，使心理現象更加雜。這實際上是功能與結構的關係的一個縮影。常用的手使手的結構育的更能從事經常的活動，常年從事重力勞動的人，其手較為寬大且結繭；常跑步的人，其大腿往往發達。這些都是功能促進結構育的例子，育起來的結構又能使功能更好的揮。
神經統的結構與功能的這關係更加突出和明顯。神經統的建構很大程度上依賴神經統揮的程度和類。神經統揮的作用越多，揮作用的類越多，其結構越完善，越利於其揮作用（大腦越用越靈）。越高級的動物其神經統越發達，功能對結構的促進作用越強大。就人而言，剛出生嬰兒的大腦重量衹有成人的一半，另一半大腦育如何主要依靠出生所接觸的社會環境。有利神經統揮作用的環境能大大改善大腦的結構增加其重量，印度“狼孩”的大腦，其重量大大低於常人，更無論其結構。
腦科學也明：經常從事某活動的人，調節該活動的大腦部位往往越發達；而很少從事某活動的人，調節該活動的大腦部位往往萎縮，甚至在人的成長中消失！
記憶心理學明：長時記憶就是改變神經突出和軸突的方向、大小乃至連接。暫時和短時記憶是把神經細胞改變的不明顯。
心理本來通過神經統揮作用，但在揮作用的同時，神經統“變的”更有利於心理作用的揮。這相互作用，相互完善和促進的情況使心理現象更為雜，一如雞生蛋還是蛋生雞一樣讓人惑而難辨。
刺激也是一種作用，是一種力的作用，自然界一切作用都可以歸結為四力的作用。不同強度和類刺激能促使神經統的育，也使心理的功能強大起來。因此接觸較多刺激的兒童就比較聰明。
(四)、五感官的雜的交互作用。五感官何以造成如此雜的心理現象。這是因為貌似雜事物的本質原本是單純而簡單的，是在展過程中雜起來。這個規律存在許多事物的展之中，能夠進行雜計算與變換圖形的電腦，是建立在簡單的二進的基礎上的；“萬經之首”的易經，其産生是陰爻與陽爻二者的交互作用；自然界萬生物的遺傳物質都是五鹼基對的不同的順序連接與配對。視覺、痛覺，觸覺、味覺與聽覺完全可以使心理雜多變，令人眼花繚亂。
心理學流派的統一
七、心理學流派的統一
心理學流派大致有：行為主義心理學，精神分析心理學、存在主義心理學、人本主義心理學，格式塔心理學、認知心理學、功能主義心理學、結構主義心理學。這些流派着重於心理本質的探索，是其基本理論部分。下面對這些流派進行逐一分析，實際這姓种种氏流派都是着重心理現象、過程或功能的某個環節，而忽落其他環節所引起的，是片、局部或環節性的研究，沒有進行整、全或本質的研究。
行為主義心理學側重於心理外化的一個現（行為）進行研究。心理通過神經統來支配肌肉收縮和舒張産生動作，從而産生行為。心理的這發達揮作用的方式是心理揮作用的主要而且明顯的渠道。心理揮作用的方式還有許多渠道，例如：談話、書語言和眼神等。實際上，心理通過神經統現於外的整現象是態，行為是從態之中展起來的一個分支，這個分支被優先展而且突出出來，以致掩蓋整個態。態的其他分支好比星辰，而行為就好比太陽，行為掩蓋其他分支的光芒，人們往往是從明顯而突出的部分着手來研究的，所以行為在心理學研究中被突出出來。甚至以研究行為來代替心理的研究，把心理學定位為研究行為的科學，這是研究方向的歧化和膨脹。行為主義心理學是對心理的一個外在現象的研究，心理現的整是態，態還有其他形式----言談、書語言和眼神等等，近年來語言心理學的興起就是一個明證。
精神分析心理學研究的側重方向是潛意識功能的探究，確切的說是對壓抑在潛意識中的傷害意識的研究。而心理的其他方面都很少涉及。其實潛意識與意識的界限沒有弗洛伊德所說那樣明顯。比如邊騎自行車邊看風景，騎自行車的行為控可以根情況變化隨時出入潛意識。本質上意識也是潛意識，意識的內容一旦不被註意就壓入潛意識，變成潛意識的內容。人的絶大部分行為是受潛意識控的，受意識控的行為占很小的比例，這樣有利於一個人同時從事多項運動，更深刻講有利於人類適應自然，人的心跳、呼吸和眨眼等基本生理活動都是受潛意識控的，這有利於減輕意識的壓力。人如果同時要意識到控這些活動，人就會被這些活動死，更無論生存與展。這些被壓抑在潛意識的運動一旦出現不正常，就會返到意識層，重新被意識主動積極的調控。
人本主義心理學從人人都有存在和展的需要出，認為人人都要展和完善自己，都有良好方向展的心理。是人的正常理需求的反映。該心理學把人看成一個整，着重研究人的展需求的實現過程，即旨在探討人性自我實現的心理程。該心理學主要觀點是認為人人都有追求生命意義和創造美好生活的潛力，這實際上是人的展需求的反映。一句話，人本主義心理學是着重研究人的生存和展需要的心理學，而這僅僅是心理學一個很小的一個方面。
