兵器武術 enginery martial art 影视同名中国话剧传统戏剧戏剧评论影视同名影视评论群星荟萃莺歌燕乐音乐莺歌燕乐群星荟萃儿童小说寓言童话人物传记军事纪实穿越历史笔记杂录纪实报告历险小说心理学小说恐怖悬疑推理侦探军事生活战争动漫同志小说女性小说情与欲言情青春校园现实百态职场商界都市生活黑白两道乡土风情知青文革三言二拍世态人情侠义小说公案小说其它古典唐宋传奇宗教小说手抄艳情才子佳人演义说部神魔志怪讽刺谴责话本小说鸳鸯蝴蝶哲理小说武侠科幻小说网络小说超现实小说魔奇侠玄人物传记军事纪实穿越历史笔记杂录纪实报告演义说部诗人评传诗歌文集诗歌评论诗歌鉴赏道教词道教诗散文散文评鉴散文诗散文集日记书信杂文笑林随笔骈文作家评传小说评论小说选集故事演绎短篇小说体育健儿体育运动健美健身兵器武术商界精英经济商企职场培训金融股票两性生活休闲娱乐养生健康天天美容女性天空婚姻家庭时尚分享励志感悟学校学案教学演讲蒙学文学思考汉语书法文房四宝棋牌篆刻雕塑绘画设计人文学者哲学思考新闻媒介时政法律生理心理社会学美学信息科学军事类农业类动物医学类地质学天文算法类术数类植物环境科学生物学百科全书科学家科普诸子杂家书类儒家类四书类圣经类孝经类小学类文化思考易类春秋类法家类社交礼仪经书评论诗经类道家类释家类体育健儿商界精英作家评传人文学者科学家诗人评传世界历史书信别史史论史评官职政书断代杂史正史纪事本末编年诏令奏议载记通史春秋类地记方志方言民俗名山大川园林建筑异国风情旅游文化旅游经济旅游记录风景名胜水果菜谱饮料饮食文化人类与考古博物地理类文物古董

兵器武術 enginery martial art 閱讀 兵器武術 enginery martial art 作品!!! 　　字典中解釋：兵器，軍事鬥爭中包含有各種殺傷力、破壞力的器械裝置． 　　冷兵器 　　廣義的冷兵器指冷兵器時代所有的作戰裝備。 　　1.兵器自古有就有 中國古代兵器不但是為了防禦，有時更是人身份地位的象徵，“國之大事，在祀與戎”，足見兵器在古代國傢中的顯赫地位。兵器的先進程度，往往决定了一個國傢強盛與否。 　　從冷兵器類別來分 可以分為十八種，即人們所說的十八般兵器：刀、槍、劍、戟、斧、鉞、鈎、叉、鞭、鐧、錘、抓、鏜、棍、槊、棒、拐、流星。 　　在武俠小說中，兵器的作用則被神話 如：小李飛刀，絶世好劍等 　　古典小說中人物也配以不凡的兵器：關公青竜偃月刀、張飛丈八蛇矛、呂布方天畫戟等等。 　　中國冷兵器的發展 　　中國古代兵器大概可以分成三個階段，首先是史前時期，從考古學來講叫石器時代，我們稱這個階段是石器時代的兵器。 　　開始青銅冶鑄後，這時候兵器的主要材質就開始變成了青銅的。我們稱這個時期的兵器為青銅時代的兵器。人們懂得了金屬的冶煉後，這時候軍隊使用的兵器的主要材質也改為鋼鐵做的了，就進入了鐵器時代的兵器。 　　原始社會嚮奴隸社會轉變時期，掠奪戰爭日益頻繁，便逐漸形成了用於作戰的兵器和武藝。夏代仍沿用石製兵器，但有所改進，有了少量青銅兵器。至商代，軍隊使用青銅兵器已較普遍，而且兵器種類增多，質量大有提高。1953年，在河南省安陽殷墟出土的商代文物已有銅矛頭、銅勾、銅戚、銅刀、銅斧、銅簇等項。另外，在山東省益都出土了商代的兵器銅鉞、銅頭玉矛、銅戈。 　　西周兵器進一步多樣化，這個時期長兵有：戈、戟、鉞、矛、斧等。短兵則有刀、劍等。這些兵器多為銅質，質地精良堅利。銅器的出現，標志着人類社會從石製工具時代進入到使用金屬器具的時代；青銅兵器的使用，使兵器進入了一個全新的歷史價段，並發揮其無比威力。鐵兵器始於周代，戰國時期已普遍使用。由於鐵的藴藏量較為豐富，鐵器的堅硬度比銅製品強，又易於鑄造， 因此，鐵兵器逐漸代替了銅兵器，品種更為齊全。 　　中國古代兵器之種類堪稱世界之最，不完全因為那個年代的貴族普遍尚武，還因為殉葬與厚葬制度的緣故。於是，青銅兵器同樣也大多出土於貴族的墓葬中。諸如越王勾踐劍、吳王夫差矛，許多兵器都出自重要匠師主手，工藝刻意求精，凝聚了高度的智慧和技巧，非尋常器物可比。據古籍記載以及大量的出土文物表明，當時有戈、戟、矛、殳、斧、鉞、錘、錐、刀、劍、匕首等，並廣泛應用於戰爭中。作戰時，士兵衣鐵甲，操鐵杖，使用鐵斧、鐵刀、鐵鉞、鐵矛等兵器。到了漢代大抵完成了銅兵器嚮鐵兵器的過渡，至三國時期，銅兵器已經基本上退出了歷史舞臺，演變為鐵兵器的全盛時期。據《典論》記載："魏太子曹丕選楚越良工製鐵刀、鐵劍、鐵匕首，精而煉之，至於百闢（即鍛煉百次）"。這種武器質量上的飛躍，勢必對使用武器的技能提出更高的要求，從而促進武藝的發展。隋唐五代時期的鐵兵器中，長兵器以矛、槍和長刀為主。 　　據《新唐書》記載："光弼有裨將，援矛刺賊，洞馬腹，中數人"。這表明唐將善用長矛而且技藝精良。短兵器則以刀為主。劍在這時已經失去了實戰的價值，成為道士們的法器和民間習武器械。劍術一直是人們喜愛的武術項目之一，佩劍之風長久不衰。相傳詩仙李白經常舞劍，友人崔宗之稱贊他："起舞拂長劍，四座皆揚眉。唐代重射，弓矢的結構精巧，規格多樣，據《唐六典》所記。弓有長弓、角弓等4種，弩有擘張弩、角弓弩等7種，箭也有竹箭、木箭等4種。 　　宋、元之際有所謂"十八般武藝"之說。其實"十八"不過是泛稱而已，實際上遠不止此數。據宋人曾公亮《武經總要》記載，長桿鐵槍就有18種，另外長柄鐵刀有8種，各種短兵器有17種，如手刀、蒺藜、鐵鞭、鐵　、鐵劍、大斧、烈鑽、鈎棒等等。著名的"梨花槍"就産生於宋代，其槍法已發展到純熟的程度。元代兵器則精細而實用。據茅元儀的《武備志》記載，有各種鐵槍6種，各種刀7種。還有飛鈎、噞、馬叉、梨花槍、狼筅（長槍）、雙飛撾、飛錘、鐵戟等兵器49種，另有火槍、火炮6種。到了明代，"十八般武藝"有了具體內容。明人謝肇製《五雜俎》捲五中記載："何也十八般？一弓、二弩、三槍、四刀、五劍、六予、七盾、八斧、九鉞、十戟、十一鞭、十二簡、十三撾、十四殳、十五叉、十六鈀、十七綿繩套索、十八白打"。"十八般武藝"講的是演練兵器的技藝，所以它的前十七種都是兵器的名稱。第十八種為 "白打"，明代朱國幀《涌幢小品》中解釋說："白打即手搏之戲……俗謂之打拳"。清代的兵器與明代大同小異，不過品種更多而已。拿刀來說，有大刀、朴刀、春秋大刀、三尖兩刃刀、大環刀、鳳嘴刀、梅花刀、腰刀、戰刀、苗刀、壯族尖刀、彝族插刀……不下10餘種。此外，叉、抓、拐、弩、斧、盾、鈎、殳、錘、　、?、棒、刺、鈸、鉞、鈀、齒、鏟等等就更多了。器械的多式多樣，使武術的內容更為多姿多彩。新中國成立以後，隨着武術訓練與競賽的需要，對刀、槍、劍、棍等常用器械的規格作了具體規定，對重量、長短、粗細以及器械製作材料都有明確要求，對武術水平的提高起了促進作用。 　　古代兵器介紹 　　九短：刀、劍、鞭、鐧、拐、斧、棒、椎、杵。 　　九長：刀、槍、棍、鉞、叉、鐺、鈎、槊、戟。 　　古書中對冷兵器的一些記載 　　1.《周禮•夏官司馬》：「司兵，掌五兵、五盾，各辨其物與其等。」先鄭云：「戈、殳、戟、酋矛、夷矛。」 　　2.南宋華嶽《翠微北徵錄》捲七＜弓製＞：「軍器三十有六，而弓為稱首；武藝一十有八，而弓為第一。」 　　3.南宋永嘉年間＜張協狀元＞第四十八：「前日兩個小人，一個道欠錢，一個道不欠錢，十八般武藝都不會，衹會白廝打。」 　　4.元麯中大量出現十八般武藝之說，說明已成為人們生活中的口頭禪。但仍未見詳細內容。 　　5.明何良臣《陣紀•束伍》：「授器之要，因其短長編列之，宜隨其地勢，每以槍、筅、弓、弩、標、銃為長兵，刀、鐮、叉、鈀、牌、斧為短器。」 　　6.明嘉靖郭勳刻百回本《水滸傳》第二回＜王教頭私走延安府，九紋竜大鬧史傢村＞：「史進每日請王教頭點拔，十八般武藝，一一從頭指教。那十八般武藝？矛、錘、弓、弩、銃，鞭、鐧、劍、鏈、撾，斧、鉞並戈、戟，牌、棒與槍、杈。」 　　7.明謝肇製《五雜俎》捲五：「正統己巳之變，招募天下勇士。山東李通者，行教京師，試其技藝，十八般皆能，無人可與為敵，遂應首選。」（十八般乃：一弓、二弩、三槍、四刀、五劍、六矛、七盾、八斧、九鉞、十戟、十一鞭、十二鐧、十三槁、十四殳、十五叉、十六耙頭、十七綿繩套索、十八白打。 　　8.朱國禎《涌幢小品》仝，惟第十三為「撾」，當屬音同假藉。 　　9.清初褚人獲《堅瓠集》：「山西李通善使武藝十八事，計弓、弩、槍、刀、劍、矛、盾、斧、鉞、鞭、鐧、撾、殳、叉、把頭、綿繩套、椎及白打，共十八種。」 　　10.清初褚人獲《堅瓠集•續集》：「矛、椎、弓、弩、銃，鞭、鐧、劍、鏈、撾，斧、鉞並戈、戟，牌、棒與槍、杈。」 　　11.元兵西徵時，從各地帶回一些兵器，種類繁雜，看來「十八般兵器」和「十八般武藝」之說，是一種統稱或概算。 　　12.成語俗諺中，與兵器有關者：一箭雙雕、藉刀殺人、回馬槍、拖刀計、殺手鐧、流星椎、 　　13.歷代名人所使兵器：關公青竜偃月刀、張飛丈八長矛、呂布方天畫戟、 　　火器 　　 　　 　　火器：用火力殺傷人或用火力發射的兵器,火器利襲遠。如槍、炮、火箭筒、手榴彈、核武器（原子彈、氫彈）等。 　　火器的發展 　　到了北宋時期，火藥開始用於兵器。中國是火藥的故鄉，中國的軍隊是最早使用火藥武器的軍隊。在北宋的《武經總要》裏邊講了三種配方，即蒺藜火球，霹靂火球、火炮火藥法。當時用火藥做成了用拋石機發射的炮彈，當然拋石機最早的使用，就是炮的出現可能在東周晚期。 　　南宋時候出現了竹筒火器，陳規的《守城錄》裏面講到，開始用竹筒，裏邊放上火藥能夠往外噴火，或者能燒傷敵人。還有就是把長矛下邊安上一個藥筒，也可以噴火，當時也叫火槍。就是說開始出現管形的火器，這是出現最早的火器。 　　明代的火器發展到鼎盛時期。其火器的管形火器品種頗多，形式復雜。當時的噴射火器（古代火箭）製造已經相當精良，樣式繁多，據《火竜神器陣法》、《武備志》等史書記載，此間多使用的火箭種類有單發火箭、多發齊射火箭、多火藥筒並聯火箭、有翼火箭、多級火箭等，火箭的品種達幾十種之多。由於火器的蓬勃發展，明代軍隊普遍裝備了火器，戰爭的主要武器轉嚮了使用火器。燕王朱棣與建文帝爭奪帝位時，就曾使用火箭作戰。永樂年間（1403－1424年），明王朝還專門組建了"神機營"，這種獨立炮兵建製在當時中國乃至世界各國都首屈一指。 　　火藥傳到西方以後，由於社會制度的變化，特別是和資本主義萌芽聯繫在一起，它有一個極大的發展。所以當時荷蘭、西班牙這些商船到了中國，帶來了當時西方先進的槍炮過來，明軍纔看到自己的落後，所以纔開始註意到這個問題，就開始引進了西方的槍炮的製作技術。鴉片戰爭以後，清朝開始練新兵，袁世凱練新兵等等，開始引進新的西方的槍械以後，中國古代兵器的歷史就結束了。 　　火器發展到現在，槍械的品種繁多，層出不窮，令人眼花繚亂。 　　2.《兵器》雜志是國內最知名的軍事類雜志。 　　 　　 　　武術(功夫)： 　　打拳和使用兵器的技術，是我國傳統的體育項目。（《現代漢語詞典》） 　　武術還有其他名稱:功夫,武功和國術或武藝﹐中國傳統體育項目。其內容是把踢﹑打﹑摔﹑拿﹑跌﹑擊﹑劈﹑刺等動作按照一定規律組成徒手的和器械的各種攻防格鬥功夫﹑套路和單勢練習。武術具有極其廣泛的群衆基礎﹐是中國人民在長期的社會實踐中不斷積纍和豐富起來的一項寶貴的文化遺産。 目前武術劃分為散打和套路，散打又叫散手，是武術的擂臺形勢，套路則為武術的表演形式。 　　【武術演變】 　　武術的起源可以追溯到原始社會。那時﹐人類即已開始用棍棒等原始工具作武器同野獸進行鬥爭﹐一是為了自衛﹐一是為了獵取生活資料﹐後來人們為了互相爭奪財富﹐進而製造了更具有殺傷力的武器。如《山海經‧大荒北經》就有“蚩尤作兵伐黃帝”的記載。這樣﹐人類通過戰鬥﹐不僅製造了兵器﹐而且逐漸積纍了具有一定的攻防格鬥意義的技能。 　　在殷商時期﹐青銅業發展﹐以車戰為主﹐出現了一些銅製武器﹐如矛﹑戈﹑戟﹑斧﹑鉞﹑刀﹑劍等。同時﹐也出現了這類武器的用法﹐如劈﹑紮﹑刺﹑砍等技術。為了提高戰鬥力﹐這時已有了比賽的形式。如《禮記‧王製》所載“凡執技論力﹐適四方﹐裸股肱﹐决射禦”﹐意即較量武藝高低。 　　春秋戰國時期﹐鐵器出現﹐步騎兵興起﹐為了在步騎戰中發揮作用﹐長柄武器變短﹐ 短柄武器(特別是劍身)變長﹐這樣﹐武器的內容就更加豐富了﹐武術的技擊性進一步突出﹐同時武術的健身作用也受到重視。這時比試武藝的形式已廣泛出現﹐更加推動了武藝的發展。據《管子‧七法》載﹐當時每年有“春秋角試。”據《莊子‧人間世》和《荀子‧議兵》所載﹐當時比試武藝已非常講究技巧﹐拳術打法有進攻﹑防守﹑反攻﹑佯攻等。 　　秦時盛行角抵和手搏﹐比賽時有裁判﹐有賽場﹐有一定的服裝。1975年湖北省江陵縣鳳凰山秦墓出土的一件木篦背面上就彩畫了當時一場比賽的盛況﹕臺前有帷幕飄帶﹐臺上 3個上身赤裸的男子﹐衹穿短褲﹐腰部係帶﹐足穿翹頭鞋﹐2人在比賽﹐1人雙手前伸作裁判。 　　漢時﹐有了劍舞﹑刀舞﹑雙戟舞﹑鉞舞等。這都說明﹐漢時的武舞已有明顯的技擊性 ﹐有招法﹐又多以套路的形式出現。漢時是武術大發展的時期﹐已形成了多種技術風格的流派。如《漢書 .藝文志》收入的“兵技巧”類就有13傢﹑199篇﹐都是論述“習手足﹐便器械﹐積機關﹐以立攻守之勝”的武術專著。 　　兩晉南北朝時期﹐戰亂頻繁﹐官僚貴族或耽於宴樂或追求長生不老之術﹐其影響也滲透到社會各階層的生活中﹐如視劍為具有神秘色彩的法器﹐甚至以木劍代刀劍﹐用荒誕無稽的邪說取代練武﹐致使武藝停滯不前。 　　隋唐五代時期﹐隨著封建社會經濟的發展和繁榮﹐武術重新興起﹐唐朝開始實行武舉製﹐並用考試辦法授與武藝出衆者以相應稱號﹐如“猛殷之士”﹑“矯捷之士”﹑“技術之士”﹑“疾足之士”﹐獲得每個稱號都有具體標準。如“猛殷之士”要“ 有引五石之弓﹐矢貫五紮﹐戈矛劍戟便於利用……”(《武備志‧太白陰經‧選士篇第十六》)。這一通過考試選拔人才的制度﹐促進了社會上的練武活動。 　　隨著步騎戰的發展﹐在戰場上﹐戈﹑戟逐漸被淘汰﹐劍作為軍事技術多被刀所代替﹐但作為套路的演練仍在發展。 　　宋代出現了民間練武組織﹐見於記載的有“錦標社”(射弩)﹑“英略社”(使棒)﹑“角抵社”(相撲)等。這些社團因陋就簡﹐“自置裹頭無刃槍﹑竹標排﹑木弓刀﹑蒿矢等習武技”(《宋史》 191)。在城市中﹐據《棟亭十二種都城記勝》所載﹐在街頭巷尾打場演武﹐十分熱鬧。表演的武藝有角抵﹑使拳﹑踢腿﹑使棒﹑弄棍﹑舞刀槍﹑舞劍以及打彈﹑ 射弩等﹐對練叫“打套子”﹐有“槍對牌”﹑“劍對牌”等﹐這時﹐集體項目也發展較快﹐例如﹐《東京夢華錄》 7載:“兩人出陣對舞如擊刺之狀……出場凡五七對﹐或以槍對牌﹑劍對牌之類。”但對抗性的攻防技術由於受了宋理學家倡導“主靜”的影響﹐都逐漸走嚮衰微。 　　元代統治者對民間“……二十人之上不許聚衆圍獵”(《元典章》 3﹐賑饑貧)﹐連民間私藏武器也屬犯罪。武藝多以秘密傢傳的方式冒著生命危險進行傳授。 　　明代是武藝大發展的時期﹐出現了不同風格的技術流派﹐拳術﹑器械都得到了發展﹐ 特別是在理論上總結了過去的練武經驗﹐具有代表性的著作有《紀效新書》﹑《武篇》﹑《耕餘剩技》等。這些著作不同程度地記載了拳術﹑器械的流派﹑沿革﹑動作名稱﹑特徵﹑運動方法和技術理論等﹐有的還附有歌訣及動作圖解﹐為後世研究武術提供了重要依據。 　　清代統治者禁止練武﹐民間則以“社”﹑“館”的秘密結社形式傳授武藝﹐其中著名的拳種﹐如太極拳﹑八卦掌﹑形意拳﹑八極拳﹑劈挂拳等﹐多在清代形成。 　　民國期間﹐社會上存在著各種形式的拳社﹐對傳播和發展武術起了積極作用。 　　中華人民共和國成立後﹐武術被作為優秀民族遺産加以繼承﹑整理和提高﹐成立了各級武術協會﹐國傢設有專門機構負責開展武術運動﹐將武術列為正式比賽項目。1953年﹐舉行了第1屆全國民族形式體育表演競賽大會﹐接著又舉行多次全國性武術比賽或表演大會。為了推動武術的普及和提高﹐國傢組織創編了比賽規定套路﹐編製了群衆武術活動所需要的初級套路和簡化太極拳等﹐出版武術書籍和挂圖﹐ 拍攝武術影片和錄象。為探討武術運動鍛煉的價值﹐還組織有關生理的測定和研究﹐使其逐步科學化。此外﹐各體育學院﹑體育係相繼設立武術課和武術專業班﹐大中小學也把武術列為體育課教學內容﹐青少年業餘體校也建立武術班﹐各地武術協會設立各種形式的武術輔導站﹐吸引著大批武術愛好者習武健身療病。 　　【武術分類方式】 　　武術分類有以地區劃分的﹐有以山脈﹑河流劃分的﹐有以姓氏或內外傢劃分的﹐也有按技術特點劃分的。現代一般按其內容分為5類；經常堅持武術鍛煉能有效地增強體質。武術中的各種拳法﹑腿法對爆發力及柔韌性要求較高﹐特別是各關節活動範圍較大﹐對肌肉韌帶都有很好的鍛煉作用﹐武術包含多種擰轉﹑俯仰﹑收放﹑摺疊等身法動作﹐要求“手到眼到”﹐“手眼相隨”﹐“步隨身行﹑身到步到”﹐對協調性有較高的要求﹔整套動作往往由幾十個動作組成﹐並在一定時間內完成﹐所以能使身體各個器官係統得到全面發展。練習柔和﹑緩慢﹑輕靈的拳術﹐如太極拳﹐強調以意引導動作﹐配合均勻深沉的呼吸﹐可使周身血脈流通﹐適合於慢性病患者作為醫療手段堅持鍛煉﹐有較明顯的療效。對抗性的散手﹑推手﹑武術短兵﹑武術長兵等競技項目﹐運動激烈﹐除能增強體質外﹐還能培養勇敢﹑機智﹑敏捷等優良性格。 　　【武術概念】 　　武術概念，是人們認識。研究武術的基本依據。在漫長的歷史進程中，不同的時期對武術概念的表達不盡相同，它的內涵和外延是隨着社會歷史的發展和武術本身的發展而發展、變化的。 　　從歷史上看，有不少歸屬武術類的名稱，春秋戰國時稱“技擊”兵技巧一類）；漢代出現了“武藝”一詞，並延用至明末：清初又藉用南朝《文選》中“偃閉武術”（當時泛指軍事）的“武術”一詞；民國時稱“國術”：新中國成立後仍沿用“武術”一詞。 　　隨着歷史的變遷，冷兵器的逐步消亡，專用武術器械的生産及拳械套路的大量出現，對抗性項目、武術競賽規則的、製定，武術已演化成為體育運動項目之一。武術的體育化使其內容、形式及訓練手段等都發生了很大變化，反映事物本質屬性的概念也在不斷變化。發展到今天，武林的基本定義可概括為：武術是以技擊為主要內容，以套路和捕鬥的運動形式註重內外兼修的中國傳統體育項目。 　　從這一定義出發來認識武術。首先，武術屬於中國傳統的技擊術。它是以踢、打、摔、拿、擊、刺等技擊動作為主要內容，通過徒手或藉助於器械的身體運動表現攻防格鬥的能力。無論是對抗性的捕鬥運動，還是勢勢相承的套路運動，都是以中國傳統的質擊方法國棋技術核心的。就人類的社會生活來說，技擊術不可能是中國獨有的。比較世界各地的技擊術，武術不僅在技擊方法上更為豐富（諸如快摔法、擒拿法等）。在運動形式上，既有套路的，也有散手的，既是結合的，又是分離的，這種發展模式，也迥然有別於世界上其他技擊術。在演練方法上註重內外兼修，演練風格上要求神形兼備，無不反映了中國傳統的技擊術的運動特點。 　　其次，武術是體育項目，它明顯區別於使人緻傷緻殘的實用技擊技術。套路運動中儘管包含豐富的技擊方法，但其宗旨是通過演練以提商人的身體素質和攻防能力，進行功力與技巧上的較量，在技術要求上與實用技術有一定的區別，散手運動的技術固然更接近於實用技南，但由於受競賽規則的規定，亦將其限製在體育競技運動之內。總之，歸結為一點，武術具有明確的體育屬性，體育是當今武術的主要社會哲學、中醫學、倫理學、兵學、美學、氣功等多種傳統文化思想和文化觀念，註重內外兼修，諸如整體觀、陰陽變化觀、形神論、氣論、動靜說、剛柔說等等，逐步形成了獨具民族風貌的武術文化體係。它內涵豐富，寓意深，既具備了人類體育運動強身健體的共同特徵，又具有東方文明所特有的哲理性、科學性和藝術性，較集中地體現了中國人民在體育領域中的智慧結晶。它從一個側面反映了東方的民族文化光彩。因此，從廣義上認識，武術不僅是一個運動項目，而且是一項民族體育，是中國人民長期積纍起來的一宗寶貴文化遺産。 　　【武術特點】 　　一。寓技擊於體育之中： 　　武術最初作為軍事訓練手段, 與古代軍事鬥爭緊密相連，其技擊的特性是顯而易見的。在實用中，其目的在於殺傷、製限對方，它常常以最有效的技擊方法，迫使對方失去反抗能力。這些技擊術至今仍在軍隊、公安中被采用。 武術作為體育運動，技術上仍不失為攻防技擊的特性，而是將技擊寓於搏鬥與套路運動之中搏鬥運動集中體現了武術攻防格鬥的特點，在技術上與實用技擊基本上是一致的，但是從體育觀念出發，他受到競賽規則的製約已不傷害對方為原則。如在散手中對武術中有些傳統的實用找擊 方法作了限製，而且嚴格規定了擊打部位和保護護具，短兵中使用的器具也作了相應的變化，而推手則是在特殊技術規定下進行競技對抗的。因此，可以說武術的搏鬥運動具有很強的攻防技擊性，但又與實用技擊有所區別。 　　套路運動是中國武術的一個特有的表現形式，不少動作在技術規格。運動幅度等方面與技擊的原形動作有所變化，但是動作方法仍然保留了技擊的特性。即使因連結貫串及演練技巧上的需要，穿插了一些不一定具有攻防技擊意義的動作，然而就整套技術而言，主要的動作仍然是以踢、打、摔、拿、擊、刺諸法為主，是套路的技術核心。它的攻防技擊特性是通過一招一式來表現的，匯集百傢，它的技擊方法是極其豐富的，在赦手。短兵中不宜采用的 技術方法，在套路運動中仍有所體現。 　　二。內外合一，形神兼備的民族風格： 　　既究形體規範， 又求精神傳意。內外合一的整體觀，是中國武術的一大特 色。所謂內，指心、神。意等心志活動和氣總的運行：所謂外，即手眼身步等形體活動。內與外、形與神是相 互聯繫統一的整體。 　　武術“內外合一，形神兼備”的特點主要通過武術功法和投法來體現。“內練精氣神，外練筋骨皮” 是備傢各派練功的準則，如極拳主張身心合修，要求“以心行氣，以氣運身”。形意拳講究“內三合，外三合”，少林拳也要求精、力、氣、骨、神內外兼修。此外武術套路在技術上往往要求把內在精氣神與外部形體動作緊密相合，完整一氣，做到”心動形隨”，“形斷意連”,勢斷氣連”。以“手眼身法步，精神氣力功”八法的變化來鍛煉心身。這一特點反映了中國武術作為一種文化形式在長期的歷史演進中倍受中國古代哲學、醫學、美學等方面的滲透和影響，形成了獨具民族風格的練功方法和運動形式 。 　　三。廣泛的適應性: 　　武術的練習形式、內容豐富多樣，有競技對抗性的散手、推手、短兵，有適合演練的各種拳術、器械的對練，還有與其和適應的各種練功方法。不同的拳種和器械有不同的動作結構、技術要求、運動風格和運動量，分別適應人們不同年齡、性別、體質的需求，人們可以根?Y自己的條件和興趣愛好進行選擇練習，同時它對場池、器材的要求較低，俗稱“拳打臥牛之地”，練習者可以根據場地的大小 　　變化練習內容和方式，即使一時沒有器械也可以徒手 練參、練功。一般來說，受時間、季節限製也很小。 較之不少體育運動項目，俱有更為廣泛的適應性，武術能在廣大民間歷久下衰，與這一特點不無關係利用 這一特點可為現代群衆性體育活動提供方便，使武術 進一步社會化。 　　【武術作用】 　　 　　 　　（一）提高素質，健體防身，武術套路運動其動作包含着屈伸、回環、平衡、跳躍、翻騰、跌撲等，人體各部位幾乎都要參與運動。 　　係統地進行武術訓練，對人體速度、力量、靈巧，耐力、柔韌等身體素質要求較高，人體各部位“一動無有不動”，幾乎都參加運動，使人的身心都得到全西鍛煉。實踐證明，對外能利關節，強筋骨，壯體魄；對內能理髒腑，通經脈，調精神．武術運動講究調息行氣和意念活動，對調節內環境的平衡，調養氣血，改善人體機能，健體強身十分有益。 　　武術套路運動和搏鬥運動，都是以技擊作為它的中心內容的，周貢通過武術鍛煉，不僅能夠達到增強體質的作用，而且能夠學會攻防格鬥投術，特別是武術功力訓練，更能發揮技擊的實效性。 　　武術的搏鬥運動，通過次防技術練習，拳打，腳踢，快摔等動作的運用，井在文字中互相揚長避短，攻彼弱點、避彼鋒芒，講究得機，得時、得勢，從而提高判斷力和應變能力。這無疑能提高人們剋敵製勝和防身自衛的能力。尤其對公安武警和邊防指戰員更有實際意義和作用。 　　（二）鍛煉意志，培養品德，練武對意志品質考驗是多面的。練習基本功，要不斷剋服疼痛關，磨練“鼕練三九、夏練三伏”，常年有恆，堅持不懈的意志品質。套路練習，要剋服枯燥關，培養刻苦耐勞，砥礪精進，永不自滿的品質。遇到強手剋服消極逃避關，鍛煉勇敢無畏、堅韌不屈的戰鬥意志。經過長期鍛煉、可以培養人們勤奮、刻苦、果敢、頑強、虛心好學、勇於進取的良好習性和意志品德。 　　“教武育人”貫徹在武術教習全過程中，“未曾習武先學禮，夫曾習武先習德”，傳統中始終把武德列為習武教武的先决條件。武術在中國幾千年綿延的歷史中，一嚮重禮儀，件道德，“尚武崇德”。諸如尊師愛友，包含了深刻廣泛的道德內容，互教互學，以武會友，切磋技藝，講禮守信，見義勇為：不凌弱逞強等品德。激烈的攻防技術和人生修行結合起來，是中國武術傳統道德觀念的體現。在社會的發展中，武德的標準和規範也不盡相同，尚武而崇德不僅能很好地陶冶憎操，還會大大有益於社會精神文明建設。 　　（三）競技觀賞，豐富生活武術具有根高的觀賞價值，無論是套路表演，還是散手比賽，歷來為人們喜聞樂見。唐代大詩人李白好友崔宗字贊他”起舞拂長劍，四座皆揚眉”杜甫在《觀公孫大娘弟子舞劍器行》著名詩篇中有“昔有佳人公孫氏，一舞劍器動四方。觀者如山色沮喪，天地為之久低昂”的描繪。漢代打擂臺，“三百裏內皆來觀”。都說明無論是顯現武術功力與技巧的競賽表演套路，還是鬥智較勇的對抗性散手比賽，都會引人入勝，給人以美的享受，都具有根高的觀賞價值。通過觀賞，給人以啓迪教育和樂趣。 　　（四）交流技藝，增進友誼：武術運動藴涵豐富，技理相通，入門之後會有“藝無止境”之感。群衆性的武術活動，便成為人們切磋技藝，交流思想，增進友誼的良好手段。隨着武術在世界廣泛傳播，還可促進與國外武術愛好者的交流。許多國傢武術愛好者喜愛武術套路，也喜愛武術散手，他們通過練武瞭解認識中國文化，探求東方的文明。武術通過體育競技、文化交流等途徑，在與世界各國人民友好交往中發揮着越來越大的作用。 　　【武術內容】 　　（對練） 　　對練是兩人或兩人以上，按照預定的程序進行的攻防格鬥套路。其中包括徒手對練，器械對練，徒手與器械對練等三種練法。 　　（一）徒手對練：是運用踢、打、摔、拿等方法，按照進攻、防守、還擊的運動規律編成的拳術對練套路，有時打拳、對擒拿、南拳對練、形意拳對練等。 　　（二）器械對練，是以器械的劈、砍、擊，刺等技擊方法組成的對練套路，主要有長器械對練、短器械對練、長與短對練、單與雙對練、單與軟對練、雙與軟對練等多種形式，常見的有單刀進槍、三節棍進棍。雙匕首進槍、對刺劍等。 　　（三）徒手與器械對練，是一方法手，另一方持器械進行的攻防對練套路，如空手奪刀、空手奪棍、空手進雙槍等。 　　（集體演練） 　　集體演練是集體進行的徒手、器械或能手與器械的演練。在競賽中通常要求六人以上，可變換隊形，圖案，也可用音樂伴奏，要求隊形整齊、動作協調一致。 　　搏鬥運動，是兩人在一定條件下，按照一定的規則進行鬥智較力的對抗練習形式。目前武術競賽中正在遂步開展的有散手、推手、短兵三項。 　　（一）散手，是兩人按照一定的規則使用踢、打、摔。拿等方法製勝對方的競技項目。 　　（二）推手是兩人遵照一定的規則，使用棚、扳、擠、按、采、例、肘、靠等手法，雙方粘連粘隨，通過肌肉的感覺來判斷對方的用勁，然後藉勁發勁將對方推出，以此决定勝負的競枝項目。 　　（三）短兵：是兩人手持一種用藤、皮、棉製作的短棒似的器械，在16市尺直徑的圓形場地內，按照一定的規則。使用劈、砍、刺、崩、點、斬等方法進行决勝負的競技項目。 　　【中國武術門派】 　　中國武術門派、套路衆多，蔚為大觀。人民體育出版社1985年出版的習雲太《中國武術史》，拳種部分有46節計75種、器械部分有27節，可見其衆多紛繁。事實上，在我們上面談到的少林、武當、峨眉、南拳四大派內部，又有許多支派，各支派中某一套路如有顯著特色，又可能發展為新的支派。在四大派之外，有數量更多的較小一些的派別，猶如滿天繁星，形成了中國武術文化的大觀。 　　從有組織、有機構的角度來說，武林集團表現為門派；從武術的師承、特點的角度來說，武林集團表現為學種及套路。 　　門派有更強的社會性，拳種、套路有更強的技藝性。這兩個從不同角度歸納出來的武林集團概念，相互包容、相互交叉而存在。 　　下面，我們將根據《武林》1989年第10期萬月《拳術套路初探》等，從拳術命名的角度列出有關的拳種套路，以見中華武術紛繁浩瀚之一斑。 　　“以佛聖道仙、神祗鬼怪命名的一神拳、二郎拳、韋馱拳、大聖拳、八仙拳、天羅拳、地煞拳、六星拳、哪咤拳、金剛拳、觀音拳、佛漢拳、佛教拳、羅漢拳、金剛錘。二十八宿拳、四仙對打拳、七星訪友拳、羅漢螳螂拳、夜叉巡海拳、金剛三昧掌、夜叉鐵沙掌等。 　　以“門”命名的——餘門拳、硬門拳、法門拳、空門拳、紅門拳、魚門拳、孔門拳、風門拳、水門拳、火門拳、鳥門拳、佛門拳、窄門拳、字門拳、孫門拳、嚴門拳。熊門拳、自然門拳、引新門拳、羅漢門拳、磨盤門拳、水滸門拳等。 　　