社交礼仪 Social poise and grace. 影视同名中国话剧传统戏剧戏剧评论影视同名影视评论群星荟萃莺歌燕乐音乐莺歌燕乐群星荟萃儿童小说寓言童话人物传记军事纪实穿越历史笔记杂录纪实报告历险小说心理学小说恐怖悬疑推理侦探军事生活战争动漫同志小说女性小说情与欲言情青春校园现实百态职场商界都市生活黑白两道乡土风情知青文革三言二拍世态人情侠义小说公案小说其它古典唐宋传奇宗教小说手抄艳情才子佳人演义说部神魔志怪讽刺谴责话本小说鸳鸯蝴蝶哲理小说武侠科幻小说网络小说超现实小说魔奇侠玄人物传记军事纪实穿越历史笔记杂录纪实报告演义说部诗人评传诗歌文集诗歌评论诗歌鉴赏道教词道教诗散文散文评鉴散文诗散文集日记书信杂文笑林随笔骈文作家评传小说评论小说选集故事演绎短篇小说体育健儿体育运动健美健身兵器武术商界精英经济商企职场培训金融股票两性生活休闲娱乐养生健康天天美容女性天空婚姻家庭时尚分享励志感悟学校学案教学演讲蒙学文学思考汉语书法文房四宝棋牌篆刻雕塑绘画设计人文学者哲学思考新闻媒介时政法律生理心理社会学美学信息科学军事类农业类动物医学类地质学天文算法类术数类植物环境科学生物学百科全书科学家科普诸子杂家书类儒家类四书类圣经类孝经类小学类文化思考易类春秋类法家类社交礼仪经书评论诗经类道家类释家类体育健儿商界精英作家评传人文学者科学家诗人评传世界历史书信别史史论史评官职政书断代杂史正史纪事本末编年诏令奏议载记通史春秋类地记方志方言民俗名山大川园林建筑异国风情旅游文化旅游经济旅游记录风景名胜水果菜谱饮料饮食文化人类与考古博物地理类文物古董

社交礼仪 Social poise and grace. 阅读 社交礼仪 Social poise and grace. 作品!!! 　　礼、乐之制，盛于三代，而大备于周。三代之兴，皆数百年，而周最久。始武王、周公修太平之业，画天下以为九服，上自天子至于庶人，皆有法度。方其郊祀天地，开明堂以会诸侯，其车旗服器，文章烂然，何其盛哉！及幽、厉之乱，周室衰微，其后诸侯渐大，然齐桓赐胙而拜，晋文不敢必请隧，以《礼》维持。又二百余年，《礼》之功亦大矣。下更战国，礼、乐殆绝。汉兴，《礼》出淹中，后戴诸儒，共为补缀，得百余篇。三郑、王肃之徒皆精其学，而说或不同。夫《礼》极天地、朝廷、宗庙、凡人之大伦，可谓广矣，虽二家殊说，岂不博哉！自汉以来，沿革之制，有司之传，著于书者，可以览焉。 　　(欧阳修) 　　 　　礼仪是指人们在社会交往中由于受历史传统、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、时代潮流等因素而形成，既为人们所认同，又为人们所遵守，是以建立和谐关系为目的的各种符合交往要求的行为准则和规范的总和。总而言之，礼仪就是人们在社会交往活动中应共同遵守的行为规范和准则。 　　 　　认识礼仪 　　从个人修养的角度来看，礼仪可以说是一个人内在修养和素质的外在表现。 　　从交际的角度来看，礼仪可以说是人际交往中适用的一种艺术，一种交际方式或交际方法。是人际交 往中约定俗成的示人以尊重、友好的习惯做法。 　　从传播的角度来看，礼仪可以说是在人际交往中进行相互沟通的技巧。 　　如果分类，可以大致分为政务礼仪、商务礼仪、服务礼仪、社交礼仪、涉外礼仪等五大分支。但所谓 五大分支，因为礼仪是门综合性的学科，所以又是相对而言。各分支礼仪内容都是相互交融的，大部分礼 仪内容都大体相同。 　　礼仪的主要功能，从个人的角度来看，一是有助于提高人们的自身修养；二是有助于美化自身、美化 生活；有助于促进人们的社会交往，改善人们的人际关系；还有助于净化社会风气。 　　从团体的角度来看，礼仪是企业文化、企业精神的重要内容，是企业形象的主要附着点。大凡国际化 的企业，对于礼仪都有高标准的要求，都把礼仪作为企业文化的重要内容，同时也是获得国际认证的重要软件。也是律己和惊人的一种行为规范。 　　 　　礼仪的含义 　　说实话，对于只在维护森严的封建等级制度的礼仪制度，尤其是那些落后的繁文缛节，新的社会制度和价值体系非但无法接纳，而且必须坚决予以抛弃。自辛亥革命彻底否定了几千年的封建制度之后，伴随着社会价值观的根本改变，礼也被赋予了全新的现代意义。 　　如果说传统意义上的礼是一种涵盖一切制度、法律和道德的社会行为规范的话，今天的所谓礼则仅仅是对礼貌和相关活动的礼仪形式而言的，这也是我这一组话题所要讨论的主要范畴。 　　礼仪是在人际交往中，以一定的、约定俗成的程序、方式来表现的律己、敬人的过程。涉及穿着、交往、沟通、情商等内容。从个人修养的角度来看，礼仪可以说是一个人内在修养和素质的外在表现。从交际的角度来看，礼仪可以说是人际交往中适用的一种艺术，一种交际方式或交际方法。是人际交往中约定俗成的示人以尊重、友好的习惯做法。从传播的角度来看，礼仪可以说是在人际交往中进行相互沟通的技巧。如果分类，可以大致分为政务礼仪、商务礼仪、服务礼仪、社交礼仪、涉外礼仪等五大分支。但所谓五大分支，因为礼仪是门综合性的学科，所以又是相对而言。各分支礼仪内容都是相互交融的，大部分礼仪内容都大体相同。礼仪的主要功能，从个人的角度来看，一是有助于提高人们的自身修养；二是有助于美化自身、美化生活；有助于促进人们的社会交往，改善人们的人际关系；还有助于净化社会风气。从团体的角度来看，礼仪是企业文化、企业精神的重要内容，是企业形象的主要附着点。大凡国际化的企业，对于礼仪都有高标准的要求，都把礼仪作为企业文化的重要内容，同时也是获得国际认证的重要软件。 　　 　　古代礼仪 　　中国自古就是礼仪之邦,礼仪对于我们来说,更多的时候能体现出一个人的教养和品位.真正懂礼仪讲礼仪的人，觉不会只在某一个或者 几个特定的 场合才注重礼仪规范，这是因为那些感性的，又有些程式话的细节，早已在他们的心灵的历练中深入骨髓，浸入血液了。 　　所以 无论何时何地，我们都要以最恰当的方式去待人接物。这个时候“礼”就成了我们生命中最重要的一部分。礼仪是人际关系中的一种艺术，是人与人之间沟通的桥梁，礼仪是人际关系中必须遵守的一种惯例，是一种习惯形式，即在在人与人的交往中约定俗成的一种习惯做法。 　　礼仪队规范人们的社会行为，协调人际关系，促进人类社会发展具有积极的作用。 　　我国是历史悠久的文明古国，几千年来创造了灿烂的文化，形成了高尚的道德准则、完整的礼仪规范，被世人称为“文明古国，礼仪之邦”。这从礼纪中就可得出这样的结论.整个东亚及东南亚的文化的精华均是传承华夏文明就是确证.中国具有五千年文明史，素有“礼仪之邦”之称，中国人也以其彬彬有礼的风貌而著称于世。礼仪文明作为中国传统文化的一个重要组成部分，对中国社会历史发展起了广泛深远的影响，其内容十分丰富。礼仪所涉及的范围十分广泛，几乎渗透于古代社会的各个方面。中国古代的“礼”和“仪”，实际是两上不同的概念。“礼”是制度、规则和一种社会意识观念；“仪”是“礼”的具体表现形式，它是依据“礼”的规定和内容，形成的一套系统而完整的程序。在中国古代，礼仪是为了适应当时社会需要，从宗族制度、贵贱等级关系中衍生出来，因而带有产生它的那个时代的特点及局限性。时至今日，现代的礼仪与古代的礼仪已有很大差别，我们必须舍弃那些为剥削阶级服务的礼仪规范，着重选取对今天仍有积极、普遍意义的传统文明礼仪，如尊老敬贤、仪尚适宜、礼貌待人、容仪有整等，加以改造与承传。这对于修养良好个人素质，协调和谐人际关系，塑造文明的社会风气，进行社会主义精神文明建设，具有现代价值。现试分述如下： 　　一、尊老敬贤我国自原始社会到封建社会，人际的政治伦理关系均以氏族、家庭的血缘关系为纽带，故此在家庭里面尊从祖上，在社会上尊敬长辈。由于中国古代社会推崇礼治和仁政，敬贤已成为一种历史的要求。孟子说：“养老尊贤，俊杰在位，则有庆”（注：《孟子·告子下》）。“庆”就是赏赐。古代这种传统礼仪，对于形成温情脉脉的人际关系，以及有序和谐的伦理关系，不管过去和现代，都起着重要作用。说到尊老，这是中国传统文化中的一大特色。古代的敬老，并不是只停留在思想观念和说教上，也并不仅止于普通百姓的生活之中。从君主、士族到整个官绅阶层，都在身体力行，并且形成一套敬老的规矩和养老的礼制。《礼记》记载：“古之道，五十不为甸徒，颁禽隆诸长者”（注：《礼记·祭义》）。就是说，五十岁以上的老人不必亲往打猎，但在分配猎物时要得到优厚的一份。一些古籍，对于同长者说话时的声量，也作了明确的要求。如《养蒙便读》说：“侍于亲长，声容易肃，勿因琐事，大声呼叱”（注：《养蒙便读·言语》）。《弟子规》又说：“低不闻，却非宜”。总之，上至君王贵族，下达庶人百姓，都要遵循一定的规矩，用各种方式表达对老者、长者的孝敬之意，作为衡量一个人是否有修养的重要标志。任何形态的社会，都需要尊敬老人。不仅因为老人阅历深，见闻广，经验多，劳动时间长，对社会贡献大，理应受到尊敬；同时，他们在体力和精神上较差，需要青年人的体贴、照顾和帮助。作为一个有礼貌的现代青年，对长者和老人，应该做到：路遇主动谦让，乘车主动让座，在商店、戏院等公共场所，应尽量考虑到为老人创造方便条件。关于敬贤，三国时候有个典故，叫“三顾茅庐”。说的是刘备仰慕诸葛亮的才能，要请他帮助自己打天下，便不厌其烦地亲自到诸葛亮居住的草房请他出山。一而再，再而三，诸葛亮才答应。从此，诸葛亮的雄才大略得以充分发挥，为刘备的事业“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已”。纵观中国古代历史，历来有作为的君主，大多非常重视尊贤用贤，视之为国家安危的决定因素。平时不敬贤，到了紧急关头，贤才就不会为国分忧。不是贤才不为国家着想，而是国家缓贤忘士，如此“而能经其国存者，未曾有也”（注：《墨子·亲士》）。今天我们提倡发扬古代“敬贤之礼”，须赋予现代新人才观的内容，就是要尊重知识，尊重人才。当今社会，各种竞争越来越激烈。种种竞争，归根到底是人才的竞争。大至国家民族，小到公司企业，要在激烈的竞争中保持优势地位，都必须拥有强大的人才队伍。只有从思想观念到具体行动上尊重、爱护人才，使全社会形成一个尊重知识、尊重人才的良好环境，形成足够强大的人才队伍，才能立于不败之地。 　　二、仪尚适宜中华民族素来注重通过适合的形式，表达人们内心丰富的情感。遇到重大节日和发生重要事件，多有约定俗成的仪矩。如获得丰收，要欢歌庆贺；遭到灾祸，要祈求神灵保佑。久而久之，就形成许多节庆及礼仪形式，如春节、元宵、中秋、重阳等等，几乎每个节日，都有特定的礼俗。在古代，婚、丧和节庆等活动是作为社会生活中的大事来对待的，其礼仪规定得格外详尽而周密，从服饰、器皿到规格、程序和举止的方位，都有具体的规定。今天，我们要保持和发扬中华民族优秀的礼仪文明，最重要的一点，就是贵在适宜。即如二程所主张：“奢自文生，文过则为奢，不足则为俭”（注：《二程集》程氏外书卷六）。可见，仪式的规模在于得当，适当的文饰是必要的，但文饰过当就会造成奢侈浪费，偏离礼规的要求；而过于吝啬，妨碍到仪式的实行也是不得体的。古人这种见解非常精辟，对我们今天举行各种仪式具有指导作用。在当今的社会活动中，举行各种仪式仍然是不可缺少的。公司开张、儿女婚嫁，各种节庆活动，都有不同的仪式。我们要把握好各种仪式的规模，就必须掌握好适度的原则，要使必要的仪矩同现代文明相结合，相关的活动既隆重其事，又不至于华而不实。我们尤其要反对那种借婚丧庆典之机，大操大办，铺张浪费的现象；反对那种认为仪式越隆重越好，越豪华越合乎礼规的做法。如：当今不少新婚夫妻为使婚礼够排场，摆阔气，互相攀比，搞到债台高筑，造成巨大浪费。甚至有些领导干部不顾影响，为子女以权谋私，收受大宗贺礼，助长奢靡之风。这既不符合我们优良传统，又不符合我们的国情、民情。 　　三、礼貌待人任何一个文明社会，任何一个文明民族，人们总是十分注重文明礼貌。因为礼貌是人类社会据以促进人际交往友好和谐的道德规范之一，是构建起与他人和睦相处的桥梁。它标志着一个社会的文明程序，反映一个民族的精神面貌。中华民族历来就非常重视遵循礼规，礼貌待人。其中许多耐人寻味的经验之淡，无论过去和现在，都给人以启迪。具体说来，主要有以下两点： 　　（一）与人为善与人相处，为善当先。而这个“善”，应是出自内心的诚意，是诚于中而形于外，而不是巧言令色和徒具形式的繁文缛节。《礼记》说：“夫礼者，自卑而尊人”（注：《礼记·曲礼上》）。如果表面上恭敬热情，而内心虚伪，或是仅仅内心尊敬，而毫无表情，都是不够的。应该表里一致，才能从根本上消除人与人之间的隔阂、摩擦，进而互敬互爱，友好相处。尊重他人，就要平等待人，不分贵贱等级，一视同仁。如果只对上层人士献其礼敬，以财势取人，以利益交人，其实是小人所为。《论语·子罕》载：孔子看见穿丧服、戴礼帽穿礼服的人和盲人。相见时，即使这些人年轻，孔子必定站起来。行过别人面前时，一定快步走过，以示敬意。古人敬人的方法，也有值得借鉴的地方。首先要尊重他人的意愿，体谅别人的需要和禁忌，不能强人所难。不苛求别人做不能做的事，不强求别人接受不喜欢的东西。古人说：“不责人所不及，不强人所不能，不苦人所不好”（注：《文中子·魏相》）。“己所不欲，勿施于人（注：《论语·颜渊》）”，就是这个意思。在与人交往中，幽默与善意的玩笑往往给人带来轻松愉快，但决不可戏弄取乐。如果拿别人姓名为笑料，或给人起不雅的绰号，都是十分不敬的。南北朝时颜之推就曾对此种不敬气愤而言：“今世愚人，遂以相戏。或相指名为豚犊者，有识旁观，犹欲掩耳，况当之者乎”。 　　（二）礼尚往来礼尚往来，是礼貌待人的一条重要准则。就是说，接受别人的好意，必须报以同样的礼敬。这样，人际交往才能平等友好地在一种良性循环中持续下去。因此，《礼记》说：“礼尚往来，往而不来，非礼也；来而不往，亦非礼也”（注：《礼记·曲礼上》）。对于受恩者来说，应该滴水之恩，涌泉相报。在古人眼中，没有比忘恩负义更伤仁德。孔子说：“以德报德，则民有所劝”；“以怨报德，则刑戮之民也（注：《礼记·表记》）。可见，“以德报德”，有恩必报，是待人接物的基本道德修养。当然，往来之礼，也该适度。送礼的本意，在于表达敬意答射之意，所谓礼轻意重，并非越多越好。正如《庄子·山木》篇说所说：“君子之交淡若水，小人之交甘若醴；君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。彼无故以合者，则无故以离”。 　　四、容仪有整一个人的仪表、仪态，是其修养、文明程度的表现。古人认为，举止庄重，进退有礼，执事谨敬，文质彬彬，不仅能够保持个人的尊严，还有助于进德修业。古代思想家曾经拿禽兽的皮毛与人的仪表仪态相比较，禽兽没有了皮毛，就不能为禽兽；人失去仪礼，也就是不成为人了。古人对仪表的要求，不免过于繁琐。其中最重要的，有如下三个方面。 　　（一）衣着容貌：《弟子规》要求：“冠必正，纽必结，袜与履，俱紧切”。这些规范，对现代人来说，仍是必要的。帽正纽结，鞋袜紧切，是仪表类观的基本要求。如果一个人衣冠不整，鞋袜不正，往往会使人产生反感甚至恶心，有谁会亲近这样的人呢。当然，衣着打扮，必须适合自己的职业、年龄、生理特征、相处的环境和交往对象的生活习俗，进行得体大方的选择。浓妆艳抹，矫揉造作，只会适得其反。 　　（二）行为举止：孔子说：“君子不重则不威，学则不固”（注：《论语·学而》）。这是因为，只有庄重才有威严。否则，即使学习了，也不能巩固。具体说来，要求做到“站如松，坐如钟，行如风，卧如弓”，就是站要正，坐要稳，行动利索，侧身而睡。在公众场合举止不可轻浮，不可亵，应该庄重、谨慎而又从容，做到“非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动”（注：《论语·颜渊》），处处合乎礼仪规范。（三）言语辞令：语言是人们思想、情操和文化修养的一面镜子。古人所谓“修辞立其诚，所以居业也”（注：《易·乾文》）。将诚恳地修饰言辞看成是立业的根基，有一定的道理。并且要“言必信，行必果”（注：《论语·子路》）。巧言令色的人，是不可能取信于人的。其次是慎言。古人说，上天生人，于舌头上下两排牙齿紧密围裹，又在外面包一层厚厚的嘴唇，就是要人们说话一定要谨慎。当然古人并是要求人们少言语，而是说话要视具体情况，当说则说，当默则默。孔子说：“可与言而不与之言，失人；不可与言而与之言，失言。知者不失人，亦不失言”（注：《论语·卫灵公》）。说的就是这个道理。 　　以上几方面，是我国传统礼仪的精华。虽说时代不同了，但古人对仪容仪表的重视及整洁仪容要求，是值得今人借鉴的。外在形象是一种无声的语言，它反映出一个人的道德修养，也向人们传递着一个人对整个生活的内心态度。具有一个优雅的仪表，无论他走到哪里，都给那里带来文明的春风，得到人们的尊敬。毫无疑问，传统礼仪文明对我国社会历史发展产生积极影响。一般说来，社会上讲文明礼貌的人越多，这个社会便越和谐、安定。如果我们每一个人都教养有素，礼貌待人，处事有节，我们的生活就会更多一些愉悦，而国家、社会更多一些有序与文明。从这一点讲，礼仪对社会起着政治、法律所起不到的作用。长期以来，由于大量礼仪文化的精华和糟粕处于渗融并存的状态，又由于礼仪文化的糟粕所产生不可低估的消极作用。我们忽视了传统礼仪文明这一宝贵的精神财富。当相长一段时间内，社会、学校对礼仪养成教育不够重视，许多不文明的行为亦有增无减。在今天社会主义精神文明建设中，我们应立足于吸收民族文化中的精华，使传统文明礼仪古为今用，重建一套现代文明礼仪。 　　 　　礼仪的作用 　　礼仪是人们生活和社会交往中约定俗成的，人们可以根据各式各样的礼仪规范，正确把握与外界的人及交往尺度，会理的处理好人与人的关系。如果没有这些礼仪规范，往往会使人们在交往中 感到手足无措，乃至失礼于人，闹出笑话，所以熟悉和掌握礼仪，就可以做到触类旁通，待人接物恰到好处。 　　礼仪是塑造形象的重要手段。在社会活动中。交谈讲究礼仪；可以变得文明；举止讲究礼仪可以变得高雅；穿着讲究礼仪，可以变得大方；行为讲究礼仪，可以变得美好……只要讲究礼仪，事情都会做的恰到好处。总之一个人讲究礼仪，就可以变得充满魅力 　　礼仪即礼节与仪式。 　　中国古代有“五礼”之说，祭祀之事为吉礼，冠婚之事为嘉礼，宾客之事为宾礼，军旅之事为军礼，丧葬之事为凶礼。五礼的内容相当广泛，从反映人与天、地、鬼神关系的祭祀之礼，到体现人际关系的家族、亲友、君臣上下之间的交际之礼；从表现人生历程的冠、婚、丧、葬诸礼，到人与人之间在喜庆、灾祸、丧葬时表示的庆祝、凭吊、慰问、抚恤之礼，可以说是无所不包，充分反映了古代中华民族的尚礼精神。吉礼居五礼之手，它主要是对天神、地祗、人鬼的祭祀典礼。其主要内容可包括三个方面。第一是祭天神，即祀昊天上帝；祀日月星辰；祀司中、司命、风师、雨师等。第二是祭地祗，即祭社稷、五帝、五岳；祭山林川泽；祭四方百物等。第三是祭人鬼，主要为春夏秋冬享祭先王、先祖。凶礼是哀悯、吊唁、忧患之礼。它的主要内容有：以丧礼哀死亡，以荒礼哀区礼，以吊礼哀祸灾，以桧礼哀围败，以恤礼哀寇乱。其中，丧礼是对各种不同关系的人之死亡，通过规定时间的服丧过程来表达不同程度的北上；荒礼是对某一地区或某一国家受到饥馑疫疠的不幸遭遇，国王与群臣都采取减膳、停止娱乐等措施来表示同情；吊礼是对同盟国或挚遇有死丧或水火灾祸而进行吊唁慰问的一种礼节。这三种礼节各级贵族都可举行。桧礼是同盟国中某国被敌国侵犯，城乡残破，盟主国应会合诸国，筹集财货，偿其所失；恤礼是某国遭受外侮或内乱，其邻国应给予援助和支持。宾礼是接待宾客之礼。它主要包括朝、宗、觐、遇、会、同、问、视八项。军礼时师旅操演、征伐之礼，军礼主要有大师之礼、大均之礼、大田之礼、大役之礼、大封之礼。大师之礼是军队征伐的仪礼；大均之礼是王者和诸侯在均土地、征赋税时举行军事检阅，以安抚民众；大田之礼是天子的定期狩猎，以练习战阵，检阅军马；大役之礼是国家兴办的筑城邑、建宫殿、开河、造堤等大规模土木工程时的队伍检阅；大封之礼是勘定国与国，私家封地与封地间的疆界、树立界碑的一种活动。嘉礼是和人际关系，沟通、联络感情的礼仪。嘉礼的主要内容有饮食之礼、婚冠之礼、宾射之礼、燕之礼、赈幡之礼、贺庆之礼。 　　民俗界认为礼仪包括生、冠、婚、丧四种人生礼仪。实际上礼仪可分为政治与生活两大部类。政治类包括祭天、祭地、宗庙之祭，祭先师先圣、尊师乡饮酒礼、相见礼、军礼等。生活类礼仪的起源，按荀子的说法有“三本”即“天地生之本”，“先祖者类之本 ”，“君师者治之本”。在礼仪中，丧礼的产生最早。丧礼于死者是安抚其鬼魂，于生者则成为分长幼尊卑、尽孝正人伦的礼仪。在礼仪的建立与实施过程中，孕育出了中国的宗法制(见中国宗法）礼仪的本质是治人之道，是鬼神信仰的派生物。人们认为一切事物都有看不见的鬼神在操纵，履行礼仪即是向鬼神讨好求福。因此，礼仪起源于鬼神信仰，也是鬼神信仰的一种特殊体现形式。“三礼”(《仪礼》、《礼记》、《周礼》）的出现标志着礼仪发展的成熟阶段。宋代时，礼仪与封建伦理道德说教相融合，即礼仪与礼教相杂，成为实施礼教的得力工具之一。行礼为劝德服务，繁文缛节极尽其能。直到现代，礼仪才得到真正的改革，无论是国家政治生活的礼仪还是人民生活礼仪都改变成无鬼神论的新内容，从而成为现代文明礼仪。 　　 　　古代政治礼仪 　　1. 祭天。始于周代的祭天也叫郊祭，冬至之日在国都南郊圜丘举行。古人首先重视的是实体崇拜，对天的崇拜还体现在对月亮的崇拜及对星星的崇拜。所有这些具体崇拜，在达到一定数量之后，才抽象为对天的崇拜。周代人崇拜天，是从殷代出现“帝”崇拜发展而来的，最高统治者为天子，君权神授，祭天是为最高统治者服务的，因此，祭天盛行到清代才宣告结束。 　　2. 祭地。夏至是祭地之日，礼仪与祭天大致相同。汉代称地神为地母，说她是赐福人类的女神，也叫社神。最早祭地是以血祭祀。汉代以后，不宜动土的风水信仰盛行。祭地礼仪还有祭山川、祭土神、谷神、社稷等。 　　3.宗庙之祭。宗庙制度是祖先崇拜的产物。人们在阳间为亡灵建立的寄居所即宗庙。帝王的宗庙制是天子七庙，诸侯五庙，大夫三庙，士一庙。庶人不准设庙。宗庙的位置，天子、诸侯设于门中左侧，大夫则庙左而右寝。庶民则是寝室中灶堂旁设祖宗神位。祭祀时还要卜筮选尸。尸一般由孙辈小儿充当。庙中的神主是木制的长方体，祭祀时才摆放，祭品不能直呼其名。祭祀时行九拜礼:“稽首”、“顿首”、“空首”、“ 振动”、“吉拜”、“凶拜”、“奇拜”、“褒拜”、“肃拜”。宗庙祭祀还有对先代帝王的祭祀，据《礼记·曲礼》记述，凡于民有功的先帝如帝喾、尧、舜、禹、黄帝、文王、武王等都要祭祀。自汉代起始修陵园立祠祭祀先代帝王。明太祖则始创在京都总 　　立历代帝王庙。嘉靖时在北京阜成门内建立历代帝王庙，祭祀先王三十六帝。 　　4.对先师先圣的祭祀。汉魏以后，以周公为先圣，孔子为先师;唐代尊孔子为先圣，颜回为先师。唐宋以后一直沿用“释奠”礼(设荐俎馔酌而祭，有音乐没有尸)，作为学礼，也作为祭孔礼。南北朝时，每年春秋两次行释奠礼，各地郡学也设孔、颜之庙。明代称孔子为“至圣先师”。清代，盛京(辽宁沈阳)设有孔庙，定都北京后，以京师国子监为太学，立文庙，孔子称“大成至圣文宣先师”。曲阜的庙制、祭器、乐器及礼仪以北京太学为准式。乡饮酒礼是祭祀先师先圣的产物。 　　5.相见礼。下级向上级拜见时要行拜见礼，官员之间行揖拜礼，公、侯、驸马相见行两拜礼，下级居西先行拜礼，上级居东答拜。平民相见，依长幼行礼，幼者施礼。外别行四拜礼，近别行揖礼。 　　6.军礼。包括征伐、征税、狩猎、营建等。 　　古代生活礼仪①诞生礼。从妇女未孕时的求子到婴儿周岁，一切礼仪都围绕着长命的主题。高禖之祭即是乞子礼仪。此时，设坛于南郊，后妃九嫔都参加。汉魏时皆有高禖之祭，唐宋时制定了高禖之祀的礼仪，金代高禖祭青帝，在皇城东永安门北建木制方台，台下设高禖神位。清代无高禖之祭，却有与之意义相同的“换索”仪式。诞生礼自古就有重男轻女的倾向。诞生礼还包括“三朝”、“满月”、“百日”、“周岁”等。 “三朝”是婴儿降生三日时接受各方面的贺礼。“满月”在婴儿满一个月时剃胎发。“百日”时行认舅礼，命名礼。“周岁”时行抓周礼，以预测小儿一生命运、事业吉凶。②成年礼，也叫冠礼，是跨入成年人行列的男子加冠礼仪。冠礼从氏族社会盛行的男女青年发育成熟时参加的成丁礼演变而来。汉代沿袭周代冠礼制度。魏晋时，加冠开始用音乐伴奏。唐宋元明都实行冠礼，清代废止。中国少数民族不少地区至今还保留着古老的成年礼，如拔牙、染牙、穿裙、穿裤、盘发髻等仪式。③ 飨燕饮食礼仪。飨在太庙举行，烹太牢以饮宾客，重点在礼仪往来而不在饮食，燕即宴，燕礼在寝宫举行，主宾可以开怀畅饮。燕礼对中国饮食文化形成有深远的影响。节日设宴在中国民间食俗上形成节日饮食礼仪。正月十五吃元宵，清明节吃冷饭寒食，五月端阳的粽子和雄黄酒，中秋月饼，腊八粥，辞岁饺子等都是节日仪礼的饮食。在特定的节日吃特定的食物，这也是一种饮食礼仪。宴席上的座次，上菜的顺序，劝酒、敬酒的礼节，也都有社会往来习俗中男女、尊卑、长幼关系和祈福避讳上的要求。④宾礼。主要是对客人的接待之礼。与客人往来的馈赠礼仪有等级差别。士相见，宾见主人要以雉为贽;下大夫相见，以雁为贽;上大夫相见，以羔为贽。⑤五祀。指祭门、户、井、灶、中(中室)。周代是春祀户，夏祀灶，六月祀中溜，秋祀门，冬祭井。汉魏时按季节行五祀，孟冬三月“腊五祀”，总祭一次。唐、宋、元时采用“天子七祀”之说，祀司命(宫中小神)、中、国门、国行、泰厉(野鬼)、户、灶。明清两代仍祭五祀，清康熙之后，罢去门、户、中、井的专祀，只在十二月二十三日祭灶，与民间传说的灶王爷腊月二十四朝天言事的故事相合，国家祀典采用了民间形式。⑥傩仪。滥觞于史前，盛行于商周。周代的傩仪是四季驱邪逐疫。周人认为自然的运转与人事的吉凶息息相通。四季转换，寒暑变异，瘟疫流行，鬼魂乘势作祟，所以必须适时行傩以逐邪恶。傩仪中的主神是方相氏。两汉，傩仪中出现了与方相氏相配的十二兽。魏晋南北朝隋唐沿袭汉制，傩仪中加入了娱乐成份，方相氏和十二神兽角色，由乐人扮演。至今仍有遗存的贵州土家族傩堂仪最为完整典型。 　　 　　饭桌上的礼仪 　　董文申 　　饭桌上的文化，就是“饮馔文化”的通俗叫法。在老北京，不同的家庭或家族在社会、经济、习惯、环境的影响下，形成了有自家特色的饭桌文化，众多家族在饭馔方式上有“家宴”、“宾宴”和“便宴”——家宴是指家族自己过节和各种喜庆活动而设的宴席；宾宴是宴请亲戚朋友的宴席；便宴是家常便饭。