社交禮儀 Social poise and grace. 影视同名中国话剧传统戏剧戏剧评论影视同名影视评论群星荟萃莺歌燕乐音乐莺歌燕乐群星荟萃儿童小说寓言童话人物传记军事纪实穿越历史笔记杂录纪实报告历险小说心理学小说恐怖悬疑推理侦探军事生活战争动漫同志小说女性小说情与欲言情青春校园现实百态职场商界都市生活黑白两道乡土风情知青文革三言二拍世态人情侠义小说公案小说其它古典唐宋传奇宗教小说手抄艳情才子佳人演义说部神魔志怪讽刺谴责话本小说鸳鸯蝴蝶哲理小说武侠科幻小说网络小说超现实小说魔奇侠玄人物传记军事纪实穿越历史笔记杂录纪实报告演义说部诗人评传诗歌文集诗歌评论诗歌鉴赏道教词道教诗散文散文评鉴散文诗散文集日记书信杂文笑林随笔骈文作家评传小说评论小说选集故事演绎短篇小说体育健儿体育运动健美健身兵器武术商界精英经济商企职场培训金融股票两性生活休闲娱乐养生健康天天美容女性天空婚姻家庭时尚分享励志感悟学校学案教学演讲蒙学文学思考汉语书法文房四宝棋牌篆刻雕塑绘画设计人文学者哲学思考新闻媒介时政法律生理心理社会学美学信息科学军事类农业类动物医学类地质学天文算法类术数类植物环境科学生物学百科全书科学家科普诸子杂家书类儒家类四书类圣经类孝经类小学类文化思考易类春秋类法家类社交礼仪经书评论诗经类道家类释家类体育健儿商界精英作家评传人文学者科学家诗人评传世界历史书信别史史论史评官职政书断代杂史正史纪事本末编年诏令奏议载记通史春秋类地记方志方言民俗名山大川园林建筑异国风情旅游文化旅游经济旅游记录风景名胜水果菜谱饮料饮食文化人类与考古博物地理类文物古董

社交禮儀 Social poise and grace. 阅读 社交禮儀 Social poise and grace. 作品!!! 　　禮、樂之，盛於三代，而大備於周。三代之興，皆數百年，而周最久。始武王、周公修太平之業，畫天下以為九服，上自天子至於庶人，皆有法度。方其郊祀天地，開明堂以會諸侯，其車旗服器，文章爛然，何其盛哉！及幽、厲之亂，周室衰微，其諸侯漸大，然齊桓賜胙而拜，晉文不敢必請隧，以《禮》維持。又二百年，《禮》之功亦大矣。下更戰國，禮、樂殆絶。漢興，《禮》出淹中，戴諸儒，共為補綴，得百篇。三鄭、王肅之徒皆精其學，而說或不同。夫《禮》極天地、朝廷、宗廟、凡人之大倫，可謂矣，雖二殊說，豈不博哉！自漢以來，沿革之，有司之傳，著於書者，可以覽焉。 　　(歐陽修) 　　 　　禮儀是指人們在社會交往中由於受歷史傳統、風俗習慣、宗教信仰、時代潮流等因素而形成，既為人們所認同，又為人們所遵守，是以建立和諧關係為目的的各種符交往要求的行為則和規的總和。總而言之，禮儀就是人們在社會交往活動中應共同遵守的行為規和則。 　　 　　認識禮儀 　　從個人修養的角度來看，禮儀可以說是一個人內在修養和素質的外在現。 　　從交際的角度來看，禮儀可以說是人際交往中適用的一種藝，一種交際方式或交際方法。是人際交 往中約定俗成的示人以尊重、友好的習慣做法。 　　從傳播的角度來看，禮儀可以說是在人際交往中進行相互溝通的技巧。 　　如果分類，可以大致分為政務禮儀、商務禮儀、服務禮儀、社交禮儀、涉外禮儀等五大分支。但所謂 五大分支，因為禮儀是門綜性的學科，所以又是相對而言。各分支禮儀內容都是相互交融的，大部分禮 儀內容都大相同。 　　禮儀的主要功能，從個人的角度來看，一是有助於提高人們的自身修養；二是有助於美化自身、美化 生活；有助於促進人們的社會交往，改善人們的人際關係；還有助於淨化社會風氣。 　　從團體的角度來看，禮儀是企業文化、企業精神的重要內容，是企業形象的主要附着點。大凡國際化 的企業，對於禮儀都有高標的要求，都把禮儀作為企業文化的重要內容，同時也是獲得國際認證的重要軟件。也是律己和驚人的一種行為規。 　　 　　禮儀的含義 　　說實話，對於在維護森嚴的封建等級制度的禮儀制度，尤其是那些落的繁文縟節，新的社會制度和價值唔系非但無法接納，而且必須堅决予以拋棄。自辛亥革命徹底否定一千千秋年的封建制度之，伴隨着社會價值觀的根本改變，禮也被賦予全新的現代意義。 　　如果說傳統意義上的禮是一種涵蓋一切制度、法律和道德的社會行為規的話，今天的所謂禮則僅僅是對禮貌和相關活動的禮儀形式而言的，這也是我這一組話題所要討論的主要疇。 　　禮儀是在人際交往中，以一定的、約定俗成的程序、方式來現的律己、敬人的過程。涉及穿着、交往、溝通、情商等內容。從個人修養的角度來看，禮儀可以說是一個人內在修養和素質的外在現。從交際的角度來看，禮儀可以說是人際交往中適用的一種藝，一種交際方式或交際方法。是人際交往中約定俗成的示人以尊重、友好的習慣做法。從傳播的角度來看，禮儀可以說是在人際交往中進行相互溝通的技巧。如果分類，可以大致分為政務禮儀、商務禮儀、服務禮儀、社交禮儀、涉外禮儀等五大分支。但所謂五大分支，因為禮儀是門綜性的學科，所以又是相對而言。各分支禮儀內容都是相互交融的，大部分禮儀內容都大相同。禮儀的主要功能，從個人的角度來看，一是有助於提高人們的自身修養；二是有助於美化自身、美化生活；有助於促進人們的社會交往，改善人們的人際關係；還有助於淨化社會風氣。從團體的角度來看，禮儀是企業文化、企業精神的重要內容，是企業形象的主要附着點。大凡國際化的企業，對於禮儀都有高標的要求，都把禮儀作為企業文化的重要內容，同時也是獲得國際認證的重要軟件。 　　 　　古代禮儀 　　中國自古就是禮儀之邦,禮儀對於我們來說,更多的時候能現出一個人的教養和品位.真正懂禮儀講禮儀的人，覺不會在某一個或者 幾個特定的 場高才口才奴才蠢才天才人才之才英才多才賢才群才唯才幹才詩才降才五才乏才文才懷才奇才才能才路才力才高才伐才格才望才理才思才郎才哲才智才雄才英才情才分才略才貌才人才子才疏註重禮儀規，這是因為那些感性的，又有些程式話的細節，早已在他們的心靈的練中深入骨髓，浸入血液。 　　所以 無論何時何地，我們都要以最恰當的方式去待人接物。這個時候“禮”就成我們生命中最重要的一部分。禮儀是人際關係中的一種藝，是人與人之間溝通的橋梁，禮儀是人際關係中必須遵守的一種慣例，是一種習慣形式，即在在人與人的交往中約定俗成的一種習慣做法。 　　禮儀隊規人們的社會行為，協調人際關係，促進人類社會展具有積極的作用。 　　我國是歷史悠久的文明古國，一千千秋年來創造燦爛的文化，形成高尚的道德則、完整的禮儀規，被世人稱為“文明古國，禮儀之邦”。這從禮紀中就可得出這樣的結論.整個東亞及東南亞的文化的精華均是傳承華夏文明就是確證.中國具有五年文明史，素有“禮儀之邦”之稱，中國人也以其彬彬有禮的風貌而著稱於世。禮儀文明作為中國傳統文化的一個重要組成部分，對中國社會歷史展起泛深遠的影響，其內容十分豐富。禮儀所涉及的圍十分泛，幾乎滲透於古代社會的各個方面。中國古代的“禮”和“儀”，實際是兩上不同的概念。“禮”是制度、規則和一種社會意識觀念；“儀”是“禮”的具外表電表現形式，它是依“禮”的規定和內容，形成的一套統而完整的程序。在中國古代，禮儀是為適應當時社會需要，從宗族制度、貴賤等級關係中衍生出來，因而帶有産生它的那個時代的特點及局限性。時至今日，現代的禮儀與古代的禮儀已有很大差別，我們必須捨棄那些為剝削階級服務的禮儀規，着重選取對今天仍有積極、普遍意義的傳統文明禮儀，如尊老敬賢、儀尚適宜、禮貌待人、容儀有整等，加以改造與承傳。這對於修養良好個人素質，協調和諧人際關係，塑造文明的社會風氣，進行社會主義精神文明建設，具有現代價值。現試分述如下： 　　一、尊老敬賢我國自原始社會到封建社會，人際的政治倫理關係均以氏族、家庭的血緣關係為紐帶，故此在家庭當面表面反面方面正面迎面滿面封面地面路面世面平面斜面前面下面四面十面一面洗心革面方方面面面貌面容面色面目面面俱到尊從祖上，在社會上尊敬長輩。由於中國古代社會推崇禮治和仁政，敬賢已成為一種歷史的要求。孟子說：“養老尊賢，俊傑在位，則有慶”（註：《孟子·告子下》）。“慶”就是賞賜。古代這傳統禮儀，對於形成溫情脈脈的人際關係，以及有序和諧的倫理關係，不管過去和現代，都起着重要作用。說到尊老，這是中國傳統文化中的一大特色。古代的敬老，並不是停留在思想觀念和說教上，也並不僅止於普通百姓的生活之中。從君主、士族到整個官紳階層，都在身體力行，且形成一套敬老的規矩和養老的禮。《禮記》記載：“古之道，五十不為甸徒，頒禽隆諸長者”（註：《禮記·祭義》）。就是說，五十歲以上的老人不必親往打獵，但在分配獵物時要得到優厚的一份。一些古籍，對於同長者說話時的聲量，也作明確的要求。如《養蒙便讀》說：“侍於親長，聲容易肅，勿因瑣事，大聲呼叱”（註：《養蒙便讀·言語》）。《弟子規》又說：“低不聞，卻非宜”。總之，上至君王貴族，下達庶人百姓，都要遵循一定的規矩，用各種方式達對老者、長者的孝敬之意，作為衡量一個人是否有修養的重要標志。任何形態的社會，都需要尊敬老人。不僅因為老人閱深，見聞，經驗多，勞動時間長，對社會貢獻大，理應受到尊敬；同時，他們在力和精神上較差，需要青年人的貼、照顧和幫助。作為一個有禮貌的現代青年，對長者和老人，應該做到：路遇主動謙讓，乘車主動讓座，在商店、戲院等公共場所，應量考慮到為老人創造方便條件。關於敬賢，三國時候有個典故，叫“三顧茅廬”。說的是劉備仰慕諸葛亮的才能，要請他幫助自己打天下，便不厭其煩地親自到諸葛亮居住的草房請他出山。一而再，再而三，諸葛亮答應。從此，諸葛亮的雄大略得以充分揮，為劉備的事業“鞠躬瘁，死而已”。縱觀中國古代歷史，來有作為的君主，大多非常重視尊賢用賢，視之為國安危的决定因素。平時不敬賢，到緊急關頭，賢才就不會為國分憂。不是賢才不為國着想，而是國緩賢忘士，如此“而能經其國存者，未曾有也”（註：《墨子·親士》）。今天我們提倡揚古代“敬賢之禮”，賦予現代新人才觀的內容，就是要尊重知識，尊重人才。當今社會，各種競爭越來越激烈。姓种种氏競爭，歸根到底是人才的競爭。大至國民族，小到公司企業，要在激烈的競爭中保持優勢地位，都必須擁有強大的人才隊伍。衹有從思想觀念到具行動上尊重、愛護人才，使全社會形成一個尊重知識、尊重人才的良好環境，形成足夠強大的人才隊伍，才能立於不敗之地。 　　二、儀尚適宜中華民族素來註重通過適的形式，達人們內心豐富的情感。遇到重大節日和生重要事件，多有約定俗成的儀矩。如獲得收，要歡歌慶賀；遭到災禍，要祈求神靈保佑。久而久之，就形成許多節慶及禮儀形式，如春節、元宵、中、重陽等等，幾乎每個節日，都有特定的禮俗。在古代，婚、喪和節慶等活動是作為社會生活中的大事來對待的，其禮儀規定得格外詳而周密，從服飾、器皿到規格、程序和舉止的方位，都有具的規定。今天，我們要保持和揚中華民族優秀的禮儀文明，最重要的一點，就是貴在適宜。即如二程所主張：“奢自文生，文過則為奢，不足則為儉”（註：《二程集》程氏外書六）。可見，儀式的規模在於得當，適當的文飾是必要的，但文飾過當就會造成奢侈浪費，偏離禮規的要求；而過於吝嗇，妨礙到儀式的實行也是不得的。古人這見解非常精闢，對我們今天舉行各種儀式具有指導作用。在當今的社會活動中，舉行各種儀式仍然是不可缺少的。公司開張、兒女婚嫁，各種節慶活動，都有不同的儀式。我們要把握好各種儀式的規模，就必須掌握好適度的原則，要使必要的儀矩同現代文明相結，相關的活動既隆重其事，又不至於華而不實。我們尤其要反對那婚喪慶典之機，大操大辦，鋪張浪費的現象；反對那認為儀式越隆重越好，越豪華越乎禮規的做法。如：當今不少新婚夫妻為使婚禮夠排場，擺闊氣，互相攀比，搞到債高，造成巨大浪費。甚至有些領導幹部不顧影響，為子女以權謀私，收受大宗賀禮，助長奢靡之風。這既不符我們優良傳統，又不符我們的國情、民情。 　　三、禮貌待人任何一個文明社會，任何一個文明民族，人們總是十分註重文明禮貌。因為禮貌是人類社會以促進人際交往友好和諧的道德規之一，是構建起與他人和睦相處的橋梁。它標志着一個社會的文明程序，反映一個民族的精神面貌。中華民族來就非常重視遵循禮規，禮貌待人。其中許多耐人尋味的經驗之淡，無論過去和現在，都給人以啓迪。具說來，主要有以下兩點： 　　（一）與人為善與人相處，為善當先。而這個“善”，應是出自內心的誠意，是誠於中而形於外，而不是巧言令色和徒具形式的繁文縟節。《禮記》說：“夫禮者，自卑而尊人”（註：《禮記·麯禮上》）。如果當面表面反面方面正面迎面滿面封面地面路面世面平面斜面前面下面四面十面一面洗心革面方方面面面貌面容面色面目面面俱到上恭敬熱情，而內心虛偽，或是僅僅內心尊敬，而毫無情，都是不夠的。應該鄰里里程一致，才能從根本上消除人與人之間的隔閡、摩擦，進而互敬互愛，友好相處。尊重他人，就要平等待人，不分貴賤等級，一視同仁。如果對上層人士獻其禮敬，以財勢取人，以利益交人，其實是小人所為。《論語·子罕》載：孔子看見穿喪服、戴禮帽穿禮服的人和盲人。相見時，即使這些人年輕，孔子必定站起來。行過別人前時，一定快步走過，以示敬意。古人敬人的方法，也有值得鑒的地方。首先要尊重他人的意，諒別人的需要和禁忌，不能強人所難。不苛求別人做不能做的事，不強求別人接受不喜歡的東西。古人說：“不責人所不及，不強人所不能，不苦人所不好”（註：《文中子·魏相》）。“己所不欲，勿施於人（註：《論語·顔淵》）”，就是這個意思。在與人交往中，幽默與善意的玩笑往往給人帶來輕愉快，但决不可戲弄取樂。如果拿別人姓名為笑料，或給人起不雅的綽號，都是十分不敬的。南北朝時顔之推就曾對此不敬氣憤而言：“今世愚人，遂以相戲。或相指名為豚犢者，有識旁觀，猶欲掩耳，況當之者乎”。 　　（二）禮尚往來禮尚往來，是禮貌待人的一條重要則。就是說，接受別人的好意，必須報以同樣的禮敬。這樣，人際交往才能平等友好地在一種良性循環中持續下去。因此，《禮記》說：“禮尚往來，往而不來，非禮也；來而不往，亦非禮也”（註：《禮記·麯禮上》）。對於受恩者來說，應該滴水之恩，涌泉相報。在古人眼中，沒有比忘恩負義更傷仁德。孔子說：“以德報德，則民有所勸”；“以怨報德，則刑戮之民也（註：《禮記·記》）。可見，“以德報德”，有恩必報，是待人接物的基本道德修養。當然，往來之禮，也該適度。送禮的本意，在於達敬意答射之意，所謂禮輕意重，非越多越好。正如《莊子·山木》篇說所說：“君子之交淡若水，小人之交甘若醴；君子淡以親，小人甘以絶。彼無故以者，則無故以離”。 　　四、容儀有整一個人的儀、儀態，是其修養、文明程度的現。古人認為，舉止莊重，進退有禮，執事謹敬，文質彬彬，不僅能夠保持個人的尊嚴，還有助於進德修業。古代思想曾經拿禽獸的皮毛與人的儀儀態相比較，禽獸沒有皮毛，就不能為禽獸；人失去儀禮，也就是不成為人。古人對儀的要求，不免過於繁瑣。其中最重要的，有如下三個方面。 　　（一）衣着容貌：《弟子規》要求：“冠必正，紐必結，襪與履，俱緊切”。這些規，對現代人來說，仍是必要的。帽正紐結，鞋襪緊切，是儀類觀的基本要求。如果一個人衣冠不整，鞋襪不正，往往會使人産生反感甚至惡心，有誰會親近這樣的人呢。當然，衣着打扮，必須適自己的職業、年齡、生理特、相處的環境和交往對象的生活習俗，進行得大方的選擇。濃妝豔抹，矯揉造作，會適得其反。 　　（二）行為舉止：孔子說：“君子不重則不威，學則不固”（註：《論語·學而》）。這是因為，衹有莊重有威嚴。否則，即使學習，也不能鞏固。具說來，要求做到“站如，坐如，行如風，臥如弓”，就是站要正，坐要穩，行動利索，側身而睡。在公衆場舉止不可輕浮，不可褻，應該莊重、謹慎而又從容，做到“非禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非禮勿動”（註：《論語·顔淵》），處處乎禮儀規。（三）言語辭令：語言是人們思想、情操和文化修養的一面鏡子。古人所謂“修辭立其誠，所以居業也”（註：《易·乾文》）。將誠懇地修飾言辭看成是立業的根基，有一定的道理。且要“言必信，行必果”（註：《論語·子路》）。巧言令色的人，是不可能取信於人的。其次是慎言。古人說，上天生人，於舌頭上下兩排牙齒緊密圍裹，又在外包一層厚厚的嘴唇，就是要人們說話一定要謹慎。當然古人是要求人們少言語，而是說話要視具情況，當說則說，當默則默。孔子說：“可與言而不與之言，失人；不可與言而與之言，失言。知者不失人，亦不失言”（註：《論語·衛靈公》）。說的就是這個道理。 　　以上方面，是我國傳統禮儀的精華。雖說時代不同，但古人對儀容儀的重視及整潔儀容要求，是值得今人鑒的。外在形象是一種無聲的語言，它反映出一個人的道德修養，也人們傳遞着一個人對整個生活的內心態度。具有一個優雅的儀，無論他走到哪，都給那帶來文明的春風，得到人們的尊敬。毫無疑問，傳統禮儀文明對我國社會歷史展産生積極影響。一般說來，社會上講文明禮貌的人越多，這個社會便越和諧、安定。如果我們每一個人都教養有素，禮貌待人，處事有節，我們的生活就會更多一些愉悅，而國、社會更多一些有序與文明。從這一點講，禮儀對社會起着政治、法律所起不到的作用。長期以來，由於大量禮儀文化的精華和糟粕處於滲融存的狀態，又由於禮儀文化的糟粕所産生不可低估的消極作用。我們忽視傳統禮儀文明這一寶貴的精神財富。當相長一段時間內，社會、學校對禮儀養成教育不夠重視，許多不文明的行為亦有增無減。在今天社會主義精神文明建設中，我們應立足於吸收民族文化中的精華，使傳統文明禮儀古為今用，重建一套現代文明禮儀。 　　 　　禮儀的作用 　　禮儀是人們生活和社會交往中約定俗成的，人們可以根各式各樣的禮儀規，正確把握與外界的人及交往尺度，會理的處理好人與人的關係。如果沒有這些禮儀規，往往會使人們在交往中 感到手足無措，乃至失禮於人，鬧出笑話，所以熟悉和掌握禮儀，就可以做到觸類旁通，待人接物恰到好處。 　　禮儀是塑造形象的重要手段。在社會活動中。交談講究禮儀；可以變得文明；舉止講究禮儀可以變得高雅；穿着講究禮儀，可以變得大方；行為講究禮儀，可以變得美好……要講究禮儀，事情都會做的恰到好處。總之一個人講究禮儀，就可以變得充滿魅力 　　禮儀即禮節與儀式。 　　中國古代有“五禮”之說，祭祀之事為吉禮，冠婚之事為嘉禮，賓客之事為賓禮，軍旅之事為軍禮，喪葬之事為兇禮。五禮的內容相當泛，從反映人與天、地、鬼神關係的祭祀之禮，到現人際關係的族、親友、君臣上下之間的交際之禮；從現人生程的冠、婚、喪、葬諸禮，到人與人之間在喜慶、災禍、喪葬時示的慶祝、憑吊、慰問、撫恤之禮，可以說是無所不包，充分反映古代中華民族的尚禮精神。吉禮居五禮之手，它主要是對天神、地祗、人鬼的祭祀典禮。其主要內容可包括三個方面。第一是祭天神，即祀昊天上帝；祀日月星辰；祀司中、司命、風師、雨師等。第二是祭地祗，即祭社稷、五帝、五嶽；祭山林川澤；祭四方百物等。第三是祭人鬼，主要為春夏鼕享祭先王、先祖。兇禮是哀憫、吊唁、憂患之禮。它的主要內容有：以喪禮哀死亡，以荒禮哀區禮，以吊禮哀禍災，以檜禮哀圍敗，以恤禮哀寇亂。其中，喪禮是對各種不同關係的人之死亡，通過規定時間的服喪過程來達不同程度的北上；荒禮是對某一地區或某一國受到饑饉疫癘的不幸遭遇，國王與群臣都取減膳、停止娛樂等措施來示同情；吊禮是對同盟國或摯遇有死喪或水火災禍而進行吊唁慰問的一種禮節。這三禮節各級貴族都可舉行。檜禮是同盟國中某國被敵國侵犯，城鄉殘破，盟主國應會諸國，籌集財貨，償其所失；恤禮是某國遭受外侮或內亂，其鄰國應給予援助和支持。賓禮是接待賓客之禮。它主要包括朝、宗、覲、遇、會、同、問、視八項。軍禮時師旅操演、伐之禮，軍禮主要有大師之禮、大均之禮、大田之禮、大役之禮、大封之禮。大師之禮是軍隊伐的儀禮；大均之禮是王者和諸侯在均土地、賦稅時舉行軍事檢閱，以安撫民衆；大田之禮是天子的定期狩獵，以練習戰陣，檢閱軍馬；大役之禮是國興辦的城邑、建宮殿、開河、造堤等大規模土木工程時的隊伍檢閱；大封之禮是勘定國與國，私封地與封地間的疆界、樹立界碑的一種活動。嘉禮是和人際關係，溝通、聯絡感情的禮儀。嘉禮的主要內容有飲食之禮、婚冠之禮、賓射之禮、燕之禮、賑幡之禮、賀慶之禮。 　　民俗界認為禮儀包括生、冠、婚、喪四人生禮儀。實際上禮儀可分為政治與生活兩大部類。政治類包括祭天、祭地、宗廟之祭，祭先師先聖、尊師鄉飲酒禮、相見禮、軍禮等。生活類禮儀的起源，按荀子的說法有“三本”即“天地生之本”，“先祖者類之本 ”，“君師者治之本”。在禮儀中，喪禮的産生最早。喪禮於死者是安撫其鬼魂，於生者則成為分長幼尊卑、孝正人倫的禮儀。在禮儀的建立與實施過程中，孕育出中國的宗法(見中國宗法）禮儀的本質是治人之道，是鬼神信仰的派生物。人們認為一切事物都有看不見的鬼神在操縱，履行禮儀即是鬼神討好求福。因此，禮儀起源於鬼神信仰，也是鬼神信仰的一種特殊現形式。“三禮”(《儀禮》、《禮記》、《周禮》）的出現標志着禮儀展的成熟階段。宋代時，禮儀與封建倫理道德說教相融，即禮儀與禮教相雜，成為實施禮教的得力工具之一。行禮為勸德服務，繁文縟節極其能。直到現代，禮儀得到真正的改革，無論是國政治生活的禮儀還是人民生活禮儀都改變成無鬼神論的新內容，從而成為現代文明禮儀。 　　 　　古代政治禮儀 　　1. 祭天。始於周代的祭天也叫郊祭，鼕至之日在國都南郊圜丘舉行。古人首先重視的是實崇拜，對天的崇拜還現在對月亮的崇拜及對星星的崇拜。所有這些具崇拜，在達到一定數量之，抽象為對天的崇拜。周代人崇拜天，是從殷代出現“帝”崇拜展而來的，最高統治者為天子，君權神授，祭天是為最高統治者服務的，因此，祭天盛行到清代宣告結束。 　　2. 祭地。夏至是祭地之日，禮儀與祭天大致相同。漢代稱地神為地母，說她是賜福人類的女神，也叫社神。最早祭地是以血祭祀。漢代以，不宜動土的風水信仰盛行。祭地禮儀還有祭山川、祭土神、神、社稷等。 　　3.宗廟之祭。宗廟制度是祖先崇拜的産物。人們在陽間為亡靈建立的寄居所即宗廟。帝王的宗廟是天子七廟，諸侯五廟，大夫三廟，士一廟。庶人不設廟。宗廟的位置，天子、諸侯設於門中左側，大夫則廟左而右寢。庶民則是寢室中竈堂旁設祖宗神位。祭祀時還要卜筮選屍。屍一般由孫輩小兒充當。廟中的神主是木的長方，祭祀時搖擺鐘擺擺放擺手擺明擺龍門陣放，祭品不能直呼其名。祭祀時行九拜禮:“稽首”、“頓首”、“空首”、“ 振動”、“吉拜”、“兇拜”、“奇拜”、“褒拜”、“肅拜”。宗廟祭祀還有對先代帝王的祭祀，《禮記·麯禮》記述，凡於民有功的先帝如帝嚳、堯、舜、禹、黃帝、文王、武王等都要祭祀。自漢代起始修陵園立祠祭祀先代帝王。明太祖則始創在京都總 　　立代帝王廟。嘉靖時在北京阜成門內建立代帝王廟，祭祀先王三十六帝。 　　4.對先師先聖的祭祀。漢魏以，以周公為先聖，孔子為先師;唐代尊孔子為先聖，顔為先師。唐宋以一直沿用“釋奠”禮(設薦俎饌酌而祭，有音樂沒有屍)，作為學禮，也作為祭孔禮。南北朝時，每年春兩次行釋奠禮，各地郡學也設孔、顔之廟。明代稱孔子為“至聖先師”。清代，盛京(遼寧瀋陽)設有孔廟，定都北京，以京師國子監為太學，立文廟，孔子稱“大成至聖文宣先師”。麯阜的廟、祭器、樂器及禮儀以北京太學為式。鄉飲酒禮是祭祀先師先聖的産物。 　　5.相見禮。下級上級拜見時要行拜見禮，官員之間行揖拜禮，公、侯、駙馬相見行兩拜禮，下級居西先行拜禮，上級居東答拜。平民相見，依長幼行禮，幼者施禮。外行四拜禮，近行揖禮。 　　6.軍禮。包括伐、稅、狩獵、營建等。 　　古代生活禮儀①誕生禮。從婦女未孕時的求子到嬰兒周歲，一切禮儀都圍繞着長命的主題。高禖之祭即是乞子禮儀。此時，設壇於南郊，妃九嬪都參加。漢魏時皆有高禖之祭，唐宋時定高禖之祀的禮儀，金代高禖祭青帝，在皇城東永安門北建木方，下設高禖神位。清代無高禖之祭，卻有與之意義相同的“換索”儀式。誕生禮自古就有重男輕女的傾。誕生禮還包括“三朝”、“滿月”、“百日”、“周歲”等。 “三朝”是嬰兒降生三日時接受各方面的賀禮。“滿月”在嬰兒滿一個月時剃胎。“百日”時行認舅禮，命名禮。“周歲”時行抓周禮，以預測小兒一生命運、事業吉兇。②成年禮，也叫冠禮，是跨入成年人行列的男子加冠禮儀。冠禮從氏族社會盛行的男女青年育成熟時參加的成丁禮演變而來。漢代沿襲周代冠禮制度。魏晉時，加冠開始用音樂伴奏。唐宋元明都實行冠禮，清代廢止。中國少數民族不少地區至今還保留着古老的成年禮，如拔牙、染牙、穿裙、穿褲、盤髻等儀式。③ 饗燕飲食禮儀。饗在太廟舉行，烹太牢以飲賓客，重點在禮儀往來而不在飲食，燕即宴，燕禮在寢宮舉行，主賓可以開懷暢飲。燕禮對中國飲食文化形成有深遠的影響。節日設宴在中國民間食俗上形成節日飲食禮儀。正月十五吃元宵，清明節吃冷飯寒食，五月端陽的粽子和雄黃酒，中月餅，臘八粥，辭歲餃子等都是節日儀禮的飲食。在特定的節日吃特定的食物，這也是一種飲食禮儀。宴席上的座次，上菜的順序，勸酒、敬酒的禮節，也都有社會往來習俗中男女、尊卑、長幼關係和祈福避諱上的要求。④賓禮。主要是對客人的接待之禮。與客人往來的饋贈禮儀有等級差別。士相見，賓見主人要以雉為贄;下大夫相見，以雁為贄;上大夫相見，以羔為贄。⑤五祀。指祭門、戶、井、竈、中(中室)。周代是春祀戶，夏祀竈，六月祀中溜，祀門，鼕祭井。漢魏時按季節行五祀，孟鼕三月“臘五祀”，總祭一次。唐、宋、元時用“天子七祀”之說，祀司命(宮中小神)、中、國門、國行、泰厲(野鬼)、戶、竈。明清兩代仍祭五祀，清康熙之，罷去門、戶、中、井的專祀，在十二月二十三日祭竈，與民間傳說的竈王爺臘月二十四朝天言事的故事相，國祀典用民間形式。⑥儺儀。濫觴於史前，盛行於商周。周代的儺儀是四季驅邪逐疫。周人認為自然的運轉與人事的吉兇息息相通。四季轉換，寒暑變異，瘟疫流行，鬼魂乘勢作祟，所以必須適時行儺以逐邪惡。儺儀中的主神是方相氏。兩漢，儺儀中出現與方相氏相配的十二獸。魏晉南北朝隋唐沿襲漢，儺儀中加入娛樂成份，方相氏和十二神獸角色，由樂人扮演。至今仍有遺存的貴州土族儺堂儀最為完整典型。 　　 　　飯桌上的禮儀 　　董文申 　　飯桌上的文化，就是“飲饌文化”的通俗叫法。在老北京，不同的家庭或族在社會、經濟、習慣、環境的影響下，形成有自特色的飯桌文化，衆多族在飯饌方式上有“宴”、“賓宴”和“便宴”——宴是指族自己過節和各種喜慶活動而設的宴席；賓宴是宴請親戚朋友的宴席；便宴是常便飯。老北京飯桌上各種禮儀十分講究，在漫長的歲月中逐漸射出老北京的價值觀念，自覺或不自覺地構受不了具有“禮”、 “孝”、“德”、“教”為內容的飯桌文化。 　　“禮”是指飲饌的禮節和禮儀。它反映學家全家家庭家乡族的道德觀念和風俗習慣形成的禮節、儀式和個人的禮貌要求。宴、便宴要以“長”(長、長輩)為主，賓宴要以“客”為主。