以姓氏命名的——劉傢拳、蔡傢拳、李傢拳、莫傢拳、巫傢拳、薛傢拳、嶽傢拳、趙傢拳、杜傢拳、周傢拳、祈傢拳、溫傢拳、孫傢拳、鄒傢拳、高傢拳、戚傢拳、洪佛拳、嶽傢教、鐘傢教、刁傢教、李傢教、朱傢教、蔡李佛拳、嶽氏連拳、羅傢三展、楊傢短打、鬍氏戳腳、郝氏戳腳、陳氏太極拳、楊氏太極拳、武氏太極拳、孫氏太極拳、吳氏太極拳、林氏下山拳、武氏十八技等。 　　以人名命名的——燕青拳、太祖拳、孫臏拳、五祖拳、宋江拳、白眉拳、珠娘拳、純陽拳、達摩拳、玄女拳、武侯拳、五郎拳、文聖拳、南枝拳、詠春拳、嶽王錘、武子門拳、子竜炮拳、太祖散掌、三皇炮錘、孔朗拜燈拳、劉唐下書拳、武鬆脫銬拳、武鬆獨臂拳、神行太保拳、燕青巧打拳、達摩點穴拳、太白出山拳、甘鳳池拳法、黃嘯俠拳法、燕青十八翻、羅王十八掌、達摩十八手、孫二娘大戰拳、武鬆鴛鴦腿拳等。以地名命名的——潭腿（山東臨清竜潭寺）、少林拳、武當拳、峨眉拳、崆峒拳（分五大門：飛竜門、追魂門、奪命門、醉門、神拳門）、梅山拳、靈山拳、昆侖拳、關東拳、關西拳、竜門拳、登州拳、東安拳、石頭拳、水遊拳、西涼掌、太行意拳、洪洞通背拳等。 　　以動物命名的一一竜拳、蛇拳、虎拳、豹拳、鶴拳、獅拳、象拳、馬拳、猴拳、彪拳、狗拳、雞拳、鴨拳、竜形拳、竜樁拳、竜化拳、行竜拳、飛竜拳、火竜拳、青竜拳、飛竜長拳、青竜出海拳、毒蛇吐信拳、虎形拳、黑虎拳、青虎拳、白虎拳、餓虎拳、猛虎拳、飛虎拳、伏虎拳、五虛拳、八虎拳、虎嘯拳、回頭虎拳、側面虎拳、車馬虎拳、隱山虎拳、五虎群羊拳、工字伏虎拳、虎豹拳、虎鶴雙形拳、白鶴拳、宗鶴拳、鳴鶴拳、飛鶴拳、食鶴拳、飽鶴拳、餓鶴拳、五祖鶴陽拳、永春白鶴拳、獨腳飛鶴拳、獅形拳、金獅拳、獅虎拳、二獅抱球拳、猿功拳、猿形拳、猿糅伏地拳、白猿短臂拳、白猿偷桃拳、雞形拳、鴨形拳、鷹爪拳、老鷹拳、岩鷹拳、雕拳、鷂子拳、鷂子長拳、燕形拳、大雁掌、蝴蝶掌、龜牛拳、螃蟹拳、灰狼拳、黃鶯架子、鴛鴦拳、螳螂拳、硬螳螂拳、秘門螳螂拳、八步螳螂拳、梅花螳螂拳、七星螳螂拳、摔手螳螂拳、六合螳螂拳、光板蝗螂拳、玉環螳螂拳等。 　　以日常雜物命名的——巾拳、扇拳、傘拳、花拳、船拳、鐘拳、板凳拳、褂子拳、雲帚拳、脫梏拳、百花拳、梅花拳、蓮花拳、蠃旋拳、山門拳、白玉拳、湯瓶拳、沾衣拳、衣衫母拳、三戰鐵扇拳、三十六合鎖等。 　　以手法命名的——插拳，截拳、挂拳、擋拳、紮拳、套拳、穿拳、撕拳、翻拳、炮拳、罩掌、劍手、短手、五手拳、應手拳、捏手拳、合手拳、封手拳、練手拳、攔手拳、劈挂拳、撂擋拳、撞打拳、通臂拳、殺手掌、反臂掌、字手、十字手、排子手、萬古手、黃英手、八黑手、錦八手、照陽手、金槍手、天罡手、地煞手、四門重手、分手八快、咬手六合拳、蓋手六合拳，九宮擒跌手、羅漢十八手、二十四破手、三十六閉手、七十二插手、三十六看對手等。 　　以步法、腿法命名的——彈腿、暗腿、踔腿、截腿、連腿、戳腳、四步拳、六步拳、八步拳、練步豢、穿步拳、順步捶、腰步捶、擋步捶、涌步捶、亂八步、三步架、五步打、八步轉、掘子腿、溜腳式、十二步架、六步散手、十字腿拳、溜腳架子、連環鴛鴦步、鹿步梅花樁、八步連環拳、九宮十八腿、少林二十八步，進步鴛鴦連環腿等。 　　地躺拳類——地躺拳、地行拳、地功戳腳，地功翻子、地功羅漢拳、活法黃竜拳、地躺八仙拳、金剛地躺拳、少林地竜拳、地功鴛鴦拳、飛竜地躺拳、九滾十八跌等。 　　醉拳類——八仙醉、水遊醉、醉溜擋、醉八仙拳、醉羅漢拳、文八仙拳、武八仙拳、大八仙拳、混八仙拳、清八仙拳、少林醉拳、形式八仙拳、羅漢醉酒拳、太自醉酒拳、武鬆醉跌拳、燕青醉跌拳、石秀醉酒拳、魯智深醉打山門拳等。 　　跌打拳類——跌撲拳、沾跌拳、沾衣十八跌、武鬆混打拳、武鬆脫銬拳、水滸連環拳等。 　　此外，各地的著名拳種還有：形意拳（心意六合拳）、大成拳（意拳）、八卦拳、八卦掌、八極拳、六合拳、查拳、華拳、紅拳、節拳、綿掌、綿拳、太虛拳、二郎拳、大悲拳、功力拳、石頭拳、連城拳、兩儀拳（太極快拳）、獨臂拳、瘋拳、埋伏拳、迷蹤拳、緬拳、纏絲拳、磋跤拳、曦陽掌等。 　　著名的器械套路有：八門金鎖刀、八卦刀、八卦大槍、九洲棍、六合刀、六合槍、六合劍、六合棍、日月乾坤刀、日月乾坤圈、少林雙刀十八滾、太極刀、太極劍、河州棍、月牙槍、達摩杖、達摩棍、純陽劍、八仙純陽劍、武當劍、青萍劍、袁氏青萍劍、楊氏青萍劍、賈氏青萍劍、梅花刀、梅花槍等。 　　從這些武林門派、拳種、套路中，對照俠文化的武功追求，有兩個意義，一是從中可以看到俠文化武功的歷史和現實中的源頭；二是可以看到俠文化武功中的想象成分及其與現實的差距。瞭解這些，相信對於俠文化武功的進一步理解和鑒賞，將是有些意義和價值的。 　　【武術與《易經》】 　　中國武術與古典文學，是同根同源的共生關係，是中華傳統文化的雙碧，堪稱雙子星座，同樣輝煌，同樣燦爛。稍加留意，就會發現，中國武術的濫觴，正是中國古典文學的發軔；文事與武備至少在兩三千年以前，就像是一對孿生兄弟攜手而行；舞槍弄棒與吟詩作賦，很早就是被我們先民所看重的文化修養的兩個方面。歷史中，有無數的武術傢本身就是文學家，而許許多多文學作品中也洋溢着武術的風采。這在世界文化史上尚無先例，可以說是中華民族獨有的文化現象。 　　一般來說，人們很少把武術與古典文學拿到一塊兒來談論，尤其是在學術討論會上；而我們也很少在各種出版物上，看到武術與古典文學兩者相互滲透、相得益彰的探討與論述。尤其在武術與古典文學聯手合作，像是配合默契的兩個鐵匠一樣，經過了數千年的加溫、淬火，共同鍛造了中國人的理想人格和完善的民族性格這一點上，還沒有人發現、至少是沒有人明確地加以闡釋。當我驚奇地發現這一點時，我對武術與古典文學的敬意油然而生。恨不得在45歲的時候，開始聞雞起舞，鑿壁偷光。 　　《易經》誕生最早的武術觀念。 　　先秦時代的四書五經，都是很好的古代散文，完全可以當作文學讀本來欣賞。《易經》開篇就有一句鼎鼎有名的格言："天行健，君子以自強不息。"翻成白話文，是"天體的運行剛健不輟，君子也應自強不息。"這句話，怎麽看怎麽像是一位武術傢對一位習武之人說的話。如果一個對中國武術情有獨鐘的外國人，問什麽是中華武術的精神，我們完全可以告訴他《易經》第一頁第一段的這個結句。"健"，是一個特別值得註意的字。它本身有兩個意思：一個是"剛強"，另一個是"康強"，前者指性格和精神的堅強，後者指身體和體質的健康。加上個"兒"字---健兒，就成了軍卒、壯士和劍客，劍客就是武術傢。古樂府中有"健兒須快馬，快馬須健兒"的詩句。 　　《易經》中，明確地談到武術的，有"君子以除戎器，戒不虞"之句，說的是"君子應整治兵器，以防不測"。這和現代人習武為健身、防身的觀念非常一致。其中，"利武人之貞"中的"武人"---則是武術傢在古籍中的直接"亮相"。"剛健中正"說的是做人，也是練武。所謂"立天之道，曰陰與陽；立地之道，曰柔與剛；立人之道，曰仁與義"，以及對宇宙與人生規律的論述包括八卦概念的確立，都對後世的武術發展起到巨大而深刻的影響。 　　“一陰一陽之謂道。知乎萬物而道濟天下。在天成象，在地成形，變化見矣。是固剛柔相摩，八卦相蕩。”——你把《易經》中的這些理念，說給現在八卦太極拳和八卦掌拳師，都像是在說他們行內的話。 　　【武術入門】 　　愛好中華武術的朋友多苦入門難覓路。我們同樣知道中華武術旁門甚多。根據我們的體悟，介紹常識一二，請變通瞭解，靈活運用。 　　一.瞭解自我、體驗生活 　　我們人類自身是一種特殊的生物材料，有質量、重量，有體積、形狀，有結構、性能，有強度、活性；我們人類自身是一座超級的工廠，有原材料，有産成品，有設計規範，有工藝流程，有分工明確的崗位，有協作愉快的團隊；我們人類自身是一個微型的國傢，有政府、軍隊，有民衆、黨派，有生産、流通，有分配、消費，有文化娛樂，有經濟波動，有內憂外患，有天災人禍，有興衰，有順逆。總之，我們人類是宇宙的全息模型。由認識人類自身，就可認識宇宙；必認識宇宙，方能認識人類自身。 　　我們的身體： 　　我們的身體有頭顱、軀幹、四肢，有毛發、皮膚、血肉、骨骼、內臟、神經、感官，有心、肺、胃、腸、肝、膽、脾、腎，有眼睛、耳、鼻、舌，有腦和脊髓。從前有許多人分不清心和腦，現在情況好多了。我們的身體是復雜變化的舞臺。呼吸、循環、消化、排泄、運動、代謝、免疫、調節等過程共同構成我們的人體現象世界。 　　我們的頭腦： 　　我們的頭腦是心理活動的場所。神經係統的功能進化使我們人類有可能認識世界、改造世界。 　　我們的頭腦能夠思維、可以聯想、善於學習、重在創新。 　　我們的頭腦製造道德規範、法律條文、神話故事、宗教傳說。 　　我們的頭腦皆具備發明技術、欣賞藝術、崇尚科學、鐘愛文學的可能。 　　我們的骨骼： 　　我們的骨骼約有二百零六塊，為全身提供基架，具有賦形、持重、保護和運動等功能。骨骼的主幹為脊柱。 　　我們的骨骼分為顱骨、軀幹骨、四肢骨三部。 　　各骨端藉軟骨、韌帶或關節連接起來。關節既能活動，又很牢固；組成關節的骨端上面覆蓋一層關節軟骨，可以緩衝運動時的震蕩。關節周圍有一由結締組織構成的包囊，叫關節囊；關節囊是密封的，其內的腔隙叫關節腔。關節囊分兩層：外層為緻密的纖維層，內層為滑膜層，由薄而疏鬆的結締組織構成；滑膜分泌滑液於關節腔中，可以減少關節運動時的摩擦。 　　此外，某些關節的關節腔中還具有關節內韌帶和關節內軟骨（半月板或關節盤），使得骨的連接更為牢固。 　　顱骨由二十三塊大小和形狀不同的骨組成，分為腦顱和面顱兩部分。腦顱位於後上方，形成顱腔，保護腦髓；面顱位於前下方，形成面部的輪廓，並構成眶、鼻腔和口腔的骨性基礎。 　　軀幹骨包括組成脊柱的二十四塊單個的椎骨（頸椎七塊、胸椎十二塊、腰椎五塊）、一塊骶骨和一塊尾骨及組成胸廓的十二對肋骨、肋軟骨和一塊胸骨。各椎骨間藉椎間盤、韌帶和椎間關節等連接成脊柱，椎管貫穿脊柱全長，內容脊髓。整個脊柱在前後方向上有四個彎麯，頸部嚮前凸，胸部嚮後凸，腰部嚮前凸，骶部嚮後凸，這些彎麯適應於人體的直立姿勢，是在生長過程中相繼出現的。 　　上肢骨包括肩胛骨、鎖骨、肱骨、尺骨、撓骨、腕骨八塊（舟骨、月骨、三角骨、豌豆骨、大多角骨、小多角骨、頭狀骨、鈎骨）、掌骨五塊和指骨，它們分別組成肩關節、肘關節、腕關節、掌指關節和指關節。 　　下肢骨包括髖骨（由髂骨、恥骨、坐骨構成）、股骨、髕、脛骨、腓骨、跗骨七塊（距骨、跟骨、舟骨、第一、二、三楔骨、骰骨）、蹠骨五塊和趾骨，它們分別組成髖關節、膝關節、踝關節、跗蹠關節、蹠趾關節和趾關節。 　　我們的骨骼是一個生活着的器官，有其生長、發展和衰老的過程，總在不斷地新陳代謝。 　　我們的肌肉： 　　我們的肌肉是使骨骼運動的動力器官。全身骨骼肌有六百塊左右，約占人體體重的百分之四十。 　　每塊肌肉由很多肌束集合而成，每一肌束又由無數肌纖維組成，肌肉表面被結締組織包裹，叫肌外膜，結締組織伸入肌內包裹肌束，叫肌束膜，最後伸入束內包裹每根肌纖維，叫肌內膜。 　　血管和神經（感覺和運動纖維）沿肌外膜進入肌肉，又沿肌束膜分佈到肌纖維，以調節肌肉緊張，使肌肉收縮，並調節肌肉的營養、代謝和發育。 　　我們的內臟： 　　我們的內臟主要由消化器官、呼吸器官、泌尿器官、生殖器官等組成。其中的消化器包括消化管和消化腺兩部分。消化管起自口腔，延續為咽、食管、胃、小腸（十二指腸、空腸和回腸）、結腸（盲腸、闌尾、升結腸、橫結腸、降結腸、乙狀結腸）、直腸，終於肛門。消化腺有唾液腺、肝、胰和消化管壁上的無數小腺體。腺的分泌物經導管排入消化管中參與消化過程。呼吸器官包括氣體的通道——鼻、咽、喉、氣管、支氣管，和進行氣體交換的器官——肺。鼻、咽、喉和氣管通稱為上呼吸道，支氣管以下則稱為下呼吸道。此外，胸膜和胸膜腔是呼吸的輔助裝置。泌尿器官的功能是生成並排泄尿液。泌尿器官包括腎、輸尿管、膀胱和尿道。生殖係統與泌尿係統在個體發生上有共同的起源，所以兩個係統常合稱為泌尿生殖係統。生殖器官包括生殖腺（睾丸或卵巢）、生殖道等。 　　我們的經絡： 　　經絡是經脈和絡脈的總稱。經絡是運行全身氣血，聯絡髒腑肢節，溝通上下內外，調節體內各部分的通路。通過經絡的循行和交會能夠把人體的五臟六腑、四肢百骸、五官九竅、皮肉筋脈等組織器官聯結成一個有機的統一整體。 　　我們的經絡遍布全身，共計有正經十二（手三陰、足三陰、手三陽、足三陽），奇經八脈和無數絡脈。 　　十二正經是根據各自聯繫內臟的陰陽屬性及其在肢體循行位置的不同而確定的。陽經屬腑，行於四肢的外側，陰經屬髒，行於四肢的內側；手經行於上肢，足經行於下肢。 　　奇經八脈是督脈、任脈、衝脈、帶脈、陰維脈、陽維脈、陰蹺脈、陽蹺脈的總稱。奇經八脈交叉貫串於十二正經之間，具有加強經脈之間的聯繫，以調節正經氣血的作用。 　　我們的生命： 　　我們的生命是有限的。慢一點老、少一點病、晚一點死，通過修煉是可以達到的。 　　我們的健康： 　　我們的健康是相對的。對於健康，不同時代、地域、文化的人類有明顯不同的理解和感受。 　　我們主張堅持常維新，避免大革命。 　　我們的靈魂： 　　我們的靈魂是內在的世界。肉體消亡的同時，靈魂也將寂滅。精神的力量統帥着我們的身軀。 　　我們的快樂： 　　我們的快樂是身心的舒適。天人和合、物我圓融，就是極樂。 　　我們的穴位： 　　我們的穴位數量無窮，常用者三百多個。其中百會、大椎、命門、長強、會陰、關元、氣海、中脘、膻中、印堂、太陽穴、聽宮、合𠔌、勞宮、神門、內關、麯池、肩井、期門、京門、章門、衝門、環跳穴、血海、足三裏、承山、三陰交、涌泉等更加重要。 　　我們的要害： 　　 　　我們的要害主要有頭、胸腹、襠（下陰）、兩肋、後腰、後心。 　　頂心百會、兩額太陽、眉中印堂、日月雙睛、鼻尖素了、唇上人中、下頜骨緣、耳門聽宮、頸部喉結、人迎動脈。 　　左右兩乳、前胸膻中、上腹三角、兩側軟肋、肚臍神闕、小腹膀胱與下陰腎囊。 　　腦後玉枕、兩側耳根、脊背胸椎、肩胛下沿、背部魂門、左右腰眼、腰椎命門、尾閭長強。 　　股溝衝門、膝蓋鶴頂、迎面巨虛、腳面陷𠔌、膝後委中、足底涌泉。 　　我們的弱點： 　　我們的弱點在於支點、死點、痛點、敏感點、要害點、勞損點。 　　頭顱部分的顳骨、蝶骨、鼻骨、下頜骨比較脆弱。這些地方是擊打技術的主要對象。 　　軀幹部分的椎骨、肋骨比較薄弱。椎骨受到衝擊，易破壞脊神經；輕則癱瘓，重則死亡。軀幹內的重要髒器普遍薄弱。慣性震蕩能夠徹底損傷五臟六腑。 　　上肢部分的骨骼與關節常常是擒拿技術的對象。 　　下肢部分的骨骼與關節一般是摔跌技術的對象。 　　我們的步型： 　　我們的步型主要有兩種：弓箭步、虛實步。弓箭步長於進攻，虛實步妙在退守。 　　我們的身型： 　　我們的身型主要有三種：直立、落坐、平臥。 　　我們的手型： 　　我們的手型主要有三種：拳、掌、指。拳比掌指易練，指比拳掌難學。 　　我們的姿態： 　　我們的姿態可以從四個角度進行分析。 　　節。發動於根、主宰於枝、作用於梢。節節鬆開為柔，節節貫穿為剛。 　　盤。上中下合一，腿腳、身軀、手臂協調。天地人也。 　　圈。肩胯投影為內，肘膝投影為中，手足投影為外。身意氣也。 　　架。大者長橋大馬，小者短打小手；慢者從容不迫，快者隨意應對；圈者環環相扣，略者始終無跡；柔者潤物無聲，剛者橫掃千軍；方者棱角分明，圓者內外渾圓；定者風搖山嶽，活者潮漲江河。 　　我們的步法： 　　我們的步法即五行八卦。前進、後退、左顧、右盼、中定，為五行；正前方、左前方、右前方、正後方、左後方、右後方、左方向、右方向，為八卦。 　　顧打是踏中門，閃進是走邊門。 　　我們的身法： 　　我們的身法主要有以下四項。 　　氣沉丹田（重力效應）。通常所說氣感即本體覺。地球與人體之間存在萬有引力，重力的作用點位置對於身軀的運動影響巨大。直立重心一般與傳統理論的丹田位置相同。 　　虛領頂勁（肌力效應）。肌肉的伸縮力是人體運動的主導力。肌力的隨意性是修煉的重要課題之一。 　　中正安舒（穩定平衡）。站樁訓練靜平衡能力，靜中寓動；行拳訓練動平衡能力，動中求靜。 　　鬆靜自然（應力均布）。 　　我們的手法： 　　我們的手法繁講變化無窮，略說僅一剛一柔、一虛一實、一鬆一緊、一動一靜耳。世間有講鬆彈勁的，有說圓活勁的，還有談虛靈勁的；有說陰陽勁、矛盾勁的，還有講開合勁、有無勁的；尚有好心講八門勁法的，有天才論三十六、七十二勁的，難以盡述。編者認為人格平等、人才有別，衹能因材施教、因人而異。入門者一般應重在劃圈，大、圓、勻、緩。 拿打是連環套，跌摔是往復通。 　　我們的形象： 　　我們的形象應挺拔均整。我們不能前俯後仰、左歪右斜、上下脫節。 　　我們的感覺： 　　我們的感覺應該虛靈舒適。 　　我們的道理： 　　我們的道理是自然空無。凡事不可強求，一切聽任本來。 　　我們的功課： 　　時、日、月、年。 　　子、午、卯、酉是為四時；子時宜入靜，午時應習動，卯時來活血，酉時正養氣。日出而醒，聞雞起舞；日落而息，效鶴守誠。 　　三日緊、六日鬆、九日常；日升降、月圓缺、人勞逸。 　　煉一時，得一時；一日練，一日功；功滿月，人長功。 　　春種勤，夏揮汗，秋收實，鼕藏寶。 　　終年課，畢生研， 持久求，最終通。 　　早、晚；大、小。 　　早課的內容有三項：醒、行、形。 　　醒課先醒心，安眠漸凝神，調息微吐納，叩齒輕鼓漱； 　　醒眼平常事，抓撓手足情，按摩全身肉，拍打遍體骨。 　　穿戴合適衣，配備必要物，安排妥帖傢，醖釀美好願； 　　白水飲一杯，散步行千米，挺拔頭胸腹，舒展胳膊腿。 　　形式有必要，內容更關鍵，鍛煉循章法，運動有樂趣； 　　蛇形來蛹動，汗出而氣定，體味十三勢，理解太極拳； 　　意氣演勁力，骨肉化形勢，鬆緊筋骨皮，調整精氣神。 　　晚課的內容有三項：境、靜、淨。 　　境課體須鬆，饑飽心難安，吃飯四刻後，調心一種經； 　　假藉情景理，觀想身心意，感應天地人，抒發精氣神。 　　靜觀真妙動，有現虛空無，旗捲信不移，花落念常在； 　　易筋鬆圓活，洗髓淨輕靈，煉丹爐火青，參禪意識明； 　　沐浴風光時，洗滌紅塵事，放下大千界，悟入百幻宮。 　　大功一般一周一次，時間一般為辰時前後。 　　大功輕鬆練，尋常有奧妙。 　　小功一般一周三次，時間一般為未時前後。 　　小功認真研，長久出學問。 　　樁、橋、叉、鼎： 　　樁功是簡單平易的基本功課。一竪、一點、一人、一大，足矣。原理很淺顯，獨立守神、呼吸精氣、肌肉若一。 　　橋功的訓練必須循序漸進，不可急切。 　　叉功分橫、竪。 　　鼎功宜從頭肩肘倒立練起，經頭手倒立、雙手倒立、單手倒立、指倒立，最後練雙手推鼎、 　　單手推鼎。 　　圈、浪、幽、明： 　　圈功為九節（頭、胸腔、腹腔、大臂、小臂、手、大腿、小腿、足）的空間圓周運動。 　　浪功為全身各部的依次協調麯綫運動。 　　幽功為翻騰、平衡、用力、靜止、跳躍等技巧運動的訓練。 　　明功為從瞭解和把握拳架着勢的意識入手、到深刻領悟和體驗感覺無限的訓練。左右起腳、上下云手、前後推掌、內外旋指。 　　鬆、靜、煉、養： 　　鬆身：搖、晃、顫、抖、扭、擺、抻、拔。 　　靜心：抱元守一。 　　煉意：精神貫註。 　　養氣：道法自然。 　　我們的心法： 　　聚精會神是一種狀態；神清氣爽是一種狀態；忘乎所以也是一種狀態。 　　內外、動靜、虛實、鬆緊。內為人體，外為環境；動為協調，靜為均衡；虛為寬容，實為厚重；鬆為靈活，緊為堅韌。 　　我們的手段： 　　教授搭手。搭手是講解攻防技藝的最佳方式之一。具體、形象、安全。靈也。 　　練習*手。*手是熟悉招法與技藝的必要途徑。活也。 　　學習揉手。揉手能夠文明、儒雅地體會格鬥對抗的感覺。和也。 　　訓練推手。推手的獨特性在於合作雙方的協調與均衡。穩定和靈活的相反互補、對立統一是訓練的核心課題。着也。 　　體會打手。打手的關鍵是順勢合理發力藉機輕鬆放人。飛也。 　　試驗散手。散手的奧妙是所謂毫釐（尺寸分毫、斤兩錢釐）之間見分別，即點到和寸止。時空感、運動感是散手訓練者的重要素質。力度和幅度的控製是散手的核心課題。散手具有對抗性與競技性。傷也。 　　雙風貫耳打虎勢，進退兩便搬攔捶； 　　抱虎推山左右跌，三通臂背前後翻； 　　披身起腳隨意踢，敗中取勝鴛鴦腿； 　　野馬分鬃顧盼生，玉女穿梭上下合。 　　我們的技藝： 　　 　　跌打。簡單說，跌打就是上下相隨、手腳並用。 　　擲放。擲放的關鍵是拿住、鬆開。 　　我們的行為： 　　反抗與謙讓、勇敢與智慧。 　　我們的局限： 　　 　　必病、必老、必死。 　　我們的價值： 　　我們能夠防治疾病、延緩衰老、完善身心、改造世界。少病、慢老、晚死也。 　　我們的危險： 　　無知和妄行是我們的危險。 　　我們的保護： 　　學習和鍛煉是我們的保護。 　　我們的敵害： 　　我們的敵害既有自然的、也有人為的；既有外在的，也有內存的。 　　我們的自衛： 　　我們的自衛既包括避免內傷七情、外感六淫，也包括追求身心協調、天人和合。 　　我們的希望： 　　 　　我們的希望是人生完美、世界和平。 　　我們的理想： 　　仙、佛、儒、俠、仁。 　　山人為仙；逃避喧囂、煩惱的人類社會紛爭，隱居在自然環境中，與天地同春是道傢的理想。 　　弗是弗非；人類文明本無固定的、明確的、具體的知識，釋傢的理想是提倡隨緣順命。 　　需要禮義；人類社會與動物世界的區別在於倫理秩序的有無，孔門的理想是天下為公，四海一傢。 　　人類平等；每個人都有權利幸福生存、快樂發展，俠客的理想是實現世界大同。 　　愛人如己；關心別人的疾苦、幫助別人的生活，仁者的理想是扶危濟睏、排憂解難。 　　二.回顧歷史、認識社會 　　過去的鐵血 　　人類的昨天特不堪回首。 　　戰鼓響千年，烽煙燃五洲。彎弓彼此射，揮刀生死搏。 　　現在的炎涼 　　 　　人類的今天也不容樂觀。 　　資源、環境問題日益嚴重，生存、發展面臨巨大挑戰。民族矛盾和階級矛盾錯綜復雜，宗教、法律、道德、風俗、文化等的差別逐漸擴大。 　　將來的和平 　　 　　人類的明天本不可阻擋。 　　發展文化教育事業、進行科技研究活動，都能從根本上推動世界的進步。人類的政治民主化、經濟科學化、文化自由化必然促成世界的真正和平。 　　三.學習理論、把握係統 　　道（抽象思辯） 　　理（歷史邏輯） 　　法（係統全面） 　　術（方便*作） 　　道：天人和合、物我圓融。 　　環境：人類生存和發展以環境為舞臺。自然環境、社會環境、物理環境、心理環境都很重要。 　　氣候：人體的生理活動要受氣候影響，這是常識。人類的心理、倫理現象也受氣候左右，雖難理解，但屬事實。 　　場地：平坦、幹爽、潔淨、明亮。 　　個人練習，兩平米足夠。所謂拳打臥牛之地。 　　集體練習，人均三平米即可。 　　室內教學，應選擇棚高五米左右為宜。 　　戶外教學，花木環抱最佳。 　　服裝：寬大、舒適、透氣、吸汗。 　　器械：因人而異、量力而行。 　　食餌：營養問題忽視不得。首先，能量要平衡。其次，元素要齊全。再次應註意，補給要及時、充分。 　　理：思想解放、感情溝通。 　　教範：依法修煉、循序學習。拳架是基礎。先定勢，後連勢。 　　禮儀：尊師重義、心平氣和。仁厚是關鍵。欲習拳，必明理。 　　自修：師傅領路到門前，己身不入也枉然。機緣難得見路徑，吾心大悟精進中。主觀努力是必要的因素。惟有積極、主動，修煉才能成功。 　　助練：道、財、侶、地四因緣中，侶最珍貴。高山流水易*，知音同志難尋。 良師益友的幫助是順利學習中華武術的必要條件。 　　法：身心協調、形神結合。 　　靜心：投入、同化。 　　把註意力全部集中到修煉活動中去。難在大傢普遍雜念叢生。解决的辦法很簡單，生活修煉化與修煉生活化。衹要平常心在，衹要善待人生，衹要欣賞世界，則我們無時不靜。呼吸風雲變，飲食水土易。平常含奧妙，一靜寓萬動。放下名利心，悟得真實義。天馬獨來往，自在我知道。 　　熱身：適應和準備。 　　修煉活動需要精神與肉體的高度協調。進行修煉時，我們的身體不可能在一開始就達到顛峰狀態，而是在開始後一段時間內逐漸上升到位。這個過程叫做熱身。産生這種現象的原因在於人體的一切活動都是神經係統調節下實現的反射；中樞興奮性的提高，興奮衝動沿反射途徑的傳導，各器官機能的動員，都需要一定的時間。也就是說，人體從開始活動到發揮出最大運動能力需要一個過程。從另一個角度看，熱身是剋服生理惰性的過程。我們必須牢記首先承載一定時間的微小負荷，可以幫助我們後面的正式修煉。因為熱身活動能使我們逐漸進入狀態，所以能夠避免很多傷害與挫折。熱身過程的長短快慢具有個體差異。熱身的運動量一般較正式修煉要低。熱身可以使物質代謝過程增速，能夠普遍提高神經、肌肉等組織的興奮性，使血管擴張，肌肉粘滯性下降，提高肌肉的收縮和放鬆的速度，增大肌腱、韌帶等的伸展性和彈性。熱身內容一般為散步、慢跑等活動。熱身的標準是微汗而不喘。時間一般為總修煉時間的一半。 　　調氣：調氣就是整理活動。 　　作用在於使人體機能得到恢復和更好的調節。因為正式修煉的運動量一般較大，結束後立即臥坐，效果均不好。如果適當活動一會兒，對修煉者的身心都有益處。緊張的肌肉運動之後，由於疲勞，肢體往往不易放鬆。若立刻靜止休息，會使得肌肉僵硬。如有意識做一些放鬆動作，可以使肌肉充分放鬆，利於消除疲勞。正式修煉中體內積纍了一些代謝産物二氧化碳。整理活動中吐故納新可以還清氧債。另外，整理活動有助骨骼肌中的血液回流心髒。因此，調氣是修煉的必要環節。我們一定要重視調氣功夫。調氣內容一般為輕搖、慢晃、抖動、按摩、敲打等。調氣的標準是呼吸均勻、脈搏平穩、感覺輕鬆舒適。時間一般為總修煉時間的四分之一。 　　養神：非常重要、不易掌握。簡單來說，就叫心理調適。養神既是入門功夫，也是深造手段。養神不單純是個體行為。養神需要一定的文化修養、社會環境。 　　呼吸：自然。不無事生非、不自做主張、不盲目模仿、不隨心所欲。 　　倒地：這是入門技術。輕鬆、安全、順利、快捷完成倒地動作需要經常反復練習。協調是安全的前提。倒地的要點是緩衝。 　　抗擊：承受打擊是我們必須具備的能力。 　　我們應該循序漸進、持之以恆地努力提高抗擊能力。抗擊力一方面與體質有關，另一方面與技巧有關。 　　抗擊訓練的方法很多。我們建議你根據自己的情況變通采用。入門一般應從自我按摩開始練習，逐漸過渡到器械拍打、相互擠靠。抗擊訓練的要領是自由鬆緊。 　　感應：感物而動，應物自然。 　　形感神應。感應刺激與抒發興奮是統一的。提高感覺的靈敏性是入門課題。身有所感，心有所覺。跟着感覺走是入門的秘訣。或者說，感覺是欲入門者的嚮導。有意識地尋找、跟蹤各種感覺是修煉的真正開始。姿態感覺、重力感覺、空間感覺、呼吸感覺、循環感覺，都需要我們認真體驗、平等對待。切忌神秘、驚奇。有意識地思想、觀察我們的身心是更高的階段。意識、意念、意感是相互密切聯繫的。經過有意識的感覺訓練可以獲得無意識的感應能力。感應是神經係統與其它係統協調統一的能力體現，是身心高度協調統一的標志。感應能力的大小強弱是修煉狀態的重要指標。 　　【關於奧運成為武術項目】 　　武術已確定成為北京奧運會的特設項目，一共將會决出7枚金牌，其中武術套路5枚、男女散打各1枚。但是這7塊金牌不會占用奧運會的金牌名額，同時也不計入最終的奬牌榜。不過獲得武術冠軍的運動員，將會享受等同於奧運項目冠軍的待遇，而且所獲的金牌也將計入2009年的十一運會加牌中。 　　儘管不是奧運會正式比賽項目，但鑒於武術在中國人心目中的特殊地位，國人對這一項目的關註，不比其他任何項目差。 　　武術表演設15塊金牌 　　據瞭解，此次特殊的奧運武術表演賽，共設置男女套路10枚金牌，男女散手5枚金牌。比賽的具體項目是，套路：男子長拳、男子南拳南棍全能、男子太極拳太極劍全能、男子刀術棍術全能、男子槍術劍術全能、女子長拳、女子南拳南刀全能、女子太極拳太極劍全能、女子刀術棍術全能、女子槍術劍術全能。散手：男子56公斤級、男子70公斤級、男子85公斤級、女子52公斤級、女子60公斤級。 　　37名中國選手參賽 　　中國參加本次武術表演的共37人，都來自於北京體育大學武術學院，共排練了四組節目，分別為兵器類、太極類、長拳類和藝術類。兵器類節目名為《兵法》，演員一出場就穿着盔甲，十八般兵器都會亮相。《太極館》主要展現攻防含義，陳、楊、吳、武、孫五式太極拳都有體現。長拳類節目名為《竜形天下》，用16個人來表現竜騰虎躍的意境，有虎拳、南拳等拳法以及各種腿法展示。藝術類節目名為《功夫之王》，據悉，象形拳、虎步、馬步等五大步形，很多傳統元素都會編進去，各有一兩招，最後落到對抗裏。 　　參演者享受奧運選手待遇 　　雖然參加奧運武術表演的武術健兒們，身份並不是奧運參賽運動員，但為了迎接世界各國武術代表團的到來，奧運村為他們開闢了特別的區域，住宿和生活享受與奧運參賽選手同樣的待遇。18日，中國武術代表團已正式入住奧運村。而由於武術展示節目中要使用各種兵器，怕傷着觀衆，出於安全考慮，所有“兵器”要想進賽場，都非常不容易，得嚮奧組委、文化部層層申報，經過統一安檢才能順利入場。而部分“兵器”為了不傷害場地，還改用了木製品，如木刀、木劍等。 　　 　　