老北京饭桌上各种礼仪十分讲究，在漫长的岁月中逐渐折射出老北京的价值观念，自觉或不自觉地构筑了具有“礼”、 “孝”、“德”、“教”为内容的饭桌文化。 　　“礼”是指饮馔的礼节和礼仪。它反映了家族的道德观念和风俗习惯形成的礼节、仪式和个人的礼貌要求。家宴、便宴要以“长”(家长、长辈)为主，宾宴要以“客”为主。因此，就形成了许多规矩约束家人，尤其对孩子们的约束更加严格。 　　礼有形式之礼和待侍之礼。形式之礼是指礼仪的形式和氛围所体现的礼，比如宴请场所的选择、礼仪的档次、环境的营造、用具的准备，都要体现对客人的一种尊重。待侍之礼是指招待客人和侍奉客人的礼节，如宴席的排座是以长为先、师为先、远为先的原则，即按辈分排座，家庭教师要优先入座，远道而来的亲戚朋友要优先入座，对待家境贫穷的亲戚和朋友更要格外照顾，主人在席间与其交流的时间要长些，敬酒次数要多些，并有意识地向客人介绍他们的“绝活”如棋艺、书法、唱功，以获得众人的赞赏和尊重。同时严格要求管家和仆人不准慢待这些人。 　　虽然每次宴请视客人身份和礼仪风俗的特点，在饭菜种类、质量档次、饭庄的选择上是有区别的，但绝不能让客人挑出“不是”来。在宴请中的祝词、敬酒、交谈、进餐、辞宴的全程中都要注重礼节。 　　开宴前主人要将重要宾客介绍给大家，并致简明热情的祝词；开宴时主人要亲自斟酒，按顺序向长辈和客人敬酒，不能强求；主动替不胜酒力的客人喝酒，并向客人致意；向宾客敬菜时，要注意客人的饮食爱好，次数不能多，量不能大，否则会让客人尴尬；主人要注意席间相互交流的广泛性，不要热此冷彼，如有女宾，更要注意谈话内容和对女宾的尊重；主人不能先于客人放下碗筷，直到客人表示已吃好方可辞宴；主人要陪主宾，漱口、净手后到另座饮茶。 　　大户人家做饭时，要求厨师盛盘上菜时盘子四周不能有菜渍，上菜要用双手端盘、端碗，手指不能抠在盘沿和碗边上；盛饭、盛汤，倒茶时不能太满，斟酒要满，但不能溢出；倒茶的动作要规范，切忌将碗盖扣在桌子上，茶壶嘴对着客人；倒茶后要后退一步再转身离去；给客人上烟时要用盘子端给客人，切忌用手递烟，不要用一根火柴给数人点烟，不要在客人面前用嘴吹灭火柴和随意扔掉火柴梗，不准当着客人扫地、掸桌子，尤其不准将茶水泼在地上。 　　另外，在客人面前，主人不能训斥孩子和仆人；主与客的孩子发生争执，主人要将自己的孩子拉走，不管谁是谁非，都要向对方表示歉意，但不能当着客人面教训自己的孩子，否则客人会感到不自在。 　　宾宴一般也是不让孩子参加的。记得小时候家宴时，要求孩子们要做到懂规矩、尊敬人、讲礼貌、有教养，有三个不准:吃饭时不准出现喧哗声、碗筷碰击声，更不准用筷子敲桌子敲碗，不准吧唧嘴和出虚恭。二祖母说吃饭时听到吧唧嘴的声音让人作呕，吃饭时出虚恭令人难以忍受。并让吃噎着连续打嗝的孩子主动下桌，不准拖拉椅凳以免发出刺耳的声音，这就是不准出声的要求；二是不准“下嘴”，长辈不动筷子孩子们是不能先夹菜的，不准将嘴填得满满的，不准狼吞虎咽，不准站起身来夹菜，够不到的菜可示意长辈给夹，不准用筷子在菜盘中乱挑乱翻，不准边吃边用双眼紧盯着桌上的菜，不准用筷子指人，不准将不爱吃的东西和口杂牙秽扔在或吐在地上，不准掉饭粒，揭馒头皮和剩饭要将饭碗扒拉干净。最忌讳的，就是孩子将筷子直插在饭碗中；三是绝对不准孩子喝酒。当年两个祖母喜欢和孩子们在一起乐乐，在饭桌上玩些游戏，输了要出节目，吃完饭还要让孩子们比比谁的饭碗和桌面最干净，席间温馨的气氛十分浓厚。 　　“孝”家宴时讲究要尊重长辈，要尽孝道。 　　小时候入席时大祖母，二祖母坐在上位，因三祖母瘫痪，不能参加但要给留下位置，以示其在家中的地位。待大祖母发话“都来坐”时，大家才按排行顺序入座，年纪小的孩子们要另桌而食。几位大妈和我母亲只能侍立在家人背后给布菜、斟酒、倒茶、递毛巾。 　　两位祖母在每次家宴中都要给几个儿媳妇点她们最喜欢吃的菜，以犒劳她们平日的辛苦，在家宴中称犒劳菜。祖母既慈祥又很威严。在饭桌上大家要观察两位老太太的情绪。情绪不好时，必须按规矩办事，敬酒、说个奉承话都不能少，用词要有长次之分，更不能厚此薄彼，因此大家都很谨慎。情绪好时，二老也谈笑风生，拉拉家常夸夸对方的孩子。大祖母此时会发话:“大伙儿在一块就是图个乐，还那么规矩干什么？”这时大伙才会放松，气氛和谐愉快，大人们还要领着各自的孩子到主桌上给老人问好。姐姐会讨老人的欢心，从兜里掏出几粒花生豆或糖块塞到老人手中，二老高兴得合不拢嘴，对外孙女赞不绝口。二祖母更随便一些，会到孩子们桌前逗逗孩子，还让孩子夹点菜喂到自己口中，孩子们也特别高兴。大家就是在活跃融洽的气氛中享受着天伦之乐。 　　这种“孝”不只是晚辈对长辈的敬、尊，也体现出长辈对晚辈的关爱。因此，晚辈就更加敬重长辈更加孝顺老人，在每个人的心中铸就了真诚的孝道。 　　“德”是一种品行，在家族的饮馔中有“让、度、俭”的要求。 　　“让”是要求大家相互谦让，不要好吃的抢着吃，要先让别人吃，哪怕都被吃光也不能有怨气，要做到让为先；“度”要求喝酒吃饭要有度，不能暴饮暴食，更不能劝酒无度，置人于醉。“俭”是要节俭，不能浪费，尤其要求孩子不能浪费粮食，两位祖母经常嘱咐设宴不要铺张奢侈。宴席结束后，都要将没动过筷子和未曾上过桌的菜带回家。 　　“教”是饮馔方面的家庭教育。通过口传身教，耳濡目染，潜移默化地继承了家族中的老规矩和礼俗，在与家庭教师共同用餐时，祖母总是要求几位教师给孩子“训话”，并根据社会时尚向孩子们提出新的要求，看到不好的现象就去指点一下，让孩子们知道要做什么、不能做什么，寓教于吃中。 　　在礼、孝、德、教的影响下，孩子们养成了较好的饮食习惯，进而形成了礼重形式、孝重心理、德重行为、教重继承的饭桌文化，而这些，也是老北京文化的一个缩影。 　　 　　 　　校园礼仪 　　 　　一说起爱护公物，也许有人会认为这是老生常谈，因为类似“爱护公物光荣，破坏公物可耻”、“爱护公物，人人有责”这样的口号恐怕连幼儿园小朋友也能说上几条。 　　但现实生活中的我们又做得怎么样呢？细心观察就会发现，校园里破坏公物的现象比比皆是：有同学为求近路而不惜践踏草坪；踢球时不小心打碎了教室的门窗；户外运动中弄坏了校园里的公共桌椅、栏杆和垃圾桶；课桌椅上经常会看见各式各样的涂鸦……你有没有想过，不论是有意还是无意，这些行为都对公物造成了损坏，也给其他同学的学习和生活带来了不必要的麻烦，还会增加学校对公物的维修费用，这可是一笔不小的开支。 　　每每看到这些不文明行为，你也许会皱着眉头嘟囔一句：缺德！是的，这些人所缺少的正是“公德心”，不讲社会公德，不遵规守纪。他们从来也不曾意识到原来自己也是这些公物的“主人”，不知道公物是大家公用的物品，每一个人都有爱护公物的义务。 　　“人无德不立，国无德不兴”。公民道德的好坏，体现着一个民族的精神状态，影响着一个民族事业的兴衰。一个人的言行，往往表现出个人素质的高低，进而影响整个集体的总体素质状况。一个公民是否爱护公共设施，从小处讲可以反映出一个人道德素质的高低，一个学校校风的好坏；从大处讲也反映了一个国家文明程度及民族素质的高低。我国颁布的《公民道德建设实施纲要》中提出了“文明礼貌、助人为乐、爱护公物、保护环境、遵纪守法”为主要内容的社会公德。作为中华人民共和国公民，我们都应该按这个要求规范自己的行为。 　　古人云：“勿以善小而不为，勿以恶小而为之。”其实爱护公物做起来也很简单，只要拥有一颗公德之心，处处遵守学校的各项规章制度，就能保证公共设施的完好无损与正常使用。 　　 　　礼节――不容忽视的人生所需 　　礼是发于人性之自然，合于人生之需的行为规范。为什么这么说呢？有无礼节是人与禽兽的差别所在（人性使然），也是人类社会祥和的基础。综观今日，讲礼、识礼者少，故社会秩序乱象常见，各种摩擦、冲突频繁发生，人们相处不仅缺少安全感，甚至有举目皆敌的危机感。 　　礼节这件事，在人群中，是决不能少的。人与人交流感情，事与事维持秩序，国与国保持常态，皆是礼节从中周旋的力量。 　　礼节的作用不容忽视，我们现代人怎么能不认真对待和学习？否则在社会上，免不了到处碰壁吃亏，届时悔之晚矣。因为我们相信没有人希望在无礼的行为背后引发的是七言八语，讪笑讥诮：「某人岂有此理、未曾受过教育、没有常识、粗卑不堪、不近人情、没见过场面、真讨厌、极可笑、远着他、少来往……」这一连串的名词，对你的前途，一切的一切，会产生何种影响？ 　　礼节是不妨碍他人的美德，是恭敬人的善行，也是自己行万事的通行证，是要通达践履的。 　　若我们能多点「克己复礼」的功夫，由自己本分做起，家庭做起，深信社会会更加安和、有礼的。这是我们共同的期待。 　　以下是李炳南教授编述的通用《常礼举要》，贡献给大家，做参考。 　　（一）居家 　　（二）在校 　　（三）处世 　　（四）聚餐 　　（五）出门 　　（六）访人 　　（七）会客 　　（八）旅行 　　（九）对众 　　（十）馈赠 　　（十一）庆吊 　　（十二）称呼 　　附说 　　（一）居家 　　一、为人子不晏（晚）起，衣被自己整理，晨昏必定省。 　　二、为人子坐不中席，行不中道。 　　三、为人子出必告，反必面。 　　四、长者与物，须两手奉接。 　　五、徐行后长，不疾行先长。 　　六、长者立不可坐，长者来必起立。 　　七、不在长者座前踱来踱去。 　　八、立不中门，过门不践门限。 　　九、立不一足跛，坐勿展脚如箕，睡眠不仰不伏，右卧如弓。 　　十、同桌吃饭不另备美食独啖。 　　十一、不挑剔食之美恶。 　　十二、食时不叹，不训斥子弟。 　　（二）在校 　　一、升降国旗及唱国歌、校歌时，肃立示敬。 　　二、师长上下课时，起立致敬。 　　三、向师长质疑问难，必起立。 　　四、路遇师长，肃立道旁致敬。 　　五、听讲时，应端坐或直立；不支颐交股，弯腰，翘足。 　　六、考试时，不交头接耳，或左顾右盼。 　　七、安其学而亲其师，乐其友而信其道。 　　（三）处世 　　一、无道人之短，无说己之长。 　　二、家庭之事，不可向外人言。 　　三、口为祸福之门，话要经一番考虑再说。见失意人，不说得意语；见老年人，不说衰丧话。 　　四、交浅不可言深，绝交不出恶声。 　　五、不侮辱人，不向人开玩笑。 　　六、与残疾人会面，须格外恭敬。 　　七、于肩挑小贩苦力，莫讨便宜。 　　八、施恩求忘，受恩必报；开罪于人须求解，开罪于我应加恕。 　　九、善人自当亲近，须要久敬；恶人自当敬而远之。 　　十、遇事要镇静，做不到的事，莫妄逞能。 　　十一、瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠。 　　十二、凡事要合理智，不可偏重感情。 　　十三、己所不欲，勿施于人。 　　十四、凡求教他人的事，必须造门请问。 　　（四）聚餐 　　一、座有次序，上座必让长者。 　　二、入座后不横肱，不伸足。 　　三、主先举杯敬客，客致谢辞。 　　四、主人亲自烹调，须向主人礼谢后食。 　　五、主人敬酒毕，正客须回敬主人。 　　六、举箸匙，必请大家同举。 　　七、用箸夹菜，只取向己之一方者，不立起向他角器中取菜。 　　八、箸匙不向碗盘顶心取菜取汤。 　　九、公食之器，不用己箸翻搅。 　　十、匙有余沥必倾尽，方再入公食器中。 　　十一、自己碗中之肴菜，不可反回公器中。 　　十二、箸匙所取肴菜，不倍于他人。 　　十三、食勿响舌，咽勿鸣喉。 　　十四、公食以不言为原则，须言亦应避免唾沫入公器中。 　　十五、咳嗽必转身向后。 　　十六、勿叱狗，不投骨于狗。 　　十七、碗中不留饭粒。 　　十八、不对人剔牙齿。 　　十九、客食未毕，主人不先起。 　　二十、起席，主逊言慢待，客称谢。 　　二一、宴毕，主人进巾进茶。 　　（五）出门 　　一、衣冠不求华美，惟须整洁。 　　二、见长者，必趋致敬。 　　三、登高不呼，不指，不招呼。 　　四、路上不吸烟，不嚼食物，不歌唱。 　　五、乘车见长者必下，见幼者亦须与之颔首为礼。 　　六、夜必归家，因事不能归时，必先告家人。 　　七、车马繁杂冲区，不招呼敬礼。 　　八、不立在路上久谈。 　　九、不走马路中间，越路须先向左右看清，不可与汽车争路。 　　十、行走时，步履宜稳重，并宜张胸闭口，目向前视。 　　十一、遇妇女老弱，应尽先让路让座。 　　十二、途次有人问路，须详为指示；问路于人，须随即称谢。 　　十三、一人不入古庙，两人不看深井。 　　十四、逢桥先下马，过渡莫争船。 　　十五、在舟车上或飞机上，不探首或伸手出窗，并不得随便涕痰。 　　（六）访人 　　一、先立外轻轻扣门，主人让入方入。 　　二、入内有他客，主人为介绍，须一一为礼，辞出时亦如之。 　　三、入内见有他客，不可久坐；有事，须请主人另至他所述说。 　　四、坐谈时见有他客来，即辞出。 　　五、坐立必正，不倾听，不哗笑。 　　六、不携一切动物上堂。 　　七、主人室内之信件文书，概不取看。 　　八、谈话应答必顾望。 　　九、将上堂，声必扬。 　　十、户开亦开，户阖亦阖；有后入者，阖而勿遂。 　　十一、主人欠伸，或看钟表，即须辞出。 　　十二、饭及眠时不访客。 　　十三、晋谒长官尊长，应先鞠躬敬礼，然后就座；及退，亦然。 　　十四、与长官尊长，及妇女行握手礼时，应俟其先行伸手，然后敬谨与握。 　　十五、访公教人员，必先问明其上班钟点，不可久坐闲谈。 　　十六、访客不遇，或留片，或写字登留言牌。 　　（七）会客 　　一、见先致敬，熟客道寒暄，生客请姓字住址。 　　二、及门先趋，为客启阖。 　　三、每门必让客先行。 　　四、入门必为客安座。 　　五、室内有他客，应与介绍，先介幼于长，介卑于尊，介近于远，同伦则介前于后。 　　六、敬茶果先长后幼，先生后熟。 　　七、主人必下座，举杯让茶。 　　八、客去必送致敬，远方客必送至村外或路口。 　　九、远方客专来，须备饮食寝室，导厕所，导沐浴。 　　十、远方客去，必送至驿站，望车开远，始返。 　　（八）旅行 　　一、将远行，必辞亲友，祭祖辞亲。 　　二、远到目的地，必先拜访有关人士。 　　三、归来必谒亲友，或略送土物。 　　四、远行之亲友辞行，必往送行，事前或赠物，或宴饯。 　　五、远方客来拜访，须往答拜，或设宴接风。 　　六、旅人归来拜，须诣回拜，或设宴洗尘。 　　七、受人之送行及饯别，达到所在地，须一一函谢。 　　八、人之接风或洗尘毕，须还席。 　　九、入境问禁，入国问俗，入门问讳。 　　十、入国不驰，入村里必下车马。 　　（九）对众 　　一、他人正谈话，不在中间插言。 　　二、两人对谈，不向中间穿走。 　　三、不高声喧哗扰乱他人视听。 　　四、不横坐，不横腿，不扪脚。 　　五、不隔席谈话。 　　六、坐不掀起椅凳之后方。 　　七、衣帽不加于他人之衣帽上。 　　八、不向人喷水吐痰。 　　九、不向人呵欠，舒伸，嚏喷。 　　（十）馈赠 　　一、礼尚往来，来而不往，往而不来，皆非礼也。 　　二、赐人不曰来取，与人不问所欲。 　　三、赠人物品，必谦必敬。 　　四、赠人物品，外必用包裹，婚丧庆寿例外。 　　五、平素赠物，座有他客，须避观听，远来及初晤，可不避。 　　六、受赠先略谦辞后受，称谢，逾日须往拜。 　　七、长者赐，不敢辞。 　　（十一）庆吊 　　一、参加吉礼，不谈衰丧话，不戚容，不啼泣。 　　二、居丧不参加吉礼，只送仪物。 　　三、丧服不入公门，不观吉礼。 　　四、贺婚在众宾前，辞不谐谑。 　　五、临丧不笑。 　　六、里有殡，不巷歌。 　　七、饭于丧家，酒不赭颜。 　　八、佩会葬徽章者，礼终即卸去，不佩带他往。 　　（十二）称呼 　　一、初见面之人问姓，曰贵姓，问名，曰台甫。自说姓曰敝姓某，说名曰草字某某。 　　二、有亲戚世交者，应各以其名分彼此相称。普通称人曰先生或某兄，自称曰弟。老者长者，称曰老先生，自称曰后学，或称自名。 　　三、称人之父曰令尊，母曰令堂。向人称自父母，曰家严，曰家慈。见朋友之父，称老伯，母称伯母，自称晚或侄。 　　四、称人之祖，曰令祖公，祖母曰令祖太夫人。向人称自祖曰家祖。祖母曰家祖母。见人之祖父祖母，称太老伯，太伯母。自称己名即可。 　　五、称人之兄弟，曰令兄，曰令弟。向人称自兄弟，曰家兄舍弟。称人之姊妹，曰令姊令妹。向人称自姊妹，曰家姊舍妹。见人之兄弟，称几先生，或几兄，自称小弟。见人之姊妹，统称几姐，称自曰小弟。（书款则称侍） 　　六、称人之妻，曰令正或尊夫人，向人称自妻，曰拙荆或贱内。见人之妻称嫂，自称己名。（女子可自称妹） 　　七、女子称人之夫，曰尊府某先生，向人称自夫，曰外子。见人之夫称某先生，自以避免称呼为佳，如必要时，只称本人即可。 　　八、称人之子，曰令郎或公子，称人女曰令爱，或女公子。向人称自子，曰小儿，女曰小女。见人子称世兄，自称弟，称女曰世姐，自不称。 　　九、称人之孙及孙女，曰令孙曰令女孙。向人称自孙，及女孙，曰小孙，曰小女孙。见人之孙及女孙，称几公子几小姐。 　　十、称人或称自之已故上辈，统加一先字。如称人之故父母，曰令先尊令太夫人；称自之故父母，曰先严先慈之类。称人已故下辈不必另加字，只云「以前某兄」即可，称自故下辈，但加一亡字，或云「以前某某」亦可。 　　十一、称人之姑丈姑母，曰令姑丈令姑母。向人称自姑丈姑母，曰家姑丈姑母。见人之姑丈姑母，称老先生老太太；交厚者，可称老伯及老伯母。 　　十二、称人之舅父舅母，曰令母舅令舅母。向人称自舅父舅母，曰家母舅家舅母。见人之舅父舅母，称谓仿前。 　　十三、称人之岳父岳母，曰令岳令岳母。向人称岳父母，曰家岳家岳母。见人之岳父母，称谓仿前。 　　十四、称人之内侄，曰令内侄。称人之甥，曰令甥。称人之婿，曰令婿。向人称自内侄，甥，婿，曰敝内侄，曰舍甥，曰小婿。 　　十五、称人之亲友，曰令亲曰贵友。向人称自亲友，曰舍亲敝友。 　　十六、称人之师，曰令师，生曰令高足。向人称自师，曰敝业师。称自生曰敝徒。自称师，曰夫子或吾师。称自曰受业，或曰门生。 　　十七、称人之长官，曰贵某长（院部厅局等）。称人之属员，曰贵部下或贵属。向人称自长官，曰敝某长，称自属员，曰敝同事或敝属，称其某姓某职亦可。 　　十八、称人之主人，曰贵上，称人之仆，曰尊纪。向人称自主人，曰敝上；称自仆，曰小价。 　　（附说） 　　一、称呼一事，本甚繁杂，各地习惯，直接见面之称，尤多不同，故难备载。本编仅录其对外交际通常用者。 　　二、亲戚之间，称呼甚为微细，每有错一字而贻笑者。兹编本为举要，专为常用，故不详载。 　　学生礼仪 　　1.学生仪容、仪表、仪态的礼仪 　　衣着得体：中小学生的日常着装要符合年龄特点，特别是符合学生身份，整洁大方。 　　少先队员、共青团员依照规定佩戴红领巾或团徽。学生不化妆、不戴饰物、不烫发，男生不留长发。 　　参加集会、听讲时坐正立直。坐正：头正颈直，上体与座椅靠背基本垂直。立直：抬头挺胸，上体、双腿与地面垂直。 　　行走稳健：行走姿势正确、步幅适中，稳健有力。在楼道、教室行走时，慢步轻声；在街道上，靠右行走；不摇肩晃臀，不多人勾肩搭背行走。 　　谈吐举止文明：是仪表的综合要求。与人交谈时，态度诚恳，语言文明。待人接物中，表情自然，动作大方。 　　2.学生体态语言礼仪 　　微笑：是对他人表示友好的表情，不露牙齿、嘴角微上翘。 　　鞠躬：是下级对上级、晚辈对长辈、个人对群体的礼节。行鞠躬礼时，脱帽、立正、双目注视对方，面带微笑，然后身体上部向前倾斜自然弯下，低头眼向下看。有时为深表谢意，上体前倾可再深些。 　　握手：是与人见面或离别时最常用的礼节，也是向人表示感谢、慰问、祝贺或鼓励的礼节。 　　握手前起身站立，脱下手套，用右手与对方右手相握。 　　握手时双目注视对方，面带微笑。 　　一般情况下，握手不必用力，握一下即可。老友间可握得深些、久些或边问候边紧握双手。 　　多人同时握手不要交叉，待别人握后再伸手，依次相握。 　　招手：在公共场合远距离看到相识的人或送别离去的客人，举手打招呼并点头致意。 　　鼓掌：是表示喜悦、欢迎、感激的礼节。双手要有节奏地相击，鼓掌要适时适度。 　　右行礼让：在校园、上下楼梯、楼道或街道上行走时，靠右侧行进。遇到师长、客人、长、幼、妇、残、军人进出房门时，主动开门侧立，让他们先行。 　　3.学生与人交往、谈吐基本礼仪 　　尊称(敬称)：长辈、友人或初识者称“您”。对师长、社会工作人员要称呼职务或“老师”、“师傅”、“叔叔”、“阿姨”等，不直呼其姓名。 　　对他人提出要求时说“请”；与人打招呼时说“您好”；与人分手时说“再见”；给人添麻烦时说“对不起”；别人向自己致谢时回答说“没关系”；得到别人帮助表示感谢说“谢谢”。 　　4.升国旗、唱国歌礼仪 　　参加仪式的学生要衣着整洁，系好衣扣、裤扣，戴好红领巾，脱帽，面向旗杆方向立正站好。不得交谈、走动或做其他动作。升国旗奏国歌时，面对国旗行队礼或注目礼，直到国旗升至杆顶。 　　少先队队礼：立正站直，右手五指并拢，高举头上，眼睛注视受礼者，表示人民的利益高于一切。 　　国歌是音乐形式的国家象征。唱国歌时要立正站好，目视前方，神态庄重，歌词正确，音调准确，声音洪亮。 　　5.学生校内礼仪 　　进校第一次见到师长，要止步立正鞠躬问好：“老师好!”“校长好!”人多时，可以点头示意问候；见到同学，可点头致意，招手问好。 　　上下课起立。站在座椅一侧，双手自然下垂，向老师行注目礼。 　　课上准备提问或回答问题先举手。正确动作是：端坐座位上，右肘放在桌面上，上臂上举，右手五指并拢，指尖向上，等老师允许再起立发言。 　　进入老师办公室或居室喊“报告”或敲门，声音以室内人听见为适度，在社会交往中，进入他人房间也须先敲门，未经允许不得擅自入内。 　　6.学生迎宾礼仪 　　宾客来访，要起立迎接，面带笑容，主动问候：“您好!”“欢迎您来!”回答客人提问要起立。为客人让座、送水；客人与家长谈话时要回避；客人离去，起身送至门外。 　　7.学生家中礼仪 　　就餐先请长辈入座，自己方可就位，就餐中也要礼让他人。 　　离家前，向家长打招呼：“我走了，再见!”归家说：“我回来了!” 　　见家长离家或归家，主动招呼，递接物品 　　礼仪的由来 　　礼仪作为人际交往的重要的行为规范，它不是随意凭空臆造的，也不是可有可无的。了解礼仪的起源，有利于认识礼仪的本质，自觉地按照礼仪规范的要求进行社交活动。对于礼仪的起源，研究者们有各种的观点，可大致归纳为以下几种。 　　有一种观点认为，礼仪起源于祭祀。古代“礼”字写法见上图。东汉许慎的《说文解字》对“礼”字的解释是这样的：“履也，所以示神致福也”。意思是实践约定的事情，用来给神灵看，以求得赐福。“礼”字是会意字，“示”指神，“ ”（发ｊī音）指祭祀时盛祭品的器皿，从中可以分析出，“礼”字与古代祭祀神灵的仪式有关。古时祭祀活动不是随意地进行的，它是严格地按照一定的程序，一定的方式进行的。郭沫若在《十批判书》中指出：“礼之起，起于祀神，其后扩展而为人，更其后而为吉、凶、军、宾、嘉等多种仪制。”这里讲到了礼仪的起源，以及礼仪的发展过程。 　　有一种观点认为，礼仪起源于法庭的规定。在西方，“礼仪”一词源于法语的 “Ｅｔｉｇｕｅｔｔｅ”原意是“法庭上的通行证”。古代法国为了保证法庭中活动的秩序，将印有法庭纪律的通告证发给进入法庭的每个人，作为遵守的规矩和行为准则。后来“Ｅｔｉｇｕｅｔｔｅ”一词进入英文，演变为“礼仪”的含义，成为人们交往中应遵循的规矩和准则。 　　另外还有一种观点认为，礼仪起源于风俗习惯。人是不能离开社会和群体的，人与人在长期的交往活动中，渐渐地产生了一些约定俗成的习惯，久而久之这些习惯成为了人与人交际的规范，当这些交往习惯以文字的形式被记录并同时被人们自觉地遵守后，就逐渐成为了人们交际交往固定的礼仪。遵守礼仪，不仅使人们的社会交往活动变得有序，有章可循，同时也能使人与人在交往中更具有亲和力。１９２２年《西方礼仪集萃》一书问世，开篇中这样写道：“表面上礼仪有无数的清规戒律，但其根本目的在于使世界成为一个充满生活乐趣的地方，使人变得和易近人。” 　　从礼仪的起源可以看出，礼仪是在人们的社会活动中，为了维护一种稳定的秩序，为了保持一种交际的和谐而应运产生的。一直到今天，礼仪依然体现着这种本质特点与独特的功能。 　　(Ouyang Xiu) 　　Etiquette refers to people contacts in the community due to historical traditions, customs, religious beliefs, factors such as the formation of the times, not only recognized by people, but also the respect for people, is for the purpose of establishing harmonious relations between the various line contacts standards and norms of conduct required sum. All in all, etiquette is that people in social contacts should abide by a code of conduct and guidelines. 　　Understanding of ritual 　　From the perspective of personal accomplishment, ritual can be said that one internal training and external quality performance. 　　From the communication point of view, rituals can be said that the application of interpersonal communication is an art, a method of communication or communication methods. Interpersonal communication is conventional to show people respect, friendship and practices. 　　From the perspective of communication, etiquette can be said that in interpersonal communication skills to communicate with each other. 　　