因此，就形成許多規矩約束人，尤其對孩子們的約束更加嚴格。 　　禮有形式之禮和待侍之禮。形式之禮是指禮儀的形式和氛圍所現的禮，比如宴請場所的選擇、禮儀的檔次、環境的營造、用具的備，都要現對客人的一種尊重。待侍之禮是指招待客人和侍奉客人的禮節，如宴席的排座是以長為先、師為先、遠為先的原則，即按輩分排座，家庭教師要優先入座，遠道而來的親戚朋友要優先入座，對待境貧窮的親戚和朋友更要格外照顧，主人在席間與其交流的時間要長些，敬酒次數要多些，有意識地客人介紹他們的“絶活”如棋藝、書法、唱功，以獲得衆人的贊賞和尊重。同時嚴格要求管和僕人不慢待這些人。 　　雖然每次宴請視客人身份和禮儀風俗的特點，在飯菜類、質量檔次、飯莊的選擇上是有區的，但絶不能讓客人挑出“不是”來。在宴請中的祝詞、敬酒、交談、進餐、辭宴的全程中都要註重禮節。 　　開宴前主人要將重要賓客介紹給大，導致一致以致所致大致不致而致興致招致可致之致盡致必致遂致致使致仕致敬致力致命致死致富致之致祭致意致病致谢致于致人致此致用簡明熱情的祝詞；開宴時主人要親自斟酒，按順序長輩和客人敬酒，不能強求；主動替不酒力的客人喝酒，方向客人致意；賓客敬菜時，要註意客人的飲食愛好，次數不能多，量不能大，否則會讓客人尷尬；主人要註意席間相互交流的泛性，不要熱此冷彼，如有女賓，更要註意談話內容和對女賓的尊重；主人不能先於客人放下碗筷，直到客人示已吃好方可辭宴；主人要陪主賓，漱口、淨手到另座飲茶。 　　大戶人做飯時，要求廚師盛盤上菜時盤子四周不能有菜漬，上菜要用雙手端盤、端碗，手指不能摳在盤沿和碗邊上；盛飯、盛湯，倒茶時不能太滿，斟酒要滿，但不能溢出；倒茶的動作要規，切忌將碗蓋扣在桌子上，茶壺嘴對着客人；倒茶要退一步再轉身離去；給客人上煙時要用盤子端給客人，切忌用手遞煙，不要用一根火柴給數人點煙，不要在客人前用嘴吹滅火柴和隨意扔掉火柴梗，不當着客人掃地、撣桌子，尤其不准將茶水潑在地上。 　　另外，在客人前，主人不能訓斥孩子和僕人；主與客的孩子生爭執，主人要將自己的孩子拉走，不管誰是誰非，都要對方示歉意，但不能當着客人教訓自己的孩子，否則客人會感到不自在。 　　賓宴一般也是不讓孩子參加的。記得小時候宴時，要求孩子們要做到懂規矩、尊敬人、講禮貌、有教養，有三個不:吃飯時不出現喧嘩聲、碗筷碰擊聲，更不用筷子敲桌子敲碗，不吧唧嘴和出虛恭。二祖母說吃飯時聽到吧唧嘴的聲音讓人作嘔，吃飯時出虛恭令人難以忍受。讓吃噎着連續打嗝的孩子主動下桌，不拖拉椅凳以免出刺耳的聲音，這就是不出聲的要求；二是不“下嘴”，長輩不動筷子孩子們是不能先夾菜的，不准將嘴填得滿滿的，不狼吞虎咽，不站起身來夾菜，夠不到的菜可示意長輩給夾，不用筷子在菜盤中亂挑亂翻，不邊吃邊用雙眼緊盯着桌上的菜，不用筷子指人，不准將不愛吃的東西和口雜牙穢扔在或吐在地上，不掉飯粒，揭饅頭皮和剩飯要將飯碗扒拉淨。最忌諱的，就是孩子將筷子直插在飯碗中；三是絶對不孩子喝酒。當年兩個祖母喜歡和孩子們在一起樂樂，在飯桌上玩些遊戲，輸要出節目，吃完飯還要讓孩子們比比誰的飯碗和桌最淨，席間溫馨的氣氛十分濃厚。 　　“孝”宴時講究要尊重長輩，要孝道。 　　小時候入席時大祖母，二祖母坐在上位，因三祖母癱瘓，不能參加但要給留下位置，以示其在中的地位。待大祖母話“都來坐”時，大高才口才奴才蠢才天才人才之才英才多才賢才群才唯才幹才詩才降才五才乏才文才懷才奇才才能才路才力才高才伐才格才望才理才思才郎才哲才智才雄才英才情才分才略才貌才人才子才疏按排行順序入座，年紀小的孩子們要另桌而食。位大媽和我母親能侍立在人背給菜、斟酒、倒茶、遞毛巾。 　　兩位祖母在每次宴中都要給幾個兒媳婦點她們最喜歡吃的菜，以犒勞她們平日的辛苦，在宴中稱犒勞菜。祖母既慈祥又很威嚴。在飯桌上大要觀察兩位老太太的情緒。情緒不好時，必須按規矩辦事，敬酒、說個奉承話都不能少，用詞要有長次之分，更不能厚此薄彼，因此大都很謹慎。情緒好時，二老也談笑風生，拉拉常誇誇對方的孩子。大祖母此時會話:“大兒在一塊就是圖個樂，還那麽規矩什麽？”這時大高才口才奴才蠢才天才人才之才英才多才賢才群才唯才幹才詩才降才五才乏才文才懷才奇才才能才路才力才高才伐才格才望才理才思才郎才哲才智才雄才英才情才分才略才貌才人才子才疏會放，氣氛和諧愉快，大人們還要領着各自的孩子到主桌上給老人問好。姐姐會討老人的歡心，從兜掏出粒花生豆或糖塊塞到老人手中，二老高興得不攏嘴，對外孫女贊不絶口。二祖母更隨便一些，會到孩子們桌前逗逗孩子，還讓孩子夾點菜喂到自己口中，孩子們也特高興。大就是在活躍融洽的氣氛中享受着天倫之樂。 　　這“孝”不是晚輩對長輩的敬、尊，也現出長輩對晚輩的關愛。因此，晚輩就更加敬重長輩更加孝順老人，在每個人的心中鑄就真誠的孝道。 　　“德”是一種品行，在族的飲饌中有“讓、度、儉”的要求。 　　“讓”是要求大相互謙讓，不要好吃的搶着吃，要先讓別人吃，哪怕都被吃光也不能有怨氣，要做到讓為先；“度”要求喝酒吃飯要有度，不能暴飲暴食，更不能勸酒無度，置人於醉。“儉”是要節儉，不能浪費，尤其要求孩子不能浪費糧食，兩位祖母經常囑咐設宴不要鋪張奢侈。宴席結束，都要將沒動過筷子和未曾上過桌的菜帶學家全家家庭家乡。 　　“教”是飲饌方面的家庭教育。通過口傳身教，耳濡目染，潛移默化地繼承學家全家家庭家乡族中的老規矩和禮俗，在與家庭教師共同用餐時，祖母總是要求位教師給孩子“訓話”，根社會時尚孩子們提出新的要求，看到不好的現象就去指點一下，讓孩子們知道要做什麽、不能做什麽，寓教於吃中。 　　在禮、孝、德、教的影響下，孩子們養成較好的飲食習慣，進而形成禮重形式、孝重心理、德重行為、教重繼承的飯桌文化，而這些，也是老北京文化的一個縮影。 　　 　　 　　校園禮儀 　　 　　一說起愛護公物，也許有人會認為這是老生常談，因為類似“愛護公物光榮，破壞公物可恥”、“愛護公物，人人有責”這樣的口號恐怕連幼兒園小朋友也能說上條。 　　但現實生活中的我們又做得怎麽樣呢？細心觀察就會現，校園破壞公物的現象比比皆是：有同學為求近路而不惜踐踏草坪；踢球時不小心打碎教室的門窗；戶外運動中弄壞校園的公共桌椅、欄桿和垃圾桶；課桌椅上經常會看見各式各樣的鴉……你有沒有想過，不論是有意還是無意，這些行為都對公物造成損壞，也給其他同學的學習和生活帶來不必要的麻煩，還會增加學校對公物的維修費用，這可是一筆不小的開支。 　　每每看到這些不文明行為，你也許會皺着眉頭嘟囔一句：缺德！是的，這些人所缺少的正是“公德心”，不講社會公德，不遵規守紀。他們從來也不曾意識到原來自己也是這些公物的“主人”，不知道公物是大公用的物品，每一個人都有愛護公物的義務。 　　“人無德不立，國無德不興”。公民道德的好壞，現着一個民族的精神狀態，影響着一個民族事業的興衰。一個人的言行，往往現出個人素質的高低，進而影響整個集的總素質狀況。一個公民是否愛護公共設施，從小處講可以反映出一個人道德素質的高低，一個學校校風的好壞；從大處講也反映一個國文明程度及民族素質的高低。我國頒的《公民道德建設實施綱要》中提出“文明禮貌、助人為樂、愛護公物、保護環境、遵紀守法”為主要內容的社會公德。作為中華人民共和國公民，我們都應該按這個要求規自己的行為。 　　古人云：“勿以善小而不為，勿以惡小而為之。”其實愛護公物做起來也很簡單，要擁有一顆公德之心，處處遵守學校的各項規章制度，就能保證公共設施的完好無損與正常使用。 　　 　　禮節――不容忽視的人生所需 　　禮是於人性之自然，於人生之需的行為規。為什麽這麽說呢？有無禮節是人與禽獸的差別所在（人性使然），也是人類社會祥和的基礎。綜觀今日，講禮、識禮者少，故社會秩序亂象常見，各種摩擦、衝突頻繁生，人們相處不僅缺少安全感，甚至有舉目皆敵的危機感。 　　禮節這件事，在人群中，是决不能少的。人與人交流感情，事與事維持秩序，國與國保持常態，皆是禮節從中周旋的力量。 　　禮節的作用不容忽視，我們現代人怎麽能不認真對待和學習？否則在社會上，免不到處碰壁吃虧，屆時悔之晚矣。因為我們相信沒有人希望在無禮的行為背引的是七言八語，訕笑譏誚：「某人豈有此理、未曾受過教育、沒有常識、粗卑不堪、不近人情、沒見過場、真討厭、極可笑、遠着他、少來往……」這一連串的名詞，對你的前途，一切的一切，會産生何影響？ 　　禮節是不妨礙他人的美德，是恭敬人的善行，也是自己行萬事的通行證，是要通達踐履的。 　　若我們能多點「己禮」的功夫，由自己本分做起，家庭做起，深信社會會更加安和、有禮的。這是我們共同的期待。 　　以下是李炳南教授編述的通用《常禮舉要》，貢獻給大，做參考。 　　（一）居 　　（二）在校 　　（三）處世 　　（四）聚餐 　　（五）出門 　　（六）訪人 　　（七）會客 　　（八）旅行 　　（九）對衆 　　（十）饋贈 　　（十一）慶吊 　　（十二）稱呼 　　附說 　　（一）居 　　一、為人子不晏（晚）起，衣被自己整理，晨昏必定省。 　　二、為人子坐不中席，行不中道。 　　三、為人子出必告，反必。 　　四、長者與物，兩手奉接。 　　五、徐行長，不疾行先長。 　　六、長者立不可坐，長者來必起立。 　　七、不在長者座前踱來踱去。 　　八、立不中門，過門不踐門限。 　　九、立不一足跛，坐勿展腳如箕，睡眠不仰不伏，右臥如弓。 　　十、同桌吃飯不另備美食獨啖。 　　十一、不挑剔食之美惡。 　　十二、食時不嘆，不訓斥子弟。 　　（二）在校 　　一、升降國旗及唱國歌、校歌時，肅立示敬。 　　二、師長上下課時，起立致敬。 　　三、師長質疑問難，必起立。 　　四、路遇師長，肅立道旁致敬。 　　五、聽講時，應端坐或直立；不支頤交股，彎腰，翹足。 　　六、考試時，不交頭接耳，或左顧右盼。 　　七、安其學而親其師，樂其友而信其道。 　　（三）處世 　　一、無道人之短，無說己之長。 　　二、家庭之事，不可外人言。 　　三、口為禍福之門，話要經一番考慮再說。見失意人，不說得意語；見老年人，不說衰喪話。 　　四、交淺不可言深，絶交不出惡聲。 　　五、不侮辱人，不人開玩笑。 　　六、與殘疾人會，格外恭敬。 　　七、於肩挑小販苦力，莫討便宜。 　　八、施恩求忘，受恩必報；開罪於人求解，開罪於我應加恕。 　　九、善人自當親近，要久敬；惡人自當敬而遠之。 　　十、遇事要鎮靜，做不到的事，莫妄逞能。 　　十一、瓜田不納履，李下不整冠。 　　十二、凡事要理智，不可偏重感情。 　　十三、己所不欲，勿施於人。 　　十四、凡求教他人的事，必須造門請問。 　　（四）聚餐 　　一、座有次序，上座必讓長者。 　　二、入座不橫肱，不伸足。 　　三、主先舉杯敬客，客致谢辭。 　　四、主人親自烹調，方向主人禮謝食。 　　五、主人敬酒畢，正客回族敬主人。 　　六、舉箸匙，必請大同舉。 　　七、用箸夾菜，取己之一方者，不立起他角器中取菜。 　　八、箸匙不碗盤頂心取菜取湯。 　　九、公食之器，不用己箸翻攪。 　　十、匙有瀝必傾，方再入公食器中。 　　十一、自己碗中之餚菜，不可反公器中。 　　十二、箸匙所取餚菜，不倍於他人。 　　十三、食勿響舌，咽勿鳴喉。 　　十四、公食以不言為原則，言亦應避免唾沫入公器中。 　　十五、咳嗽必轉身皇后。 　　十六、勿叱狗，不投骨於狗。 　　十七、碗中不留飯粒。 　　十八、不對人剔牙齒。 　　十九、客食未畢，主人不先起。 　　二十、起席，主遜言慢待，客稱謝。 　　二一、宴畢，主人進巾進茶。 　　（五）出門 　　一、衣冠不求華美，惟整潔。 　　二、見長者，必趨致敬。 　　三、登高不呼，不指，不招呼。 　　四、路上不吸煙，不嚼食物，不歌唱。 　　五、乘車見長者必下，見幼者亦與之頷首為禮。 　　六、夜必歸，因事不能歸時，必先告人。 　　七、車馬繁雜衝區，不招呼敬禮。 　　八、不立在路上久談。 　　九、不走馬路中間，越路先左右看清，不可與汽車爭路。 　　十、行走時，步履宜穩重，宜張胸閉口，目前視。 　　十一、遇婦女老弱，應先讓路讓座。 　　十二、途次有人問路，詳為指示；問路於人，隨即稱謝。 　　十三、一人不入古廟，兩人不看深井。 　　十四、逢橋先下馬，過渡莫爭船。 　　十五、在舟車上或飛機上，不探首或伸手出窗，並不得隨便涕痰。 　　（六）訪人 　　一、先立外輕輕扣門，主人讓入方入。 　　二、入內有他客，主人為介紹，一一為禮，辭出時亦如之。 　　三、入內見有他客，不可久坐；有事，請主人另至他所述說。 　　四、坐談時見有他客來，即辭出。 　　五、坐立必正，不傾聽，不嘩笑。 　　六、不攜一切動物上堂。 　　七、主人室內之信件文書，概不取看。 　　八、談話應答必顧望。 　　九、將上堂，聲必揚。 　　十、戶開亦開，戶闔亦闔；有入者，闔而勿遂。 　　十一、主人欠伸，或看外表電表，即辭出。 　　十二、飯及眠時不訪客。 　　十三、晉謁長官尊長，應先鞠躬敬禮，然就座；及退，亦然。 　　十四、與長官尊長，及婦女行握手禮時，應俟其先行伸手，然敬謹與握。 　　十五、訪公教人員，必先問明其上班點，不可久坐閑談。 　　十六、訪客不遇，或留片，或寫字登留言牌。 　　（七）會客 　　一、見先致敬，熟客道寒暄，生客請姓字住址。 　　二、及門先趨，為客啓闔。 　　三、每門必讓客先行。 　　四、入門必為客安座。 　　五、室內有他客，應與介紹，先介幼於長，介卑於尊，介近於遠，同倫則介前於。 　　六、敬茶果先長幼，先生熟。 　　七、主人必下座，舉杯讓茶。 　　八、客去必送致敬，遠方客必送至村外或路口。 　　九、遠方客專來，備飲食寢室，導厠所，導沐浴。 　　十、遠方客去，必送至驛站，望車開遠，始返。 　　（八）旅行 　　一、將遠行，必辭親友，祭祖辭親。 　　二、遠到目的地，必先拜訪有關人士。 　　三、歸來必謁親友，或略送土物。 　　四、遠行之親友辭行，必往送行，事前或贈物，或宴餞。 　　五、遠方客來拜訪，往答拜，或設宴接風。 　　六、旅人歸來拜，詣拜，或設宴洗塵。 　　七、受人之送行及餞，達到所在地，一一函謝。 　　八、人之接風或洗塵畢，還席。 　　九、入境問禁，入國問俗，入門問諱。 　　十、入國不馳，入村必下車馬。 　　（九）對衆 　　一、他人正談話，不在中間插言。 　　二、兩人對談，不中間穿走。 　　三、不高聲喧嘩擾亂他人視聽。 　　四、不橫坐，不橫腿，不捫腳。 　　五、不隔席談話。 　　六、坐不掀起椅凳之方。 　　七、衣帽不加於他人之衣帽上。 　　八、不人噴水吐痰。 　　九、不人呵欠，舒伸，嚏噴。 　　（十）饋贈 　　一、禮尚往來，來而不往，往而不來，皆非禮也。 　　二、賜人不曰來取，與人不問所欲。 　　三、贈人物品，必謙必敬。 　　四、贈人物品，外必用包裹，婚喪慶壽例外。 　　五、平素贈物，座有他客，避觀聽，遠來及初晤，可不避。 　　六、受贈先略謙辭受，稱謝，逾日往拜。 　　七、長者賜，不敢辭。 　　（十一）慶吊 　　一、參加吉禮，不談衰喪話，不戚容，不啼泣。 　　二、居喪不參加吉禮，送儀物。 　　三、喪服不入公門，不觀吉禮。 　　四、賀婚在衆賓前，辭不諧謔。 　　五、臨喪不笑。 　　六、有殯，不巷歌。 　　七、飯於喪，酒不赭顔。 　　八、佩會葬徽章者，禮終即卸去，不佩帶他往。 　　（十二）稱呼 　　一、初見之人問姓，曰貴姓，問名，曰甫。自說姓曰敝姓某，說名曰草字某某。 　　二、有親戚世交者，應各以其名分彼此相稱。普通稱人曰先生或某兄，自稱曰弟。老者長者，稱曰老先生，自稱曰學，或稱自名。 　　三、稱人之父曰令尊，母曰令堂。人稱自父母，曰嚴，曰慈。見朋友之父，稱老伯，母稱伯母，自稱晚或侄。 　　四、稱人之祖，曰令祖公，祖母曰令祖太夫人。人稱自祖曰祖。祖母曰祖母。見人之祖父祖母，稱太老伯，太伯母。自稱己名即可。 　　五、稱人之兄弟，曰令兄，曰令弟。人稱自兄弟，曰兄弟。稱人之姊妹，曰令姊令妹。人稱自姊妹，曰姊妹。見人之兄弟，稱先生，或兄，自稱小弟。見人之姊妹，統稱姐，稱自曰小弟。（書款則稱侍） 　　六、稱人之妻，曰令正或尊夫人，人稱自妻，曰拙荊或賤內。見人之妻稱嫂，自稱己名。（女子可自稱妹） 　　七、女子稱人之夫，曰尊府某先生，人稱自夫，曰外子。見人之夫稱某先生，自以避免稱呼為佳，如必要時，稱本人即可。 　　八、稱人之子，曰令郎或公子，稱人女曰令愛，或女公子。人稱自子，曰小兒，女曰小女。見人子稱世兄，自稱弟，稱女曰世姐，自不稱。 　　九、稱人之孫及孫女，曰令孫曰令女孫。人稱自孫，及女孫，曰小孫，曰小女孫。見人之孫及女孫，稱公子小姐。 　　十、稱人或稱自之已故上輩，統加一先字。如稱人之故父母，曰令先尊令太夫人；稱自之故父母，曰先嚴先慈之類。稱人已故下輩不必另加字，詩云故云註云又云傳云解云所云子云或云人云亦云王云鄭云書云而云句云皆云自云下云不云一云經云云云云之云道「以前某兄」即可，稱自故下輩，但加一亡字，或云「以前某某」亦可。 　　十一、稱人之姑丈姑母，曰令姑丈令姑母。人稱自姑丈姑母，曰姑丈姑母。見人之姑丈姑母，稱老先生老太太；交厚者，可稱老伯及老伯母。 　　十二、稱人之舅父舅母，曰令母舅令舅母。人稱自舅父舅母，曰母舅舅母。見人之舅父舅母，稱謂仿前。 　　十三、稱人之嶽父嶽母，曰令嶽令嶽母。人稱嶽父母，曰嶽嶽母。見人之嶽父母，稱謂仿前。 　　十四、稱人之內侄，曰令內侄。稱人之甥，曰令甥。稱人之婿，曰令婿。人稱自內侄，甥，婿，曰敝內侄，曰甥，曰小婿。 　　十五、稱人之親友，曰令親曰貴友。人稱自親友，曰親敝友。 　　十六、稱人之師，曰令師，生曰令高足。人稱自師，曰敝業師。稱自生曰敝徒。自稱師，曰夫子或吾師。稱自曰受業，或曰門生。 　　十七、稱人之長官，曰貴某長（院部廳局等）。稱人之屬員，曰貴部下或貴屬。人稱自長官，曰敝某長，稱自屬員，曰敝同事或敝屬，稱其某姓某職亦可。 　　十八、稱人之主人，曰貴上，稱人之，曰尊紀。人稱自主人，曰敝上；稱自，曰小價。 　　（附說） 　　一、稱呼一事，本甚繁雜，各地習慣，直接見之稱，尤多不同，故難備載。本編僅錄其對外交際通常用者。 　　二、親戚之間，稱呼甚為微細，每有錯一字而貽笑者。茲編本為舉要，專為常用，故不詳載。 　　學生禮儀 　　1.學生儀容、儀、儀態的禮儀 　　衣着得：中小學生的日常着裝要符年齡特點，特是符學生身份，整潔大方。 　　少先隊員、共青團員依照規定佩戴紅領巾或徽。學生不化妝、不戴飾物、不燙，男生不留長。 　　參加集會、聽講時坐正立直。坐正：頭正頸直，上與座椅靠背基本垂直。立直：擡頭挺胸，上、雙腿與地面垂直。 　　行走穩健：行走姿勢正確、步幅適中，穩健有力。在樓道、教室行走時，慢步輕聲；在街道上，靠右行走；不搖肩晃臀，不多人勾肩搭背行走。 　　談吐舉止文明：是儀的綜要求。與人交談時，態度誠懇，語言文明。待人接物中，情自然，動作大方。 　　2.學生態語言禮儀 　　微笑：是對他人示友好的情，不露牙齒、嘴角微上翹。 　　鞠躬：是下級對上級、晚輩對長輩、個人對群的禮節。行鞠躬禮時，脫帽、立正、雙目註視對方，帶微笑，然身體上部前傾斜自然彎下，低頭眼下看。有時為深謝意，上前傾可再深些。 　　握手：是與人見或離時最常用的禮節，也是人示感謝、慰問、祝賀或鼓勵的禮節。 　　握手前起身站立，脫下手套，用右手與對方右手相握。 　　握手時雙目註視對方，帶微笑。 　　一般情況下，握手不必用力，握一下即可。老友間可握得深些、久些或邊問候邊緊握雙手。 　　多人同時握手不要交叉，待別人握再伸手，依次相握。 　　招手：在公共場遠距離看到相識的人或送離去的客人，舉手打招呼點頭致意。 　　鼓掌：是示喜悅、歡迎、感激的禮節。雙手要有節奏地相擊，鼓掌要適時適度。 　　右行禮讓：在校園、上下樓梯、樓道或街道上行走時，靠右側行進。遇到師長、客人、長、幼、婦、殘、軍人進出房門時，主動開門側立，讓他們先行。 　　3.學生與人交往、談吐基本禮儀 　　尊稱(敬稱)：長輩、友人或初識者稱“您”。對師長、社會工作人員要稱呼職務或“老師”、“師傅”、“叔叔”、“阿姨”等，不直呼其姓名。 　　對他人提出要求時說“請”；與人打招呼時說“您好”；與人分手時說“再見”；給人添麻煩時說“對不起”；別人自己致谢時答說“沒關係”；得到別人幫助示感謝說“謝謝”。 　　4.升國旗、唱國歌禮儀 　　參加儀式的學生要衣着整潔，好衣扣、褲扣，戴好紅領巾，脫帽，面嚮旗桿方向立正站好。不得交談、走動或做其他動作。升國旗奏國歌時，面對國旗行隊禮或註目禮，直到國旗升至桿頂。 　　少先隊隊禮：立正站直，右手五指攏，高舉頭上，眼睛註視受禮者，示人民的利益高於一切。 　　國歌是音樂形式的國象徵。唱國歌時要立正站好，目視前方，神態莊重，歌詞正確，音調確，聲音洪亮。 　　5.學生校內禮儀 　　進校第一次見到師長，要止步立正鞠躬問好：“老師好!”“校長好!”人多時，可以點頭示意問候；見到同學，可點頭致意，招手問好。 　　上下課起立。站在座椅一側，雙手自然下垂，老師行註目禮。 　　課上備提問或答問題先舉手。正確動作是：端坐座位上，右肘放在桌上，上臂上舉，右手五指攏，指尖上，等老師允許再起立言。 　　進入老師辦公室或居室喊“報告”或敲門，聲音以室內人聽見為適度，在社會交往中，進入他人房間也先敲門，未經允許不得擅自入內。 　　6.學生迎賓禮儀 　　賓客來訪，要起立迎接，帶笑容，主動問候：“您好!”“歡迎您來!”答客人提問要起立。為客人讓座、送水；客人與長談話時要避；客人離去，起身送至門外。 　　7.學生中禮儀 　　就餐先請長輩入座，自己方可就位，就餐中也要禮讓他人。 　　離前，學家全家家庭家乡長打招呼：“我走，再見!”歸說：“我來!” 　　見長離或歸，主動招呼，遞接物品 　　禮儀的由來 　　禮儀作為人際交往的重要的行為規，它不是隨意憑空臆造的，也不是可有可無的。瞭解禮儀的起源，有利於認識禮儀的本質，自覺地按照禮儀規的要求進行社交活動。對於禮儀的起源，研究者們有各種的觀點，可大致歸納為以下姓种种氏。 　　有一種觀點認為，禮儀起源於祭祀。古代“禮”字寫法見上圖。東漢許慎的《說文解字》對“禮”字的解釋是這樣的：“履也，所以示神福也”。意思是實踐約定的事情，用來給神靈看，以求得賜福。“禮”字是會意字，“示”指神，“ ”（ｊī音）指祭祀時盛祭品的器皿，從中可以分析出，“禮”字與古代祭祀神靈的儀式有關。古時祭祀活動不是隨意地進行的，它是嚴格地按照一定的程序，一定的方式進行的。郭沫若在《十批判書》中指出：“禮之起，起於祀神，其擴展而為人，更其而為吉、兇、軍、賓、嘉等多儀。”這裏講到禮儀的起源，以及禮儀的展過程。 　　有一種觀點認為，禮儀起源於法庭的規定。在西方，“禮儀”一詞源於法語的 “Ｅｔｉｇｕｅｔｔｅ”原意是“法庭上的通行證”。古代法國為保證法庭中活動的秩序，將印有法庭紀律的通告證給進入法庭的每個人，作為遵守的規矩和行為則。來“Ｅｔｉｇｕｅｔｔｅ”一詞進入英文，演變為“禮儀”的含義，成為人們交往中應遵循的規矩和則。 　　另外還有一種觀點認為，禮儀起源於風俗習慣。人是不能離開社會和群的，人與人在長期的交往活動中，漸漸地産生一些約定俗成的習慣，久而久之這些習慣成為人與人交際的規，當這些交往習慣以文字的形式被記錄同時被人們自覺地遵守，就逐漸成為人們交際交往固定的禮儀。遵守禮儀，不僅使人們的社會交往活動變得有序，有章可循，同時也能使人與人在交往中更具有親和力。１９２２年《西方禮儀集萃》一書問世，開篇中這樣寫道：“當面表面反面方面正面迎面滿面封面地面路面世面平面斜面前面下面四面十面一面洗心革面方方面面面貌面容面色面目面面俱到上禮儀有無數的清規戒律，但其根本目的在於使世界成為一個充滿生活樂趣的地方，使人變得和易近人。” 　　從禮儀的起源可以看出，禮儀是在人們的社會活動中，為維護一種穩定的秩序，為保持一種交際的和諧而應運産生的。一直到今天，禮儀依然現着這本質特點與獨特的功能。 　　(Ouyang Xiu) 　　Etiquette refers to people contacts in the community due to historical traditions, customs, religious beliefs, factors such as the formation of the times, not only recognized by people, but also the respect for people, is for the purpose of establishing harmonious relations between the various line contacts standards and norms of conduct required sum. All in all, etiquette is that people in social contacts should abide by a code of conduct and guidelines. 　　Understanding of ritual 　　From the perspective of personal accomplishment, ritual can be said that one internal training and external quality performance. 　　From the communication point of view, rituals can be said that the application of interpersonal communication is an art, a method of communication or communication methods. Interpersonal communication is conventional to show people respect, friendship and practices. 　　From the perspective of communication, etiquette can be said that in interpersonal communication skills to communicate with each other. 　　