電影 　　 　　導演：司徒永華 　　主演：洪金寶 　　毛俊傑 　　午 馬 　　監製：成竜 　　國傢地區： 內地 　　上映日期： 2008年5月1日 　　幕後花絮： 　　《武術》是講述三男兩女學武術的故事，而毛俊傑是這五人中唯一受過專業訓練的演員，其他四人都是國傢武術隊退役的業餘演員。問及為何成竜會挑選她來出演該片，毛俊傑說可能是自己有跆拳道功底的緣故，她在新片中出演一名打跆拳道的女生。毛俊傑表示，早在中戲念書時，她就想到以後當演員肯定要演武戲的，所以就報名學跆拳道，儘管學得很辛苦，為此腳還受過一次嚴重的傷，但她咬牙堅持了下來，這次終於可以派上用場。據悉，成竜挑演員非常嚴格，他要求《武術》的主角都必須真打，所以衹會花拳綉腿的演員都不能出演該劇。 　　Explained in the dictionary: weapons, military struggle contains a variety of lethal, destructive device device. 　　Cold steel 　　Broad sense refers to the cold steel of the times of cold weapons all weapons and equipment. 　　1. Weapons ancient weapons of China since ancient times has there not only for defense, and sometimes even the identity of a status symbol, "affairs of state, in worship, and military" demonstration of weapons in the ancient countries in a prominent position. Advanced level of weapons, often determines whether a country's prosperity. 　　From the cold steel sub-categories can be divided into 18 kinds, known as the 18-like weapons: knives, guns, swords, halberds, axes, Yue, hook, fork, whip, Mace hammer, grasping, boring, stick , lance, stick, street, and meteors. 　　In the novels, the role of weapons were myths such as: Romantic Swordsman, Sword, etc. 　　Classic Fiction is also accompanied by unusual weapon: Guan broadsword, Zhangbayimao Zhang Fei, Lu Bu Fangtianhuaji so. 　　The development of cold weapons in China 　　About ancient Chinese weapons can be divided into three stages, beginning with prehistoric times, called the Stone Age archaeological terms, we call this stage of the Stone Age weapons. 　　Bronze smelting began after the main weapons material at this time began to become a bronze. We call this period the weapons for the Bronze Age weapons. People to understand, after the metal smelting, this time the main weapons used by the military into the steel material is also done, and on into the Iron Age weapons. 　　Transition period of primitive society to slave society, increasing predatory war, they gradually formed the weapon used in combat and martial arts. Xia still used stone weapons, but improvements, with a small amount of bronze weapons. To the Shang dynasty, the army has become more widespread use of bronze weapons and weapon types increased, the quality has increased substantially. In 1953, the Yin Ruins in Anyang Henan cultural relics have been unearthed in the Shang dynasty bronze spearhead, bronze hooks, bronze Qi, copper knives, copper axes, copper cluster other items. In addition, in Shandong Province Shang Dynasty unearthed weapons Yidu bronze, copper spear head jade, copper Ge. 　　Further diversification of the Western Zhou Dynasty weapons, the soldiers have a long time: Ge, Ji, Yue, spears, axes and so on. Short men have knives, swords and so on. These weapons are mostly copper, firm texture and excellent benefits. Bronze appearance marks the stone tools of human society from time to enter the era of the use of metal utensils; bronze weapons use, so that weapons entered a new historical price segment, and to play its immense power. Iron weapons began in the Zhou Dynasty, the Warring States period has been widely used. Due abundant reserves of iron, iron the hardness strength than copper, but also easy to cast, therefore, iron weapons replaced bronze weapons gradually, the variety is more complete. 　　Ancient types of weapons called the world's most, because that's not entirely universal martial nobility, but also because of sacrificial victims and the reason this practice system. Thus, most of bronze weapons also unearthed in the tombs of the nobility. Such as the Sword of Goujian, King Wu spears, and many weapons are important craftsmen from the main hand, deliberate process refinement, embodied a high degree of wisdom and skill, unusual objects comparable. According to historical records, as well as a large number of archaeological finds show that, when Ge, halberd, spear, Shu, ax, ax, hammer, cone, knives, swords, daggers, etc., and is widely used in the war. Operations, the soldiers clothing armor, operating rod of iron, the use Tie Fu, iron knives, iron ax, spear and other weapons. To the Han Dynasty bronze weapons probably completed the transition to iron weapons, to the Three Kingdoms period, copper weapons have basically pulled out of the stage of history, the evolution of the heyday of iron weapons. According to "Code" reads: "Wei Taizi election Chuyue Liang Pi Engineering Steel knives, iron swords, iron dagger, refined and refining of, as Bai Pi (the exercise 100 times)." Leap in the quality of such weapons, the use of weapons bound demanding higher skills, thereby promoting the development of martial arts. Tang and Five Dynasties iron weapons, the long weapon with spears, guns and long knives dominated. 　　According to "New Book of Tang" record: "Guangbi have Tsuginoikusanokimi, aid spears a thief, the hole girth, the number of people." This shows that the Ming Tang will make good use of spears and sophisticated skills. The main short weapon Zeyi knife. Sword has lost at this time the value of actual combat, a Taoist priest who, ceremonial instruments, martial arts equipment and civil. Fencing has been one of people's favorite martial arts, sword style of a long-lasting. Legend Shixian Bai regular sword, a friend of Choi were praised him: "dancing whisk sword, four are his eyebrows. Tang re-shot, bow and arrow in the structure of compact, standard variety, according to" Tang 6 Code "is written. Arch with a longbow 4 kinds of corner bow, crossbow with Bo Zhang crossbow, crossbows, etc. Point 7, arrows have bamboo arrows, wood arrows, etc. 4. 　　Song, Yuan and the occasion of the so-called "to be versatile," said. In fact, "18," Pan said, but it is actually much more than that. Song has been public, according to Leung, "General Military" records, there are 18 kinds of long rod Tieqiang, other long-handled iron knife, 8 species, 17 in a variety of short weapons, such as hand knife, Tribulus terrestris, Tiebian, iron, iron sword, ax, intense drilling, hook stick, etc.. The famous "pear gun" is generated in the Song Dynasty, the marksmanship has been developed to skilled level. Yuan weapons are fine and useful. Per meter, according to Mao, "Wu Bei Zhi" records, there are various Tieqiang 6, various knives 7. There are fly hook, Yan, Ma fork, pear gun, wolf bamboo brush for utensils (rifles), Flying Laos, Hammer, Tieji weapons such as 49 species, while guns, artillery 6. The Ming Dynasty, "to be versatile," With the specific content. Zhao Ming Xie system "5 Miscellaneous ZU" Volume in the record: "What are 18 like? A bow, two crossbows, three guns, four knives, five swords, six for seven shields, eight axes, 9 Yue, 10 Ji, 11 lashes, 12 Jane, 13 Laos, 14 Shu, 15 forks, 16 Pd, 17 cotton rope cord, 18 Bust. " "To be versatile," talking about weapon skill in the exercises, it is the first 17 kinds of weapons name. The 18th species of the "Bust", Ming Zhu Guo frame "Chung buildings Essays," explained that: "Bust the hand pump of the movie ... ... that the popular boxing." Qing Ming similar weapons, but only breeds more. Knife, there are knives, Pu Dao, Spring sword, 三尖两刃刀, large circular knives, knife Fung mouth, plum knife, waist knife, swords, knives Miao, Zhuang dagger, Yi stabbing ... ... no fewer than 10 species . In addition, the fork, grasp, Shui, crossbows, axes, shields, hook, Shu, hammer,,?, Bar, barbed, cymbals, Yue, palladium, teeth, shovel, etc. even more numerous. The diverse nature of the instruments, so that the contents of martial arts is more colorful. After the founding of new China, with martial arts training and competition needs, knives, guns, swords, sticks and other equipment commonly used in the specifications of specific provisions, on the weight, length, thickness and equipment materials to have specific requirements, the level of the martial arts played a role in promoting improvement. 　　Introduction of ancient weapons 　　9 short: knife, sword, whip, Mace Shui, axes, rods, vertebral, pestle. 　　9 Length: knife, gun, stick, Yue, fork, frying pan, hook, pike, halberd. 　　Ancient books on the cold steel of a number of records 　　1. "Zhou • Summer lawsuit Horse": "Division soldiers, palm five soldiers, five shields, each with its other elements and learn things." First Color Reaction: "Ge, Shu, Ji, Emirates spear, spear barbarian." 　　2. Southern Song Huayue "Cuiwei North levy recorded" VII <arch system>: "military device 30 has six, while the bow is called first; martial arts 10 and eight, and bow as the first." 　　3. Southern Song Yongjia years <Zhang Xie> 48th: "the day before two guys, a Road, owe, owe not a Road, 18 martial arts are not only white tussle." 　　4. Yuan Dynasty in large numbers is said to be versatile, description has become the mantra of life. But not yet see the details. 　　5. Ming He Liangchen, "Array beam Wu Ji •": "The device shall be, because of its provision of short length, should with the terrain, each with guns, bamboo brush for utensils, bows, crossbows, standard, pistol for the long-soldiers, knives, sickle, fork, palladium, license, ax for the short device. " 　　6. Xun Ming Jia Jingguo 100 back to the moment, "Water Margin" second time "Wang Yanan government take private coach, nine patterns in a row historians Village>:" history into the daily point of pulling the king coach, versatile, 11 teach from scratch. that to be versatile? spear, hammer, bow, crossbow, pistol, whip, Mace sword, chain, Laos, ax, ax, and Ge, Ji, license, rod and gun, Cha. " 　　7. Mingxie Zhao system "5 Miscellaneous ZU" Volume: "Orthodox Jisi of change, the recruitment of world warriors. Shandong Li Tong who taught Imperial line, test their skills 18 as emerged, no one with an enemy , thus should be preferred. "(18 as is: a bow, two crossbows, three guns, four knives, five swords, six spears, seven shields, eight axes, 9 Yue, 10 Ji, 11 lashes, 12 Mace 13 dry, 14 Shu, 15 forks, 16 rake head 17 cotton rope cord, 18 Bust. 　　8. Zhu Guozhen, "Chung Building Pieces," the same, but the 13th for the "strike" under the guise of course ought to sound the same. 　　9. Qing Chu who was "strong gourd collection": "Shanxi Li Tung Sin to martial arts 18 things, namely, bows, crossbows, guns, knives, swords, spears, shields, axes, Yue, whip, White, Laos, Shu, fork, head, cotton rope, cervical and Bust, a total of 18 kinds. " 　　10. Qing Chu who was "strong gourd collection • sequel": "Spear, vertebral, bow, crossbow, pistol, whip, White, sword, chain, Laos, ax, ax, and Ge, Ji, license, rod and gun, Cha. " 　　11. Yuan expedition to the Western, the number of weapons from around the back, complex types, it seems, "18-like weapons" and "to be versatile", which is a collectively or budget. 　　12. Idioms proverbs in the person with the weapon: Yijianshuangdiao, Collateral, back thrust, drag the knife design, killer, meteor vertebra, 　　13. Dynasties celebrities to make weapons: Guan broadsword, spear Zhangba Zhang Fei, Lu Bu Fangtianhuaji, 　　Firearm 　　Firearms: The fire of anti-people or firing of weapons, firearms profits hit far. Such as guns, artillery, rocket launchers, hand grenades, nuclear weapons (atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb) and so on. 　　Development of firearms 　　To the Northern Song Dynasty, gunpowder weapons began to be used. China is the hometown of gunpowder, the Chinese army was the first military use of gunpowder weapons. In the Northern Song Dynasty, "General Military" inside about three formulations that Tribulus terrestris fireball, thunder fireballs, gun powder method. Were made with gunpowder machine using rubble shells fired, of course, the first use of riprap machine is the emergence of guns may be the late Eastern Zhou Dynasty. 　　When firearms appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty bamboo, stereotypes "defenders recorded" The book talks about, began bamboo, of gunpowder to put out flame inside, or to burn the enemy. There is to spear the placement of a cartridge below, you can flame, was also called muskets. Means that the firearms began to appear tubular, which is the earliest of the firearm. 　　