If the classification can be broadly divided into government etiquette, business etiquette, service etiquette, social etiquette, five major branches of foreign etiquette. However, the five branches of the so-called because the ritual is the comprehensive nature of the subject, it is relative. The branches are intertwined ritual content, most etiquette contents are much the same. 　　The main function of ritual, from a personal point of view, first, help to improve people's own accomplishment; second, help to beautify themselves, beautify; help to promote social interaction, improve their interpersonal relationships; also help to purify society. 　　From the group perspective, ritual is the corporate culture, an important part of entrepreneurship is the corporate image of the main attachment point. Almost all the international companies have high standards for the requirements of etiquette, etiquette regarded as an important part of corporate culture is also important internationally certified software. Is self-discipline and a code of conduct amazing. 　　The meaning of ritual 　　To tell the truth, for only in the maintenance of strict ritual hierarchy of the feudal system, in particular those behind the red tape, the new social system and value system not only can not be accepted and must be resolutely discarded. Since the 1911 Revolution completely negative for thousands of years after the feudal system, accompanied by fundamental changes in social values, Li was given a new modern significance. 　　If the traditional sense of that ceremony is a kind of cover all institutional, legal and ethical norms of social behavior, then the so-called today and kin is only courtesy and etiquette form, related activities, and this is what I want this group topic The main areas of discussion. 　　Etiquette in interpersonal communication to a certain extent, conventional procedures and methods to express the self-discipline, respect human process. Involving wear, communication, communication, emotional intelligence and so on. From the perspective of personal accomplishment, ritual can be said that one internal training and external quality performance. From the communication point of view, rituals can be said that the application of interpersonal communication is an art, a method of communication or communication methods. Interpersonal communication is conventional to show people respect, friendship and practices. From the perspective of communication, etiquette can be said that in interpersonal communication skills to communicate with each other. If the classification can be broadly divided into government etiquette, business etiquette, service etiquette, social etiquette, five major branches of foreign etiquette. However, the five branches of the so-called because the ritual is the comprehensive nature of the subject, it is relative. The branches are intertwined ritual content, most etiquette contents are much the same. The main function of ritual, from a personal point of view, first, help to improve people's own accomplishment; second, help to beautify themselves, beautify; help to promote social interaction, improve their interpersonal relationships; also help to purify society. From the group perspective, ritual is the corporate culture, an important part of entrepreneurship is the corporate image of the main attachment point. Almost all the international companies have high standards for the requirements of etiquette, etiquette regarded as an important part of corporate culture is also important internationally certified software. 　　Ancient rites 　　China has always been ceremonies, rituals for us, more time can reflect a person's upbringing and taste. Really understand people who say etiquette manners, one felt not only in a few specific occasions or just focus on etiquette, this is because the emotional, but also some of the details of the program, then, already in their mind's life experiences in the deep bone marrow and blood of immersion. 　　So whenever and wherever, we have the most appropriate way to treat people. This time, "Lai" has become our most important part of life. Etiquette is an art of human relations, is a bridge between people, relationships in the ritual is a practice to be observed, is a custom form, that is the convention in the social relations in a kinds of practices. 　　Etiquette Team regulating people's social behavior, interpersonal coordination, promote the development of human society has a positive effect. 　　China is an ancient civilization thousands of years created a splendid culture, the formation of high moral standards, a complete protocol specification, is the world known as the "ancient civilization and ceremonies." Li Jizhong that can be drawn from such a conclusion. The whole of East and Southeast Asia's culture are the heritage of Chinese civilization is confirmed. China has five thousand years of civilization, known as the "ceremonies," said the Chinese people to known for its mild-mannered style known to the world. Civility As an important component of traditional culture, De Bu Fen on Chinese social history from a wide range of far-reaching impact 其 very rich contents. Etiquette involved in a wide range of permeate almost every aspect of ancient society. Ancient China, "Li" and "instrument" is actually two different concepts. "Li" is a system of rules and a social consciousness, ideas; "instrument" is a "ritual" specific forms, which is based on "ceremony" requirement and content of the formation of a system and complete procedures. In ancient China, ritual is a time to meet the needs of society, from the clan system, something which derived hierarchical relationship, which produced it with the characteristics and limitations of that era. Today, the modern and ancient ceremonial rituals have been very different, we must abandon those exploiting class service etiquette, with emphasis on the _select_ion still active today, the general significance of the traditional rituals of civilization, such as respect for the old King Yin, Miriam is still appropriate, polite, Rong-yi, a whole other, to transform and Heritage. This is good for the cultivation of personal qualities, for the Harmonious interpersonal relationships, shape the civilization of the society, the socialist spiritual civilization, the modern value. Are tested are as follows: 　　I. Respect to the King Yin of China from the primitive feudal society, the political ethics of interpersonal relations are the clan, family kinship as a link, which therefore respect the family from the ancestors, respect for elders in the community. As the ancient Chinese ritual of social esteem and benevolent rule, the history of King Yin has become a requirement. Mencius said: "Pension Zunsian, Junjie reign, there were celebrations" (Note: "also about the next child"). "Celebrate" is the reward. This ancient tradition of ritual, sentimental for the formation of relationships, and the orderly and harmonious relationship between ethics, regardless of the past and modern, have played an important role. Speaking Respect, which is the Chinese traditional culture of a major feature. Ancient respect for the elderly, not just stop at the ideas and preaching, but also not end the lives of ordinary people. From the monarch, to the Gentry of Gentry, both personally and respect the rules and the formation of a pension ritual. "Book of Rites" record: "Gu Zhidao, 50 not only Austin, awarded poultry Long Zhu for the elderly" (Note: The "Book of Rites festival meaning"). That is, five old people do not hunt personally, but to be generous when prey distribution of a. Some ancient books, speaking for the elderly when the same volume, also made a specific demand. Such as "support Mongolia and to read", said: "paternity in a parent, Su sound easy, do not because of a trivial, loud Hu Chi" (Note: "to support Mongolia and to read words.") "Students" added: "low does not smell, they are not appropriate." In short, from the noble king, issued common people the people must follow certain rules, with a variety of ways to express old man, meaning honor the elderly, as a measure of whether a person has cultivated an important symbol. Any form of society need to respect the elderly. Not only because the elderly experience deep, broad knowledge, experience more, working long hours and made great contributions to society should be respect; the same time, their poor physical and mental needs of young people caring, care and assistance. As a polite modern youth, the elderly and the elderly, should be: Lu-yu active humility, car seat initiative, in shops, cinemas and other public places, should be taken into account to create convenient conditions for the elderly. About King Yin, when the three countries have histories, called "Highlighting." That is admired Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei, to ask him to help him conquer the world, we have taken the trouble to live in thatched cottage Zhuge Liang personally asked him to coming out. Again and again, before Zhuge Liang agreed. From then on, Zhuge Liang's bold vision into full play, as Liu Bei's cause "A dedicated, die." Throughout the history of ancient China, as the monarch has always been mostly very seriously Zunsian with Yin, regarded as the determinants of national security. King Yin usually not to the critical moment, talented people will not share those concerns for the country. Not capable personnel are not country-driven, but forget the national slow Yin Shi, so "and to those who, through their national existence, there have not been" (Note: "Mo pro disabilities"). Today, we advocate to carry forward the ancient "King Yin of the ceremony" should be given to the content of the modern new talent is to respect knowledge, respect talent. Today's society, a variety of increasingly fierce competition. All the competition, the final analysis, competition for talent. Large to the nation, small companies, in fierce competition to maintain a superior position, must have a strong talent. Only ideas into concrete actions to respect, love people, so that the whole society a respect for knowledge and talents of a good environment to form a strong enough talent to be invincible. 　　