存在心理學是從人的整出探討獨立的個人心理與世界的關係，偏重個人心理的獨立性，探討獨立個人存在的整經驗。該心理學本質是偏重研究個人心理在世界環境中的整的變化規律。
完形心理學用整論觀點解釋知覺，認為知覺是以感覺為基礎的超感覺的整經驗。其核心觀念是 “整不等於部分之和”。這實際上是人結構與功能的自組織過程和結果。吃飯成長的人並不等於原初的人與飯的疊加；取知識的人並不是人與知識的總，知識被已有知識重新組織，然被納入已有的知識統；神經統在刺激的作用下，其結構也被或隱或顯的改變。知覺就是對姓种种氏感覺經過類似的組織化而形成的，是對姓种种氏感覺的整反映，雖不等於感覺之和，但感覺是知覺必備的素材和“原料”。這自組織化的結果是現出整性，即完形性。一句話：完形心理學側重的是心理的自組織性，是對心理的自組織現象和結果的研究。
認知心理學主要側重人的認知過程的研究，即研究人是如何取知識的，是研究人獲得知識過程的心理學，對情緒，能力及性格等心理現象研究較少，更無論意志、動機和需求等現象。
結構主義心理學側重用實驗方法研究意識的結構，這是受物質結構論影響的結果。由於心理的極高的流變性、雜性和高度的自組織性，要用單純的實驗來精確化意識的結構，在現有科學水平上是根本不可能的。但該心理學充分揮“磚”的作用，引對心理學的更泛更深刻的研究，引出心理學上許多“玉塊”。
功能主義心理學是作為結構主義心理學的對立物出現的，着重探討個適應環境時所産生的心理功能。隨着結構主義的衰落，該學派也自行消失
心理學：是研究人的心理現象的生，展和變化的過程，在此基礎上屆時人的心理活動規律的一門科學。
簡短的總結：
1、神經統的産生是心理起源的物質基礎和必要條件。（而不是腦）
2、心理是物質對刺激作出反映的高度組織化的物質。(心理的又一個必要條件)
3、心理産生的標志是感覺。（心理質的外在標志）
4、心理的本質是神經統在刺激作用下形成的有序變化的電磁場。（心理的生物物理分析）
5、心理現象的雜性源於神經統的雜性。
6、雜的心理現象統一於感覺（及其統化、組織化。）
7、各哲學流派的研究起點離不開神經統及感覺。
色彩心理效應
色彩測試心理學家呂爾（M.Lusher）分析的顔色與性格的關係
顔色：
1.紅色 2.藍色 3.黃色 4.緑色 5.茶色 6.紫色 7.灰色 8.黑色
性格的傾:
1.紅色 代人的服欲與男子漢氣概的顔色。喜歡紅色的人大都有野心，會積極地爭取想要得到的東西，是行動型的人。對工作也是熱情高漲，但是過於興奮時可能對周圍的人具有攻擊性,紅色代着激情和光榮,紅色代永不言敗的精神氣質.
2.藍色 大海的象徵，是代沉穩與女性氣質的顔色。喜歡藍色的人性格上都很沉着穩重，而且誠實，很重視人與人之間的信賴關係，能夠關照周圍的人，與人交往彬彬有禮,藍色代博大胸懷,用不言棄的精神.和諧世界.
3.黃色 代活潑、明快與溫暖的顔色。喜歡黃色的人性格開朗外，而且有着遠大的理想。他們希望顯示出自己的性格，但有時候做事會有些勉強,黃色代傳統氣息.
4.緑色 代自信心、穩健與優越感的顔色。喜歡緑色的人比較穩重，是忍耐力很強的類型。很註意與周圍環境的調和，但是在有必要貫徹自己想法的時候，也能夠冷靜地達出來.緑色代健康,自然,人與自然的相互和諧.
5.茶色 代學家全家家庭家乡族、家庭、溫馨的環境和安全感的顔色。喜歡茶色的人溫和寬厚，是有協調性的類型。他們很善於處理人與人之間的關係，一般來說在有煩惱的時候可以去找這一類型的人談心,茶色也代受不了一種特殊的文化,茶道.
6.紫色 這顔色代感性的、神秘的、情欲的事物。喜歡紫色的人很浪漫，是富於感受性的類型，性格細膩，富有個性。在某些方面會顯示出自我陶醉的特.紫色更代受不了一種特殊的理想主義.
7.灰色 是代沉靜、優雅、寂寞的顔色。喜歡灰色的人多數以自我為中心，對他人不感興趣。有時會顯得優柔寡斷，對他人依賴性強.灰色也代受不了頽廢,陳舊,象徵着一種去舊成新的特殊意味.
8.黑色 是代斷絶念頭、屈服、拒絶、放棄的顔色。喜歡黑色的人獨立性強，有很強的改變現狀的願望。他們是十分努力上進的人，但有時沒有常性.黑色代神秘,無所不能的力量!.