If the classification can be broadly divided into government etiquette, business etiquette, service etiquette, social etiquette, five major branches of foreign etiquette. However, the five branches of the so-called because the ritual is the comprehensive nature of the subject, it is relative. The branches are intertwined ritual content, most etiquette contents are much the same. 　　The main function of ritual, from a personal point of view, first, help to improve people's own accomplishment; second, help to beautify themselves, beautify; help to promote social interaction, improve their interpersonal relationships; also help to purify society. 　　From the group perspective, ritual is the corporate culture, an important part of entrepreneurship is the corporate image of the main attachment point. Almost all the international companies have high standards for the requirements of etiquette, etiquette regarded as an important part of corporate culture is also important internationally certified software. Is self-discipline and a code of conduct amazing. 　　The meaning of ritual 　　To tell the truth, for only in the maintenance of strict ritual hierarchy of the feudal system, in particular those behind the red tape, the new social system and value system not only can not be accepted and must be resolutely discarded. Since the 1911 Revolution completely negative for thousands of years after the feudal system, accompanied by fundamental changes in social values, Li was given a new modern significance. 　　If the traditional sense of that ceremony is a kind of cover all institutional, legal and ethical norms of social behavior, then the so-called today and kin is only courtesy and etiquette form, related activities, and this is what I want this group topic The main areas of discussion. 　　Etiquette in interpersonal communication to a certain extent, conventional procedures and methods to express the self-discipline, respect human process. Involving wear, communication, communication, emotional intelligence and so on. From the perspective of personal accomplishment, ritual can be said that one internal training and external quality performance. From the communication point of view, rituals can be said that the application of interpersonal communication is an art, a method of communication or communication methods. Interpersonal communication is conventional to show people respect, friendship and practices. From the perspective of communication, etiquette can be said that in interpersonal communication skills to communicate with each other. If the classification can be broadly divided into government etiquette, business etiquette, service etiquette, social etiquette, five major branches of foreign etiquette. However, the five branches of the so-called because the ritual is the comprehensive nature of the subject, it is relative. The branches are intertwined ritual content, most etiquette contents are much the same. The main function of ritual, from a personal point of view, first, help to improve people's own accomplishment; second, help to beautify themselves, beautify; help to promote social interaction, improve their interpersonal relationships; also help to purify society. From the group perspective, ritual is the corporate culture, an important part of entrepreneurship is the corporate image of the main attachment point. Almost all the international companies have high standards for the requirements of etiquette, etiquette regarded as an important part of corporate culture is also important internationally certified software. 　　Ancient rites 　　China has always been ceremonies, rituals for us, more time can reflect a person's upbringing and taste. Really understand people who say etiquette manners, one felt not only in a few specific occasions or just focus on etiquette, this is because the emotional, but also some of the details of the program, then, already in their mind's life experiences in the deep bone marrow and blood of immersion. 　　So whenever and wherever, we have the most appropriate way to treat people. This time, "Lai" has become our most important part of life. Etiquette is an art of human relations, is a bridge between people, relationships in the ritual is a practice to be observed, is a custom form, that is the convention in the social relations in a kinds of practices. 　　Etiquette Team regulating people's social behavior, interpersonal coordination, promote the development of human society has a positive effect. 　　China is an ancient civilization thousands of years created a splendid culture, the formation of high moral standards, a complete protocol specification, is the world known as the "ancient civilization and ceremonies." Li Jizhong that can be drawn from such a conclusion. The whole of East and Southeast Asia's culture are the heritage of Chinese civilization is confirmed. China has five thousand years of civilization, known as the "ceremonies," said the Chinese people to known for its mild-mannered style known to the world. Civility As an important component of traditional culture, De Bu Fen on Chinese social history from a wide range of far-reaching impact 其 very rich contents. Etiquette involved in a wide range of permeate almost every aspect of ancient society. Ancient China, "Li" and "instrument" is actually two different concepts. "Li" is a system of rules and a social consciousness, ideas; "instrument" is a "ritual" specific forms, which is based on "ceremony" requirement and content of the formation of a system and complete procedures. In ancient China, ritual is a time to meet the needs of society, from the clan system, something which derived hierarchical relationship, which produced it with the characteristics and limitations of that era. Today, the modern and ancient ceremonial rituals have been very different, we must abandon those exploiting class service etiquette, with emphasis on the _select_ion still active today, the general significance of the traditional rituals of civilization, such as respect for the old King Yin, Miriam is still appropriate, polite, Rong-yi, a whole other, to transform and Heritage. This is good for the cultivation of personal qualities, for the Harmonious interpersonal relationships, shape the civilization of the society, the socialist spiritual civilization, the modern value. Are tested are as follows: 　　I. Respect to the King Yin of China from the primitive feudal society, the political ethics of interpersonal relations are the clan, family kinship as a link, which therefore respect the family from the ancestors, respect for elders in the community. As the ancient Chinese ritual of social esteem and benevolent rule, the history of King Yin has become a requirement. Mencius said: "Pension Zunsian, Junjie reign, there were celebrations" (Note: "also about the next child"). "Celebrate" is the reward. This ancient tradition of ritual, sentimental for the formation of relationships, and the orderly and harmonious relationship between ethics, regardless of the past and modern, have played an important role. Speaking Respect, which is the Chinese traditional culture of a major feature. Ancient respect for the elderly, not just stop at the ideas and preaching, but also not end the lives of ordinary people. From the monarch, to the Gentry of Gentry, both personally and respect the rules and the formation of a pension ritual. "Book of Rites" record: "Gu Zhidao, 50 not only Austin, awarded poultry Long Zhu for the elderly" (Note: The "Book of Rites festival meaning"). That is, five old people do not hunt personally, but to be generous when prey distribution of a. Some ancient books, speaking for the elderly when the same volume, also made a specific demand. Such as "support Mongolia and to read", said: "paternity in a parent, Su sound easy, do not because of a trivial, loud Hu Chi" (Note: "to support Mongolia and to read words.") "Students" added: "low does not smell, they are not appropriate." In short, from the noble king, issued common people the people must follow certain rules, with a variety of ways to express old man, meaning honor the elderly, as a measure of whether a person has cultivated an important symbol. Any form of society need to respect the elderly. Not only because the elderly experience deep, broad knowledge, experience more, working long hours and made great contributions to society should be respect; the same time, their poor physical and mental needs of young people caring, care and assistance. As a polite modern youth, the elderly and the elderly, should be: Lu-yu active humility, car seat initiative, in shops, cinemas and other public places, should be taken into account to create convenient conditions for the elderly. About King Yin, when the three countries have histories, called "Highlighting." That is admired Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei, to ask him to help him conquer the world, we have taken the trouble to live in thatched cottage Zhuge Liang personally asked him to coming out. Again and again, before Zhuge Liang agreed. From then on, Zhuge Liang's bold vision into full play, as Liu Bei's cause "A dedicated, die." Throughout the history of ancient China, as the monarch has always been mostly very seriously Zunsian with Yin, regarded as the determinants of national security. King Yin usually not to the critical moment, talented people will not share those concerns for the country. Not capable personnel are not country-driven, but forget the national slow Yin Shi, so "and to those who, through their national existence, there have not been" (Note: "Mo pro disabilities"). Today, we advocate to carry forward the ancient "King Yin of the ceremony" should be given to the content of the modern new talent is to respect knowledge, respect talent. Today's society, a variety of increasingly fierce competition. All the competition, the final analysis, competition for talent. Large to the nation, small companies, in fierce competition to maintain a superior position, must have a strong talent. Only ideas into concrete actions to respect, love people, so that the whole society a respect for knowledge and talents of a good environment to form a strong enough talent to be invincible. 　　