2, Miriam is still suitable for the Chinese nation has always been focused through the appropriate form to express the rich people's inner feelings. In case of major festivals and important events, and more moments with conventional instrument. Such as access to harvest, to song and celebration; was evil, we must pray for the grace of God. Over time, the formation of many festivals and rituals on the form, such as the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth and so on, almost every festival, there are specific rituals. In ancient times, marriage, funerals and festivals and other activities as a major event in social life to treat, and its rituals were extremely detailed and careful provisions, from clothing, utensils to the specifications, procedures and manner of orientation, have specific requirements. Today, we are to maintain and carry forward the Chinese civilization, good manners, the most important point is that you in the appropriate. That is advocated as two-way: "extravagance since Vincent, text was too extravagant, less than was thrifty" (Note: "2-way _set_" outside the book Juan Liu Cheng). Shows that the scale of the ceremony is appropriate, the appropriate text decoration is necessary, but the text will cause excessive decorative extravagance, deviate from the requirements of the rite; and too mean to impede the implementation of the ceremony is inappropriate. The ancients this view is brilliant and all our ceremony held today with the guide. In today's social activities, ceremonies are still held indispensable. The company opened, children marry, the various events, have different rituals. We must grasp the scale of the various ceremonies, they must master the principles of moderation, to make the necessary instrument of modern civilization, combined with the moment, the activities related to both the occasion, not that bad flashy. In particular, we oppose the marriage and funeral ceremonies that take the opportunity, profile wedding, the phenomenon of extravagance and waste; against the idea that the more solemn ceremony, the better, more in line with the more luxurious the rite of practice. Such as: Many of today's wedding couples to make the wedding enough pomp, show off, another competition, got deep in debt, resulting in tremendous waste. Even some leading cadres despite the impact of abuse of power for their children, receive the bulk gifts, encourage Luxurious Atmosphere. This does not comply with our fine tradition and are inconsistent with our national conditions, public sentiment. 　　Third, and courteous to any civilized society, any civilized nation, people are always paid great attention to civility and courtesy. Courtesy of the human society as far as to promote friendly and harmonious interpersonal ethics is one of the building live in harmony with others from the bridge. It marks the process of civilization of a society, reflecting a nation's spirit. Chinese people have always attached great importance to follow the ceremony on the rules, be polite. Many interesting short experience, both past and present, are inspirational. Specifically, the following main points: 　　(A) with people getting along with others, is good at the head. And this "good" should be sincere from the heart, is sincere in the form on the outside in, rather than clever, and only have the form of red tape. "Book of Rites," said: "The husband ceremony were, inferiority and respect" (Note: "Book of Songs ceremony"). If the surface respectful enthusiasm, and inner hypocrisy, or just inner respect, and without any expression, are not enough. Should be the same table in order to fundamentally eliminate the barriers between people, friction, and then love each other, friendly to each other. Respect for others, we should treat people equally, without distinction of birth rank, non-discriminatory. If only the upper classes make their homage to wealth and to take people to pay the interests of people, in fact by the villain. "The Analects Zi Han" contains: Confucius saw wearing mourning, wearing a hat wedding clothes of the people and the blind. Each other, even if these people young, Confucius must stand up. Passing through the front of others, they will be walked through it, to show respect. Ancient King's method, but also a place worth learning. First of all, to respect the wishes of others, understanding the needs of others and taboos, can force its way. Not demanding others do not do, not force others to accept it does not like. The ancients said: "No responsible person is less than, not strong man can not, do not Kuren the bad" (Note: "Wen Wei neutron phase"). "Lost her way, not impose on others (Note:" The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan ")," is what I mean. Dealings with people, humor and good jokes are often brings pleasant, but must not be made fun of fun. If you take another name for the jokes, or indecent people from the nickname, are very disrespectful. Northern and Southern Dynasties tui once in terms of such disrespect angry: "present fool, then submitted with drama. Or he means those who called dolphin calf, the know to look on, You Yu their ears, state when the person almost." 　　4, Rong-yi, a whole of a person's appearance, demeanor, their training, the performance level of civilization. The ancients that solemn manner, advance and retreat polite, deacons like King, gentle, not only to maintain the dignity of individuals, but also help Jinde duration. Ancient thinkers had to take an animal's fur and human instrument bearing compared animals without fur, it can not for the animal; lost rituals, that is not a person. The requirements of the ancients of the instrument can not help too cumbersome. One of the most important, have the following three aspects. 　　(A) of the clothing looks: "Students" asked: "Crown will now, New York will end, socks and footwear, all close cut." These norms, people today, is still necessary. Hat is knot, tight shoes and socks all, is the concept of the basic requirements for instrument class. If a person is disheveled, footwear is not correct, often lead to the resentment and even nausea, who would do such people get close. Of course, the dress must be appropriate for their own occupation, age, physical characteristics, her environment and contacts in the lives of customs, for decency and generosity of choice. Makeup, artificial, would be counterproductive. 　　(B) behavior: Confucius said: "The gentleman is not re-Wei, learning is not fixed" (Note: The "Analects"). This is because only the solemn majesty only. Otherwise, even if learned, can not be consolidated. Specifically, the requirement to do "points such as pine, sitting like a bell, line wind, and lying, such as bow," that is points to the positive and take to stable, mobile agile, sideways while sleeping. Behavior in public is not frivolous, not obscene, it should be dignified, careful, calm, do "Evil, Evil, hear no evil speak no evil, indecent assault and do not move" (Note: "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan"), always in line with protocol specification. (C) speech rhetoric: Language is the people's thinking, sentiments and cultural accomplishments of the mirror. The ancients called "Truthfulness, it is also home industry" (Note: "easy to dry text.") Words will be modified as sincere the foundation of establishing themselves, with some truth. And to "Promises must be kept and action must be resolute" (Note: "The Analects Zi"). Clever people who can not win the trust of people. Followed by the prudent person. The ancients said that the natural person, the tongue closely muffled up and down two rows of teeth, but also out of bread layer with thick lips, is to say people must be cautious. Of course, is to ask the people from the ancients and the words, but speak to specific circumstances, when to speak and be silent when silent. Confucius said: "The statement can not with words, missing person; not with words but with words, slip of the tongue. Know people who lose, do not slip of the tongue" (Note: "The Analects of Confucius Duke Ling of Wei"). That is the truth. 　　The above aspects, is the essence of our traditional rituals. Although times are different, but in ancient times the importance of the appearance and neat appearance instrumentation requirements, is worthy of people today learn from them. External image is a silent language that reflects a person's moral self-cultivation, but also convey to the people of the entire life of a person's inner attitude. Has an elegant appearance, no matter where he went, gave brought civilization there, spring, get the respect. There is no doubt that the traditional civility of our society have a positive impact of historical development. In general, the social sense the more polite people, the more harmonious society, stability. If every one of us well-bred, polite, doing things with restraint, our lives would be a little more enjoyable, but the state, some more orderly and civilized society. From this point of speaking, etiquette on the social play of politics, the law failed to do. Long time, because the essence of a large number of rituals and cultural infiltration and dross in the state of financial co-exist, and because ritual culture dross produced negative effects can not be underestimated. We ignore the traditional civility of this precious spiritual wealth. When the relative long time, society, school education is not enough emphasis on etiquette develop many uncivilized also increase. In today's building of socialist spiritual civilization, we should be based on absorbing the essence of national culture, traditional rituals of civilization past serve the present, reconstruction of a modern and civilized manners. 　　The role of etiquette 　　Etiquette and social interaction for people living in the convention, people can regulate a variety of manners, the people correctly and interaction with the outside world scale, will handle the management of human relations. Without etiquette, often make people feel awkward in the exchanges, and even rude to people, funny, so familiar with and master the etiquette, it can be done by analogy, social skills and just right. 　　Etiquette is an important means of shaping the image. In social activities. Conversation very interesting; can become civilized; pay attention to etiquette can become elegant manners; dressed etiquette, can become generous; acts of courtesy and propriety, can become a better ... ... as long as the very interesting things will be done just right. In short a man of courtesy and propriety, they can become full of charm 　　Etiquette is etiquette and ceremony. 　　