lǐ、 lè zhī zhì， shèng yú sān dài， ér dà bèi yú zhōu。 sān dài zhī xīng， jiē shù bǎi nián， ér zhōu zuì jiǔ。 shǐ wǔ wáng、 zhōu gōng xiū tài píng zhī yè， huà tiān xià yǐ wéi jiǔ fú， shàng zì tiān zǐ zhì yú shù rén， jiē yòu fǎ dù。 fāng qí jiāo sì tiān dì， kāi míng táng yǐ huì zhū hóu， qí chē qí fú qì， wén zhāng làn rán， hé qí shèng zāi！ jí yōu、 lì zhī luàn， zhōu shì shuāi wēi， qí hòu zhū hóu jiàn dà， rán qí huán cì zuò 'ér bài， jìn wén bù gǎn bì qǐng suì， yǐ《 lǐ》 wéi chí。 yòu 'èr bǎi yú nián，《 lǐ》 zhī gōng yì dà yǐ。 xià gèng zhàn guó， lǐ、 lè dài jué。 hàn xīng，《 lǐ》 chū yān zhōng， hòu dài zhū rú， gòng wéi bǔ zhuì， dé bǎi yú piān。 sān zhèng、 wáng sù zhī tú jiē jīng qí xué， ér shuō huò bù tóng。 fū《 lǐ》 jí tiān dì、 cháo tíng、 zōng miào、 fán rén zhī dà lún， kě wèi guǎng yǐ， suī 'èr jiā shū shuō， qǐ bù bó zāi！ zì hàn yǐ lái， yán gé zhī zhì， yòu sī zhī chuán， zhù yú shū zhě， kě yǐ lǎn yān。
( ōu yáng xiū )
lǐ yí shì zhǐ rén men zài shè huì jiāo wǎng zhōng yóu yú shòu lì shǐ chuán tǒng、 fēng sú xí guàn、 zōng jiào xìn yǎng、 shí dài cháo liú děng yīn sù 'ér xíng chéng， jì wéi rén men suǒ rèn tóng， yòu wéi rén men suǒ zūn shǒu， shì yǐ jiàn lì hé xié guān xì wéi mù de de gè zhǒng fú hé jiāo wǎng yào qiú de xíng wéi zhǔn zé hé guī fàn de zǒng hé。 zǒng 'ér yán zhī， lǐ yí jiù shì rén men zài shè huì jiāo wǎng huó dòng zhōng yìng gòng tóng zūn shǒu de xíng wéi guī fàn hé zhǔn zé。
rèn shí lǐ yí
cóng gè rén xiū yǎng de jiǎo dù lái kàn， lǐ yí kě yǐ shuō shì yī gè rén nèi zài xiū yǎng hé sù zhì de wài zài biǎo xiàn。
cóng jiāo jì de jiǎo dù lái kàn， lǐ yí kě yǐ shuō shì rén jì jiāo wǎng zhōng shì yòng de yī zhǒng yì shù， yī zhǒng jiāo jì fāng shì huò jiāo jì fāng fǎ。 shì rén jì jiāo wǎng zhōng yuē dìng sú chéng de shì rén yǐ zūn zhòng、 yǒu hǎo de xí guàn zuò fǎ。
cóng chuán bō de jiǎo dù lái kàn， lǐ yí kě yǐ shuō shì zài rén jì jiāo wǎng zhōng jìn xíng xiāng hù gōu tōng de jì qiǎo。
rú guǒ fēn lèi， kě yǐ dà zhì fēn wéi zhèng wù lǐ yí、 shāng wù lǐ yí、 fú wù lǐ yí、 shè jiāo lǐ yí、 shè wài lǐ yí děng wǔ dà fēn zhī。 dàn suǒ wèi wǔ dà fēn zhī， yīn wéi lǐ yí shì mén zōng hé xìng de xué kē， suǒ yǐ yòu shì xiāng duì 'ér yán。 gè fēn zhī lǐ yí nèi róng dōushì xiāng hù jiāo róng de， dà bù fēn lǐ yí nèi róng dōudà tǐ xiāng tóng。
lǐ yí de zhù yào gōng néng， cóng gè rén de jiǎo dù lái kàn， yī shì yòu zhù yú tí gāo rén men de zì shēn xiū yǎng； èr shì yòu zhù yú měi huà zì shēn、 měi huà shēng huó； yòu zhù yú cù jìn rén men de shè huì jiāo wǎng， gǎi shàn rén men de rén jì guān xì； hái yòu zhù yú jìng huà shè huì fēng qì。
cóng tuán tǐ de jiǎo dù lái kàn， lǐ yí shì qǐ yè wén huà、 qǐ yè jīng shén de zhòng yào nèi róng， shì qǐ yè xíng xiàng de zhù yào fùzhuó diǎn。 dà fán guó jì huà de qǐ yè， duì yú lǐ yí dōuyòu gāo biāo zhǔn de yào qiú， dū bǎ lǐ yí zuò wéi qǐ yè wén huà de zhòng yào nèi róng， tóng shí yě shì huò dé guó jì rèn zhèng de zhòng yào ruǎn jiàn。 yě shì lǜ jǐ hé jīng rén de yī zhǒng xíng wéi guī fàn。
lǐ yí de hán yì
shuō shí huà， duì yú zhǐ zài wéi hù sēn yán de fēng jiàn děng jí zhì dù de lǐ yí zhì dù， yóu qí shì nà xiē luò hòu de fán wén rù jié， xīn de shè huì zhì dù hé jià zhí tǐ xì fēi dàn wú fǎ jiē nà， ér qiě bì xū jiān jué yú yǐ pāo qì。 zì xīn hài gé mìng chè dǐ fǒu dìng liǎo jǐ qiān nián de fēng jiàn zhì dù zhī hòu， bàn suí zhe shè huì jià zhí guān de gēn běn gǎi biàn， lǐ yě bèi fù yú liǎo quán xīn de xiàn dài yì yì。
rú guǒ shuō chuán tǒng yì yì shàng de lǐ shì yī zhǒng hán gài yī qiē zhì dù、 fǎ lǜ hé dào dé de shè huì xíng wéi guī fàn de huà， jīn tiān de suǒ wèi lǐ zé jǐn jǐn shì duì lǐ mào hé xiāng guān huó dòng de lǐ yí xíng shì 'ér yán de， zhè yě shì wǒ zhè yī zǔ huà tí suǒ yào tǎo lùn de zhù yào fàn chóu。