2, Miriam is still suitable for the Chinese nation has always been focused through the appropriate form to express the rich people's inner feelings. In case of major festivals and important events, and more moments with conventional instrument. Such as access to harvest, to song and celebration; was evil, we must pray for the grace of God. Over time, the formation of many festivals and rituals on the form, such as the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth and so on, almost every festival, there are specific rituals. In ancient times, marriage, funerals and festivals and other activities as a major event in social life to treat, and its rituals were extremely detailed and careful provisions, from clothing, utensils to the specifications, procedures and manner of orientation, have specific requirements. Today, we are to maintain and carry forward the Chinese civilization, good manners, the most important point is that you in the appropriate. That is advocated as two-way: "extravagance since Vincent, text was too extravagant, less than was thrifty" (Note: "2-way _set_" outside the book Juan Liu Cheng). Shows that the scale of the ceremony is appropriate, the appropriate text decoration is necessary, but the text will cause excessive decorative extravagance, deviate from the requirements of the rite; and too mean to impede the implementation of the ceremony is inappropriate. The ancients this view is brilliant and all our ceremony held today with the guide. In today's social activities, ceremonies are still held indispensable. The company opened, children marry, the various events, have different rituals. We must grasp the scale of the various ceremonies, they must master the principles of moderation, to make the necessary instrument of modern civilization, combined with the moment, the activities related to both the occasion, not that bad flashy. In particular, we oppose the marriage and funeral ceremonies that take the opportunity, profile wedding, the phenomenon of extravagance and waste; against the idea that the more solemn ceremony, the better, more in line with the more luxurious the rite of practice. Such as: Many of today's wedding couples to make the wedding enough pomp, show off, another competition, got deep in debt, resulting in tremendous waste. Even some leading cadres despite the impact of abuse of power for their children, receive the bulk gifts, encourage Luxurious Atmosphere. This does not comply with our fine tradition and are inconsistent with our national conditions, public sentiment. 　　Third, and courteous to any civilized society, any civilized nation, people are always paid great attention to civility and courtesy. Courtesy of the human society as far as to promote friendly and harmonious interpersonal ethics is one of the building live in harmony with others from the bridge. It marks the process of civilization of a society, reflecting a nation's spirit. Chinese people have always attached great importance to follow the ceremony on the rules, be polite. Many interesting short experience, both past and present, are inspirational. Specifically, the following main points: 　　(A) with people getting along with others, is good at the head. And this "good" should be sincere from the heart, is sincere in the form on the outside in, rather than clever, and only have the form of red tape. "Book of Rites," said: "The husband ceremony were, inferiority and respect" (Note: "Book of Songs ceremony"). If the surface respectful enthusiasm, and inner hypocrisy, or just inner respect, and without any expression, are not enough. Should be the same table in order to fundamentally eliminate the barriers between people, friction, and then love each other, friendly to each other. Respect for others, we should treat people equally, without distinction of birth rank, non-discriminatory. If only the upper classes make their homage to wealth and to take people to pay the interests of people, in fact by the villain. "The Analects Zi Han" contains: Confucius saw wearing mourning, wearing a hat wedding clothes of the people and the blind. Each other, even if these people young, Confucius must stand up. Passing through the front of others, they will be walked through it, to show respect. Ancient King's method, but also a place worth learning. First of all, to respect the wishes of others, understanding the needs of others and taboos, can force its way. Not demanding others do not do, not force others to accept it does not like. The ancients said: "No responsible person is less than, not strong man can not, do not Kuren the bad" (Note: "Wen Wei neutron phase"). "Lost her way, not impose on others (Note:" The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan ")," is what I mean. Dealings with people, humor and good jokes are often brings pleasant, but must not be made fun of fun. If you take another name for the jokes, or indecent people from the nickname, are very disrespectful. Northern and Southern Dynasties tui once in terms of such disrespect angry: "present fool, then submitted with drama. Or he means those who called dolphin calf, the know to look on, You Yu their ears, state when the person almost." 　　4, Rong-yi, a whole of a person's appearance, demeanor, their training, the performance level of civilization. The ancients that solemn manner, advance and retreat polite, deacons like King, gentle, not only to maintain the dignity of individuals, but also help Jinde duration. Ancient thinkers had to take an animal's fur and human instrument bearing compared animals without fur, it can not for the animal; lost rituals, that is not a person. The requirements of the ancients of the instrument can not help too cumbersome. One of the most important, have the following three aspects. 　　(A) of the clothing looks: "Students" asked: "Crown will now, New York will end, socks and footwear, all close cut." These norms, people today, is still necessary. Hat is knot, tight shoes and socks all, is the concept of the basic requirements for instrument class. If a person is disheveled, footwear is not correct, often lead to the resentment and even nausea, who would do such people get close. Of course, the dress must be appropriate for their own occupation, age, physical characteristics, her environment and contacts in the lives of customs, for decency and generosity of choice. Makeup, artificial, would be counterproductive. 　　(B) behavior: Confucius said: "The gentleman is not re-Wei, learning is not fixed" (Note: The "Analects"). This is because only the solemn majesty only. Otherwise, even if learned, can not be consolidated. Specifically, the requirement to do "points such as pine, sitting like a bell, line wind, and lying, such as bow," that is points to the positive and take to stable, mobile agile, sideways while sleeping. Behavior in public is not frivolous, not obscene, it should be dignified, careful, calm, do "Evil, Evil, hear no evil speak no evil, indecent assault and do not move" (Note: "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan"), always in line with protocol specification. (C) speech rhetoric: Language is the people's thinking, sentiments and cultural accomplishments of the mirror. The ancients called "Truthfulness, it is also home industry" (Note: "easy to dry text.") Words will be modified as sincere the foundation of establishing themselves, with some truth. And to "Promises must be kept and action must be resolute" (Note: "The Analects Zi"). Clever people who can not win the trust of people. Followed by the prudent person. The ancients said that the natural person, the tongue closely muffled up and down two rows of teeth, but also out of bread layer with thick lips, is to say people must be cautious. Of course, is to ask the people from the ancients and the words, but speak to specific circumstances, when to speak and be silent when silent. Confucius said: "The statement can not with words, missing person; not with words but with words, slip of the tongue. Know people who lose, do not slip of the tongue" (Note: "The Analects of Confucius Duke Ling of Wei"). That is the truth. 　　The above aspects, is the essence of our traditional rituals. Although times are different, but in ancient times the importance of the appearance and neat appearance instrumentation requirements, is worthy of people today learn from them. External image is a silent language that reflects a person's moral self-cultivation, but also convey to the people of the entire life of a person's inner attitude. Has an elegant appearance, no matter where he went, gave brought civilization there, spring, get the respect. There is no doubt that the traditional civility of our society have a positive impact of historical development. In general, the social sense the more polite people, the more harmonious society, stability. If every one of us well-bred, polite, doing things with restraint, our lives would be a little more enjoyable, but the state, some more orderly and civilized society. From this point of speaking, etiquette on the social play of politics, the law failed to do. Long time, because the essence of a large number of rituals and cultural infiltration and dross in the state of financial co-exist, and because ritual culture dross produced negative effects can not be underestimated. We ignore the traditional civility of this precious spiritual wealth. When the relative long time, society, school education is not enough emphasis on etiquette develop many uncivilized also increase. In today's building of socialist spiritual civilization, we should be based on absorbing the essence of national culture, traditional rituals of civilization past serve the present, reconstruction of a modern and civilized manners. 　　The role of etiquette 　　Etiquette and social interaction for people living in the convention, people can regulate a variety of manners, the people correctly and interaction with the outside world scale, will handle the management of human relations. Without etiquette, often make people feel awkward in the exchanges, and even rude to people, funny, so familiar with and master the etiquette, it can be done by analogy, social skills and just right. 　　Etiquette is an important means of shaping the image. In social activities. Conversation very interesting; can become civilized; pay attention to etiquette can become elegant manners; dressed etiquette, can become generous; acts of courtesy and propriety, can become a better ... ... as long as the very interesting things will be done just right. In short a man of courtesy and propriety, they can become full of charm 　　Etiquette is etiquette and ceremony. 　　