Ancient Chinese "Five Rites" is said, a matter of ritual ceremony to Kyrgyzstan, things to Skyline crown marriage, guests things as guest ceremony, military affairs for the military salute, the funeral things as Xiong Li. 5 ceremony is quite extensive, from reflecting the people and heaven, earth, spirits of the relationship between ritual ceremony to reflect the relationships of family, friends, monarch and his subjects the gift of communication between the upper and lower; from the performance history of the crown of life, marriage, funerals buried all ceremony, the men are happy, disaster, said the celebration of the funeral, to pay homage, comfort, consolation gift, can be said that all-inclusive, fully reflecting the spirit of ancient Chinese people's Sean. Ji Li-Li home five hand, it mainly is a god, land only, human sacrifice ceremony of ghosts. The main content can include three aspects. The first is the Heaven of God, that worship Haotian God; worship the moon and stars; worship divisions, Siming, air division, division and so the rain. Second, Jide only, that is, offering Sajik, the Five Emperors, the saying; Ji Shan Lin Chuanze; offering four soaring and so on. The third is the Ghost Festival, enjoy the festival seasons mainly kings, ancestors. Xiong Li is a sad pity, condolence, and worry of the ceremony. Its main contents are: Mourning the death of a funeral to shortage areas ritual ceremony sorrow to sorrow scourge hanging ceremony to ceremony sad cypress around failure to shirt gift grief bandits. Among them, the funeral is a different relationship between the death, the mourning process by providing time to express different degrees of north; shortage ceremony is a region or a country by famine pestilence misfortune, the king and his ministers are taken to reduce the meal, entertainment and other measures to stop sympathy; hanging Zhi Li is a case of death or funeral Allied fire and water disasters and to offer condolences or sympathy to the protocol. The three levels of aristocratic manners can be held. Hui Li is a country to be enemy allies in violation of dilapidated urban and rural areas, chief and the country should join the Asian countries to raise economic goods, compensation of its loss; shirt ceremony is a country subjected to foreign aggression or internal strife, its neighbors should be given assistance and support. Bin Li is the gift of hospitality guests. It includes North Korea, cases, Kun, the event will be the same, and asked, as eight. Salute when the division and brigade drill, conquest of the ceremony, salute the major with a master of the ceremony, all the big ceremony, the ritual field, Oe of the ceremony, the gift of great seal. Master of ceremony is the military conquest of the ritual; great gift of all is the king and the princes in all lands, levy taxes held at a military parade to reassure the public; field is the emperor of the regular hunting ritual in order to practice war to them, review army horse; Great Hall of the ceremony is the state _set_ up the built cities, building palaces, break, build dikes and other large-scale civil works team review; great seal of the gift is to locate the countries, private fief and feud between the borders, establish a boundary marker activities. Skyline is and the interpersonal, communication, contact the emotional ceremony. Skyline main content diet ceremony, marriage, the ceremony, guests shoot the ceremony, the ritual Yan, Relief banner of the ceremony, HE Qing ritual. 　　Folk rituals that include the health sector, crown, wedding, funeral ceremony of four lives. In fact the political and ceremonial life can be divided into two major categories. Political class, including Heaven, Jide, ancestral temple of sacrifice, offering sage and teacher, respecting drinking rituals, meet ceremony, salute, etc.. The origin of life, etiquette classes, according to Xun Zi's view of "3" or "health of the world", "ancestor of the class of persons", "Jun teachers are the rule." In the liturgy, the funeral of the first generation. Funeral to appease the ghosts in the dead, the living become sub Seniority Rules, filial Masato London courtesy. The establishment and implementation of the ritual process, bred in China's case law (see Chinese clan) live by rituals is the essence of governance is the belief in spirits derivatives. People think that all things are invisible spirits in control, performance etiquette is to please pray for blessings to the gods. Therefore, the ritual originated in the belief in spirits, belief in ghosts is a special form of expression. "Third Man" ("Yi Li", "Book of Rites", "Zhou") marks the emergence of the mature stage of protocol development. Song, the etiquette and the integration of the feudal ethics sermon, that with complex etiquette and propriety, to become effective implementation of the ethical code of one of the tools. Salute to persuade German services, red tape the best of their energy. Until modern times, etiquette only have real reform, whether the country's political life, ritual or ceremonial people's lives have changed in the absence of ghosts and spirits of the new content, thus becoming the etiquette of modern civilization. 　　Ancient political etiquette 　　1. Heaven. Began in the Zhou Dynasty of Heaven, also known as the rural festival, the day of the Winter Solstice was held in the capital suburbs Circular Mound. Ancient worship of the first importance is the entity, on the day of worship is also reflected in the worship of the moon and the stars of the cult. All these specific worship, a certain number is reached only after the abstract to the worship of the day. Zhou people worship days, appears from the Yin dynasty, "Emperor" developed from the worship, the supreme ruler of the throne, divine right of kings, ruler of Heaven is the highest service, and therefore Heaven popularity to the Qing dynasty came to an end . 　　2. Jide. Summer Solstice is the day Jide, rituals and worship of heaven or less the same. Han said to God the Mother, that she is the goddess of blessing mankind, also known as the god. Jide is the first blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, not ground-breaking feng shui beliefs prevalent. Jide etiquette also offering mountains, offering earth god, Ceres, Sajik so. 　　Li Temple of Ancient Monarchs. Jiajing Fuchengmen monitor _set_ up in Beijing, when the Temple of Ancient Monarchs, emperor worship kings 36. 　　4. On the first division first holy rituals. Han later to Duke for the first holy and Confucius for the first division; Tang respect for the sage Confucius, Yen Hui, the first division. Kung has adopted a "hold the essence of" ceremony (with the discretion of Er Ji Jian Zu dishes, there's no corpse), as Miller, but also as Confucius ceremony. Northern and Southern Dynasties, the two lines hold the essence of ritual every spring, are also located throughout the county study hole, and Yan Temple. Ming as Confucius said, "sage and teacher." Qing Dynasty, the Mukden (Shenyang) with the Confucius Temple, its capital Beijing, with its Imperial Imperial College for the Imperial College, established Confucian Temple, Confucius, said "Ta Holy propaganda and teacher." Qufu temple system, sacrificial utensils, musical instruments and ritual ceremony of Beijing Imperial College shall prevail. Rural drinking ritual ceremony is the product of sage and teacher. 　　5. Meet ceremony. Meet the lower to the higher line when Meet the ceremony, officials Yibai ceremony between the lines, the public, Hou, Fuma, two of each other to bow, the lower ranks first bow in the West, the higher the East return a visit home. Civilians each other, according to young and old rituals, child who salute. Four other lines outside the bow in the past do not line military's ceremony. 　　6. Salute. Including punitive expedition, taxes, hunting, construction and so on. 　　① the birth ceremony of ancient ritual of life. From pregnant women not to Praying for Children when the baby years, all the rituals revolve around the theme of longevity. Rite Gaomei child is begging ritual. At this point, _set_ up the altar in the southern suburbs, Concubine 9 Pin to join. Gaomei Han there when the festival, when the Tang and Song developed the worship of the ritual Gaomei, Jin Qing Dynasty Gaomei Festival, the East Wing in the Imperial City built wooden doors north side station, station consists of Gaomei tablets . The Rite of the Qing Dynasty Gaomei no, there with the same meaning of "cable replacement" ceremony. Birth of son preference, the tendency ceremony since ancient times. The birth ceremony also included the "three dynasties", "Full Moon", "Hundred Days", "birthday", etc.. "Three dynasties" is when the baby was born three days to accept all aspects of gift. "Full moon" when the baby full month of shaving lanugo. "Hundred Days" when the Bank recognized uncle ceremony, naming ceremony. "Age" lines when grasping the Zhou Dynasty, in order to predict the fate of children with life, good and bad business. ② Rite, also called Rites, is entering the ranks of adult men in ceremonial crown. Rites from the prevalence of clan society when young men and women to participate in the Chengding mature ceremony evolved. Rites of the Zhou Dynasty followed the Han Guan. Wei, the crown began with music accompaniment. Tang and Song to pursue the policy of Rites, the Qing Dynasty abolished. Many ethnic minority areas in China has still preserved the ancient rite of passage, such as tooth extraction, tooth staining, wear skirts, wear pants, _set_ the hair for the ceremony. ③ fete manners. Sleeping at the Imperial Ancestral Temple, cooking Tai Lao guests to drink a focus on ritual rather than between diet, swallow the feast, Yan ceremony held in the chambers, the guest of honor can drink it and enjoy. Yan Li of the Chinese food culture have a profound effect formation. Festival hosted in the form of Chinese folk Eating Custom holiday manners. Lantern Festival Lantern Festival food, eating cold food Hanshi Ching Ming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival in May dumplings and wine on them, the Mid-Autumn moon cake, laba porridge, dumplings are all the year round holiday ritual of eating. In particular holiday eating certain foods, which is a kind of manners. Feast on the seating, serving the order, drinks upon, toast etiquette, but also have social customs between men and women, noble and humble, young and old taboo on relationships and prayer requests. ④ Guest Ritual. Mainly to the guests the gift of hospitality. Ritual exchanges of gifts and the guests have different levels. Persons meet, guest host should see pheasant as Zhi; under doctor meet to geese as Zhi; the doctor meet to lamb as Zhi. ⑤ Wu Si. Means offering door, families, well, stove, medium (middle room). Zhou is a family worship spring, summer banqueting kitchen, in June slipped worship, worship doors autumn and winter festival well. When seasonal line Wu Si Han, Mang Tung, Bobby March, "Prince Wu Si", Zongji time. Tang, Song and Yuan a "seven emperor worship", which worship Siming (small palace of God), in the country and state lines, Thai Li (Wild Ghosts), household, kitchen. Wu Si Ming and Qing dynasties are still offering the Qing Emperor Kangxi, the strike went to the door, households, the well honored with, only in the December 23 Worshiping Kitchen, and Legends of the Kitchen God made things the twelfth lunar month 24 overturned the story of consistency, the state adopted the folk form of Religion. ⑥ Exorcising. Originated in prehistory, popular in the Shang and Zhou. Zhou Dynasty Exorcising evil spirits and illness, the four seasons. Zhou that the natural operation and personnel of the good and bad forged. Seasons change, cold and heat variations, disease, and the ghost of the momentum is everything, it must be timely trip to exorcising the evil one by one. Exorcising the Lord God is the band's clan. Han, Exorcising's appear to match with the band's second beast. Followed the Chinese system, Tang Wei, Exorcising the addition of entertainment content, band's, and 12 animal that's the role played by the musicians. Remains of the Tujia People are still Exorcising the most complete instrument typical. 　　