國內有名的心理學網站
國內當前比較有名的幾個心理學網站：
華夏心理學： www.psychcn.com 以心理咨詢培訓為主，是比較老牌的心理學站點。
心理學8小時之外： www.psytopic.com 看起來像是一個心理學雜志網站，人氣不錯有雜志 。
賽客奇：www.psygi.com 心理學論文和娛樂重，面嚮非心理學專業的愛好者。
心理搜普： www.psysoper.com 聚集一些國外留學的心理學人才和國內一些心理學專業出身的人
浙江師心理學： http://psychology.zjnu.net.cn/ ，是國內比較早開設心理學的學校，也是老牌的心理學網站。
福州大學應用心理學 http://www.jyxxy.cn，福建省內第一所211工程高校開設應用心理學專業
心理咨詢： www.xlzx.com 心理咨詢為主的網站，有自己的論壇，目前做的不錯。
州韋志中心理咨詢中心http://www.wzz.com.cn
相關的幾個心理學精品課程
一、一心身健康工作訪列：
A、“悠然自得”的心靈SPA----緊張與不安的壓力管理；
B、冥想健康坊----傳統的冥想與現代心理學相結的心身健康與快樂之法；
C、幸福睡眠工作坊----失眠的自然治療；
D、“妙音”健康坊----通過自我的簡單音或音樂幫助自己調理情緒，安寧心神，健康心身；
E、人生腳本的分析----探索你固有的模式，重新認識自己，以及潛意識層的需求與渴望；
F、感官的江蘇紫蘇蘇维埃----真誠的面對自己的感受，瞭解自己感覺喪失或麻木的原因及解决之道，恢各個感官的知覺，享受多的幸福人生；
G、生命數字（顔色、環境、時間）能量----瞭解生命密碼，運用自我密碼數字的能量調和自己的能量唔系，繼而強大自己的能量，轉化周圍的能量，保護自己。
二、催眠列：
1、國際催眠師證書課程
2、國際催眠治療師證書課程
3、整減壓----身心喜悅之旅
4、催眠美容---- 魅力人生之旅
三、九型人格學列：
1、九型人格基礎班
2、九型人格進階班
3、九型人格銷售工作坊
4、九型人格管理工作坊
5、九型人格人際關係工作坊
四、商務列：
1、巔峰銷售心理學
2、營銷渠道特訓營
3、卓越溝通力
4、卓越領袖力
五、奇跡生命列：
1、生命舞者----智慧靜心之旅
2、心身一----一能量心靈之旅
3、奇跡生命之旅
Psychology (English name Psychology) is to study the phenomenon of human and animal psychology, development and activities of the law and of a science. Animal psychology to study both the psychological (mental animal research is mainly to deep to understand, predict the occurrence of human psychological development of the law) who also studied psychology, but to the psychological phenomenon as the main object of study. So short, psychology is the study of psychological phenomena and psychological laws.
The term psychology comes from the Greek, meaning science of the soul. Soul in the Greek text, the meaning of gas or breathing, because the ancient people that life is dependent on breathing, respiratory arrest, life is over. With the development of science, psychology, the object of the soul to soul. Until the early 19th century, German philosopher, educator Herbert was the first time is a science of psychology. The original, psychology and education are all belong to the scope of philosophy, and later in their infancy from the philosophy out. Science of psychology is not only to describe the psychological phenomenon, more importantly, explain the psychological phenomena to reveal their occurrence and development of the law.
Psychological origin
Psychology is the product of biological nervous activity, mainly from the psychological origin of Comparative Psychology (study of all biological species neurological and psychological development), developmental psychology (psychology during the development of human individuals) on two fronts. Nervous system produced animals is the psychological origin of the material base and the necessary conditions.
Psychology is the study of human behavior and mental activities of science.
2000 years ago in ancient Greece, Hippocrates identified four personality (choleric temperament, sanguine, thick quality, depression and quality)
Gailun Ti after the ancient Greek temperament out of this concept, instead of character with temperament, the formation of four kinds of temperament and later psychological study, followed this classification.
19th century, psychology and philosophical.
Mid-19th century, introduced experimental psychology research as a way to make psychology as an independent discipline. Germany Weber developed the famous Weber's law (sensation threshold law)
In 1860, Fechner in Germany to create a mental physics, Germany Ebbinghaus create memory in rats.
1879, University of Leipzig, Germany, Wundt established in psychological research, marking the birth of scientific psychology. Empirical research methods used in this discipline to become a turning point in science. The subsequent 100 years, psychology martial strife and a high degree of development, further improve the disciplinary system.
Psychology, social science or natural science, is the angle and position, because it itself has characteristics of both. Natural areas classified as basic psychology, applied psychology, social science areas classified, therefore, it was called the "middle Discipline. "
Psychological origin, especially human high-level psychological processes, such as thinking, language, emotion, will produce high-level psychological characteristics, is the neural basis of process and product of human society, so we can not be purely biological point of view to study the propositions .
The historical roots of psychology
First, the historical roots of psychology: the material reflects the characteristics of the product of long-term development
Reflect the characteristics of the boost was seen only in its existence, no stimulation, reflecting the characteristics of them will be hidden, not shown. Psychology also has such common. Only when stimulated, will demonstrate psychological phenomena, showing the existence of psychology. Without stimulation, psychological disappears. Mental stimulation is based on the creation, existence and development. Mental stimulation is made of material on the highly organized to reflect the material
Psychology logo
Second, a sign of psychology: feelings
The logical level, the psychological phenomena, including sensation, perception, image, memory, thought, imagination, emotion and will, etc., in the end is a psychological phenomenon that marks the birth of psychology? The psychology of sign that? What kind of psychological phenomenon is a declaration of psychology in?