Ancient Chinese "Five Rites" is said, a matter of ritual ceremony to Kyrgyzstan, things to Skyline crown marriage, guests things as guest ceremony, military affairs for the military salute, the funeral things as Xiong Li. 5 ceremony is quite extensive, from reflecting the people and heaven, earth, spirits of the relationship between ritual ceremony to reflect the relationships of family, friends, monarch and his subjects the gift of communication between the upper and lower; from the performance history of the crown of life, marriage, funerals buried all ceremony, the men are happy, disaster, said the celebration of the funeral, to pay homage, comfort, consolation gift, can be said that all-inclusive, fully reflecting the spirit of ancient Chinese people's Sean. Ji Li-Li home five hand, it mainly is a god, land only, human sacrifice ceremony of ghosts. The main content can include three aspects. The first is the Heaven of God, that worship Haotian God; worship the moon and stars; worship divisions, Siming, air division, division and so the rain. Second, Jide only, that is, offering Sajik, the Five Emperors, the saying; Ji Shan Lin Chuanze; offering four soaring and so on. The third is the Ghost Festival, enjoy the festival seasons mainly kings, ancestors. Xiong Li is a sad pity, condolence, and worry of the ceremony. Its main contents are: Mourning the death of a funeral to shortage areas ritual ceremony sorrow to sorrow scourge hanging ceremony to ceremony sad cypress around failure to shirt gift grief bandits. Among them, the funeral is a different relationship between the death, the mourning process by providing time to express different degrees of north; shortage ceremony is a region or a country by famine pestilence misfortune, the king and his ministers are taken to reduce the meal, entertainment and other measures to stop sympathy; hanging Zhi Li is a case of death or funeral Allied fire and water disasters and to offer condolences or sympathy to the protocol. The three levels of aristocratic manners can be held. Hui Li is a country to be enemy allies in violation of dilapidated urban and rural areas, chief and the country should join the Asian countries to raise economic goods, compensation of its loss; shirt ceremony is a country subjected to foreign aggression or internal strife, its neighbors should be given assistance and support. Bin Li is the gift of hospitality guests. It includes North Korea, cases, Kun, the event will be the same, and asked, as eight. Salute when the division and brigade drill, conquest of the ceremony, salute the major with a master of the ceremony, all the big ceremony, the ritual field, Oe of the ceremony, the gift of great seal. Master of ceremony is the military conquest of the ritual; great gift of all is the king and the princes in all lands, levy taxes held at a military parade to reassure the public; field is the emperor of the regular hunting ritual in order to practice war to them, review army horse; Great Hall of the ceremony is the state _set_ up the built cities, building palaces, break, build dikes and other large-scale civil works team review; great seal of the gift is to locate the countries, private fief and feud between the borders, establish a boundary marker activities. Skyline is and the interpersonal, communication, contact the emotional ceremony. Skyline main content diet ceremony, marriage, the ceremony, guests shoot the ceremony, the ritual Yan, Relief banner of the ceremony, HE Qing ritual. 　　Folk rituals that include the health sector, crown, wedding, funeral ceremony of four lives. In fact the political and ceremonial life can be divided into two major categories. Political class, including Heaven, Jide, ancestral temple of sacrifice, offering sage and teacher, respecting drinking rituals, meet ceremony, salute, etc.. The origin of life, etiquette classes, according to Xun Zi's view of "3" or "health of the world", "ancestor of the class of persons", "Jun teachers are the rule." In the liturgy, the funeral of the first generation. Funeral to appease the ghosts in the dead, the living become sub Seniority Rules, filial Masato London courtesy. The establishment and implementation of the ritual process, bred in China's case law (see Chinese clan) live by rituals is the essence of governance is the belief in spirits derivatives. People think that all things are invisible spirits in control, performance etiquette is to please pray for blessings to the gods. Therefore, the ritual originated in the belief in spirits, belief in ghosts is a special form of expression. "Third Man" ("Yi Li", "Book of Rites", "Zhou") marks the emergence of the mature stage of protocol development. Song, the etiquette and the integration of the feudal ethics sermon, that with complex etiquette and propriety, to become effective implementation of the ethical code of one of the tools. Salute to persuade German services, red tape the best of their energy. Until modern times, etiquette only have real reform, whether the country's political life, ritual or ceremonial people's lives have changed in the absence of ghosts and spirits of the new content, thus becoming the etiquette of modern civilization. 　　Ancient political etiquette 　　1. Heaven. Began in the Zhou Dynasty of Heaven, also known as the rural festival, the day of the Winter Solstice was held in the capital suburbs Circular Mound. Ancient worship of the first importance is the entity, on the day of worship is also reflected in the worship of the moon and the stars of the cult. All these specific worship, a certain number is reached only after the abstract to the worship of the day. Zhou people worship days, appears from the Yin dynasty, "Emperor" developed from the worship, the supreme ruler of the throne, divine right of kings, ruler of Heaven is the highest service, and therefore Heaven popularity to the Qing dynasty came to an end . 　　2. Jide. Summer Solstice is the day Jide, rituals and worship of heaven or less the same. Han said to God the Mother, that she is the goddess of blessing mankind, also known as the god. Jide is the first blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, not ground-breaking feng shui beliefs prevalent. Jide etiquette also offering mountains, offering earth god, Ceres, Sajik so. 　　Li Temple of Ancient Monarchs. Jiajing Fuchengmen monitor _set_ up in Beijing, when the Temple of Ancient Monarchs, emperor worship kings 36. 　　4. On the first division first holy rituals. Han later to Duke for the first holy and Confucius for the first division; Tang respect for the sage Confucius, Yen Hui, the first division. Kung has adopted a "hold the essence of" ceremony (with the discretion of Er Ji Jian Zu dishes, there's no corpse), as Miller, but also as Confucius ceremony. Northern and Southern Dynasties, the two lines hold the essence of ritual every spring, are also located throughout the county study hole, and Yan Temple. Ming as Confucius said, "sage and teacher." Qing Dynasty, the Mukden (Shenyang) with the Confucius Temple, its capital Beijing, with its Imperial Imperial College for the Imperial College, established Confucian Temple, Confucius, said "Ta Holy propaganda and teacher." Qufu temple system, sacrificial utensils, musical instruments and ritual ceremony of Beijing Imperial College shall prevail. Rural drinking ritual ceremony is the product of sage and teacher. 　　5. Meet ceremony. Meet the lower to the higher line when Meet the ceremony, officials Yibai ceremony between the lines, the public, Hou, Fuma, two of each other to bow, the lower ranks first bow in the West, the higher the East return a visit home. Civilians each other, according to young and old rituals, child who salute. Four other lines outside the bow in the past do not line military's ceremony. 　　6. Salute. Including punitive expedition, taxes, hunting, construction and so on. 　　① the birth ceremony of ancient ritual of life. From pregnant women not to Praying for Children when the baby years, all the rituals revolve around the theme of longevity. Rite Gaomei child is begging ritual. At this point, _set_ up the altar in the southern suburbs, Concubine 9 Pin to join. Gaomei Han there when the festival, when the Tang and Song developed the worship of the ritual Gaomei, Jin Qing Dynasty Gaomei Festival, the East Wing in the Imperial City built wooden doors north side station, station consists of Gaomei tablets . The Rite of the Qing Dynasty Gaomei no, there with the same meaning of "cable replacement" ceremony. Birth of son preference, the tendency ceremony since ancient times. The birth ceremony also included the "three dynasties", "Full Moon", "Hundred Days", "birthday", etc.. "Three dynasties" is when the baby was born three days to accept all aspects of gift. "Full moon" when the baby full month of shaving lanugo. "Hundred Days" when the Bank recognized uncle ceremony, naming ceremony. "Age" lines when grasping the Zhou Dynasty, in order to predict the fate of children with life, good and bad business. ② Rite, also called Rites, is entering the ranks of adult men in ceremonial crown. Rites from the prevalence of clan society when young men and women to participate in the Chengding mature ceremony evolved. Rites of the Zhou Dynasty followed the Han Guan. Wei, the crown began with music accompaniment. Tang and Song to pursue the policy of Rites, the Qing Dynasty abolished. Many ethnic minority areas in China has still preserved the ancient rite of passage, such as tooth extraction, tooth staining, wear skirts, wear pants, _set_ the hair for the ceremony. ③ fete manners. Sleeping at the Imperial Ancestral Temple, cooking Tai Lao guests to drink a focus on ritual rather than between diet, swallow the feast, Yan ceremony held in the chambers, the guest of honor can drink it and enjoy. Yan Li of the Chinese food culture have a profound effect formation. Festival hosted in the form of Chinese folk Eating Custom holiday manners. Lantern Festival Lantern Festival food, eating cold food Hanshi Ching Ming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival in May dumplings and wine on them, the Mid-Autumn moon cake, laba porridge, dumplings are all the year round holiday ritual of eating. In particular holiday eating certain foods, which is a kind of manners. Feast on the seating, serving the order, drinks upon, toast etiquette, but also have social customs between men and women, noble and humble, young and old taboo on relationships and prayer requests. ④ Guest Ritual. Mainly to the guests the gift of hospitality. Ritual exchanges of gifts and the guests have different levels. Persons meet, guest host should see pheasant as Zhi; under doctor meet to geese as Zhi; the doctor meet to lamb as Zhi. ⑤ Wu Si. Means offering door, families, well, stove, medium (middle room). Zhou is a family worship spring, summer banqueting kitchen, in June slipped worship, worship doors autumn and winter festival well. When seasonal line Wu Si Han, Mang Tung, Bobby March, "Prince Wu Si", Zongji time. Tang, Song and Yuan a "seven emperor worship", which worship Siming (small palace of God), in the country and state lines, Thai Li (Wild Ghosts), household, kitchen. Wu Si Ming and Qing dynasties are still offering the Qing Emperor Kangxi, the strike went to the door, households, the well honored with, only in the December 23 Worshiping Kitchen, and Legends of the Kitchen God made things the twelfth lunar month 24 overturned the story of consistency, the state adopted the folk form of Religion. ⑥ Exorcising. Originated in prehistory, popular in the Shang and Zhou. Zhou Dynasty Exorcising evil spirits and illness, the four seasons. Zhou that the natural operation and personnel of the good and bad forged. Seasons change, cold and heat variations, disease, and the ghost of the momentum is everything, it must be timely trip to exorcising the evil one by one. Exorcising the Lord God is the band's clan. Han, Exorcising's appear to match with the band's second beast. Followed the Chinese system, Tang Wei, Exorcising the addition of entertainment content, band's, and 12 animal that's the role played by the musicians. Remains of the Tujia People are still Exorcising the most complete instrument typical. 　　