Dinner table etiquette 　　Dong Wenshen 　　Table on the culture is to "drink dishes culture" popular it is called. In old Beijing, the family or family in different Di social, economic, customs, environment, 影响 under the form of You own Tese the table Wenhua, a number of family in the way rice Zhuan have "family dinner", "Bin Yan" and "Bian Feast "- a private banquet is the family feast and a variety of festive activities, their designed banquet; guests are entertained relatives and friends dinner banquet; informal dinner is commonplace. Old Beijing on a variety of table etiquette is very careful, in the long years of progressively reflects the values of old Beijing, consciously or unconsciously constructed with "courtesy," "filial piety", "Germany", "education" as the content table culture. 　　"Li" means drinking dishes etiquette and manners. It reflects the moral values of family formation etiquette and customs, ceremonies and personal courtesy requirements. Family dinner, informal dinner to be "long" (parents, elders) the main banquet guests to a "customer" oriented. Therefore, the formation of a number of rules binding on the family, especially children more stringent constraints. 　　Although the identity of each dinner as the guests and the characteristics of ritual customs, in the food type, quality grade, Fanzhuang choice is different, but never let the guests pick out "no" to. In the banquet of the message, toast, talk, eat, feast of the whole speech, we should always pay attention to etiquette. 　　Opening banquet host to important guests before introducing to you, and the message of passion caused by simple; opening banquet to personally master sommeliers, according to the order of elders and guests to toast, can not be forced; active liquor power for the numerous guests to drink to Guests pay tribute; guests respect to food, we should pay attention to food-loving guests, the number of no more, traffic can not be great, otherwise, make the guests embarrassment; owners should pay attention to the extensive exchange banquet, do not heat the cold he, if women Philippines, also pay attention to the transcript and the respect for female guests; owner can not be before the guests Fangxiawankuai until the guests that have eat before dinner speech; the owner to accompany the guest of honor, mouth, wash their hands to another seat after the tea . 　　Large house to cook, ask the chef serving plate when the plate containing around can not have food stains, serving with both hands and side plates, Duan Wan, fingers can not pull on the plate along and Wanbian; hold rice, soup, poured tea time can not be too full, poured wine to full, but not overflow; pouring action is necessary to regulate, should not be Wangai buckle on the table, teapot mouth toward the guests; tea for after going to step back and then turn left; to the guests on Tobacco use plates when the side to the guests, avoid hand-Di Yan, do not use a match to several cigarette, do not blow out through your mouth in the guests before matches and throw them away Huochai Geng, not allowed to sweep the floor in front of guests, Shan table, in particular, are not allowed to tea spilled on the ground. 　　In addition, before the guests, the host can not reprimand their children and servants; main dispute with the customer's children, master to their children taken away, no matter who is wrong, should apologize to each other, but not in front of the guests face lessons their children, or guests will feel uncomfortable. 　　Bin Yan is generally not let children participate. I remember growing family feast, ask the children to do to understand the rules, respect people, polite, educated, there are three allowed: meals are not allowed to appear noisy sound, the rattle of dishes, but are not allowed to knock the table with chopsticks knock bowl, closed mouth and a virtual Christine Baji. 2 grandmother eating people hear the voice of Baji mouth nausea, eating a virtual Christine unbearable. And let the children eat choked active under continuous hiccups table, not allowed to drag chair stool so as not to issue shrill voice, which is not allowed to speak out requirements; second is not allowed "under the mouth," the older children is not without Dongkuaizi first and take their food, and allowed to fill the mouth too full, not allowed to devour, not allowed to stand up and take their food, the food can not reach to the clip to indicate their elders, are not allowed in the vegetable plate with chopsticks pick random forages, not allowed to use both eyes glued to the table while eating the food, not allowed to use chopsticks that people will not be allowed to eat things and miscellaneous teeth dirty mouth or spit left in the ground and not allowed out cooked rice, bread crust and expose leftovers to a clean job push lightly. The most taboo that children will chopsticks in the rice bowl in-line; 3 is absolutely not allow the children to drink. Then the two grandmothers and kids love Lele, at the dinner table to play some games, lost to the program, but also let the children finish eating, more than anyone else's job and desktop than most clean, dinner, a warm atmosphere is very strong . 　　"Filial piety" pay attention to respect their elders during family dinner, to be filial. 　　When a child seated great grandmother, two grandmothers sit on the upper, because of a grandmother paralyzed, unable to attend, but give place to stay, to show their status at home. Great grandmother to be speaker, "have to sit", everyone was seated by birth order, young children and food to other tables. Several aunt and my mother can only present themselves to the cloth behind his family dishes, pour tea, handed towels. 　　Two grandmothers in every family feast in the number of daughter points to be given to eat their favorite dishes to their usual hard work is rewarded, rewarded in the private banquet dishes said. Grandmother both kind and very dignified. At the dinner table we have to observe the mood of the two old ladies. Bad mood, it must play by the rules, toast, said that a flatter Less, words must be followed by long hours, can not favoritism, so we are very cautious. Emotion is good, old couple are laughing, pulling each other's children Homely qwaqwa. Great grandmother will be the speaker at this time: "Everybody at that map a piece of music, but also so the rules do?" Then everyone will be relaxed, happy atmosphere of harmony, big people have to their children led to the main table and say hello to the elderly. Will discuss old sister to please, took out from his pocket a few grains peanuts or candy stuffed into the hands of old people, old couple laughed, to the granddaughter praise. Second, some of her grandmother is more casual, will be to tease the kids table, kids, let the children come into their own folder to order feed a population of children are particularly pleased. Everyone is active and congenial atmosphere to enjoy the grandchildren. 　　This "filial piety" is not just juniors to the seniors of respect, respect, also reflects the care for seniors to juniors. Therefore, the younger the more respect for elders, filial piety more elderly people, cast in the hearts of everyone sincere piety. 　　"Tak" is a character in the family drinking dishes in "Let's, degree, thrifty" requirements. 　　"Let" is to require all mutual accommodation, not tasty Qiangzhe Chi, first let other people eat, can not even eat there are grievances, to do so for the first; "degree" required to have degrees, eat and drink can not eat too much, can not urge somebody to drink excessive, who was drunk home. "Thrifty" is to be thrifty, not waste, in particular, require that children not to waste food, the two hosted a grandmother often asked not to extravagant luxury. After the banquet, will not have to move off the chopsticks and dishes have not been to the table to take home. 　　"Education" is the drink dishes of family education. Through oral teaching by example, prolonged exposure, unconsciously inherited the family's old rules and customs, the common meal with the family of teachers, the grandmother always asked several teachers to the children "lecture", and children under the social fashion to propose new request, went to see the phenomenon of bad pointers a bit and let the children know what to do, can not do education, making eating in. 　　In the ceremony, filial piety, Germany, under the influence of education, the children develop good eating habits, and then re-formed the ceremony, the form of filial re-psychological, moral weight behavior, teach important cultural inheritance the dinner table, which is the old Beijing culture in microcosm. 　　Campus Etiquette 　　A talk about caring for public property, some may perhaps think that this is commonplace, as similar to "caring for public property glory, destroying public shame," "caring for public property, everybody," I am afraid this slogan also said the nursery a few children. 　　But in real life do we think? Careful observation reveals that the phenomenon of campus vandalism are everywhere: there are students for the sake of a shortcut and at the grass; play without accidentally broke the classroom windows and doors; outdoor campaign broke the public tables on campus chairs, railings, and trash; desk chair will often see a variety of graffiti ... ... Have you ever wondered, whether intentional or not, these acts have caused damage to public property, but also to other students learning and life of the unnecessary trouble, but also increased maintenance costs for schools of public property, this is not a small sum of expenditure. 　　Whenever I see these uncivilized acts, you may frown mumbled words: wicked! Yes, these people are missing is the "civic virtue" to the neglect of social morality, not compliance disciplined. And realize that they themselves never had such public property is the "master", do not know is our common goods public property, everyone has the obligation to take good care of public property. 　　An old saying: "do good and not to behave badly on minor occasions." Caring for public property actually done very simple, anyone with a considerate heart, always observe all rules and regulations, we can guarantee public facilities in good condition with normal use. 　　Etiquette - the required life can not be ignored 　　The ceremony was made in human nature, combined in a code of conduct required of life. Why? Whether the protocol is the difference between man and beast where the (human nature), is the foundation of human social harmony. Looking at today, about ceremony, ritual knowledge, few, it is common social order and disorder, all kinds of friction, conflicts frequently occur, people get along not only the lack of a sense of security, and even look were the enemy a sense of crisis. 　　This protocol, the crowd is never small. People exchange feelings, things and events to maintain order, maintain the normal state to state, are a courtesy from the power of dealing. 　　