lǐ yí shì zài rén jì jiāo wǎng zhōng， yǐ yī dìng de、 yuē dìng sú chéng de chéng xù、 fāng shì lái biǎo xiàn de lǜ jǐ、 jìng rén de guò chéng。 shè jí chuānzhuó、 jiāo wǎng、 gōu tōng、 qíng shāng děng nèi róng。 cóng gè rén xiū yǎng de jiǎo dù lái kàn， lǐ yí kě yǐ shuō shì yī gè rén nèi zài xiū yǎng hé sù zhì de wài zài biǎo xiàn。 cóng jiāo jì de jiǎo dù lái kàn， lǐ yí kě yǐ shuō shì rén jì jiāo wǎng zhōng shì yòng de yī zhǒng yì shù， yī zhǒng jiāo jì fāng shì huò jiāo jì fāng fǎ。 shì rén jì jiāo wǎng zhōng yuē dìng sú chéng de shì rén yǐ zūn zhòng、 yǒu hǎo de xí guàn zuò fǎ。 cóng chuán bō de jiǎo dù lái kàn， lǐ yí kě yǐ shuō shì zài rén jì jiāo wǎng zhōng jìn xíng xiāng hù gōu tōng de jì qiǎo。 rú guǒ fēn lèi， kě yǐ dà zhì fēn wéi zhèng wù lǐ yí、 shāng wù lǐ yí、 fú wù lǐ yí、 shè jiāo lǐ yí、 shè wài lǐ yí děng wǔ dà fēn zhī。 dàn suǒ wèi wǔ dà fēn zhī， yīn wéi lǐ yí shì mén zōng hé xìng de xué kē， suǒ yǐ yòu shì xiāng duì 'ér yán。 gè fēn zhī lǐ yí nèi róng dōushì xiāng hù jiāo róng de， dà bù fēn lǐ yí nèi róng dōudà tǐ xiāng tóng。 lǐ yí de zhù yào gōng néng， cóng gè rén de jiǎo dù lái kàn， yī shì yòu zhù yú tí gāo rén men de zì shēn xiū yǎng； èr shì yòu zhù yú měi huà zì shēn、 měi huà shēng huó； yòu zhù yú cù jìn rén men de shè huì jiāo wǎng， gǎi shàn rén men de rén jì guān xì； hái yòu zhù yú jìng huà shè huì fēng qì。 cóng tuán tǐ de jiǎo dù lái kàn， lǐ yí shì qǐ yè wén huà、 qǐ yè jīng shén de zhòng yào nèi róng， shì qǐ yè xíng xiàng de zhù yào fùzhuó diǎn。 dà fán guó jì huà de qǐ yè， duì yú lǐ yí dōuyòu gāo biāo zhǔn de yào qiú， dū bǎ lǐ yí zuò wéi qǐ yè wén huà de zhòng yào nèi róng， tóng shí yě shì huò dé guó jì rèn zhèng de zhòng yào ruǎn jiàn。
gǔ dài lǐ yí
zhōng guó zì gǔ jiù shì lǐ yí zhī bāng , lǐ yí duì yú wǒ men lái shuō , gèng duō de shí hòu néng tǐ xiàn chū yī gè rén de jiào yǎng hé pǐn wèi . zhēn zhèng dǒng lǐ yí jiǎng lǐ yí de rén， jué bù huì zhǐ zài mǒu yī gè huò zhě jǐ gè tè dìng de chǎng hé cái zhù zhòng lǐ yí guī fàn， zhè shì yīn wéi nà xiē gǎn xìng de， yòu yòu xiē chéng shì huà de xì jié， zǎo yǐ zài tā men de xīn líng de lì liàn zhōng shēn rù gǔ suǐ， jìn rù xuè yè liǎo。
suǒ yǐ wú lùn hé shí hé dì， wǒ mendōu yào yǐ zuì qiàdàng de fāng shì qù dài rén jiē wù。 zhè gè shí hòu “ lǐ ” jiù chéng liǎo wǒ men shēng mìng zhōng zuì zhòng yào de yī bù fēn。 lǐ yí shì rén jì guān xì zhōng de yī zhǒng yì shù， shì rén yǔ rén zhī jiān gōu tōng de qiáo liáng， lǐ yí shì rén jì guān xì zhōng bì xū zūn shǒu de yī zhǒng guàn lì， shì yī zhǒng xí guàn xíng shì， jí zài zài rén yǔ rén de jiāo wǎng zhōng yuē dìng sú chéng de yī zhǒng xí guàn zuò fǎ。
lǐ yí duì guī fàn rén men de shè huì xíng wéi， xié diào rén jì guān xì， cù jìn rén lèi shè huì fā zhǎn jù yòu jī jí de zuò yòng。
wǒ guó shì lì shǐ yōu jiǔ de wén míng gǔ guó， jǐ qiān nián lái chuàng zào liǎo càn làn de wén huà， xíng chéng liǎo gāo shàng de dào dé zhǔn zé、 wán zhěng de lǐ yí guī fàn， bèi shì rén chēng wéi“ wén míng gǔ guó， lǐ yí zhī bāng”。 zhè cóng lǐ jì zhōng jiù kě dé chū zhè yàng de jié lùn . zhěng gè dōng yà jí dōng nán yà de wén huà de jīng huá jūn shì chuán chéng huá xià wén míng jiù shì què zhèng . zhōng guó jù yòu wǔ qiān nián wén míng shǐ， sù yòu“ lǐ yí zhī bāng” zhī chēng， zhōng guó rén yě yǐ qí bīn bīn yòu lǐ de fēng mào 'ér zhù chēng yú shì。 lǐ yí wén míng zuò wéi zhōng guó chuán tǒng wén huà de yī gè zhòng yào zǔ chéng bù fēn， duì zhōng guó shè huì lì shǐ fā zhǎn qǐ liǎo guǎng fàn shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng， qí nèi róng shí fēn fēng fù。 lǐ yí suǒ shè jí de fàn wéi shí fēn guǎng fàn， jīhū shèn tòu yú gǔ dài shè huì de gè gè fāng miàn。 