Dinner table etiquette 　　Dong Wenshen 　　Table on the culture is to "drink dishes culture" popular it is called. In old Beijing, the family or family in different Di social, economic, customs, environment, 影响 under the form of You own Tese the table Wenhua, a number of family in the way rice Zhuan have "family dinner", "Bin Yan" and "Bian Feast "- a private banquet is the family feast and a variety of festive activities, their designed banquet; guests are entertained relatives and friends dinner banquet; informal dinner is commonplace. Old Beijing on a variety of table etiquette is very careful, in the long years of progressively reflects the values of old Beijing, consciously or unconsciously constructed with "courtesy," "filial piety", "Germany", "education" as the content table culture. 　　"Li" means drinking dishes etiquette and manners. It reflects the moral values of family formation etiquette and customs, ceremonies and personal courtesy requirements. Family dinner, informal dinner to be "long" (parents, elders) the main banquet guests to a "customer" oriented. Therefore, the formation of a number of rules binding on the family, especially children more stringent constraints. 　　Although the identity of each dinner as the guests and the characteristics of ritual customs, in the food type, quality grade, Fanzhuang choice is different, but never let the guests pick out "no" to. In the banquet of the message, toast, talk, eat, feast of the whole speech, we should always pay attention to etiquette. 　　Opening banquet host to important guests before introducing to you, and the message of passion caused by simple; opening banquet to personally master sommeliers, according to the order of elders and guests to toast, can not be forced; active liquor power for the numerous guests to drink to Guests pay tribute; guests respect to food, we should pay attention to food-loving guests, the number of no more, traffic can not be great, otherwise, make the guests embarrassment; owners should pay attention to the extensive exchange banquet, do not heat the cold he, if women Philippines, also pay attention to the transcript and the respect for female guests; owner can not be before the guests Fangxiawankuai until the guests that have eat before dinner speech; the owner to accompany the guest of honor, mouth, wash their hands to another seat after the tea . 　　Large house to cook, ask the chef serving plate when the plate containing around can not have food stains, serving with both hands and side plates, Duan Wan, fingers can not pull on the plate along and Wanbian; hold rice, soup, poured tea time can not be too full, poured wine to full, but not overflow; pouring action is necessary to regulate, should not be Wangai buckle on the table, teapot mouth toward the guests; tea for after going to step back and then turn left; to the guests on Tobacco use plates when the side to the guests, avoid hand-Di Yan, do not use a match to several cigarette, do not blow out through your mouth in the guests before matches and throw them away Huochai Geng, not allowed to sweep the floor in front of guests, Shan table, in particular, are not allowed to tea spilled on the ground. 　　In addition, before the guests, the host can not reprimand their children and servants; main dispute with the customer's children, master to their children taken away, no matter who is wrong, should apologize to each other, but not in front of the guests face lessons their children, or guests will feel uncomfortable. 　　Bin Yan is generally not let children participate. I remember growing family feast, ask the children to do to understand the rules, respect people, polite, educated, there are three allowed: meals are not allowed to appear noisy sound, the rattle of dishes, but are not allowed to knock the table with chopsticks knock bowl, closed mouth and a virtual Christine Baji. 2 grandmother eating people hear the voice of Baji mouth nausea, eating a virtual Christine unbearable. And let the children eat choked active under continuous hiccups table, not allowed to drag chair stool so as not to issue shrill voice, which is not allowed to speak out requirements; second is not allowed "under the mouth," the older children is not without Dongkuaizi first and take their food, and allowed to fill the mouth too full, not allowed to devour, not allowed to stand up and take their food, the food can not reach to the clip to indicate their elders, are not allowed in the vegetable plate with chopsticks pick random forages, not allowed to use both eyes glued to the table while eating the food, not allowed to use chopsticks that people will not be allowed to eat things and miscellaneous teeth dirty mouth or spit left in the ground and not allowed out cooked rice, bread crust and expose leftovers to a clean job push lightly. The most taboo that children will chopsticks in the rice bowl in-line; 3 is absolutely not allow the children to drink. Then the two grandmothers and kids love Lele, at the dinner table to play some games, lost to the program, but also let the children finish eating, more than anyone else's job and desktop than most clean, dinner, a warm atmosphere is very strong . 　　"Filial piety" pay attention to respect their elders during family dinner, to be filial. 　　When a child seated great grandmother, two grandmothers sit on the upper, because of a grandmother paralyzed, unable to attend, but give place to stay, to show their status at home. Great grandmother to be speaker, "have to sit", everyone was seated by birth order, young children and food to other tables. Several aunt and my mother can only present themselves to the cloth behind his family dishes, pour tea, handed towels. 　　Two grandmothers in every family feast in the number of daughter points to be given to eat their favorite dishes to their usual hard work is rewarded, rewarded in the private banquet dishes said. Grandmother both kind and very dignified. At the dinner table we have to observe the mood of the two old ladies. Bad mood, it must play by the rules, toast, said that a flatter Less, words must be followed by long hours, can not favoritism, so we are very cautious. Emotion is good, old couple are laughing, pulling each other's children Homely qwaqwa. Great grandmother will be the speaker at this time: "Everybody at that map a piece of music, but also so the rules do?" Then everyone will be relaxed, happy atmosphere of harmony, big people have to their children led to the main table and say hello to the elderly. Will discuss old sister to please, took out from his pocket a few grains peanuts or candy stuffed into the hands of old people, old couple laughed, to the granddaughter praise. Second, some of her grandmother is more casual, will be to tease the kids table, kids, let the children come into their own folder to order feed a population of children are particularly pleased. Everyone is active and congenial atmosphere to enjoy the grandchildren. 　　This "filial piety" is not just juniors to the seniors of respect, respect, also reflects the care for seniors to juniors. Therefore, the younger the more respect for elders, filial piety more elderly people, cast in the hearts of everyone sincere piety. 　　"Tak" is a character in the family drinking dishes in "Let's, degree, thrifty" requirements. 　　"Let" is to require all mutual accommodation, not tasty Qiangzhe Chi, first let other people eat, can not even eat there are grievances, to do so for the first; "degree" required to have degrees, eat and drink can not eat too much, can not urge somebody to drink excessive, who was drunk home. "Thrifty" is to be thrifty, not waste, in particular, require that children not to waste food, the two hosted a grandmother often asked not to extravagant luxury. After the banquet, will not have to move off the chopsticks and dishes have not been to the table to take home. 　　"Education" is the drink dishes of family education. Through oral teaching by example, prolonged exposure, unconsciously inherited the family's old rules and customs, the common meal with the family of teachers, the grandmother always asked several teachers to the children "lecture", and children under the social fashion to propose new request, went to see the phenomenon of bad pointers a bit and let the children know what to do, can not do education, making eating in. 　　In the ceremony, filial piety, Germany, under the influence of education, the children develop good eating habits, and then re-formed the ceremony, the form of filial re-psychological, moral weight behavior, teach important cultural inheritance the dinner table, which is the old Beijing culture in microcosm. 　　Campus Etiquette 　　A talk about caring for public property, some may perhaps think that this is commonplace, as similar to "caring for public property glory, destroying public shame," "caring for public property, everybody," I am afraid this slogan also said the nursery a few children. 　　But in real life do we think? Careful observation reveals that the phenomenon of campus vandalism are everywhere: there are students for the sake of a shortcut and at the grass; play without accidentally broke the classroom windows and doors; outdoor campaign broke the public tables on campus chairs, railings, and trash; desk chair will often see a variety of graffiti ... ... Have you ever wondered, whether intentional or not, these acts have caused damage to public property, but also to other students learning and life of the unnecessary trouble, but also increased maintenance costs for schools of public property, this is not a small sum of expenditure. 　　Whenever I see these uncivilized acts, you may frown mumbled words: wicked! Yes, these people are missing is the "civic virtue" to the neglect of social morality, not compliance disciplined. And realize that they themselves never had such public property is the "master", do not know is our common goods public property, everyone has the obligation to take good care of public property. 　　An old saying: "do good and not to behave badly on minor occasions." Caring for public property actually done very simple, anyone with a considerate heart, always observe all rules and regulations, we can guarantee public facilities in good condition with normal use. 　　Etiquette - the required life can not be ignored 　　The ceremony was made in human nature, combined in a code of conduct required of life. Why? Whether the protocol is the difference between man and beast where the (human nature), is the foundation of human social harmony. Looking at today, about ceremony, ritual knowledge, few, it is common social order and disorder, all kinds of friction, conflicts frequently occur, people get along not only the lack of a sense of security, and even look were the enemy a sense of crisis. 　　This protocol, the crowd is never small. People exchange feelings, things and events to maintain order, maintain the normal state to state, are a courtesy from the power of dealing. 　　