A phenomenon must have its essence, a psychological phenomenon, there will be psychology. In all psychological phenomena to which is the first to produce and fundamental psychological phenomenon, and can launch the development of other psychological phenomena reasonable? Clearly felt. Only the sense of producing the first and can develop other psychological phenomena, should be a sign of psychological birth. This inference from three aspects: (1) feeling is the basis for all other psychological phenomena, did not feel there would be no all the other psychological phenomenon. Feeling was born, the other psychological phenomena on the basis of developed sense, the feeling is the source of all other psychological phenomena and the "germ" and other psychological phenomena is based on the development in the sense, grow and mature together. Feeling that the building other psychological phenomena, "the foundation", and other mental phenomena are built on the basis of feeling. (2) individual psychology that: newly born babies only unconditional reflex, just a simple feeling, and perception and representation, etc. have not yet developed, but we can not deny that there is no psychological baby. So we actually recognized in the subconscious feeling of infants only have a psychological! With the birth of psychological feeling of birth once and will have a psychological sense. With the feeling alone, it marks the birth of psychology, all other psychological phenomena are to feel the "germ" developed, is the germ at different stages of growth. As the baby's development, have gradually developed their mental and psychological phenomena become increasingly complex. (3) animal evolutionary history also shows that the feeling is a sign of psychology and the "germ." Feeling is that when _select_ed? That feeling in the evolutionary history of animals is that animals began to appear in it? History of animal evolution. The beginning of psychological phenomena is coelenterate animals. Coelenterate nervous system with the network to a simple sensory stimulus to reflect on the outside, coelenterate the lowest level with the most simple psychological phenomenon, namely with mental, psychological birth of the coelenterate body, with the animals after evolution and development, psychological development is also gradual, rich, gradually emerged in perception, image, imagination and thinking so. Evolutionary psychology evolutionary history is the history of animal attachments, and with the evolution and the evolution of animals. Psychology is also a feeling from the only animal with the biological evolution and developed, based on the psychological sense as in biological evolution and the complex together, there is a mirror and think, etc., until the emergence of consciousness and thinking and other senior psychological phenomenon.
The classification of psychology
The development of modern psychology, in theory, has formed a basic, as a science independent system. In the application of community practice in the field with established extensive contacts, to form the many branches, reflecting the independence of the scientific systems of classification.
General Psychology
In the context of general psychology, psychological activities in accordance with the basic processes and individual psychological characteristics, can be divided into sensory (vision, hearing, touch perception, motion perception, smell and taste) psychology, perception psychology, memory, psychology, attention to psychology, thinking, psychology, speech psychology, emotion psychology, motivation psychology, smart psychology, temperament psychology, personality psychology and other branches of basic subjects.
Physiological psychology
Physiological psychology from the physiological and neurological physiology, neuroanatomy, biochemistry and other aspects of nerve on the basis of psychological and physiological mechanism of the discipline, basic research is an important psychological component. Physiological psychology in the modern brain science research methods and modern technology, based on a variety of psychological phenomena reveal the anatomy of the brain and brain function of law occur. Physiological psychology, including neuropsychology, biological psychology, animal psychology and other branches.
Social Psychology
Social psychology is to study the individual in a particular society, community conditions, mental, motivation, interpersonal relationships and the law of the development of disciplines. Focuses on the social psychology of the individual conditions and rules of society, the individual's social motivation and attitude formation, interpersonal relations and group formation and psychological aspects of the general law. Social psychology including the national psychology, family psychology and other branches.
Abnormal psychology
It is the study of human psychology and behavior abnormalities, including cognitive activity, emotional activity, motivation and will conduct activities such as intelligence and personality characteristics of the abnormal performance. Therefore, it can be said, is to study and reveal abnormal psychology abnormal psychology De Fa Sheng, development and change Guilv of a science.
Evaluation of abnormal psychological phenomena, it generally takes from three study areas: ① From the statistical aspects of study. Normal curve in the two extreme groups of individuals are abnormal. ② from the personal life history study. Often the individual's current mental activity to be compared with the past to see if the change is different from ordinary. ③ study of social adaptation. Social adjustment according to individual level of defects, analysis of whether they are abnormal. In addition, in assessing whether the abnormal mental phenomena, can not be ignored social and cultural background reference information.
The correction of the abnormal psychology, can be divided into psychological and physical treatment of two categories. Psychological treatments such as verbal and non-verbal psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, suggestion therapy, behavior therapy. Physical therapy, mental therapy, physical therapy, psychological and physical therapy and surgical treatment. In addition, a number of comprehensive therapy can also be achieved remarkable results. Prevention is the abnormal psychology is an important issue. Because the causes abnormal psychology is very complex, requiring all aspects of comprehensive preventive measures to be effective.
Abnormal psychology is to study the patient's abnormal mental or pathological behavior of the branch of medical psychology, also known as pathological psychology. It uses psychological principles and methods of psychological or pathological behavior of abnormal manifestations, causes and mechanisms of development of the law, the methods of identification and assessment of treatment and prevention measures.
Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology
Educational psychology is to study the process of school education and teaching students the mental activities of the subjects. It mainly involves branches of knowledge and skills to master the psychological activities of the characteristics and laws of intellectual development and intelligence measurement investigation methods, psychological factors affect the teaching process, moral character and habits of the formation of laws, as well as families, schools, organizations social ideology of the students. Educational psychology involves a wide range, which may include educational psychology, learning psychology, mental discipline, mental retardation and compensation, intellectual and psychological measurement and teachers branch.
The psychology of work
Labor psychology in the labor required in the process of mental ability and psychological quality of operating procedures, operating conditions and operator of the psychological characteristics of adaptation problem. The psychology of work may include engineering and industrial psychology psychology. Psychology major research project in production is highly mechanized and automated conditions in human and machine interaction. Producer of industrial psychology to rationalize the _select_ion and operation issues.