zhōng guó gǔ dài de“ lǐ” hé“ yí”， shí jì shì liǎng shàng bù tóng de gài niàn。“ lǐ” shì zhì dù、 guī zé hé yī zhǒng shè huì yì shí guān niàn；“ yí” shì“ lǐ” de jù tǐ biǎo xiàn xíng shì， tā shì yǐ jù“ lǐ” de guī dìng hé nèi róng， xíng chéng de yī tào xì tǒng 'ér wán zhěng de chéng xù。 zài zhōng guó gǔ dài， lǐ yí shì wéi liǎo shì yìng dāng shí shè huì xū yào， cóng zōng zú zhì dù、 guì jiàn děng jí guān xì zhōng yǎn shēng chū lái， yīn 'ér dài yòu chǎn shēng tā de nà gè shí dài de tè diǎn jí jú xiàn xìng。 shí zhì jīn rì， xiàn dài de lǐ yí yǔ gǔ dài de lǐ yí yǐ yòu hěn dà chā bié， wǒ men bì xū shěqì nà xiē wéi bō xuē jiē jí fú wù de lǐ yí guī fàn， zhuózhòng xuǎn qǔ duì jīn tiān réng yòu jī jí、 pǔ biàn yì yì de chuán tǒng wén míng lǐ yí， rú zūn lǎo jìng xián、 yí shàng shì yí、 lǐ mào dài rén、 róng yí yòu zhěng děng， jiā yǐ gǎi zào yǔ chéng chuán。 zhè duì yú xiū yǎng liáng hǎo gè rén sù zhì， xié diào hé xié rén jì guān xì， sù zào wén míng de shè huì fēng qì， jìn xíng shè huì zhù yì jīng shén wén míng jiàn shè， jù yòu xiàn dài jià zhí。 xiàn shì fēn shù rú xià：
yī、 zūn lǎo jìng xián wǒ guó zì yuán shǐ shè huì dào fēng jiàn shè huì， rén jì de zhèng zhì lún lǐ guān xì jūn yǐ shì zú、 jiā tíng de xuè yuán guān xì wéi niǔ dài， gù cǐ zài jiā tíng lǐ miàn zūn cóng zǔ shàng， zài shè huì shàng zūn jìng zhǎngbèi。 yóu yú zhōng guó gǔ dài shè huì tuī chóng lǐ zhì hé rén zhèng， jìng xián yǐ chéng wéi yī zhǒng lì shǐ de yào qiú。 mèng zǐ shuō：“ yǎng lǎo zūn xián， jùn jié zài wèi， zé yòu qìng”（ zhù：《 mèng zǐ · gào zǐ xià》）。“ qìng” jiù shì shǎng cì。 gǔ dài zhè zhǒng chuán tǒng lǐ yí， duì yú xíng chéng wēn qíng mòmò de rén jì guān xì， yǐ jí yòu xù hé xié de lún lǐ guān xì， bù guǎn guò qù hé xiàn dài， dū qǐ zhe zhòng yào zuò yòng。 shuō dào zūn lǎo， zhè shì zhōng guó chuán tǒng wén huà zhōng de yī dà tè sè。 gǔ dài de jìng lǎo， bìng bù shì zhǐ tíng liú zài sī xiǎng guān niàn hé shuō jiào shàng， yě bìng bù jǐn zhǐ yú pǔ tōng bǎi xìng de shēng huó zhī zhōng。 cóng jūn zhù、 shì zú dào zhěng gè guān shēn jiē céng， dōuzài shēn tǐ lì xíng， bìng qiě xíng chéng yī tào jìng lǎo de guīju hé yǎng lǎo de lǐ zhì。《 lǐ jì》 jìzǎi：“ gǔ zhī dào， wǔ shí bùwèi diàn tú， bān qín lóng zhū zhǎngzhě”（ zhù：《 lǐ jì · jì yì》）。 jiù shì shuō， wǔ shí suì yǐ shàng de lǎo rén bù bì qīn wǎng dǎ liè， dàn zài fēn pèi liè wù shí yào dé dào yōu hòu de yī fèn。 yī xiē gǔ jí， duì yú tóng zhǎngzhě shuō huà shí de shēng liàng， yě zuò liǎo míng què de yào qiú。 rú《 yǎng méng biàn dú》 shuō：“ shì yú qīn cháng， shēng róng yì sù， wù yīn suǒ shì， dà shēng hū chì”（ zhù：《 yǎng méng biàn dú · yán yǔ》）。《 dì zǐ guī》 yòu shuō：“ dī bù wén， què fēi yí”。 zǒng zhī， shàng zhì jūn wáng guì zú， xià dá shù rén bǎi xìng， dōuyào zūn xún yī dìng de guīju， yòng gè zhǒng fāng shì biǎo dá duì lǎo zhě、 zhǎngzhě de xiào jìng zhī yì， zuò wéi héng liàng yī gè rén shì fǒu yòu xiū yǎng de zhòng yào biāo zhì。 rèn hé xíng tài de shè huì， dū xū yào zūn jìng lǎo rén。 bù jǐn yīn wéi lǎo rén yuè lì shēn， jiàn wén guǎng， jīng yàn duō， láo dòng shí jiān cháng， duì shè huì gòng xiàn dà， lǐ yìng shòu dào zūn jìng； tóng shí， tā men zài tǐ lì hé jīng shén shàng jiào chā， xū yào qīng nián rén de tǐ tiē、 zhào gù hé bāng zhù。 zuò wéi yī gè yòu lǐ mào de xiàn dài qīng nián， duì zhǎngzhě hé lǎo rén， yīnggāi zuò dào： lù yù zhù dòng qiān ràng， chéng chē zhù dòng ràng zuò， zài shāng diàn、 xì yuàn děng gōng gòng chǎng suǒ， yìng jìn liàng kǎo lǜ dào wéi lǎo rén chuàng zào fāng biàn tiáo jiàn。 guān yú jìng xián， sān guó shí hòu yòu gè diǎn gù， jiào“ sān gù máo lú”。 shuō de shì liú bèi yǎng mù zhū gé liàng de cái néng， yào qǐng tā bāng zhù zì jǐ dǎ tiān xià， biàn bù yàn qí fán dì qīn zì dào zhū gé liàng jū zhù de cǎo fáng qǐng tā chū shān。 