The role of etiquette should not be ignored, how can we modern people do not take seriously and learning? Otherwise, in the community, will inevitably run into a wall everywhere suffer, too late by then. Because we believe that no one wants behind the rise in offensive behavior is Seven eight language, ridicule cynical: "someone outrageous, not educated, no common sense, thick base unbearable, inhuman, not seen the scene, really annoying very funny, well him and less from ... ... "This is a series of terms, and for your future, all in all, what kind of impact? 　　Etiquette is without prejudice to the virtues of others, is respectful of people's good deeds, and also his passport to all things is to Mastery Fulfillment of. 　　If we can do more, "Oneself" Kung Fu, by their own sub-start, start families, believe that the community will be more peaceful and, courteous. This is our common expectations. 　　The following is a narration of Professor Li Bingnan general "often give ceremony to" contribute to everyone for reference. 　　(A) home 　　(B) in school 　　(C) themselves in society 　　(D) Dinner 　　(E) out 　　(6) Respondents were 　　(7) receive 　　(8) Travel 　　(9) of the Public 　　(10) gift 　　(11) celebrate hanging 　　(12) call 　　Attached to that 　　(A) home 　　1, and his son does not Anchor (late), the clothing their order, twilight must province. 　　Second, and his son sit in the seats, no middle way line. 　　3, and his son will be reported out of the anti-will face. 　　Fourth, the elderly and objects connected to Feng hands. 　　5, long after the Xu line, not long before Fleet of Foot. 　　6, the elderly can not stand to sit, to the elderly will rise. 　　7, Block is not for the elderly before pacing up and down. 　　8, stand not in the door, window-point is not threshold. 　　9, vertical mixed lame enough, sitting not to show legs, such as Kei, do not sleep without Yang Fu, lying, such as the right bow. 　　10, table to eat no other prepared food taste alone. 　　11, not picky eaters U.S. evil. 　　12, eat without a sigh, do not reprimand their children. 　　(B) in school 　　First, lift the flag and sing the national anthem, school song, the show stood in respect. 　　Second, the upper and lower class teachers stand and salute. 　　Third, the teachers Questioning Difficult Problem, will stand. 　　4, Lu-yu, teachers, stood in the roadside tribute. 　　5, attendance should be sitting or standing; why he did not pay shares of Rhythm, bending, Alice foot. 　　6, examination, do not whisper, or looked around. 　　7, On the school and parents of their teachers, their friends and believe music their way. 　　(C) themselves in society 　　1, no Taoist short, not that long has been. 　　Second, family things, not hide out. 　　Third, I was the door of fortune, something to be considered by some to say.  see frustrated people, do not speak English pride; see the elderly, do not say bad words mourning. 　　4, delivery can not be made shallow depth, Dear John not sound bad. 　　Fifth, do not insult people, not to people joking. 　　6, and persons with disabilities to meet, to be particularly respectful. 　　7, the hands are hawkers and coolies, Mo look for a bargain. 　　8, seeking mercy forget, stipendiary will be reported; open to solve the crime on others, should be added to offend my regret. 　　9, good man from as close to, have to respect a long time; the wicked turn away from when. 　　10, failing to calm, can not do, Mo jump Chengneng. 　　11, no shoe in a field of melons, Lee is not the whole under the crown. 　　12, everything should be reasonable and wise, can not be biased towards feelings. 　　13, lost her way, not impose on others. 　　14, who seek out other things, to create the door does. 　　(D) Dinner 　　1, blocks the order of attendance will be the elderly. 　　Second, do not cross the brachial after admission, does not stretch enough. 　　Third, the main first toast King off, off speech of thanks. 　　4, the master cook himself, after the food required to master Li Xie. 　　5, Bi toast master, the owner is off to retaliate. 　　6, when faced spoon, will please you with the move. 　　7, using chopsticks and take their food, only one orientation of those who have not erected to him in serving the food Angle. 　　8, chopsticks key is not to take food to dishes of soup top of mind. 　　9, the device of public food, do not have chopsticks plow. 　　10, Key will run to more than Lek, party tableware in public re-entry. 　　11, his food bowl of the meat dish, not a public tool in the counter-back. 　　12, taken from meat dish cooking chopsticks spoon, do not fold in the other. 　　13, food do not affect the tongue, pharynx, larynx do not Ming. 　　14, the public is not made to the principle of food to be made should avoid saliva into the device in public. 　　15, cough will turn backwards. 　　16, do not scold the dog, do not vote on the dog bone. 　　17, without leaving a rice bowl. 　　18, not one tick teeth. 　　19, off food is not complete, since the owner is not the first. 　　20, from the seats, the main Jackson made to turn away, off thanks. 　　21, the banquet, the owner into the towel into the tea. 　　(E) out 　　One, dressed not for China and the United States, subject to clean. 　　Second, known for who will pay tribute trend. 　　3, climb not call, does not mean, do not call. 　　Fourth, the road is not smoking, not chewing food, not singing. 　　5, known for choosing the next car, see the child are also required with nod for the ceremony. 　　6, the night will go home, because when things can not go, we must first reported his family. 　　7, traveling complicated red zone, do not call salute. 　　8, does not stand on the road for a long time. 　　9, do not walk the middle road, more road must first see to the left and right, not the conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. 　　10, walking, walking should steady, and closed chest Yi Zhang, as the project forward. 　　11, case of women, the elderly, due to let road seat. 　　12, Tu Ci was to ask the way, to _set_ the direction; ask for the people, shall forthwith give thanks. 　　13, one would not join the temple, the two do not look deep. 　　14, first dismount every bridge, transitional Mo boat competition. 　　15, the journey or flight, do not probe or hand out the window first, and not easily tear sputum. 　　(6) Respondents were 　　A first buckle stand outside the door gently, let into the side into the host. 　　Second, there are other guests into the host for the introduction, to 11 for the ceremony, a speech of the time Yi Ru. 　　3, inner saw him off, not sedentary; something to be invited to host another said that he described. 　　4, when he saw him sitting on customer to that address out. 　　5, sitting will be positive, do not listen, do not Huaxiao. 　　Sixth, do not carry all the animals on the court. 　　7, the master indoor letters instruments, shall not get to see. 　　8, conversation response will look Gu. 　　9, will be on the court, sound will be Yang. 　　10, users open also open, have fun-filled family affluence; a later entrants, their families will not freeze then. 　　11, the owner and stretched, or tell the time, that is to address the. 　　12, food and sleep without visitors. 　　13, his audience with the Executive elders, should bow salute, then took their places; and back, is no different. 　　14, and the Executive elders, and women's line shaking hands should be as soon as the first hand, and conscientious and grip. 　　15, visiting government employees and teachers, we must first ask of his part-time work, not sitting chatting. 　　16, visitors are not met, or fairing, or write board message card. 　　(7) receive 　　First, see the first salute, greeting regular customers Road, stranger, please Xingzi address. 　　2, and the door precursor for the whole family off Qi. 　　3, each door will let customers first. 　　4, entry will be safe for the passenger seat. 　　5, room with his guest, should be introduced, first referred child in the long, medium base on respect, medium close to far, homotopy is mediated at the post before. 　　6, and offer tea fruit long after the first child, sir ripening. 　　7, the owner must Xia Zuo, toast for tea. 　　8, customers will be sent to pay tribute to the distance outside the village or the customer will be sent to the intersection. 　　9, far-off special to be prepared diet bedroom, toilet guide, lead bath. 　　10, far off to, will be sent to the inn, looking car away, before returning. 　　(8) Travel 　　1, will travel, will address relatives, ancestors speech pro. 　　Second, far to the destination, we must first call the people concerned. 　　3, Ye shall return relatives, or sent to earth a little thing. 　　Fourth, the separation of the family and friends bid farewell, will go off, before or gratuity, or feast preserves. 　　5, far off to visit, to go to return a visit or dinner Jie Feng. 　　6, travelers returning to worship, to Yi Hui Bai, or hosted a welcome home. 　　7, by the person off and farewell, to the seat, to 11 letter thank. 　　Eight people completed the Jiefeng or dust collector, I have to also. 　　9, immigration and prohibition, asked the Customs entry, entry asked taboo. 　　10, into the country without following, into the village will be under the traveling. 　　(9) of the Public 　　1, others are talking, not interrupting. 　　Second, the two of them talk, not to go through the middle. 　　Third, do not disturb other audio-visual loud noise. 　　Fourth, do not cross-sit, do not cross legs, feet are not palpable. 　　Fifth, do not repeat His words. 　　Sixth, take non-wave chair stool after the party. 　　7, hat without the hat on in others. 　　8, not to people spitting fountain. 　　9, not to people yawn, Shu Shen, sneeze. 　　(10) gift 　　First, reciprocity, to not go, to not come, all reciprocate. 　　Second, give people do not say to take, and with the wants and hopes people do not ask. 　　Third, people donated items, will be modest will respect. 　　Fourth, people donated items will be used outside the package, wedding Keiju exception. 　　5, usually gratuities, passenger seat with him, to avoid the concept of listening to and far from the early interviews, from time to avoid. 　　6, after the recipient by the first abbreviated Qianci, thanks, more than day to go to worship. 　　7, the elderly give, not speech. 　　(11) celebrate hanging 　　1, to participate in Kyrgyzstan ceremony, talk about bad funeral, I do not Qirong, not Tiqi. 　　Second, mourning ceremony not to participate in Kyrgyzstan, only to send instrument objects. 　　3, sackcloth not join the public service, they do not view Ji Li. 　　4, He married in Zhongbin ago, resigned not Valse. 　　5, Pro funeral without laughing. 　　6, there funeral, not Lane song. 　　7, rice at the funeral home, wine is not ocher Yen. 　　8, those who wear badges will be buried, Li end is lifted, does not wear him to. 　　(12) call 　　First, last name first meeting of the people asked, say your name, ask name, said, Tai Fu. Since that said, My name is a name that sounding name Soji so and so. 　　