Gunpowder to the West, because of the social system changes, particularly the seeds of capitalism together, it has a great development. So was the Netherlands, Spain, the merchant ships to China, brought the guns were advanced over the West, Ming Jun-cai see their own behind, it began to notice this problem, they begin to introduce the production technology of Western guns. After the Opium War, the Qing began training recruits, recruits train Yuan, etc., begin the introduction of new Western arms after the history of ancient Chinese weapons is over. 　　Firearms of progress, a wide variety of firearms, after another, dazzling. 　　2. "Weapons" magazine is the most famous military magazine. 　　Martial arts (kung fu): 　　Boxing and the use of weapons technology, is a traditional Chinese sport. ("Modern Chinese Dictionary") 　　Martial arts there are other names: Kung Fu, martial arts and martial arts or martial arts, Chinese traditional sport. Its content is the drop kick ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ get beat down ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ hack ﹑ stab attack movements are composed according to certain rules and equipment of all kinds of hand combat offensive and defensive effort ﹑ thrusting practice. Wushu has a very broad popular support, is the Chinese people's social practice in the long and rich continue to accumulate up to a valuable cultural heritage. Wushu Sanda and currently classified as routine, called Sanda Sanshou, Wushu Challenge is the situation, compared with routine martial arts performances. 　　Evolution】 【Martial Arts 　　Martial arts goes back to primitive society. At that time, humans had already started with sticks and other primitive tools as a weapon to fight with wild animals, one for self-defense, first, to hunt for subsistence, then the people of wealth to compete with each other, thus creating a more lethal weapons. Such as "Shan Hai Jing ‧ After the conquest of the North" have "Chi for army attack the Yellow Emperor" records. In this way, human beings through the fight, not only produced weapons, and gradually accumulated a certain significance of offensive and defensive fighting skills. 　　In the Shang period, bronze industry, take the main battle, there are some bronze weapons such as spear and ax ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ Ge Yue Ji ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ swords and other knives. At the same time, there have been the use of such weapons, such as split gill ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ bar cut techniques. In order to improve combat effectiveness, then have the form of the game. Such as "Book of Rites ‧ Wangzhi" contained in the "technology of any executive power, suitable for the Quartet, bare Gu Gong, never shot Royal", which means the level of martial arts contest. 　　Spring and Autumn period, iron there, step rise of cavalry, in order to play a role in the war Buji, Long Weapon shorter, short handle weapons (especially blade) variable length, so the more enriched the content of weapons, and martial arts Attack and further highlight the same time, martial arts, fitness role of attention. Then the form of a test of martial arts has been widespread, and more impetus to the development of martial arts. According to "pipe ‧ 7 Law" _set_, then each of the "spring angle again." According to "Zhuangzi ‧ The Human World" and "Zi ‧ meeting soldiers" contained, was very particular about a test of martial arts techniques, martial arts play a defensive attack ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ feint so offensive. 　　Qin Shisheng line horns and hand pump, a game referee, a stadium, with some clothing. 1975 Phoenix Hill in Jiangling County of Hubei Province, Qin tomb unearthed a wooden grate at the back of the painting of a grand game: the stage curtain and streamers, stage 3 upper body naked man, wearing shorts, the waist line band, enough to wear head or shoes, 2 in the game, a referee who made his hands protrusion. 　　Han, with the sword dance sword dance ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ Shuang Ji Yue dance dance. Which shows that Han's Martial Arts has been obvious combative, there are special tricks, and there in the form of routine. Han is a martial arts period of great development, has formed a variety of technical style of genre. Such as "Han. Literature and Arts" income "military skills" class will have 13 ﹑ 199, all discussion of the "hand-foot-learning, it equipment, integrated agencies, to establish the offensive and defensive victory," the martial arts monographs. 　　Northern and Southern Dynasties period, frequent wars and bureaucratic elite, or indulge in the art of pleasure or the pursuit of immortality, but its impact has permeated all levels of society life, such as the sword as a mysterious, ceremonial instruments, even Mujian on behalf of the sword , replaced with a preposterous fallacies martial arts, martial arts led to stagnation. 　　Tang and Five Dynasties period, with the feudal socio-economic development and prosperity, martial arts re-emergence of the Wu Tang introduced the system, and test methods with those granted to the corresponding title of outstanding martial arts, such as "Meng Yin Shi", "agile people in" ﹑ "Technology people in", "foot people in illness," there was specific criteria for each title. Such as "Meng Shi Yin" must "have cited five stone arches, Yanuki 5 bar, easy to use halberd spears sword ... ..." ("Wu Bei Zhi Bai Yin ‧ ‧ means of election by the 16th article"). The _select_ion of personnel through the examination system of the martial arts to promote social activities. 　　With the development of Buji war, in battle, is gradually being phased out Ge ﹑ halberd, sword, as military technology and more replaced by knife, but as an exercise routine is still evolving. 　　Rulers of the people, "... ... 20 people gathered above the allowed hunting" ("Yuan judgments" Volume 3, hunger and poverty relief), and even private possession of weapons offense. Adapting to a secret martial arts way more than risk their lives to teaching. 　　Ming is a martial arts period of great development, there have been technical schools of different styles, instruments have been boxing ﹑ development, especially in the martial arts theory, summed up the past experience of representative works include "s New", "Wu articles "," Farming remnant technology "and so on. These works have documented varying degrees of boxing equipment in the schools ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ History campaign action name ﹑ ﹑ Features methods and techniques theory, some of them with verses and instruction pictures for later study provides an important basis for martial arts. 　　Qing rulers prohibited martial arts, rural society, "social", "Hall" pass on the secret form of martial arts association, of which the famous boxing, such as Tai Chi Bagua ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ Pi Gua Quan Xingyi Quan Ba Ji Quan ﹑ etc. Formation of the Qing Dynasty more. 　　Republic of China during this period of the existence of various forms of boxing community, on the dissemination and development of martial arts played a positive role. 　　Classification】 【martial arts 　　Martial arts district classification are to have broken down the river to mountains ﹑ have to clan or division within and outside the home, but also divided according to technical characteristics. Modern generally divided into five categories according to their content; often insist on martial arts training can effectively enhance the physique. ﹑ Martial arts in a variety of boxing on the explosive force of leg and require a higher flexibility, especially in the large range of motion, muscle ligaments have very good training effect, martial arts includes a variety of screw pitch change ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ retractable folding shenfa action, calling for "hand to the eyes to," "hand-eye go hand in hand," "Step Go ﹑ body to step to the" higher on the coordination requirements; entire movements are often formed by the scores of movements, and completed within a certain time, so the body can be all-round development of organ systems. Soft and slow practice ﹑ ﹑ Brisk martial arts, such as tai chi, stress to guide actions intended to meet the uniform deep breath, make the whole body blood circulation, the chronically ill for some exercise as a medical treatment, have a more significant effect. Sanshou confrontational ﹑ ﹑ promoter Wushu Short Weapon ﹑ military and other athletic events long, intense exercise, in addition to enhance physical fitness, but also can cultivate courageous ﹑ ﹑ quick wit and other good character. 　　Concept】 【Martial Arts 　　Martial arts concepts, is awareness. The fundamental basis of martial arts. In the long historical process, the concept of different periods on the expression of different martial arts, its connotation and extension have with the social and historical development and the development of their martial arts development and changeable. 　　Historically, there are many vested martial arts class the name of the Warring States called "Attack" soldier skills class); Han emergence of the "martial arts" in, and continued to the late Ming: Early Southern borrow another "anthology "in" Yan closed Martial Arts "(then refers to the military) and" martial arts "in; Republic of China, said," Martial Arts ": after the founding of new China adopted a" martial arts "is used. 　　With the changes of history, the gradual extinction of cold weapons, special martial arts and boxing equipment for the production routines of large numbers of armed, confrontational project, martial arts competition rules, to develop martial arts has evolved into one of sport. Martial arts sports of its content, form and training methods have undergone great changes, the concept reflects the essential nature of things are changing. Development today, the basic definition of martial arts can be summarized as: martial arts martial is mainly to routine and catch the Big Dipper forms of exercise focus on internally and externally to the Chinese traditional sport. 　　Second, the martial arts is a sport, it is obviously different from the people injured and maimed practical martial techniques. Despite the routine movement contains a wealth of martial way, but its purpose is to enhance business through the exercise of physical and offensive and defensive ability, skill and technique for the contest, the technical requirements and practical techniques have some differences, sport Sanshou technology is of course much closer to the South of practical skills, but because of the competition rules, will be limited to their sport within the competitive sports. In short, boils down to one point, martial arts have a clear physical attributes, sports is the main social philosophy of today's martial arts, medicine, ethics, military science, aesthetics, qigong and other traditional cultural ideas and cultural values, focus internally and externally, such as whole concept of yin and yang view of change, form of monotheism, Qi, movement, said that so rigid-flexible, and gradually formed a unique style of martial arts national cultural system. It is rich in content, meaning deep, not only has the common human characteristics of sports and physical health, but also has the unique philosophy of Eastern civilization, scientific and artistic, more concentrated expression of the Chinese people in the sports field of wisdom. It is a reflection of the culture of Oriental splendor. Therefore, understanding the broad sense, martial arts is not only a sport, but also a national sport, is the Chinese people built up a long-term valuable cultural heritage. 　　