Literary Psychology
Sports Psychology
Sport psychology and sports competitions involving psychological characteristics. Sports in general, the researchers involved in various sports anatomical characteristics of the musculoskeletal system and organ sensitivity and sensitivity as well as the activities of consciousness dominated by the ability to study the formation of motor skills and techniques of general laws. In sporting events, under the conditions of competition should have the emotional characteristics, will, and personality characteristics, motivation level of competition, emotional state of the occurrence of motor skills. In the athlete _select_ion, the _select_ion and measurement methods of psychological development are also important areas of research.
Aerospace Psychology
Organizational Management Psychology
Clinical or medical psychology
Psychological abnormalities may be genetic and caused by social maladjustment. Clinical psychology is to study the causes of psychological abnormality, pathogenesis, symptoms and diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the subject, and to separate the psychological from the face of social and psychological counseling and medical services, specialized undertaking. Clinical psychology, including serious psychological metamorphosis both diseases (such as schizophrenia); also includes mild psychological factors alone caused by a nerve disease (such as the nervous anxiety) or depression, psychological factors also include the body of disease (such as high blood pressure). The latter referred to as psychosomatic medicine; and from the perspective of the treatment, research etiology, diagnosis and prevention, the formation of a new health psychology.
Study of psychological abnormality, not only have an important role in medical practice, but also from abnormal and normal comparison, help to reveal the psychological mechanisms. Therefore, from an academic point of view and perspective of the causes of psychological abnormality, mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of research, known as abnormal psychology.
Justice and Criminal Psychology
Psychology is the study of judicial violations and to deal with violations of the psychological problems of the subjects. It involves crime, detection, trial, and the process of rehabilitation of offenders, etc., on the causes of crime, interrogation techniques, the transformation of research. Surveillance and interrogation personnel should possess the psychological and mental skills are also part of the study.
Criminal psychology and forensic psychology overlap, the former focuses on the psychological causes of criminal behavior. In particular, the psychological characteristics of young offenders, mental motivation, personality and emotional characteristics of individuals, is an important aspect of the study. The offender's personal background, family, school, community factors that cause crime and other aspects of research should be conducted.
Psychology in the objective tool
Third, the objective psychology tool: the nervous system
Psychology is not unique to the human brain. For example: decapitated planarians can regenerate; Frog and Toad are still conditioned hemispheric resection; still instinctively dove to remove the brain of non-conditioned reflex, can still walk and fly. Missing in the brain, these animals still showed psychological phenomenon. Therefore, the brain is not a necessary condition for mental existence.
History shows that animal evolution: evolutionary psychology is to coelenterate animals arising at this time the animals had the most primitive nervous system nervous system ---- mesh. In the chain of evolution, before the advent of the nervous system is not psychological phenomena, mental and nervous system is also generated. Then gradually as the complexity of the nervous system, psychological phenomena every step of the enrichment. Appearance as a psychological one, their actions are increasingly complex. No matter what stage of the animal, if its all out or damage the nervous system, psychology will disappear. And if the damage to certain parts of the nervous system, its bound to a number of abnormal psychology.
Caused by mental stimulation is caused by electrical pulses to stimulate the nervous system, the spread of the biological current spread in the nervous system caused arising, is to stimulate the cell membrane induced currents in the nervous system caused by conduction of. Is the role of the nervous system to stimulate the production of the next. Therefore, the nervous system is a tool for psychology.
Psychology mechanism
4, Psychology mechanisms: changes in nerve cell membrane potential
Generated from a single starting point for psychological point of view, first of all stimulate the nerve cells causing psychological, this is how a single stimulus caused by psychological? Existence of nerve cell membrane polarization, gathered inside the cell membrane negative charge, positive charge accumulation outside the cell membrane, the membrane is equivalent to the existence of a plate on both sides of the membrane inside the equivalent of negative plates, membrane lateral equivalent of positive plate, This is equivalent to the existence of a membrane electric field, without any stimulation in the cell membrane, the membrane is relatively static and there on both sides of resting potential, once the film by a certain intensity of stimulation, resting potential becomes action potential, membrane again on both sides of the charged particles combined to form a positive charge and membrane accumulation gathered outside the negatively charged membrane electric field, when the stimulus disappears, the cell membrane has been adjusted, they were not stimulated to return to the state, gathered at this time membrane gathered outside the membrane negative charge positive charge, so that both sides of the membrane electric field changes direction on the two cases, that field has undergone major changes, changes in the electric field creates a magnetic field, this time formed the electromagnetic field, which is equivalent to electromagnetic shocks. The result of this change is to stimulate Department reinstated the original state of the cell membrane, thus stimulating the cell to exert all the energy transfer out. The energy is how to pass it? The stimulation in the membrane caused membrane potential changes, resulting in an excitement, causing close to not being stimulated membrane potential also changed the formation of new excitement, the specific process is: the electric field and the nearby excitement of not excitement potential difference between the electric field, charged particles will move to the Department of neighborhood is not excited excitement, change the direction of electric field, where the potential from the resting potential to become action potential, resulting in a positively charged membrane outer membrane gather together negative charge of the electric field, and are not excited when the electric field in the opposite direction, the original excitement of the energy transfer to the Department of the Ministry is not excited, so excited are not excited about the Department, conduct a magnetic shock, resulting in the electromagnetic field. Similarly, the excitement of this new department in turn down an electromagnetic field is not excited about the Department of Communication, the mechanism is the membrane on both sides of the flow of charged particles, but, if we compare the far distance over the excitement that has been excited, then realized that it the exchange of two particles has not been the same only two have gone through a field of continuous change and generate the electromagnetic field, which is what caused it? The root causes, which is actually caused by electromagnetic fields to stimulate the spread of the film for. Nerve cell membrane to stimulate the "code" into a certain frequency and intensity of the electromagnetic field propagation along the nerve fibers, causing a person's feelings, resulting in psychological, electromagnetic activity in the nervous system is the mental activity, electromagnetic field conduction in the nervous system and phenomenon is caused by processing of psychological phenomena (electromagnetic field through the muscle cells to nerve traction performance of the body changes, so we can examine the change of posture suggested psychological changes). Psychology is the electromagnetic field, electromagnetic field in the nervous system is the orderly expansion of mental activity and exercise.