Second, there are relatives and old family friends who should be commensurate with each other all their birthright. Ordinary people say that Mr. or a brother, claiming to be said, brother. Carer for the elderly, said the old man say, after the school claimed to say, or from the name. 　　Third, that the father said, your father, Mu Yue your mother. To the person from the parents, say family Yan, Yue Jia Ci. See the father of a friend, said the old man, the mother said the aunt, claiming to be late or nephew. 　　Fourth, that the ancestor of man, say Lingzu public and grandmother said, people make Zutai Fu. Yue Jia Zu to the person from the motherland. Grandmother said, her grandmother at home. See one of the grandparents, too, said the old man, too aunt. Can claim to have names. 　　5, said the people of the brothers, said, Your brother, Yue Ling Di. To the person from the brothers, said, Jiaxiongshedi. Said one of the sisters, said, Lingzi your sister. To the person from the sisters, said, Jiazi my younger sister. See who's brother, said Mr. a few, or several brother, claiming little brother. See who the sisters, collectively referred to several sister, said that since the younger brother say. (Book article claimed paternity) 　　6, said the man's wife, said, thus rendering it, or your wife, from wife to the person, say my wife or Jiannei. See who's wife said the daughter claimed to have names. (Women can claim mei) 　　7, the woman said the man's husband, said, Zunfu a President, to the person from the husband, say my husband. See who's husband, said a President, since the better to avoid the call, if necessary, only that I can. 　　8, said the son of man, say your son or son, said the woman, saying that people love, or Nvgong Zi. To the person from the child, said, children, women say my daughter. See the Son of Man, said Shi Xiong, claiming younger brother, said the woman said, Shijie, since not call. 　　Nine, said the people of Sun and granddaughter, said, that women make Sun Yue Sun. To the person from the Sun, and women Sun, Yue Sun, Sun said, my daughter. See the Sun and the woman who Sun, said the son of a few Miss a few. 　　10, said the person, or from the late generations ago, the first word plus one system. If that person so parents say that the first order Taifu Ren respect; said it from the parents, said, like the first Yanxian Ci. That no additional words were late Xiabei only cloud "before a brother" to, since it Xiabei said, but added a word death, or the cloud "before so and so" can be. 　　11, said the person uncle aunt, uncle said, so that the aunt. To the person from the uncle aunt, uncle aunt said, family. See who the uncle aunt, said the elderly men and women; pay thickness, could say the old man and an old aunt. 　　12, said the person uncle aunt, said, the mother of that aunt so. Person from the uncle to my aunt, my mother said, Jiu Jia aunt. See who the uncle aunt, before simulation title. 　　13, said the father-mother-in-one, so mother said, Ling Yue. Parents-to-person, Yue Yue Jiayue home mother. See one of her parents, pre-simulation title. 　　14, said the person Neizhi, say so Neizhi. The nephew said the man, Yue Ling Sheng. The husband said the man, say that husband. To the person from Neizhi, nephew, husband, said, spacious Neizhi, say homes nephew, Yue Xiao Xu. 　　15, said the person friends and relatives say that the pro said, Guiyou. To the person from family and friends, say Sheqinbiyou. 　　16, said the people of division, said, Ling Shi, students say that your pupil. To the person from the division, said, spacious business division. That said, spacious self only. Claims division, said, Master, or Wu Shi. That since said, by industry, or say his students. 　　17, said the people of Executive, said, your a long (School Department bureau, etc.). That person is a member said, are you or your subordinates. To the person from the Chief Executive, said, in a long spacious, said the self is a member of staff or spacious said, is a spacious, also called a certain name in a post. 　　18, said the people of the host, say you, the said person servant, said, Takanori. Autonomy to the person who said, spacious upper; said the self-servant, say a small price. 　　(With that) 　　1, address the issue, the very complex, custom parts, called direct to meet, especially many different, it is difficult to list. This part of its external communication is usually recorded only users. 　　Second, relatives, called very fine, for every wrong word and Yi Xiao person. Examples of this is hereby series, designed for common, so an unknown _set_. 　　Student Etiquette 　　1. Student appearance, appearance, grooming ritual 　　Dressed: the daily primary and secondary students to meet the age characteristics of dress, especially in line with student status, neat appearance. 　　Pioneers, the Communist Youth League in accordance with the provisions of wearing red scarf or Tuanhui. Students do not make up, do not wear jewelry, do not perm, boys do not have long hair. 　　Participate in meetings, lectures and just stand straight when sitting. Sit still: the first is straight neck, upper body and the basic vertical seat back. Direct legislation: head high, upper body, legs perpendicular to the ground. 　　Stable walking: walking posture is correct, moderate pace, powerful sound. In the corridor, classroom walk, the trot softly; on the street, right, walk; not shake shoulder and hip Akira, do not walk more than Goujiandabei. 　　Conversation civilized manner: a comprehensive instrumentation requirements. Talk with people, the sincerity and language of civilization. Interpersonal skills, the expression of natural, generous action. 　　2. Student Body Language Etiquette 　　Smile: Yes, that friendly faces of others, without showing teeth, upturned mouth micro. 　　Bow: a lower to higher levels, juniors on the elders, individual groups of etiquette. Bow, the hat, stand at attention, eyes watching each other, smiling, and then the upper body bent forward tilt of natural, bow eyes looking down. Sometimes grateful, depth and upper body can be further forward. 　　Handshake: meeting or parting with the people the most common courtesy, but also the people of gratitude, sympathy, congratulations or encouragement of the protocol. 　　Stand up before shaking hands, took off his gloves, his right hand with right hand and hold the other party. 　　When shaking hands, eyes watching each other, smiling. 　　In general, do not shake hands with force, can hold about. Between old friends can hold depth and, for a long time greeting some or side edges tightly with both hands. 　　Do not cross over to shake hands at the same time, people would then hand grip, turn with grip. 　　Wave: long distance to see strangers in public places or who bid farewell to departing guests, their hands and nodded hello. 　　Applause: is that joy, welcome, appreciate the courtesy. With both hands at a pace to hit, Applause to timely and appropriately. 　　Right salute to: the campus, up and down stairs, stairs or walking the streets, through the right side of the road. Encounter teachers, guests, long, young, women, disabled, military personnel out of the door, take the initiative to open the door Celi, let them first. 　　3. Students with people, conversations and basic etiquette 　　Respectfully (King said): elders, friends or acquaintance who said, "You." His teachers and social workers to call their office or "teacher", "Master," "uncle," "Auntie," and so on, do not address him by his name. 　　Request of others to say "please"; and when greeting to say "Hello"; and break up when people say "goodbye"; trouble when people say "sorry"; others thanks to his time said, "It does not matter"; thanks to help from others to say "Thank you." 　　4. Flag raising, singing the national anthem etiquette 　　Students attending the ceremony to dress neatly, tied coat button, pants button, wear a red scarf, hat, flag Fangxiang Li is stop for good. Not talk, walk or do other actions. Flag-raising the national anthem when the teams face the flag ceremony or ritual attention until the flag rose to top of the pole. 　　Li-Young Pioneers Team: Stand up straight at attention, his right hand fingers close together, holding his head, his eyes watching the recipient that the interests of the people above everything else. 　　National anthem is a symbol of musical forms. Singing the national anthem when standing at attention, visual front, solemn demeanor, the lyrics correct, accurate pitch, resonant sound. 　　5. Etiquette in schools 　　Teachers into the schools first met, say hello to stop at attention bow: "Good teacher!" "Good president!" People for a long time, you can nod greetings; see the students can nod, wave hello. 　　The class to stand. Standing on the side seat, his hands hanging naturally, to the teachers line eyes. 　　Class prepared to ask or answer questions first hand. Correct action is: sitting seats, right elbow on the table, held on the arm, his right hand fingers close together, fingers up, and so was allowed to rise again. 　　Call the office or living room into the teacher "report" or knock on the door, they heard the sound of indoor moderate, in social intercourse, must first knock on the door into the other room is also, without permission will be allowed to enter. 　　6. Students welcome ceremony 　　Visiting guests, to stand up to greet, smiling, active greeting: "Hello!" "Welcome to!" In response to questions about to rise. Seat for the guests, and bottled water; guests and parents talk to avoid; guests leave, sent up the door. 　　7. Student house etiquette 　　Please elders seated dinner first, before their own place, have dinner in the comity of others. 　　Before leaving home, to greet the parents: "I am gone, goodbye!" Go home, said: "I'm back!" 　　Meet the parents leave home or go home, take the initiative to greet, goods delivery access 　　Origin of Etiquette 　　Ritual as an important interpersonal norms, it is not random baseless creations, not an option. Understand the origin of etiquette will help understand the nature of ritual, and consciously carried out in accordance with the requirements of etiquette social activities. The ritual origin, the researchers have a variety of views can be broadly classified into the following. 　　There is a view that the ritual originated in the court's requirements. In the West, "Etiquette" from the French word "Etiguette" intended to "pass the courts." Ancient France in order to ensure the activities of the court order, court rules will be printed into the court issued a notice card to each person as to comply with the rules and codes of conduct. Later "Etiguette" word into English, as "a ritual," meaning, as it contacts the rules and guidelines to be followed. 　　As can be seen from the origin of ritual, liturgy is in people's social activities, in order to maintain a stable order, in order to maintain a harmonious communication should be transported generated. To this day, this ritual still embodies the essential characteristics and unique features.

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