【Features】 Martial Arts 　　1. Apartments Attack in Physical Education: 　　Routine exercise is a unique martial arts forms, a lot of action in the technical specifications. Range of motion such as action and martial change the prototype, but the action method still retains the characteristics of Attack. Even though links throughout and exercise skills needs, not interspersed with some sense of defending and attacking movements, but on the whole _set_ of technologies, the main action is still to play, hit, throw, take, hit, stab dharmas as Lord, is a routine technical core. It is characteristic of defending and attacking one by one and come through the performance, bringing together 100 of its combative approach is extremely rich in the amnesty hand. Short men should not be used in technical methods, in routine movement still embodied. 　　2. Internal and external integration, Vivid's national style: 　　Study both physical specifications, they seek spiritual communication. Internal and external integration of the overall concept is one of the characteristics of Chinese martial arts. The so-called, the means, God. Italy and other operational efforts toward the total gas activities: the so-called external, that shape such as hand-eye body step activities. Inside and outside, form and spirit are interrelated and integrated whole. 　　3. A wide range of adaptability: 　　Practice martial arts form, content rich and varied, with competitive antagonistic Sanshou, Pushing Hands, short men, have for a variety of boxing exercises and equipment to the training, as well as their methods and adapt to a variety of exercises. Different boxing moves and equipment have different structures, technical requirements, movement style and amount of exercise, respectively, meet people of different age, gender, physical needs, people can root? Y on its own conditions and interests to choose to practice, while it market pool, the equipment requirements of low, commonly known as "punch wau-land", practitioners can space the size of the 　　Changes in content and practice, even if no device can also be a time reference hand training, practice. In general, by the time limit very small season. Compared with many sports games, all with a wider range of adaptability, martial arts can be under the general decline of civil life time, and this feature was not unrelated to the use of this feature can be provided for the convenience of modern mass sports activities to further martial arts socialization. 　　【Functions】 Martial Arts 　　(A) improve the quality, fitness self-defense, Wushu includes flexion and extension of its action, circle, balance, jump, somersault, or flutter, almost all parts of the body should participate in sports. 　　Systematic martial arts training, human speed, strength, dexterity, endurance, flexibility and other physical requirements higher, the human body, "an action there is no fixed", almost all to participate in sports, people's mental and physical exercise have been the whole West. Practice shows that the joint profits of foreign energy, strong bones, strong body; internal organs can manage, through the channel, adjust the spirit. Martial Arts stresses the interest rate adjustment of qi and ideas activities within the environment in regulating the balance, tone blood, improving body functions, physical fitness is very beneficial. 　　Martial Arts Movement and the struggle movement, are based on martial as its core content, Zhou Gong through martial arts training, not only to enhance the body's role, and patients can learn to cast offensive and defensive combat, especially martial arts skill training, attack and play better effective. 　　Martial arts fighting sport, through the second anti-technology practice, punching, kicking, wrestling and other action of the use of fast, well in the text each other exceed and attack he weaknesses, he avoided edge, pay attention to get machine, too, the upper hand, to improve Judgement and ability to cope. This undoubtedly will raise awareness and self-defense self-defense capability to defeat the enemy. In particular, the armed police and border police officers and men on a more practical meaning and effect. 　　(B) the exercise will develop their characters, practicing on the quality of the test will be multi-faceted. Practice basic skills, to continue to overcome the pain off, temper, "winter training on March 9, dog day of summer practice," year-round exercise and the will of the quality of perseverance. Routine practice, to overcome the dry off and train hard work, tempering of excellence in quality and never complacent. Face strong competitors to overcome the negative to avoid customs, exercise courageous, tenacious, unyielding will to fight. After a long workout, you can train it hard, hard, courageous, tenacious, humble, studious, brave members of our moral habits and will. 　　(D) exchange skills and promote friendship: rich in martial arts, technical reasons connected, after entry will be "Arts endless" feeling. Mass of the martial arts, then it will become, discuss techniques, exchange ideas, a good friendship means. With the martial arts in the world wide dissemination, promotion and foreign martial arts fans can exchange. Martial arts enthusiasts in many countries like Wushu, also love Martial Arts, they understand the Chinese culture through the martial arts, exploring Eastern civilization. Martial arts through sports competition and cultural exchange channels with the friendly exchanges between the peoples of the world are playing an increasingly larger role. 　　【Content】 Martial Arts 　　(For training) 　　Of the training is two or more persons, in accordance with predetermined procedures of the offensive and defensive combat routines. Including hand on training, equipment on training, fitness training and equipment of the three kinds of training method. 　　(A) hand on the practice: is the use of kicking, beating, throwing, holding and other methods, in accordance with the attack, defense, fighting back from combat sports boxing sparring routines, and sometimes boxing, and grappling, Nanquan on training, Xing Yi Quan sparring. 　　(B) of the equipment on the train, are instruments of the hack, hack, attack, attack and stab other methods of composition of the training routine, the main instruments of the training with long, short weapon sparring, long and short on practice, single and double on the training , single-and soft-on training, two-and soft-on training and other forms, often with single-pole, into the gun, three-section cudgel into stick. Double dagger into the gun, sword, etc. on the thorn. 　　(C) of the hand and apparatus of the training is a method of hand, the other holding device for the offensive and defensive sparring routines, such as empty-handed won the sword, won the club empty-handed, empty-handed into the guns and so on. 　　(Group exercise) 　　Group exercise is a collective of hand, equipment or experts and equipment drills. In the race usually require more than six people can change formation, design, musical accompaniment can also be used to require formation neat, coordinated action. 　　Fighting sports, is both of them under certain conditions, according to certain rules of the battle of wits against the practice than the power form. Martial Arts Competition is now progressively undertaken with scattered hand, push hands, short of three soldiers. 　　(A) Sanda, according to certain rules is to use two kick, hit, throw. Take the other methods of winning the competitive sport. 　　(B) of the promoter is both in accordance with certain rules, use of shed, pull, squeeze, press, mining, eg, elbow, by other means, the two sides with adhesive stick, to judge by the feeling of muscle each other's Push, and then made by Jin King will be released each other, thus determine the winner of the competition branch project. 　　(C) short-soldiers: It is a kind of two armed with rattan, leather, cotton production in the short rod-like instrument, in 16 Chinese foot diameter circular venue, according to certain rules. Use of hack, stab, collapse, point, cut and other methods have no idea of competitive sport. 　　】 【Chinese martial arts 　　Chinese martial arts, many routines, present a splendid sight. Of Physical Education Institute study published in 1985, clouds too, "the history of Chinese martial arts," boxing has 46 total some 75 species, some have 27 instruments, see its many intricate. In fact, we discussed above Shaolin, Wudang, Emei, Nanquan four school-house, there are many tribes, the tribes of any significant characteristics of a routine, they may develop into new sects. In addition to four school have a greater number of smaller number of factions, like stars, the formation of the Grand View of Chinese martial arts culture. 　　From the organized sector perspective, the performance of the martial art martial arts groups; from martial arts teacher to the characteristics of the point of view, to learn kinds of martial arts group, and routine performance. 　　Martial have more social, boxing, the art of routine stronger. Two from different angles martial arts groups have come out of the concept of mutual tolerance, mutual cross-exist. 　　Below, we will, "martial arts" 1989 10 10 000 month "routine of boxing," so named from the perspective of boxing out the boxing routine, to see the vastness of the Chinese Wushu numerous and evident. 　　"Buddhist Holy Sin, God, a Boxer named only ghosts, Jiro boxing, Skanda boxing, boxing Monkey King, the Eight Immortals Boxing, boxing day Romania, to evil boxing, boxing six stars, Na Zha Quan, King boxing, boxing Guanyin, Vaughan boxing, Buddhism, boxing, Luohan, Diamond hammer. Ershibasu boxing, four cents on boxing, boxing Seven friends, Lohan mantis boxing, boxing Yasha patrol the sea, Vajra Samadhi palm, Yasha iron palm, etc.. 　　The "door" named - I gate fist, hard door boxing, boxing Famennian, Buddhism boxing, boxing Red Gate, the Fish Gate boxing, boxing Confucius, throttle boxing, boxing Watergate, fire door boxing, boxing birds gate, Buddhist Fist , narrow gate boxing, boxing the word gate, Sun doors boxing, boxing strict door. Bear Door boxing, boxing natural doors, new doors lead boxing, boxing Lohan doors, mill door boxing, boxing, etc. Water Margin door. 　　To name names - and Liu Quan, Caijiaying boxing, Li Quan, Mok Ka boxing, boxing Wu family, Xuejia boxing, loyalty to boxing, Zhao Quan, Du boxing, boxing Chow, Chi-style boxing, temperature home boxing, Chia-boxing, Zou Quan, Gao Quan, QI Jia Quan, Hung Buddhist Fist, Yue tutor, bell tutoring, tutor Diao, Li tutor, tutor Zhu, Cai Lifo boxing, with boxing's Yue, Luo 3 show, Yang bunt, Hu stamp feet, stamp feet Hao, Chen Tai Chi Chuan, Yang Tai Chi Chuan, Vu Thi Tai Chi, Sun Tai Chi, Wu Tai Chi Chuan, Lin down boxing, Vu Thi 10 8 technology, etc.. 　　Bruce named 11 animals, snake boxing, boxing tiger, leopard boxing, crane boxing, boxing lion, like boxing, horse fist, monkey boxing, boxing Biao, dog boxing, boxing chicken, duck fist, dragon fist, dragon pile boxing, dragon of boxing, OK Bruce, dragon fist, fire, Bruce, Bruce Green, dragon changquan, sea dragon fist, snake tongue boxing, tiger fist, Black Tiger Fist, Blue Tiger Fist, white tiger fist, hunger Tiger Fist, Tiger Fist, Tiger Fist, tigers boxing, five virtual boxing, boxing eight tigers, Tigers & Boxing, boxing back to Tiger, tiger boxing side of the car sloppy boxing, boxing Tiger Hidden Hill, Five Tigers flock boxing, work word tigers boxing, boxing Tiger Balm, Tiger Crane Double Form Boxing, White Crane, Crane were boxing, Minghe boxing, flying crane boxing, boxing food crane, crane fist full, hungry crane boxing, boxing five Zuhe Yang, Yong-chun white crane fist, a one-man flying crane boxing, lion-shaped punch, Lion Boxing, Shi Hu boxing, two lion hold ball fist, power fist ape, ape fist, monkey fist rou bowed to the ground, the short arm of White Ape Fist, white ape steal peach punch , chicken-shaped punch, duck-shaped punch, eagle boxing, boxing eagle rock eagle boxing, Thai boxing, boxing kite, kite changquan, Yan fist, geese palm, butterfly palm, cattle turtle boxing, boxing crabs, Minnesota boxing , oriole shelves, mandarin duck boxing, mantis boxing, hard mantis boxing, secret door mantis boxing, eight step mantis boxing, plum blossom mantis boxing, seven star mantis boxing, wrestling hand mantis boxing, Luhe mantis boxing, light board locust mantis boxing, Yuhuan mantis boxing, etc. . 　　