Electromagnetic field of human senses can not perceive directly, see, touch or smell, which is caused by the limitations of the human senses, and mental stimulation can produce only, Guer people feel a mysterious touch test, psychological hardly be Not surprisingly, the understanding of a master, however, people's psychological response to a stimulus as a human product, in human life occupies an important position played a very extensive role, because of human ignorance of him, on his The significant role and can not control, but mankind must make a plausible psychological explanation of the phenomenon, it took him a mystery, resulting in various scenarios.
Plants and lower animals without nervous systems, electromagnetic fields generated by the membrane can not achieve long-distance communication in the cell membrane, but can not achieve directional communication, film electromagnetic fields generated by the stimulation of only a small area close diffusion, the electromagnetic field can not be achieved standardized and orderly dissemination, Guer this electromagnetic field is not psychological. Only the directional transmission in the nervous system and constraints, electromagnetic fields generated in the film is psychological. From the nervous system, psychological and there will not produce.
In short, the psychological nature of the nervous system to stimulate the formation of orderly change under the action of electromagnetic fields.
Psychological phenomena and the unity of mental processes
5, psychological phenomena and the unity of mental processes (feeling of psychological establishment)
Feeling is that some characteristics of stimulus into the nervous system of the "channel", which to stimulate the "code" into different frequency and intensity of the electromagnetic field in the nervous system "tour" of the body caused by corresponding changes in (including the behavior and language). The feeling is very limited, the species, only five senses, humans lack the pigeons possess magnetic sense. I can feel the increase could only feel a certain range of stimulus intensity, too low to stimulate are not directly caused by our feelings, humans have no sense of smell of dogs (there must be one that we feel the world).
By sensory perception is to the "gathering up" of several material properties were reflected together, the physical appearance is the overall understanding of the past to the present summary, the imagination is the basis of representation in the past, the possible morphology of the material forecast. In the four-dimensional space and time, to imagine the formation stage of understanding of the material of the visualization. This thinking is the figurative thinking, abstract thinking is characteristic of things of abstract thought. Thinking is characteristic of things "processing." This shows that the feeling is that the building of other psychological phenomena, "the foundation", and other mental phenomena are built on the basis of feeling.
Memory is a thing of the characteristics of the "input" of the brain process; input content either by creating a link with other existing content, to take root and the performance of "long memory", but no less than fixing the root to the memory, but also according to their can recall the length of time is divided into short-term memory and temporary memory.
Ability is the result of psychological function in the behavior of the reflection behavior of the purpose to achieve the desired results showed that the high capacity, strong mental function, otherwise, it indicates that the low capacity and psychological weak.
Intelligence is the outcome of the psychological functions of thinking reflects the outcome of thinking produces a higher high on that intelligence. On the contrary, it indicates that low.
Temperament is the psychological state of the human body to reflect on. Good mental state to make good temperament, a different appearance for different psychological temperament.
Demand for bio-own continuous development and improvement in psychological reflection. Animals always tend to preserve and improve the self, the reality can not be immediately available once the self-preservation and improvement of the conditions, psychological conditions will arise to meet this demand, the demand so created. Generate demand for self-survival and development of biological needs.
Guide behavior is the psychological motivation to achieve. Demand is the motivation generated by the premise.
Emotional awareness and prior knowledge of the new psychological phenomenon collision, when the new cognitive and conflicts and as there are conflicts between the Knowledge, can cause negative psychological Qing Xu (by endocrine Xitong?), With the intensity of Da Xiao, Qing Xu's corresponding change in intensity, and vice versa cause positive emotions.
Emotion is emotion recognition in a matter of condensation on. A feeling that things will take the initiative to think of the things good or bad, fast skip the process of conflict arising from a fixed sentiment. This is another higher level can be adjusted by changing the mood or cognition and emotion.
Learning is active, systematic and specialized memory processes.
Character refers to the psychological stability of the bias. Intuitive in the attitude shown by the time.
Psychological characteristics of personality is shown in the social relations of a stable tendency. Compared with the character, personality focused on the person's knowledge systems and thus determine the values and character are focused on the psychological characteristics of its own.
The various processes and phenomena of psychology are to _set_ up the basis of sensation, feeling of psychological processes and the logical starting point of mental phenomena are evolved from the feeling. If the feeling as "a baby", is the mental process and mental phenomena of various types of "adult", the feeling is psychological, "germ." Therefore, all the psychological processes and phenomena can be reasonably explained from the feeling of starting, so psychology is based on a unified feel. The essence of psychological feeling great unification of psychology.
Complex causes of mental phenomena
6, the complex causes of mental phenomena
(A), not directly perceptual psychology. Psychology as a Field, limited human five senses is not directly perceived. Only aware of its common ---- the largest objective reality, while others can not direct the specific nature of the grasp.