yī 'ér zài， zài 'ér sān， zhū gé liàng cái dāyìng。 cóng cǐ， zhū gé liàng de xióng cái dà lüè dé yǐ chōng fēn fā huī， wéi liú bèi de shì yè“ jū gōng jìn cuì， sǐ 'ér hòu yǐ”。 zòng guān zhōng guó gǔ dài lì shǐ， lì lái yòu zuò wéi de jūn zhù， dà duō fēi cháng zhòng shì zūn xián yòng xián， shì zhī wèiguó jiā 'ān wēi de jué dìng yīn sù。 píng shí bù jìng xián， dào liǎo jǐn jí guān tóu， xián cái jiù bù huì wèiguó fēn yōu。 bù shì xián cái bùwèi guó jiā zhuóxiǎng， ér shì guó jiā huǎn xián wàng shì， rú cǐ“ ér néng jīng qí guó cún zhě， wèi céng yòu yě”（ zhù：《 mò zǐ · qīn shì》）。 jīn tiān wǒ men tí chàng fā yáng gǔ dài“ jìng xián zhī lǐ”， xū fù yú xiàn dài xīn rén cái guān de nèi róng， jiù shì yào zūn zhòng zhī shí， zūn zhòng rén cái。 dāng jīn shè huì， gè zhǒng jìng zhēng yuè lái yuè jī liè。 zhǒng zhǒng jìng zhēng， guī gēn dào dǐ shì rén cái de jìng zhēng。 dà zhì guó jiā mín zú， xiǎo dào gōng sī qǐ yè， yào zài jī liè de jìng zhēng zhōng bǎo chí yōu shì dì wèi， dū bì xū yōng yòu qiáng dà de rén cái duì wǔ。 zhǐ yòu cóng sī xiǎng guān niàn dào jù tǐ xíng dòng shàng zūn zhòng、 ài hù rén cái， shǐ quán shè huì xíng chéng yī gè zūn zhòng zhī shí、 zūn zhòng rén cái de liáng hǎo huán jìng， xíng chéng zú gòu qiáng dà de rén cái duì wǔ， cái néng lì yú bù bài zhī dì。
èr、 yí shàng shì yí zhōng huá mín zú sù lái zhù zhòng tōng guò shì hé de xíng shì， biǎo dá rén men nèi xīn fēng fù de qíng gǎn。 yù dào zhòng dà jié rì hé fā shēng zhòng yào shì jiàn， duō yòu yuē dìng sú chéng de yí jǔ。 rú huò dé fēng shōu， yào huān gē qìng hè； zāo dào zāi huò， yào qí qiú shén líng bǎo yòu。 jiǔ 'ér jiǔ zhī， jiù xíng chéng xǔ duō jié qìng jí lǐ yí xíng shì， rú chūn jié、 yuán xiāo、 zhōng qiū、 chóngyáng děng děng， jīhū měi gè jié rì， dōuyòu tè dìng de lǐ sú。 zài gǔ dài， hūn、 sàng hé jié qìng děng huó dòng shì zuò wéi shè huì shēng huó zhōng de dà shì lái duì dài de， qí lǐ yí guī dìng dé gé wài xiáng jìn 'ér zhōu mì， cóng fú shì、 qì mǐn dào guī gé、 chéng xù hé jǔ zhǐ de fāng wèi， dōuyòu jù tǐ de guī dìng。 jīn tiān， wǒ men yào bǎo chí hé fā yáng zhōng huá mín zú yōu xiù de lǐ yí wén míng， zuì zhòng yào de yī diǎn， jiù shì guì zài shì yí。 jí rú 'èr chéng suǒ zhù zhāng：“ shē zì wén shēng， wén guò zé wéi shē， bù zú zé wéi jiǎn”（ zhù：《 èr chéng jí》 chéng shì wài shū juàn liù）。 kě jiàn， yí shì de guī mó zài yú dé dāng， shìdàng de wén shì shì bì yào de， dàn wén shì guò dāng jiù huì zào chéng shē chǐ làng fèi， piān lí lǐ guī de yào qiú； ér guò yú lìn sè， fáng 'ài dào yí shì de shí xíng yě shì bù dé tǐ de。 gǔ rén zhè zhǒng jiàn jiě fēi cháng jīng bì， duì wǒ men jīn tiān jǔ xíng gè zhǒng yí shì jù yòu zhǐ dǎo zuò yòng。 zài dāng jīn de shè huì huó dòng zhōng， jǔ xíng gè zhǒng yí shì réng rán shì bù kě quē shǎo de。 gōng sī kāi zhāng、 ér nǚ hūn jià， gè zhǒng jié qìng huó dòng， dōuyòu bù tóng de yí shì。 wǒ men yào bǎ wò hǎo gè zhǒng yí shì de guī mó， jiù bì xū zhǎng wò hǎo shì dù de yuán zé， yào shǐ bì yào de yí jǔ tóng xiàn dài wén míng xiāng jié hé， xiāng guān de huó dòng jì lóng zhòng qí shì， yòu bù zhì yú huá 'ér bù shí。 wǒ men yóu qí yào fǎn duì nà zhǒng jiè hūn sàng qìng diǎn zhī jī， dà cāo dà bàn， pū zhāng làng fèi de xiàn xiàng； fǎn duì nà zhǒng rèn wéi yí shì yuè lóng zhòng yuè hǎo， yuè háo huá yuè hé hū lǐ guī de zuò fǎ。 rú： dāng jīn bù shǎo xīn hūn fū qī wéi shǐ hūn lǐ gòu pái chǎng， bǎi kuò qì， hù xiāng pān bǐ， gǎo dào zhài tái gāo zhù， zào chéng jù dà làng fèi。 shèn zhì yòu xiē lǐng dǎo gànbù bù gù yǐng xiǎng， wéi zǐ nǚ yǐ quán móu sī， shōu shòu dà zōng hè lǐ， zhùzhǎng shē mí zhī fēng。 zhè jì bù fú hé wǒ men yōu liáng chuán tǒng， yòu bù fú hé wǒ men de guó qíng、 mín qíng。