The role of etiquette should not be ignored, how can we modern people do not take seriously and learning? Otherwise, in the community, will inevitably run into a wall everywhere suffer, too late by then. Because we believe that no one wants behind the rise in offensive behavior is Seven eight language, ridicule cynical: "someone outrageous, not educated, no common sense, thick base unbearable, inhuman, not seen the scene, really annoying very funny, well him and less from ... ... "This is a series of terms, and for your future, all in all, what kind of impact? 　　Etiquette is without prejudice to the virtues of others, is respectful of people's good deeds, and also his passport to all things is to Mastery Fulfillment of. 　　If we can do more, "Oneself" Kung Fu, by their own sub-start, start families, believe that the community will be more peaceful and, courteous. This is our common expectations. 　　The following is a narration of Professor Li Bingnan general "often give ceremony to" contribute to everyone for reference. 　　(A) home 　　(B) in school 　　(C) themselves in society 　　(D) Dinner 　　(E) out 　　(6) Respondents were 　　(7) receive 　　(8) Travel 　　(9) of the Public 　　(10) gift 　　(11) celebrate hanging 　　(12) call 　　Attached to that 　　(A) home 　　1, and his son does not Anchor (late), the clothing their order, twilight must province. 　　Second, and his son sit in the seats, no middle way line. 　　3, and his son will be reported out of the anti-will face. 　　Fourth, the elderly and objects connected to Feng hands. 　　5, long after the Xu line, not long before Fleet of Foot. 　　6, the elderly can not stand to sit, to the elderly will rise. 　　7, Block is not for the elderly before pacing up and down. 　　8, stand not in the door, window-point is not threshold. 　　9, vertical mixed lame enough, sitting not to show legs, such as Kei, do not sleep without Yang Fu, lying, such as the right bow. 　　10, table to eat no other prepared food taste alone. 　　11, not picky eaters U.S. evil. 　　12, eat without a sigh, do not reprimand their children. 　　(B) in school 　　First, lift the flag and sing the national anthem, school song, the show stood in respect. 　　Second, the upper and lower class teachers stand and salute. 　　Third, the teachers Questioning Difficult Problem, will stand. 　　4, Lu-yu, teachers, stood in the roadside tribute. 　　5, attendance should be sitting or standing; why he did not pay shares of Rhythm, bending, Alice foot. 　　6, examination, do not whisper, or looked around. 　　7, On the school and parents of their teachers, their friends and believe music their way. 　　(C) themselves in society 　　1, no Taoist short, not that long has been. 　　Second, family things, not hide out. 　　Third, I was the door of fortune, something to be considered by some to say.  see frustrated people, do not speak English pride; see the elderly, do not say bad words mourning. 　　4, delivery can not be made shallow depth, Dear John not sound bad. 　　Fifth, do not insult people, not to people joking. 　　6, and persons with disabilities to meet, to be particularly respectful. 　　7, the hands are hawkers and coolies, Mo look for a bargain. 　　8, seeking mercy forget, stipendiary will be reported; open to solve the crime on others, should be added to offend my regret. 　　9, good man from as close to, have to respect a long time; the wicked turn away from when. 　　10, failing to calm, can not do, Mo jump Chengneng. 　　11, no shoe in a field of melons, Lee is not the whole under the crown. 　　12, everything should be reasonable and wise, can not be biased towards feelings. 　　13, lost her way, not impose on others. 　　14, who seek out other things, to create the door does. 　　(D) Dinner 　　1, blocks the order of attendance will be the elderly. 　　Second, do not cross the brachial after admission, does not stretch enough. 　　Third, the main first toast King off, off speech of thanks. 　　4, the master cook himself, after the food required to master Li Xie. 　　5, Bi toast master, the owner is off to retaliate. 　　6, when faced spoon, will please you with the move. 　　7, using chopsticks and take their food, only one orientation of those who have not erected to him in serving the food Angle. 　　8, chopsticks key is not to take food to dishes of soup top of mind. 　　9, the device of public food, do not have chopsticks plow. 　　10, Key will run to more than Lek, party tableware in public re-entry. 　　11, his food bowl of the meat dish, not a public tool in the counter-back. 　　12, taken from meat dish cooking chopsticks spoon, do not fold in the other. 　　13, food do not affect the tongue, pharynx, larynx do not Ming. 　　14, the public is not made to the principle of food to be made should avoid saliva into the device in public. 　　15, cough will turn backwards. 　　16, do not scold the dog, do not vote on the dog bone. 　　17, without leaving a rice bowl. 　　18, not one tick teeth. 　　19, off food is not complete, since the owner is not the first. 　　20, from the seats, the main Jackson made to turn away, off thanks. 　　21, the banquet, the owner into the towel into the tea. 　　(E) out 　　One, dressed not for China and the United States, subject to clean. 　　Second, known for who will pay tribute trend. 　　3, climb not call, does not mean, do not call. 　　Fourth, the road is not smoking, not chewing food, not singing. 　　5, known for choosing the next car, see the child are also required with nod for the ceremony. 　　6, the night will go home, because when things can not go, we must first reported his family. 　　7, traveling complicated red zone, do not call salute. 　　8, does not stand on the road for a long time. 　　9, do not walk the middle road, more road must first see to the left and right, not the conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. 　　10, walking, walking should steady, and closed chest Yi Zhang, as the project forward. 　　11, case of women, the elderly, due to let road seat. 　　12, Tu Ci was to ask the way, to _set_ the direction; ask for the people, shall forthwith give thanks. 　　13, one would not join the temple, the two do not look deep. 　　14, first dismount every bridge, transitional Mo boat competition. 　　15, the journey or flight, do not probe or hand out the window first, and not easily tear sputum. 　　(6) Respondents were 　　A first buckle stand outside the door gently, let into the side into the host. 　　Second, there are other guests into the host for the introduction, to 11 for the ceremony, a speech of the time Yi Ru. 　　3, inner saw him off, not sedentary; something to be invited to host another said that he described. 　　4, when he saw him sitting on customer to that address out. 　　5, sitting will be positive, do not listen, do not Huaxiao. 　　Sixth, do not carry all the animals on the court. 　　7, the master indoor letters instruments, shall not get to see. 　　8, conversation response will look Gu. 　　9, will be on the court, sound will be Yang. 　　10, users open also open, have fun-filled family affluence; a later entrants, their families will not freeze then. 　　11, the owner and stretched, or tell the time, that is to address the. 　　12, food and sleep without visitors. 　　13, his audience with the Executive elders, should bow salute, then took their places; and back, is no different. 　　14, and the Executive elders, and women's line shaking hands should be as soon as the first hand, and conscientious and grip. 　　15, visiting government employees and teachers, we must first ask of his part-time work, not sitting chatting. 　　16, visitors are not met, or fairing, or write board message card. 　　(7) receive 　　First, see the first salute, greeting regular customers Road, stranger, please Xingzi address. 　　2, and the door precursor for the whole family off Qi. 　　3, each door will let customers first. 　　4, entry will be safe for the passenger seat. 　　5, room with his guest, should be introduced, first referred child in the long, medium base on respect, medium close to far, homotopy is mediated at the post before. 　　6, and offer tea fruit long after the first child, sir ripening. 　　7, the owner must Xia Zuo, toast for tea. 　　8, customers will be sent to pay tribute to the distance outside the village or the customer will be sent to the intersection. 　　9, far-off special to be prepared diet bedroom, toilet guide, lead bath. 　　10, far off to, will be sent to the inn, looking car away, before returning. 　　(8) Travel 　　1, will travel, will address relatives, ancestors speech pro. 　　Second, far to the destination, we must first call the people concerned. 　　3, Ye shall return relatives, or sent to earth a little thing. 　　Fourth, the separation of the family and friends bid farewell, will go off, before or gratuity, or feast preserves. 　　5, far off to visit, to go to return a visit or dinner Jie Feng. 　　6, travelers returning to worship, to Yi Hui Bai, or hosted a welcome home. 　　7, by the person off and farewell, to the seat, to 11 letter thank. 　　Eight people completed the Jiefeng or dust collector, I have to also. 　　9, immigration and prohibition, asked the Customs entry, entry asked taboo. 　　10, into the country without following, into the village will be under the traveling. 　　(9) of the Public 　　1, others are talking, not interrupting. 　　Second, the two of them talk, not to go through the middle. 　　Third, do not disturb other audio-visual loud noise. 　　Fourth, do not cross-sit, do not cross legs, feet are not palpable. 　　Fifth, do not repeat His words. 　　Sixth, take non-wave chair stool after the party. 　　7, hat without the hat on in others. 　　8, not to people spitting fountain. 　　9, not to people yawn, Shu Shen, sneeze. 　　(10) gift 　　First, reciprocity, to not go, to not come, all reciprocate. 　　Second, give people do not say to take, and with the wants and hopes people do not ask. 　　Third, people donated items, will be modest will respect. 　　Fourth, people donated items will be used outside the package, wedding Keiju exception. 　　5, usually gratuities, passenger seat with him, to avoid the concept of listening to and far from the early interviews, from time to avoid. 　　6, after the recipient by the first abbreviated Qianci, thanks, more than day to go to worship. 　　7, the elderly give, not speech. 　　(11) celebrate hanging 　　1, to participate in Kyrgyzstan ceremony, talk about bad funeral, I do not Qirong, not Tiqi. 　　Second, mourning ceremony not to participate in Kyrgyzstan, only to send instrument objects. 　　3, sackcloth not join the public service, they do not view Ji Li. 　　4, He married in Zhongbin ago, resigned not Valse. 　　5, Pro funeral without laughing. 　　6, there funeral, not Lane song. 　　7, rice at the funeral home, wine is not ocher Yen. 　　8, those who wear badges will be buried, Li end is lifted, does not wear him to. 　　(12) call 　　First, last name first meeting of the people asked, say your name, ask name, said, Tai Fu. Since that said, My name is a name that sounding name Soji so and so. 　　