Named to the daily debris - towel boxing, boxing fan, umbrella boxing, Hua Quan, boats boxing, boxing bell, boxing bench, boxing jacket, boxing cloud broom, braces off boxing, flowers Boxing, Plum Flower, Lotus boxing, spiral boxing, boxing gate, white boxing, boxing Tom bottles, Zhan Yi boxing, female boxing clothes, boxing three wars Tieshan, 30 Luk Hop lock. 　　Named by means of plug - boxing, boxing cut, hanging boxing, boxing gear, bar-boxing, Kata, wearing boxing, boxing tear, turned boxing, artillery fist, palm cover, swordsman, short hand, five hand punch, should hand boxing, boxing hand kneading, co-hand fist, closed fist hand, practiced hand boxing, bar hand fist, Pi Gua Quan, put down block punch, hit boxing, boxing through arms, killer of palm, palm against arm, the word hand, cross hands, row Handball, vancomycin hand, Huang Ying hand, eight Black Hand, Kam eight hands, according to Yang hand, gold gunmen, Plough hand, to Sha Shou, four heavy-handed, broke up eight quick, biting hand Liuhe boxing, boxing covered hand Luhe, Jiugong capture or hand, Lohan 18 hands, 24 broken hand, 36 closed hand, 72 intervention, 36 to see counterparties. 　　By step, leg named - namely, snap dark legs, Inspector legs, arms and legs, with legs, stamp feet, four-step boxing, boxing six-step, eight-step boxing, training step Huan, wearing boxing step, cis-step pounding, pounding step back, step pounding block, Chung-step pounding, chaotic eight-step, three-step framework, five-step beat, eight-step turn, dug sub leg, foot slide type, 12-step frame, six-step bulk hand, cross legs boxing, slipped tripod child, step chain mandarin ducks, deer step plum post, eight-step chain-boxing, Jiu Gong 18 legs, Shaolin 28-step, progressive duck legs and other chain. 　　To lay boxing class - to lay fist, to punch line, to power stamp feet, to successfully turn son to power Luohan, live law Bruce Wong, to lay the Eight Immortals Boxing, King lay in boxing, Shaolin to Bruce, to duck power fist, dragon fist to lie down, roll 18 or so 9. 　　Drunken Master Class - Pat Sin drunk, drunk water swim, drunk slide block, the Eight Immortals punch drunk, drunk Luohan, Wen Quan Eight Immortals, the Eight Immortals Wu boxing, boxing great Eight Immortals, the Eight Immortals mixed boxing, Qing Eight Immortals Boxing, Shaolin Drunken Master, Forms of the Eight Immortals boxing, boxing Lohan drunk, too drunk boxing since, Wu drunk or boxing, or boxing drunk Yan Qing, Shi Xiu drunken boxing, boxing, etc. Lu Striking the gate. 　　Or boxing class - or flutter fist, stick or fist, Zhan Yi 18 or, Wu mixed boxing, boxing handcuffs off Wu, boxing, etc. Water Margin chain. 　　In addition, there are parts of the famous boxing: Xing Yi Quan (boxing mind Luhe), Dacheng Quan (Yi Quan), Bagua Quan, Ba Gua Zhang, Ba Ji, Luhe boxing, boxing investigation, Chinese boxing, red boxing, Boxing Day , Mian Zhang, cotton boxing, Tai Xu Quan, Jiro boxing, compassion boxing, boxing skill, the stone fist, Citylink boxing, two appearances boxing (Tai Chi fast fist), one-armed fist, crazy boxing, boxing ambush, Behind boxing, Myanmar boxing, wrapping boxing, boxing wrestle consultations, such as Sunrise palm. 　　Routine well-known instruments are: 8 Jinsuo knife, Bagua Dao, gossip big guns, Jiuzhou stick, Luhe knives, guns Luhe, Luhe sword, Luhe stick, sun, moon and heaven and earth knife, sun, moon and heaven and earth ring, Shaolin pole 18 roll, Tai Chi sword, Tai Chi sword, stick River State, crescent gun, stick Dharma, Dharma stick, Shun Yeung sword, the Eight Immortals Shun Yeung Sword, Wudang Sword, Qingping Jian, Yuan Qingping Jian, Yang Qingping Jian , Jia Qingping sword, knife plum plum gun. 　　From these martial arts martial, boxing, routine in the control xia martial arts culture to pursue, there are two meanings, one that you can see the Xia culture, history and reality of martial arts in the source; Second, Xia culture, martial arts can be seen in Components and imagination and reality gap. Understand these, I believe that the powers of the Xia culture, and further understanding and appreciation will have some meaning and value. 　　【Martial arts and "Book of Changes"】 　　Chinese martial arts and classical literature, is the symbiotic relationship between the same root, is Chinese traditional culture of the two-Pitt, called Gemini, a similar picture, as brilliant. Little attention, will find the origin of Chinese martial arts is the Beginning of Chinese classical literature; Wen Shi with weapons and equipment is at least two or three thousand years ago, like a pair of twin brothers to join hands and line; dance bar and get the gun stonewalls , is to be our early ancestors is looking at two aspects of cultural accomplishment. History, there are numerous martial arts writers themselves, but also many literary works full of martial arts style. This is no precedent in world cultural history can be said of the Chinese nation's unique cultural phenomenon. 　　In general, people rarely get together martial arts and classical literature to talk about, especially in the symposium on; and we have very little in various publications, see the martial arts and classical literature, both interwoven, complement each other of and discussed. Especially in the martial arts and classical literature joint cooperation, such as the two act in harmony, like a blacksmith, after thousands of years of heating, quenching, forging a common ideal of Chinese national character personality and perfect this point, no one found At least no one explicitly elaborate. When I was surprised to find this point, I respect martial arts and classical literature arises spontaneously. Can not wait 45 years old when the chickens began to hammer the wall to steal light. 　　"I Ching" was born the concept of the earliest martial arts. 　　"Book of Changes", the clear about martial arts, the "gentleman except Rong device, Ring has no fears of" the sentence, saying that "gentlemen should remediation weapons, in case of emergency." This modern martial arts for fitness, self-defense is consistent with the concept. Among them, "Lee Taketo of Zhen" in the "Taketo" --- is at home in the ancient martial art of direct "appearances." "Vigorous and Chiang Kai-shek," said the man, also the martial arts. The so-called "Li Tian Zhidao, say yin and yang; site of the Road, said, soft and rigid; Li live by, said, benevolence and righteousness", and discussed the law of cosmos and human health, including the establishment of the concept of gossip, all of the future generations Martial Arts has played a huge and profound impact. 　　"Yin and yang is called Tao. To know almost everything the Road, the world economy. In heaven as in the ground forming, changing, see carry on. Is a solid phase Rigid Mount, gossip with swing." - You "Book of Changes" in of these ideas, said to now Taijiquan and Baguazhang Bagua boxer, have said they like the line of the words. 　　【Introduction】 Martial Arts 　　Chinese martial arts-loving friends and more difficult to get the road started suffering. We also know that many Chinese martial arts heterodoxy. According to our understanding the introduced common sense 12, please work to understand, flexible use. 　　1. Understand ourselves, and experience the life 　　Our body: 　　Our bodies are head, trunk, limbs, hair, skin, flesh, bones, organs, nerves, sensory, purposeful, lung, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, with brain and spinal cord. There was once a lot of people can not distinguish heart and brain, are much better now. Our bodies are complex and changing arena. Respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, movement, metabolism, immunity, regulation, and the process of human phenomena that constitute our common world. 　　Our minds: 　　Our minds are mental events. Function of the nervous system of human evolution so that we may understand and transform the world. 　　Our minds to thinking, you can think, good at learning, focusing on innovation. 　　Our minds create ethics, law, mythology, religion, legend. 　　Our minds have invented all technology, appreciation of the arts, advocate science, love of literature possible. 　　Our bones: 　　Our bones are about 206, to provide basic framework for the whole body, with shaping, pragmatic, protection and sport functions. The backbone of the spinal bones. 　　Our bones are divided into the skull, trunk bones, limbs 3. 　　The ends of the bones by cartilage, ligaments or joints connecting. Both joint activities, and very strong; the composition of the top joint of the bone-side covered with a layer of articular cartilage, can buffer the shock movement. A connective tissue around the joint formed by the cyst, called the joint capsule; joint capsule is sealed, its called the joint cavity inside the cavities. Joint capsule divided into two levels: outer dense fiber layer, inner layer of the synovium, the thin, loose connective tissue; synovial secretion of synovial fluid in the joint cavity can reduce the friction when the joint movement. 　　In addition, certain joints in the joint cavity also has intra-articular ligament and articular cartilage (meniscus or articular disc), making the connection more solid bone. 　　Skull from the 23 different bone size and shape, divided into two parts, cranial and facial skull. After the skull in the top of the formation of the cranial cavity, protecting brain; surface below the skull on the front, forming the outline of the face and form of orbital, nasal and oral bony base. 　　Body composition of spinal bone, including 24 single vertebrae (7 cervical, thoracic 12, lumbar 5), a sacrum and a coccyx and composition of the thorax of the 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilage and a piece of the sternum. Through the disc between the vertebrae, ligaments and intervertebral joints to connect into the spine through the spinal canal length, the contents of the spinal cord. The entire spine in the anteroposterior direction with four curved convex forward neck, chest, back convex, convex waist forward, backward sacral convexity, which bend the body to adapt to the upright posture, in the wake of the growth process . 　　The limb bones, including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal 8 (navicular, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform bone, trapezium, trapezoid, head shape and hamate), metacarpal 5 and phalanx, they were composed of shoulder, elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints and knuckles. 　　Lower limb including the hip (from the ilium, pubis, ischium form), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bone 7 (talus, calcaneus, navicular, first, second, third cuneiform bone, cuboid bone), metatarsal and the phalanx of 5, which respectively formed the hip, knee, ankle, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal joints and toe joints. 　　Our skeleton is a live organ, has its growth, development and the aging process, always keep metabolism. 　　Our muscles: 　　Our skeletal muscle is to exercise the power organ. Body skeletal muscle is about 600, about 40% body weight. 　　Each _set_ of muscles formed by a number of muscle bundles, each muscle bundle it by the numerous muscle fibers, muscle connective tissue surface of package, called muscle membrane, _insert_ed into the intramuscular connective tissue wrapped muscle bundle, called the muscle bundle membrane, the final stretch Each parcel within the beam into the muscle fiber, called endomysium. 　　Blood vessels and nerves (sensory and motor fibers) into the muscle along the muscle membrane, but also the distribution along the muscle bundle to the muscle fiber membrane to regulate muscle tension, so that muscle contraction and regulate muscle nutrition, metabolism and growth. 　　