sān、 lǐ mào dài rén rèn hé yī gè wén míng shè huì， rèn hé yī gè wén míng mín zú， rén men zǒng shì shí fēn zhù zhòng wén míng lǐ mào。 yīn wéi lǐ mào shì rén lèi shè huì jù yǐ cù jìn rén jì jiāo wǎng yǒu hǎo hé xié de dào dé guī fàn zhī yī， shì gòu jiàn qǐ yǔ tā rén hé mù xiāng chù de qiáo liáng。 tā biāo zhì zhe yī gè shè huì de wén míng chéng xù， fǎn yìng yī gè mín zú de jīng shén miàn mào。 zhōng huá mín zú lì lái jiù fēi cháng zhòng shì zūn xún lǐ guī， lǐ mào dài rén。 qí zhōng xǔ duō nài rén xún wèi de jīng yàn zhī dàn， wú lùn guò qù hé xiàn zài， dū gěi rén yǐ qǐ dí。 jù tǐ shuō lái， zhù yào yòu yǐ xià liǎng diǎn：
（ yī） yǔ rén wéi shàn yǔ rén xiāng chù， wéi shàn dāng xiān。 ér zhè gè“ shàn”， yīngshì chū zì nèi xīn de chéng yì， shì chéng yú zhōng 'ér xíng yú wài， ér bù shì qiǎo yán lìng sè hé tú jù xíng shì de fán wén rù jié。《 lǐ jì》 shuō：“ fū lǐ zhě， zì bēi 'ér zūn rén”（ zhù：《 lǐ jì · qū lǐ shàng》）。 rú guǒ biǎo miàn shàng gōng jìng rè qíng， ér nèi xīn xū wěi， huò shì jǐn jǐn nèi xīn zūn jìng， ér háo wú biǎo qíng， dōushì bù gòu de。 yīnggāi biǎo lǐ yī zhì， cái néng cóng gēn běn shàng xiāo chú rén yǔ rén zhī jiān de gé hé、 mó cā， jìn 'ér hù jìng hù 'ài， yǒu hǎo xiāng chù。 zūn zhòng tā rén， jiù yào píng děng dài rén， bù fēn guì jiàn děng jí， yī shì tóng rén。 rú guǒ zhǐ duì shàng céng rén shì xiàn qí lǐ jìng， yǐ cái shì qǔ rén， yǐ lì yì jiāo rén， qí shí shì xiǎo rén suǒ wéi。《 lùn yǔ · zǐ hǎn》 zài： kǒng zǐ kàn jiàn chuān sāngfú、 dài lǐ mào chuān lǐ fú de rén hé máng rén。 xiāng jiàn shí， jí shǐ zhè xiē rén nián qīng， kǒng zǐ bì dìng zhàn qǐ lái。 xíng guò bié rén miàn qián shí， yī dìng kuài bù zǒu guò， yǐ shì jìng yì。 gǔ rén jìng rén de fāng fǎ， yě yòu zhí dé jiè jiàn de dì fāng。 shǒu xiān yào zūn zhòng tā rén de yì yuàn， tǐ liàng bié rén de xū yào hé jìn jì， bù néng qiǎngrénsuǒnán。 bù kē qiú bié rén zuò bù néng zuò de shì， bù qiáng qiú bié rén jiē shòu bù xǐ huān de dōng xī。 gǔ rén shuō：“ bù zé rén suǒ bù jí， bù qiáng rén suǒ bù néng， bù kǔ rén suǒ bù hǎo”（ zhù：《 wén zhōng zǐ · wèi xiāng》）。“ jǐ suǒ bù yù， wù shī yú rén（ zhù：《 lùn yǔ · yán yuān》）”， jiù shì zhè gè yì sī。 zài yǔ rén jiāo wǎng zhōng， yōu mò yǔ shàn yì de wán xiào wǎng wǎng gěi rén dài lái qīng sōng yú kuài， dàn jué bù kě xì nòng qǔ lè。 rú guǒ ná bié rén xìng míng wéi xiào liào， huò gěi rén qǐ bù yǎ de chuò hào， dōushì shí fēn bù jìng de。 nán běi cháo shí yán zhī tuī jiù céng duì cǐ zhǒng bù jìng qì fèn 'ér yán：“ jīn shì yú rén， suì yǐ xiāng xì。 huò xiāng zhǐ míng wéi tún dú zhě， yòu shí bàng guān， yóu yù yǎn 'ěr， kuàng dāng zhī zhě hū”。
（ èr） lǐ shàng wǎng lái lǐ shàng wǎng lái， shì lǐ mào dài rén de yī tiáo zhòng yào zhǔn zé。 jiù shì shuō， jiē shòu bié rén de hǎo yì， bì xū bào yǐ tóng yàng de lǐ jìng。 zhè yàng， rén jì jiāo wǎng cái néng píng děng yǒu hǎo dì zài yī zhǒng liáng xìng xún huán zhōng chí xù xià qù。 yīn cǐ，《 lǐ jì》 shuō：“ lǐ shàng wǎng lái， wǎng 'ér bù lái， fēi lǐ yě； lái 'ér bù wǎng， yì fēi lǐ yě”（ zhù：《 lǐ jì · qū lǐ shàng》）。 duì yú shòu 'ēn zhě lái shuō， yīnggāi dī shuǐ zhī 'ēn， yǒng quán xiāng bào。 zài gǔ rén yǎn zhōng， méi yòu bǐ wàng 'ēn fù yì gèng shāng rén dé。 kǒng zǐ shuō：“ yǐ dé bào dé， zé mín yòu suǒ quàn”；“ yǐ yuàn bào dé， zé xíng lù zhī mín yě（ zhù：《 lǐ jì · biǎo jì》）。 kě jiàn，“ yǐ dé bào dé”， yòu 'ēn bì bào， shì dài rén jiē wù de jī běn dào dé xiū yǎng。 dāng rán， wǎng lái zhī lǐ， yě gāi shì dù。 sòng lǐ de běn yì， zài yú biǎo dá jìng yì dá shè zhī yì， suǒ wèi lǐ qīng yì zhòng， bìng fēi yuè duō yuè hǎo。 zhèng rú《 zhuāng zǐ · shān mù》 piān shuō suǒ shuō：“ jūn zǐ zhī jiāo dàn ruò shuǐ， xiǎo rén zhī jiāo gān ruò lǐ； jūn zǐ dàn yǐ qīn， xiǎo rén gān yǐ jué。 bǐ wú gù yǐ hé zhě， zé wú gù yǐ lí”。