Second, there are relatives and old family friends who should be commensurate with each other all their birthright. Ordinary people say that Mr. or a brother, claiming to be said, brother. Carer for the elderly, said the old man say, after the school claimed to say, or from the name. 　　Third, that the father said, your father, Mu Yue your mother. To the person from the parents, say family Yan, Yue Jia Ci. See the father of a friend, said the old man, the mother said the aunt, claiming to be late or nephew. 　　Fourth, that the ancestor of man, say Lingzu public and grandmother said, people make Zutai Fu. Yue Jia Zu to the person from the motherland. Grandmother said, her grandmother at home. See one of the grandparents, too, said the old man, too aunt. Can claim to have names. 　　5, said the people of the brothers, said, Your brother, Yue Ling Di. To the person from the brothers, said, Jiaxiongshedi. Said one of the sisters, said, Lingzi your sister. To the person from the sisters, said, Jiazi my younger sister. See who's brother, said Mr. a few, or several brother, claiming little brother. See who the sisters, collectively referred to several sister, said that since the younger brother say. (Book article claimed paternity) 　　6, said the man's wife, said, thus rendering it, or your wife, from wife to the person, say my wife or Jiannei. See who's wife said the daughter claimed to have names. (Women can claim mei) 　　7, the woman said the man's husband, said, Zunfu a President, to the person from the husband, say my husband. See who's husband, said a President, since the better to avoid the call, if necessary, only that I can. 　　8, said the son of man, say your son or son, said the woman, saying that people love, or Nvgong Zi. To the person from the child, said, children, women say my daughter. See the Son of Man, said Shi Xiong, claiming younger brother, said the woman said, Shijie, since not call. 　　Nine, said the people of Sun and granddaughter, said, that women make Sun Yue Sun. To the person from the Sun, and women Sun, Yue Sun, Sun said, my daughter. See the Sun and the woman who Sun, said the son of a few Miss a few. 　　10, said the person, or from the late generations ago, the first word plus one system. If that person so parents say that the first order Taifu Ren respect; said it from the parents, said, like the first Yanxian Ci. That no additional words were late Xiabei only cloud "before a brother" to, since it Xiabei said, but added a word death, or the cloud "before so and so" can be. 　　11, said the person uncle aunt, uncle said, so that the aunt. To the person from the uncle aunt, uncle aunt said, family. See who the uncle aunt, said the elderly men and women; pay thickness, could say the old man and an old aunt. 　　12, said the person uncle aunt, said, the mother of that aunt so. Person from the uncle to my aunt, my mother said, Jiu Jia aunt. See who the uncle aunt, before simulation title. 　　13, said the father-mother-in-one, so mother said, Ling Yue. Parents-to-person, Yue Yue Jiayue home mother. See one of her parents, pre-simulation title. 　　14, said the person Neizhi, say so Neizhi. The nephew said the man, Yue Ling Sheng. The husband said the man, say that husband. To the person from Neizhi, nephew, husband, said, spacious Neizhi, say homes nephew, Yue Xiao Xu. 　　15, said the person friends and relatives say that the pro said, Guiyou. To the person from family and friends, say Sheqinbiyou. 　　16, said the people of division, said, Ling Shi, students say that your pupil. To the person from the division, said, spacious business division. That said, spacious self only. Claims division, said, Master, or Wu Shi. That since said, by industry, or say his students. 　　17, said the people of Executive, said, your a long (School Department bureau, etc.). That person is a member said, are you or your subordinates. To the person from the Chief Executive, said, in a long spacious, said the self is a member of staff or spacious said, is a spacious, also called a certain name in a post. 　　18, said the people of the host, say you, the said person servant, said, Takanori. Autonomy to the person who said, spacious upper; said the self-servant, say a small price. 　　(With that) 　　1, address the issue, the very complex, custom parts, called direct to meet, especially many different, it is difficult to list. This part of its external communication is usually recorded only users. 　　Second, relatives, called very fine, for every wrong word and Yi Xiao person. Examples of this is hereby series, designed for common, so an unknown _set_. 　　Student Etiquette 　　1. Student appearance, appearance, grooming ritual 　　Dressed: the daily primary and secondary students to meet the age characteristics of dress, especially in line with student status, neat appearance. 　　Pioneers, the Communist Youth League in accordance with the provisions of wearing red scarf or Tuanhui. Students do not make up, do not wear jewelry, do not perm, boys do not have long hair. 　　Participate in meetings, lectures and just stand straight when sitting. Sit still: the first is straight neck, upper body and the basic vertical seat back. Direct legislation: head high, upper body, legs perpendicular to the ground. 　　Stable walking: walking posture is correct, moderate pace, powerful sound. In the corridor, classroom walk, the trot softly; on the street, right, walk; not shake shoulder and hip Akira, do not walk more than Goujiandabei. 　　Conversation civilized manner: a comprehensive instrumentation requirements. Talk with people, the sincerity and language of civilization. Interpersonal skills, the expression of natural, generous action. 　　2. Student Body Language Etiquette 　　Smile: Yes, that friendly faces of others, without showing teeth, upturned mouth micro. 　　Bow: a lower to higher levels, juniors on the elders, individual groups of etiquette. Bow, the hat, stand at attention, eyes watching each other, smiling, and then the upper body bent forward tilt of natural, bow eyes looking down. Sometimes grateful, depth and upper body can be further forward. 　　Handshake: meeting or parting with the people the most common courtesy, but also the people of gratitude, sympathy, congratulations or encouragement of the protocol. 　　Stand up before shaking hands, took off his gloves, his right hand with right hand and hold the other party. 　　When shaking hands, eyes watching each other, smiling. 　　In general, do not shake hands with force, can hold about. Between old friends can hold depth and, for a long time greeting some or side edges tightly with both hands. 　　Do not cross over to shake hands at the same time, people would then hand grip, turn with grip. 　　Wave: long distance to see strangers in public places or who bid farewell to departing guests, their hands and nodded hello. 　　Applause: is that joy, welcome, appreciate the courtesy. With both hands at a pace to hit, Applause to timely and appropriately. 　　Right salute to: the campus, up and down stairs, stairs or walking the streets, through the right side of the road. Encounter teachers, guests, long, young, women, disabled, military personnel out of the door, take the initiative to open the door Celi, let them first. 　　3. Students with people, conversations and basic etiquette 　　Respectfully (King said): elders, friends or acquaintance who said, "You." His teachers and social workers to call their office or "teacher", "Master," "uncle," "Auntie," and so on, do not address him by his name. 　　Request of others to say "please"; and when greeting to say "Hello"; and break up when people say "goodbye"; trouble when people say "sorry"; others thanks to his time said, "It does not matter"; thanks to help from others to say "Thank you." 　　4. Flag raising, singing the national anthem etiquette 　　Students attending the ceremony to dress neatly, tied coat button, pants button, wear a red scarf, hat, flag Fangxiang Li is stop for good. Not talk, walk or do other actions. Flag-raising the national anthem when the teams face the flag ceremony or ritual attention until the flag rose to top of the pole. 　　Li-Young Pioneers Team: Stand up straight at attention, his right hand fingers close together, holding his head, his eyes watching the recipient that the interests of the people above everything else. 　　National anthem is a symbol of musical forms. Singing the national anthem when standing at attention, visual front, solemn demeanor, the lyrics correct, accurate pitch, resonant sound. 　　5. Etiquette in schools 　　Teachers into the schools first met, say hello to stop at attention bow: "Good teacher!" "Good president!" People for a long time, you can nod greetings; see the students can nod, wave hello. 　　The class to stand. Standing on the side seat, his hands hanging naturally, to the teachers line eyes. 　　Class prepared to ask or answer questions first hand. Correct action is: sitting seats, right elbow on the table, held on the arm, his right hand fingers close together, fingers up, and so was allowed to rise again. 　　Call the office or living room into the teacher "report" or knock on the door, they heard the sound of indoor moderate, in social intercourse, must first knock on the door into the other room is also, without permission will be allowed to enter. 　　6. Students welcome ceremony 　　Visiting guests, to stand up to greet, smiling, active greeting: "Hello!" "Welcome to!" In response to questions about to rise. Seat for the guests, and bottled water; guests and parents talk to avoid; guests leave, sent up the door. 　　7. Student house etiquette 　　Please elders seated dinner first, before their own place, have dinner in the comity of others. 　　Before leaving home, to greet the parents: "I am gone, goodbye!" Go home, said: "I'm back!" 　　Meet the parents leave home or go home, take the initiative to greet, goods delivery access 　　Origin of Etiquette 　　Ritual as an important interpersonal norms, it is not random baseless creations, not an option. Understand the origin of etiquette will help understand the nature of ritual, and consciously carried out in accordance with the requirements of etiquette social activities. The ritual origin, the researchers have a variety of views can be broadly classified into the following. 　　There is a view that the ritual originated in the court's requirements. In the West, "Etiquette" from the French word "Etiguette" intended to "pass the courts." Ancient France in order to ensure the activities of the court order, court rules will be printed into the court issued a notice card to each person as to comply with the rules and codes of conduct. Later "Etiguette" word into English, as "a ritual," meaning, as it contacts the rules and guidelines to be followed. 　　As can be seen from the origin of ritual, liturgy is in people's social activities, in order to maintain a stable order, in order to maintain a harmonious communication should be transported generated. To this day, this ritual still embodies the essential characteristics and unique features.

评论 (0)