(C), the nervous system of the powerful self-organization. Rely on the psychological functioning of the nervous system, the nervous system and can keep their own construction and improvement of mental function to play better and more powerful, and to more complex psychological phenomenon. This is actually the relationship between function and structure of a microcosm. Commonly used hand to hand of the structure and development of more engaged in regular activity engaged in heavy physical labor all year round, their hands are more lenient and cocooning; always running, his legs are developed. These are examples of functions for structural development, the structure has grown to play it can function better.
Also showed that brain science: people often engage in certain activities, regulating the activities of the more developed parts of the brain often; the few people who engage in certain activities, regulating the activities of parts of the brain tend to shrink, even disappear in people's growing!
Memory psychology that: long-term memory is to change the direction of nerve prominent and axons, the size of even the connection. Temporary and short-term memory is the obvious change in nerve cells.
Psychology had a role to play through the nervous system, but also play a role in the nervous system, "change" more conducive to psychological role to play. This interaction, mutual improvement and promotion of the situation so that more complex psychological phenomenon, as the chicken egg thing as confusing and difficult to distinguish.
Stimulation is also a role, the role of a force, the role of nature can be attributed to all four types of loads. Different intensity and types of stimulation can promote the development of the nervous system, also make up a powerful psychological. Thus, children in contact with more stimulation is more intelligent.
(D), the complex interaction of the five senses. Caused by the five senses how such a complex psychological phenomenon. This is because the seemingly complex nature of things the original is pure and simple, but complicated in the development process. There are many things that the law of development, will be able to transform complex calculations and computer graphics, is based on a simple binary basis; "million through the first," the I Ching, which produces only two lines of Yin and Yang Yao those interactions; nature 10 million kinds of organisms are five base pairs of genetic material of a different order to connect and match. Vision, pain, touch, taste and hearing can make psychological complex, dazzling.
Psychology Schools Unity
7, the unity of psychology schools
Psychology Schools generally are: behavior psychology, psychoanalysis, psychology, existential psychology, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology, functional psychology, structural psychology. These schools focus on the exploration of psychological nature, is part of the basic theory. The following analysis of these schools one by one, these schools are focused on the real psychological phenomenon, process or function of a link, and suddenly drop caused by other sectors, is one-sided, partial, or part of the study, no overall, comprehensive or the nature of the study.
Behavioral psychology focus on the mental addition of a performance (behavior) were studied. Mental through the nervous system to produce disposable muscle contraction and relaxation movements, resulting in behavior. This psychological approach is the role of mental functioning and apparently the main channel. Psychological functioning the way there are many channels, such as: speech, written language and gaze. In fact, the mental through the nervous system is reflected in the overall phenomenon is outside the body, the behavior is developed from the body into a branch, the branch is priority and prominence, so that cover the entire body. Body like the other branches of the stars, while the behavior is like the sun, cover up acts of other branches of the light, there is often significant and prominent part from start to study, so the behavior was prominent in the psychology out. Even to study the behavior instead of psychological research, the psychology, behavioral science orientation for the study, which is the disproportionation and the expansion of research. Behavioral psychology is only an external phenomenon of psychological research, psychological performance of a whole body, posture and other forms ---- discourse, written language and eye contact, etc. In recent years, language is a proof of the rise of psychology .
Psychoanalytic Psychology focuses on the direction of the unconscious functions of the inquiry, precisely, is suppressed in the subconscious awareness of the damage. The psychology was very little involved in other aspects. In fact, the boundaries of the unconscious and consciousness is not as obvious Floyd said. Such as landscape edges look bike, cycling behavior of control can change at any time under the circumstances out of the subconscious. Consciousness is essentially unconscious, the contents of consciousness when attention is not on the pressure into the subconscious, into the contents of the unconscious. Most people act is subject to subconscious Kong Zhi, and conscious control of behavior by only a small proportion of this will help a person while engaged in a number of campaigns, the speech and even more profound for human adaptation to natural, human heart, respiratory and blink, and other basic physiological activities are controlled by the subconscious, which will help reduce the sense of pressure. Person who at the same time recognize and control these activities, people will be exhausted by these activities, but regardless of the survival and development. The campaign was suppressed in the subconscious if abnormal, will return to the awareness level, re-regulation to be proactive sense.
Humanistic Psychology from everyone has the existence and development needs, that everyone must develop and perfect themselves, have a good direction to the psychological. Is the normal and reasonable person needs to reflect. The psychology of man as a whole, and focused on the realization of human development needs of the process, that aims to explore the psychological process of human self-realization. The psychology major point is that everyone has the pursuit of the meaning of life and the potential to create a better life, which is in fact a reflection of people's development needs. In short, humanistic psychology is the focus of people's survival and development needs of the psychology, but this is only a small aspect of psychology.
There's a whole psychology is starting from independent personal psychology of the relationship with the world, emphasizing the independence of individual psychology to explore the overall experience of independent personal existence. The emphasis of individual psychology is the psychological nature of the world's environment as a whole were studied.
The main focus of cognitive psychology who studies cognitive process, that of how people acquire knowledge is the process of acquiring knowledge of human psychology, emotional, ability and personality and other psychological phenomena of smaller, more regardless of the will, motivation and demand and so on.
Structuralism focuses on using experimental methods of psychology, the structure of consciousness, which is affected by the physical structure of the results. As the psychological high flow variability, complexity and a high degree of self-organization, to use a simple test to accurately sense the structure of the existing scientific level is impossible. However, the full psychology of "brick" role, lead to the broader and more profound psychological study raises a number of psychology "jade pieces."