sì、 róng yí yòu zhěng yī gè rén de yí biǎo、 yí tài， shì qí xiū yǎng、 wén míng chéng dù de biǎo xiàn。 gǔ rén rèn wéi， jǔ zhǐ zhuāng zhòng， jìn tuì yòu lǐ， zhí shì jǐn jìng， wén zhì bīn bīn， bù jǐn néng gòu bǎo chí gè rén de zūn yán， hái yòu zhù yú jìn dé xiū yè。 gǔ dài sī xiǎng jiā céng jīng ná qín shòu de pí máo yǔ rén de yí biǎo yí tài xiāng bǐ jiào， qín shòu méi yòu liǎo pí máo， jiù bù néng wéi qín shòu； rén shī qù yí lǐ， yě jiù shì bù chéng wéi rén liǎo。 gǔ rén duì yí biǎo de yào qiú， bù miǎn guò yú fán suǒ。 qí zhōng zuì zhòng yào de， yòu rú xià sān gè fāng miàn。
（ yī） yī zhe róng mào：《 dì zǐ guī》 yào qiú：“ guān bì zhèng， niǔ bì jié， wà yǔ lǚ， jù jǐn qiē”。 zhè xiē guī fàn， duì xiàn dài rén lái shuō， réng shì bì yào de。 mào zhèng niǔ jié， xié wà jǐn qiē， shì yí biǎo lèi guān de jī běn yào qiú。 rú guǒ yī gè rén yī guān bù zhěng， xié wà bù zhèng， wǎng wǎng huì shǐ rén chǎn shēng fǎn gǎn shèn zhì 'ěxīn， yòu shuí huì qīn jìn zhè yàng de rén ní。 dāng rán， yī zhe dǎ bàn， bì xū shì hé zì jǐ de zhí yè、 nián líng、 shēng lǐ tè zhēng、 xiāng chù de huán jìng hé jiāo wǎng duì xiàng de shēng huó xí sú， jìn xíng dé tǐ dà fāng de xuǎn zé。 nóng zhuāng yàn mǒ， jiáo róu zào zuò， zhǐ huì shì dé qí fǎn。
（ èr） xíng wéi jǔ zhǐ： kǒng zǐ shuō：“ jūn zǐ bù zhòng zé bù wēi， xué zé bù gù”（ zhù：《 lùn yǔ · xué 'ér》）。 zhè shì yīn wéi， zhǐ yòu zhuāng zhòng cái yòu wēi yán。 fǒu zé， jí shǐ xué xí liǎo， yě bù néng gǒng gù。 jù tǐ shuō lái， yào qiú zuò dào“ zhàn rú sōng， zuò rú zhōng， xíng rú fēng， wò rú gōng”， jiù shì zhàn yào zhèng， zuò yào wěn， xíng dòng lì suǒ， cè shēn 'ér shuì。 zài gōng zhòng chǎng hé jǔ zhǐ bù kě qīng fú， bù kě xiè， yīnggāi zhuāng zhòng、 jǐn shèn 'ér yòu cóng róng， zuò dào“ fēi lǐ wù shì， fēi lǐ wù tīng， fēi lǐ wù yán， fēi lǐ wù dòng”（ zhù：《 lùn yǔ · yán yuān》）， chù chù hé hū lǐ yí guī fàn。（ sān） yán yǔ cí lìng： yǔ yán shì rén men sī xiǎng、 qíng cāo hé wén huà xiū yǎng de yī miàn jìng zǐ。 gǔ rén suǒ wèi“ xiū cí lì qí chéng， suǒ yǐ jū yè yě”（ zhù：《 yì · qián wén》）。 jiāng chéng kěn dì xiū shì yán cí kàn chéng shì lì yè de gēn jī， yòu yī dìng de dào lǐ。 bìng qiě yào“ yán bì xìn， xíng bì guǒ”（ zhù：《 lùn yǔ · zǐ lù》）。 qiǎo yán lìng sè de rén， shì bù kě néng qǔ xìn yú rén de。 qí cì shì shèn yán。 gǔ rén shuō， shàng tiān shēng rén， yú shé tóu shàng xià liǎng pái yá chǐ jǐn mì wéi guǒ， yòu zài wài miàn bāo yī céng hòu hòu de zuǐ chún， jiù shì yào rén men shuō huà yī dìng yào jǐn shèn。 dāng rán gǔ rén bìng shì yào qiú rén men shǎo yán yǔ， ér shì shuō huà yào shì jù tǐ qíng kuàng， dāng shuō zé shuō， dāng mò zé mò。 kǒng zǐ shuō：“ kě yǔ yán 'ér bù yǔ zhī yán， shī rén； bù kě yǔ yán 'ér yǔ zhī yán， shī yán。 zhī zhě bù shī rén， yì bù shī yán”（ zhù：《 lùn yǔ · wèi líng gōng》）。 shuō de jiù shì zhè gè dào lǐ。
yǐ shàng jǐ fāng miàn， shì wǒ guó chuán tǒng lǐ yí de jīng huá。 suī shuō shí dài bù tóng liǎo， dàn gǔ rén duì yí róng yí biǎo de zhòng shì jí zhěng jié yí róng yào qiú， shì zhí dé jīn rén jiè jiàn de。 wài zài xíng xiàng shì yī zhǒng wú shēng de yǔ yán， tā fǎn yìng chū yī gè rén de dào dé xiū yǎng， yě xiàng rén men chuán dì zhe yī gè rén duì zhěng gè shēng huó de nèi xīn tài dù。 jù yòu yī gè yōu yǎ de yí biǎo， wú lùn tā zǒu dào nǎ lǐ， dū gěi nà lǐ dài lái wén míng de chūn fēng， dé dào rén men de zūn jìng。 háo wú yí wèn， chuán tǒng lǐ yí wén míng duì wǒ guó shè huì lì shǐ fā zhǎn chǎn shēng jī jí yǐng xiǎng。 yī bān shuō lái， shè huì shàng jiǎng wén míng lǐ mào de rén yuè duō， zhè gè shè huì biàn yuè hé xié、 ān dìng。 rú guǒ wǒ men měi yī gè réndōu jiào yǎng yòu sù， lǐ mào dài rén， chù shì yòu jié， wǒ men de shēng huó jiù huì gèng duō yī xiē yú yuè， ér guó jiā、 shè huì gèng duō yī xiē yòu xù yǔ wén míng。 