Our internal organs: 　　Our internal organs mainly by digestive, respiratory, urinary organs, reproductive organs and other components. One of the digester, including digestive tract and digestive gland of two parts. From the digestive tract from the mouth, extending to the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), colon (cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon), rectum, anus finally. Digestive gland with the salivary glands, liver, pancreas and digestive tract wall of numerous small glands. Gland secretions into the digestive tract catheter involved in the digestion process. Respiratory, including the passage of gas - the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and gas exchange organs - lungs. Nose, pharynx, larynx and trachea, commonly known as upper respiratory tract, bronchial these are called the lower respiratory tract. In addition, the pleura and pleural cavity is a breathing assist device. Urinary organs function is to produce and excrete urine. Urinary organs including kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. Reproductive system and urinary system occurred in individuals have a common origin, so the two systems often collectively referred to as the genitourinary system. Reproductive organs including the gonads (testes or ovaries), and other reproductive tract. 　　Our Meridian: 　　Meridians are meridians and collaterals in general. Meridian qi and blood is running body contact organs Segment, communication up and down outside, pathways regulating the various parts of the body. Through the intersection of the meridian line and through the human body's internal organs to limbs Bai Hai, features Jiuqiao, tendons and skin and other tissues and organs into an organic unity. 　　Our meridians throughout the body, a total of serious 12 (morbidity, hand, foot morbidity,, Sanyang hand, foot Sanyang), kidneys and numerous collaterals. 　　12 serious contacts in accordance with their internal organs of the yin and yang properties and its location in the body along different lines determined. Yang is Fu, the lateral line in the limbs, Yin and are dirty, the inside line on the limbs; hand by-line in the upper extremity, foot by the line in the lower limb. 　　Kidneys is the Governor Vessel, Conception Vessel, red veins, with vein, Yin-dimensional pulse, Yang-dimensional pulse, Yinqiao vein, Yang Rocker general vein. Kidneys between cross-linked by the 12 serious and has strengthened the links between the meridians to regulate qi serious role. 　　Our lives: 　　Our life is limited. Slow down the old, less disease, little later died, can be reached through the practice. 　　Our health: 　　Our health is relative. For health, different times, regions, culture, human beings have significantly different interpretations and feelings. 　　We always insist on reform advocates, to avoid the Revolution. 　　Our souls: 　　Our soul is the inner world. Dead body at the same time, the soul will be as invisible. Commander of the spiritual power of our body. 　　We are happy: 　　Our happiness is physical and mental comfort. Heaven Hop, Object and the Subject, is bliss. 　　Our point: 　　Our infinite number of points, commonly used in more than 300. One Baihui and Dazhui, Mingmen, long strong, perineum, Guan Yuan, Qi Hai, Zhong Wan, tanzhong, YINTANG, temples, listening to house, gu, labor Palace, Shenmen, internal relations, music pool, shoulders well, on the door, the door to Beijing, Zhang door, red door, ring dance Point, a sea of blood, Zusanli, Cheng Shan, Sanyinjiao, springs and so much more important. 　　Our vital: 　　The crucial point of our major head, chest, belly and crotch (vaginal), Liang Lei, lower back, after the heart. 　　Top Heart Baihui, two places the sun in Yintang eyebrow, dual moon eyes, nose pigment, and lips of those, the mandible edge of the door listening ear Palace, neck Adam's apple, people welcome artery. 　　Left and right breast, chest tanzhong, abdominal triangle, both sides of weakness, Shenque navel, abdominal kidney bladder and vaginal capsule. 　　Behind jade pillow, both sides of ears, back thoracic, subscapular along, the soul back door, left and right loin muscle, lumbar Gate of Life, Long Tail strong. 　　Thigh red door, knee crane top face of huge voids, and the foot stuck Valley, the appointment of knee, foot springs. 　　Our weaknesses: 　　Our weakness is the pivot point of death, pain points, sensitive points, crucial point, strain point. 　　Head part of the temporal bone, sphenoid, nasal bone, the mandible weak. These places are the main target of beating technology. 　　Trunk vertebrae, ribs weak. Vertebrae by the impact, easy to damage the spinal nerve; ranging from paralysis, while in death. Vital organs within the body generally weak. Inertial vibration can damage internal organs thoroughly. 　　Upper part of the bones and joints are often the object of capture technology. 　　Lower limb bones and joints are usually the object of wrestling techniques. 　　Our step form: 　　Our main, two-step model: bow step, the actual situation further. Step longer than the bow and arrow attack, Ideological and wonderful step in the retreat. 　　Our body type: 　　We have three main body types: upright, Luozuo, supine. 　　Our hand-type: 　　Our hands, there are three main types: fist, palm, means. Boxing training easier than the metacarpal that difficult to learn than the palm and fist attack. 　　Our attitude: 　　Our attitude can be analyzed from four perspectives. 　　Section. Launched at the root, dominate in the branch, acting on the tip. Steadily release as the soft, steadily through the just. 　　Plate. The middle one, legs, torso, arm coordination. Heaven, Earth, too. 　　Circle. Shoulder and hip as the internal projection, Zhou Xi projection as in hand-foot projection for the outside. Emotional body also. 　　Frame. Longbridge Malaysia big to the small hands were bunt; slow those leisurely, were free to respond quickly; circle are linked together, were always a little unscented; soft were silent lubricant, just by Total Annihilation; side by angular , round by round and inside and outside; _set_ by the wind shaking the mountain, living by the rising tide rivers. 　　Our step: 　　Footwork is the five elements of our gossip. Forward, backward, left, and right hope, in the _set_, the five elements; front, left front, right front, being the rear, left rear, right rear, left direction and right direction for the gossip. 　　Gu is a step in the door to play, flash is going into the side door. 　　Our shenfa: 　　Our shenfa mainly the following four. 　　Qi Shen Dan Tian (gravity effect). Gas that is commonly referred to a sense of proprioception. Gravitational force between Earth and the human body, gravity point position for the body movement effects. Vertical center of gravity and the traditional theory of the pubic region generally the same location. 　　Virtual collar top strength (strength effect). Muscle stretching force is the dominant force of human motion. The arbitrary strength is an important issue for practitioners. 　　CKS times of refreshing may (stable equilibrium). Zhan Zhuang training of static balance, static and dynamic in Apartments; line balancing boxing training capacity, and seeking quiet dynamic. 　　Song static nature (uniform stress). 　　Our approach: 　　Change the way we talk endless prosperity, that only a just a slightly soft, a virtual one real, one loose a tight, action was a quiet ear. Speaking world have loose elastic strength, there are that live round strength, and also talk about virtual Ling Jin's; have said Yang Jin, contradictory posturing, but also about opening and closing of strength, whether or not Jin's; there are good intentions about 8 Jin law, there is genius on 36, 72 King's, it is difficult to make out. Editor's Note that the equality of personality, talents are different, and can only cater for individual needs, varies. Beginners general should focus on circling, big, round, uniform, slow. Play is _set_ to take a chain, or throw a pass back and forth. 　　Our image: 　　We have the whole image should be upright. We can not Qianfu back, left oblique distorted the right, up and down out of line. 　　We feel: 　　We feel should be virtual spiritual comfort. 　　Our reasons: 　　Our reason is the natural emptiness. Everything sera, all originally allowed. 　　Our homework: 　　Hour, day, month, year. 　　Son, L, d, unitary is 4:00; neutrons should meditation, noon should practice moving, Mao Shi to blood, You Shi is raising gas. Sunrise and wake up, smell the chicken dance; at sundown, Shou-Cheng Hok effect. 　　Tight three-day, the 6th song, 9 daily; on down, lack of full moon, people work and rest. 　　Mixing time, have a time; day training, the 1st power; power full moon, one long function. 　　Species of ground spring, summer sweat, real autumn, winter and hidden treasures. 　　Year-round classes, life-long study, persistent demand, the final pass. 　　Morning and evening; large and small. 　　The contents of their first class of three: wake up, line, shape. 　　Wake up wake up the first class mind, sleep gradually rapt attention, the interest rate adjustment micro medicines, beating drum gear light rinse; 　　Eye opener norm scratch brotherhood, massage the body meat, bone flap over the body. 　　Wear suitable clothing, with the necessary materials, arranging appropriateness home, brewing a good wish; 　　Drink a glass of white water, walking line km, upright head and chest, belly and stretch arms and legs. 　　Form is necessary, the content is more critical, training through the organization of writing, movement, fun; 　　Snake to pupae move, sweat and gas fixed, body odor 13 situation, to understand Tai Chi Chuan; 　　Emotional speech momentum of flesh and blood of the situation, elastic skin bones, adjust and Manner. 　　Evening classes, there are three elements: environment, static, net. 　　Environmental lesson to be loose body, hungry heart full and no security, after eating four carved, by aligning a kind; 　　Under the guise of feelings, think of the physical and psychological meaning, sensitive world of people, to express and Manner. 　　Contemplation really wonderful move, there are no empty flag letter sternly paper, the flowers read often; 　　Yi Jin Song round living, pulp washing net Brisk, alchemy fire blue, clear sense of Zen; 　　Shower scene, the washing the Red things down Daqian community, aware into 100 Magic Palace. 　　Great service usually once a week, usually chenshi time around. 　　Merits and easy practice, there is extraordinary secret. 　　Minor merits generally three times a week, when the time is generally not around. 　　Minor merits careful study, long out of learning. 　　Piles, Bridge, fork, Ding: 　　Static stance is simple and easy basic homework. Pricked, that one person, a big, nothing more. The principle is very simple and obvious, independent obey God, breathing fine air, if a muscle. 　　Successful training must be progressive bridge, not urgent. 　　Fork power divider horizontal, vertical. 　　Ding inverted shoulder and elbow function should start from practicing, by the headstand, handstand, single handstand, that inverted, the final push hands training Ding, 　　Tripod with one hand pushing. 　　Circle, waves, quiet, that: 　　Space Power for the nine (head, thorax, abdomen, upper arm, forearm, hand, thigh, calf, foot) of space circular motion. 　　Wave function for the whole body of the order of the coordination curve movement. 　　Quiet power to somersault, balance, force, static, and jumping skills in sports training. 　　Out power to understand and grasp the fist fight from the awareness of the potential starting to realize and experience the profound sense of unlimited training. About Chuangtzu, cloud hands up and down, pushing around the palm, inside and outside the rotating means. 　　Song, Jing, Lian, Yang: 　　Loose: shake, Akira, trembling, shaking, twisting, lying, stretch, pull. 　　Meditation: sticking. 　　Refine: Mental concentrate. 　　