Functional psychology as the opposite of structural psychology emerged, focusing on the individual to adapt to the environment arising from the psychological function. With the decline of structuralism, the school also go away
Psychology: a study of human psychological phenomenon, the process of development and change, and on this basis, people's mental activities will be a science.
Brief summary:
1, the nervous system is the psychological origin of the material production base and the necessary conditions. (Not brain)
2, psychology is reflected in the physical stimulus to highly organized substances. (Another psychological prerequisites)
3, symbol of psychology is feeling. (Mental quality of the external signs)
4, the psychological nature of the nervous system to stimulate the formation of orderly change under the action of electromagnetic fields. (Mental biophysical analysis)
5, the complexity of mental phenomena from the complexity of the nervous system.
6, complex psychological phenomenon of unity in feeling (and its systematic and organized.)
7, the schools of philosophy can not be separated from the nervous system and sensory.
Psychological effects of color
Psychologist Luescher color test (M. Lusher) of the relationship between color and personality
Color:
1. Red 2. Blue 3. Yellow 4. Green 5. Tan 6. Purple 7. Gray 8. Black
Character orientation:
1. Red representative of conquest and masculinity color. Like the red are for the most ambitious, will actively seek the things you want to get is action-oriented people. Work is also enthusiastic, but too excited to be back on when the people around offensive, red represents the passion and glory, red never give ethos.
2. Blue symbolizes the sea is calm and the representative color of femininity. Like the blue in very calm and stable character of people, but honestly, attaches great importance to the relationship of trust between people can take care of the people around, with people very polite, blue for broad mind, with not giving up spirit. harmonious world.
3. On behalf of lively yellow, bright and warm colors. Character of people like the bright yellow outgoing, and has a lofty ideal. They want to show your personality, but sometimes things will be some reluctance on behalf of the traditional yellow flavor.
4. Green on behalf of self-confidence, stability and sense of superiority of color. People who like green more stable, is very strong type of endurance. Great attention to the harmony with the surrounding environment, but it is necessary when carrying out their own ideas, and can be expressed in a calm manner. Green represents health, nature, harmony between man and nature.
5. Brown on behalf of family, home, warm colors of the environment and security. Moderate generous people like brown, is the type of coordination. They are very good at dealing with human relations, in general, when there is trouble to find this type of people can talk, Brown also represents a unique culture, tea ceremony.
6. Purple color is representative of sensual, mysterious, erotic things. Like the purple people are very romantic, is a rich sensitivity to the type of fine character, full of personality. Will show in some narcissistic features. Purple more representative of a special idealism.
7. Gray represent the quiet, elegant, lonely color. Most people like the gray self-centered, others are not interested. Sometimes appear weak, dependence on others. Gray represents the decadence of old, a symbol of a kind to the old into new and special meaning.
8. Cut off the black represents the idea, yield, refused to give up color. Like black people more independent, has a strong desire to change the status quo. They are very hard to improve themselves, but sometimes not always sexual. Black on behalf of the mysterious, omnipotent power!.
Psychology of domestic well-known websites
Comparing the current known number of domestic Psychology Web site:
China Psychology: www.psychcn.com counseling training to the main site is a relatively old psychology.
8 hours outside psychology: www.psytopic.com looks like a Psychology website, a magazine popular good.
Game Kijiji: www.psygi.com psychology papers and entertaining, for fans of non-psychologists.
Psychological General Search: www.psysoper.com gathered some of the psychological study of foreign and domestic talent of some people who came Psychology
Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal: http://psychology.zjnu.net.cn/, is the earlier creation of the Department of Psychology of school psychology site is old.
Fuzhou University, Department of Applied Psychology http://www.jyxxy.cn, Fujian Province _set_ up the first 211 universities of Applied Psychology
Counseling: www.xlzx.com psychological counseling-based site, have their own forum, now doing well.
Psychological Consultation Center, Guangzhou Wei Zhihua http://www.wzz.com.cn
Some psychological-related Courses
First, unity of physical and mental health working visit series:
A, "leisurely" soul SPA ---- tension and anxiety stress management;
B, Square ---- meditation health meditation with modern psychology, the traditional combination of physical and mental health and happiness of the Act;
C, happiness workshops ---- sleep insomnia natural treatment;
D, "wonderful sounds," Health Corner ---- pronunciation through simple self-conditioning or music to help their own emotions, peace mind, healthy mind and body;
E, analysis of the script of life ---- to explore the pattern inherent in your new understanding of themselves, and the subconscious level of demand and desire;
F, sensory recovery ---- sincere face their feelings about their loss of sensation or numbness of the cause and solution to restore all sensory perception, and enjoy them much more happiness in life;
G, life figures (color, environment, time) to understand life and energy ---- the password, the password using the number of energy self-reconciling their own energy system, then the energy of their powerful, transforming the energy around to protect themselves.
Second, hypnosis series:
1, International Hypnosis Certificate Course
2, International Hypnotherapist Certificate
3, integration of physical and mental pleasure trip decompression ----
4, hypnotic charm of beauty ---- Life Journey
Third, Enneagram Studies series:
1, the basis of class Enneagram
2, Advanced Course Enneagram
3, selling Enneagram Workshop
4 Enneagram Management Workshop
5 Enneagram workshop relationships
4, Business Series:
1, peak sales of Psychology
2, marketing channels Tactical Training Camp
3, excellent communication ability
4, excellent leadership ability
5, the miracle of life series:
1, Life Wisdom meditation tour dancers ----
2, psychosomatic unity of spirit energy ---- One Journey
3, the miracle of life journey
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