cóng zhè yī diǎn jiǎng， lǐ yí duì shè huì qǐ zhe zhèng zhì、 fǎ lǜ suǒ qǐ bù dào de zuò yòng。 cháng qī yǐ lái， yóu yú dà liàng lǐ yí wén huà de jīng huá hé zāo pò chǔyú shèn róng bìng cún de zhuàng tài， yòu yóu yú lǐ yí wén huà de zāo pò suǒ chǎn shēng bù kě dī gū de xiāo jí zuò yòng。 wǒ men hū shì liǎo chuán tǒng lǐ yí wén míng zhè yī bǎo guì de jīng shén cái fù。 dāng xiāng cháng yī duàn shí jiān nèi， shè huì、 xué xiào duì lǐ yí yǎng chéng jiào yù bù gòu zhòng shì， xǔ duō bù wén míng de xíng wéi yì yòu zēng wú jiǎn。 zài jīn tiān shè huì zhù yì jīng shén wén míng jiàn shè zhōng， wǒ men yìng lì zú yú xī shōu mín zú wén huà zhōng de jīng huá， shǐ chuán tǒng wén míng lǐ yí gǔ wéi jīn yòng， chóngjiàn yī tào xiàn dài wén míng lǐ yí。
lǐ yí de zuò yòng
lǐ yí shì rén men shēng huó hé shè huì jiāo wǎng zhōng yuē dìng sú chéng de， rén men kě yǐ gēn jù gè shì gè yàng de lǐ yí guī fàn， zhèng què bǎ wò yǔ wài jiè de rén jí jiāo wǎng chǐ dù， huì lǐ de chǔlǐ hǎo rén yǔ rén de guān xì。 rú guǒ méi yòu zhè xiē lǐ yí guī fàn， wǎng wǎng huì shǐ rén men zài jiāo wǎng zhōng gǎn dào shǒu zú wú cuò， nǎi zhì shī lǐ yú rén， nào chū xiào huà， suǒ yǐ shú xī hé zhǎng wò lǐ yí， jiù kě yǐ zuò dào chù lèi bàng tōng， dài rén jiē wù qià dào hǎo chù。
lǐ yí shì sù zào xíng xiàng de zhòng yào shǒu duàn。 zài shè huì huó dòng zhōng。 jiāo tán jiǎng jiū lǐ yí； kě yǐ biàn dé wén míng； jǔ zhǐ jiǎng jiū lǐ yí kě yǐ biàn dé gāo yǎ； chuānzhuó jiǎng jiū lǐ yí， kě yǐ biàn dé dà fāng； xíng wéi jiǎng jiū lǐ yí， kě yǐ biàn dé měi hǎo …… zhǐ yào jiǎng jiū lǐ yí， shì qíng dū huì zuò de qià dào hǎo chù。 zǒng zhī yī gè rén jiǎng jiū lǐ yí， jiù kě yǐ biàn dé chōng mǎn mèi lì
lǐ yí jí lǐ jié yǔ yí shì。
zhōng guó gǔ dài yòu“ wǔ lǐ” zhī shuō， jì sì zhī shì wéi jí lǐ， guān hūn zhī shì wéi jiā lǐ， bīn kè zhī shì wéi bīn lǐ， jūn lǚ zhī shì wéi jūn lǐ， sāngzàng zhī shì wéi xiōng lǐ。 wǔ lǐ de nèi róng xiāng dāng guǎng fàn， cóng fǎn yìng rén yǔ tiān、 dì、 guǐ shén guān xì de jì sì zhī lǐ， dào tǐ xiàn rén jì guān xì de jiā zú、 qīn yǒu、 jūn chén shàng xià zhī jiān de jiāo jì zhī lǐ； cóng biǎo xiàn rén shēng lì chéng de guān、 hūn、 sàng、 zàng zhū lǐ， dào rén yǔ rén zhī jiān zài xǐ qìng、 zāi huò、 sāngzàng shí biǎo shì de qìng zhù、 píng diào、 wèi wèn、 fǔ xù zhī lǐ， kě yǐ shuō shì wú suǒ bù bāo， chōng fēn fǎn yìng liǎo gǔ dài zhōng huá mín zú de shàng lǐ jīng shén。 jí lǐ jū wǔ lǐ zhī shǒu， tā zhù yào shì duì tiān shén、 dì zhī、 rén guǐ de jì sì diǎn lǐ。 qí zhù yào nèi róng kě bāo kuò sān gè fāng miàn。 dì yī shì jì tiān shén， jí sì hào tiān shàng dì； sì rì yuè xīng chén； sì sī zhōng、 sī mìng、 fēng shī、 yǔ shī děng。 dì 'èr shì jì dì zhī， jí jì shè jì、 wǔ dì、 wǔ yuè； jì shān lín chuān zé； jì sì fāng bǎi wù děng。 dì sān shì jì rén guǐ， zhù yào wéi chūn xià qiū dōng xiǎng jì xiān wáng、 xiān zǔ。 xiōng lǐ shì 'āi mǐn、 diào yàn、 yōu huàn zhī lǐ。 tā de zhù yào nèi róng yòu： yǐ sānglǐ 'āi sǐ wáng， yǐ huāng lǐ 'āi qū lǐ， yǐ diào lǐ 'āi huò zāi， yǐ guì lǐ 'āi wéi bài， yǐ xù lǐ 'āi kòu luàn。 qí zhōng， sānglǐ shì duì gè zhǒng bù tóng guān xì de rén zhī sǐ wáng， tōng guò guī dìng shí jiān de fúsāng guò chéng lái biǎo dá bù tóng chéng dù de běi shàng； huāng lǐ shì duì mǒu yī dì qū huò mǒu yī guó jiā shòu dào jī jǐn yì lì de bù xìng zāo yù， guó wáng yǔ qún chén dū cǎi qǔ jiǎn shàn、 tíng zhǐ yú lè děng cuò shī lái biǎo shì tóng qíng； diào lǐ shì duì tóng méng guó huò zhì yù yòu sǐ sàng huò shuǐ huǒ zāi huò 'ér jìn xíng diào yàn wèi wèn de yī zhǒng lǐ jié。 zhè sān zhǒng lǐ jié gè jí guì zú dōukě jǔ xíng。 