Keeping the Spirit: Imitation of Nature. 　　Our Center of Velocity: 　　Concentrate on a state; refreshing is a state; carried away is also a state. 　　Internal and external, static, actual situation, elastic. Within the human body, external to the environment; action is coordinated, static for the balance; virtual as tolerance, in fact, heavy; pine as a flexible, tight as tough. 　　Our means: 　　Professor give a hand. Take the hand is the best way to explain one of offensive and defensive skills. Specifically, image, security. Ling also. 　　Exercise * hand. * Hand is familiar with the tactics of the necessary means and skills. Live also. 　　Learning rubbing hand. Rub hands to civilization, and refined to experience the feeling of fighting against. And also. 　　Pushing Hands training. Pushing Hands is unique in that the partners of coordination and balance. Stable and flexible complement to the contrary, the unity of opposites is the training of the core issues. With also. 　　Experience of thugs. Hatchet man is the key advantage of the opportunity and reasonable opportunity to easily release the fat edge. Fly also. 　　Test Sanshou. Sanshou is called the least bit subtle (size nothing, Jin Liang Qian PCT) see the difference between that point to and inch only. Temporal and spatial sense, movement sense is an important quality of the Boxing trainer. Strength and range of control is the core topic Sanshou. Sanshou confrontational and competitive nature. Injury also. 　　Tiger ears double wind potential, advance and retreat will be to move the two bar hammer; 　　Tiger Hill hold about pushing down, three-arm back around the turn; 　　Phi body Chuangtzu free kick, duck leg defeat to win; 　　Horse mane stare students, teen idol shuttle up and down together. 　　Our skills: 　　Bone-_set_ter. Simply put, bone-_set_ting is the up and down and walk away, hands and feet. 　　Throw up. Hold the key is to throw up, release. 　　Our behavior: 　　Resistance with humility, courage and wisdom. 　　Our limitations: 　　Will be sick, will the old, die. 　　Our values: 　　We can prevent disease, slow aging, improve physical and mental, change the world. Less illness, slow aging, late die. 　　Our risk: 　　And the regime's reckless ignorance is dangerous. 　　Our protection: 　　Learning and training is our protection. 　　Our predators: 　　We both natural predators, but others in order; both external and also memory. 　　Our self-defense: 　　Our self-defense to avoid internal damage both the impassioned, Exogenous six evils, including the pursuit of mental and physical coordination, Heaven Hop. 　　We hope: 　　Our hope is that the perfect life, world peace. 　　Our Vision: 　　Xian, Buddhist, Confucian, Xia, Yan. 　　Hermit is cents; to avoid noise, annoyance of human social strife, retreat in the natural environment, and the world is the Taoist ideal of the same spring. 　　Vladimir is Vladimir non; human civilization of the non-fixed, clear, specific knowledge, the ideal of Buddhism is to promote Going obedient. 　　Need FELL; human society and the animal world of difference is whether the ethical order, Confucian ideal is to be merged into one world. 　　Human equality; every person has the right to live happy, happy development, warrior ideal is to achieve universal brotherhood. 　　Love others as yourself; concern sufferings of others, to help others live, is the ideal benevolent relief of the poor and needy, solve problems. 　　2. Looking back on history and society in 　　Jagged past 　　Yesterday, bitterly painful human characteristics. 　　Drums sound millennium beacon burning Five Continents. Bow and shoot each other, brandished a knife and stroke death. 　　Now Yan Liang 　　Today, humanity can not be optimistic. 　　Resources, the environment is getting worse, survival, development is faced with enormous challenges. Complex ethnic and class conflict, religion, law, ethics, customs, and cultural differences gradually expanding. 　　The future of the peace 　　The future of humanity irresistible. 　　The development of culture and education, conduct scientific research activities, can fundamentally promote the progress of the world. Human and political democratization, economic and scientific and cultural liberalization inevitably contributed to the world of real peace. 　　3. Learning theory, to grasp the system 　　Road (abstract speculative) 　　Manager (historical logic) 　　Method (systematic and comprehensive) 　　Surgery (for convenience *) 　　Road: Heaven Hop, Object and the Subject. 　　Environment: human survival and development of the environment arena. Natural environment, social environment, physical environment, psychological environment are important. 　　Climate: the body's physiological activity to be affected by climate, it is common sense. Human psychology, ethical behavior is also affected by climate around, though difficult to understand, but it is a fact. 　　Location: flat, dry, clean, bright. 　　Individual practice, the two square enough. The so-called punch wau-land. 　　Group practice, three square meters per capita can be. 　　Room teaching, should choose suitable shed about five meters high. 　　Outdoor teaching, surrounded by trees and flowers the best. 　　Clothing: spacious, comfortable, breathable, absorb sweat. 　　Equipment: varies according to local capabilities. 　　Prey: Nutrition can not be ignored. First, the energy to balance. Second, the elements to complete. It should be noted once again, supply must be promptly and fully. 　　Reasons: ideological emancipation, emotional communication. 　　Fan Education: law practice, sequential learning. Fist fight is the foundation. First fixed potential, even after the situation. 　　Etiquette: respect for teachers righteousness, calm. Kindness is the key. To learn boxing, will be reasonable. 　　Self-study: master lead the way to the front of their own issue not join also in vain. Rare opportunity see the path, my heart diligent in Dawu. Subjective efforts are necessary factors. Only an active, practicing to be successful. 　　Assistant Coach: Road, financial, and companion, to cause the four, the most precious companion. High Mountain and Flowing easily * Hard to Find Concert comrades. Successful learning mentor's help is a necessary condition for the Chinese martial arts. 　　Method: physical and mental coordination, integration and spirit. 　　Meditation: input, assimilation. 　　Focus all our attention to the cultivation activities. Difficult in all sorts generally distracting thoughts. The solution is simple, life practice and the practice of daily life. As long as the sense of balance in, as long as the treat life as long as the appreciation of the world, we constantly static. Respiratory situation changes, diet and water easily. Usually contain secret, a quiet Apartments million move. Down to fame, has realized the true meaning. Ma independence from, free me know. 　　Warm-up: adaptation and preparation. 　　Cultivation activities require a high degree of mental and physical coordination. To practice, our body can not start to peak condition, but gradually began to rise after a period of time in place. This process is called the warm-up. This phenomenon is due to the human body are the nervous system regulating all activities to achieve the reflection; central excitability enhancement, excitement impulse conduction along the reflex pathway, the function of various organs to mobilize all take time. In other words, human activities from the beginning to play the maximum exercise capacity is a process. From another perspective, warm-up is to overcome the physical inertia of the process. We must bear in mind first of all carrying small loads for some time, you can help us later in the official practice. Because the warm-up activities will enable us to gradually enter the state, so to avoid a lot of hurt and frustration. The length of warm-up process speed of individual difference. Warm-up exercise generally lower than the official practice. Warm-up can make the process of growth metabolism, to a general increase in nerve, muscle and other tissue in the excitability of the blood vessel expansion, muscle viscosity decreased, increased muscle contraction and relaxation rate, increased tendon, ligament stretching and flexibility. Content is generally warm-up walking, jogging and other activities. Warm-up standard is slightly sweated without asthma. The total cultivation time is usually half the time. 　　Regulating Qi: transfer gas is finishing activities. 　　Repose: a very important and difficult to master. In short, called psychological adjustment. Repose is started martial arts, but also studies methods. Repose is not simply individual behavior. Repose need certain cultural training, social environment. 　　Respiratory: Nature. Not much ado about nothing, and does not make claims, not blindly imitate, not arbitrary. 　　Fell to the ground: This is the entry level of technology. Easy, safe, smooth, fast action required to complete lying on the ground often repeated practice. Coordination is the premise of safety. Points lying on the ground is a buffer. 　　Fight: bear fight that we must have the ability. 　　We should be gradual, persistent efforts to improve combat capability. On the one hand and physical force against the other, and skills related. 　　There are many ways to combat training. We recommend that you use according to their own work situation. Introduction to general practice should begin self-massage, a gradual transition to instruments tapping, squeezing by each other. Fight Training Essentials is a free elastic. 　　Induction: a sense of things moving, things should be natural. 　　【About the Olympic Games become a martial arts project】 　　Have been identified as the Beijing Olympic Games Wushu ad hoc projects will be decided at a total of seven medals, including Martial Arts 5, Sparring each one. But this seven Olympic gold medals will not take up places at the same time is not included in the final medal table. But access to martial arts champion athletes, will enjoy equal treatment Olympic champion, and received the gold medal will also be included in the 11 Games in 2009, plus cards in the. 　　Although not an official Olympic sport, but in view of Chinese martial arts in the eyes of the special status of people's concern on this project, better than anything else bad. 　　Martial arts _set_ up 15 gold medals 　　It is understood that a special Olympic martial arts exhibition, a total of 10 gold medals _set_ routine of men and women, men and women Sanshou five gold medals. Competition for specific projects, the routine: men Changquan, Nanquan Nangun all-around man, all-around men's tai chi tai chi sword, sword and stick man, the Almighty, all-around men's spear fencing, women's changquan, women's all-around knife blows south, Women's Tai Chi Chuan Tai Chi Sword Dance, Women's knife and stick the Almighty, all-around women's spear fencing. Boxing: Men's 56kg, men's 70 kg class, men's 85kg, women's 52kg, women's 60 kg class. 　　37 Chinese athletes participating 　　Olympic athletes who enjoy participating treatment 　　Although the Olympics martial arts martial arts heroes, not the Olympic Games as athletes, but in order to meet the arrival of the delegation of martial arts around the world, the Olympic Village opened for them in particular areas, accommodation and living to enjoy the same treatment with Olympic players. 18, the Chinese Wushu delegation has officially admitted the Olympic Village. And because martial arts display program to use a variety of weapons, afraid of hurting the audience, for security reasons, all "weapons" If we want into the stadium, are very easy to get to the Olympic Organizing Committee, the Ministry of Culture to declare at every level, through the unified security can be successfully admission. For the "weapons" in order not to hurt the site, also use a wood products, such as the wooden knife, Mujian so. 　　Film 　　Director: Antony 　　Starring: Sammo Hung 　　Mao Junjie 　　Wu Ma 　　Producer: Jackie Chan 　　Country: Mainland 　　Release Date: May 1, 2008 　　Behind the scenes:

評論 (0)