guì lǐ shì tóng méng guó zhōng mǒu guó bèi dí guó qīn fàn， chéng xiāng cán pò， méng zhù guó yìng huì hé zhū guó， chóu jí cái huò， cháng qí suǒ shī； xù lǐ shì mǒu guó zāo shòu wài wǔ huò nèi luàn， qí lín guó yìng gěi yú yuán zhù hé zhī chí。 bīn lǐ shì jiē dài bīn kè zhī lǐ。 tā zhù yào bāo kuò cháo、 zōng、 jìn、 yù、 huì、 tóng、 wèn、 shì bā xiàng。 jūn lǐ shí shī lǚ cāo yǎn、 zhēng fá zhī lǐ， jūn lǐ zhù yào yòu dà shī zhī lǐ、 dà jūn zhī lǐ、 dà tián zhī lǐ、 dà yì zhī lǐ、 dà fēng zhī lǐ。 dà shī zhī lǐ shì jūn duì zhēng fá de yí lǐ； dà jūn zhī lǐ shì wáng zhě hé zhū hóu zài jūn tǔ dì、 zhēng fù shuì shí jǔ xíng jūn shì jiǎn yuè， yǐ 'ān fǔ mín zhòng； dà tián zhī lǐ shì tiān zǐ de dìng qī shòu liè， yǐ liàn xí zhàn zhèn， jiǎn yuè jūn mǎ； dà yì zhī lǐ shì guó jiā xīng bàn de zhù chéng yì、 jiàn gōng diàn、 kāi hé、 zào dī děng dà guī mó tǔ mù gōng chéng shí de duì wǔ jiǎn yuè； dà fēng zhī lǐ shì kān dìng guó yǔ guó， sī jiā fēng dì yǔ fēng dì jiān de jiāng jiè、 shù lì jiè bēi de yī zhǒng huó dòng。 jiā lǐ shì hé rén jì guān xì， gōu tōng、 lián luò gǎn qíng de lǐ yí。 jiā lǐ de zhù yào nèi róng yòu yǐn shí zhī lǐ、 hūn guān zhī lǐ、 bīn shè zhī lǐ、 yàn zhī lǐ、 zhèn fān zhī lǐ、 hè qìng zhī lǐ。
mín sú jiè rèn wéi lǐ yí bāo kuò shēng、 guān、 hūn、 sàng sì zhǒng rén shēng lǐ yí。 shí jì shàng lǐ yí kě fēn wéi zhèng zhì yǔ shēng huó liǎng dà bù lèi。 zhèng zhì lèi bāo kuò jì tiān、 jì dì、 zōng miào zhī jì， jì xiān shī xiān shèng、 zūn shī xiāng yǐn jiǔ lǐ、 xiāng jiàn lǐ、 jūn lǐ děng。 shēng huó lèi lǐ yí de qǐ yuán， àn xún zǐ de shuō fǎ yòu“ sān běn” jí“ tiān dì shēng zhī běn”，“ xiān zǔ zhě lèi zhī běn”，“ jūn shī zhě zhì zhī běn”。 zài lǐ yí zhōng， sānglǐ de chǎn shēng zuì zǎo。 sānglǐ yú sǐ zhě shì 'ān fǔ qí guǐ hún， yú shēng zhě zé chéng wéi fēn cháng yòu zūn bēi、 jìn xiào zhèng rén lún de lǐ yí。 zài lǐ yí de jiàn lì yǔ shí shī guò chéng zhōng， yùn yù chū liǎo zhōng guó de zōng fǎ zhì ( jiàn zhōng guó zōng fǎ） lǐ yí de běn zhì shì zhì rén zhī dào， shì guǐ shén xìn yǎng de pài shēng wù。 rén men rèn wéi yī qièshì wù dōuyòu kàn bù jiàn de guǐ shén zài cāo zòng， lǚ xíng lǐ yí jí shì xiàng guǐ shén tǎo hǎo qiú fú。 yīn cǐ， lǐ yí qǐ yuán yú guǐ shén xìn yǎng， yě shì guǐ shén xìn yǎng de yī zhǒng tè shū tǐ xiàn xíng shì。“ sān lǐ” (《 yí lǐ》、《 lǐ jì》、《 zhōu lǐ》） de chū xiàn biāo zhì zhe lǐ yí fā zhǎn de chéng shú jiē duàn。 sòng dài shí， lǐ yí yǔ fēng jiàn lún lǐ dào dé shuō jiào xiāng róng hé， jí lǐ yí yǔ lǐ jiào xiāng zá， chéng wéi shí shī lǐ jiào de dé lì gōng jù zhī yī。 xíng lǐ wéi quàn dé fú wù， fán wén rù jié jí jìn qí néng。 zhí dào xiàn dài， lǐ yí cái dé dào zhēn zhèng de gǎi gé， wú lùn shì guó jiā zhèng zhì shēng huó de lǐ yí hái shì rén mín shēng huó lǐ yí dū gǎi biàn chéng wú guǐ shén lùn de xīn nèi róng， cóng 'ér chéng wéi xiàn dài wén míng lǐ yí。
gǔ dài zhèng zhì lǐ yí
1. jì tiān。 shǐ yú zhōu dài de jì tiān yě jiào jiāo jì， dōng zhì zhī rì zài guó dū nán jiāo huán qiū jǔ xíng。 gǔ rén shǒu xiān zhòng shì de shì shí tǐ chóng bài， duì tiān de chóng bài hái tǐ xiàn zài duì yuè liàng de chóng bài jí duì xīng xīng de chóng bài。 suǒ yòu zhè xiē jù tǐ chóng bài， zài dá dào yī dìng shù liàng zhī hòu， cái chōu xiàng wéi duì tiān de chóng bài。 zhōu dài rén chóng bài tiān， shì cóng yīn dài chū xiàn“ dì” chóng bài fā zhǎn 'ér lái de， zuì gāo tǒng zhì zhě wéi tiān zǐ， jūn quán shén shòu， jì tiān shì wéi zuì gāo tǒng zhì zhě fú wù de， yīn cǐ， jì tiān shèng xíng dào qīng dài cái xuān gào jié shù。
2. jì dì。 xià zhì shì jì dì zhī rì， lǐ yí yǔ jì tiān dà zhì xiāng tóng。 hàn dài chēng dì shén wéi dì mǔ， shuō tā shì cì fú rén lèi de nǚ shén， yě jiào shè shén。 zuì zǎo jì dì shì yǐ xuè jì sì。 hàn dài yǐ hòu， bù yí dòng tǔ de fēng shuǐ xìn yǎng shèng xíng。 jì dì lǐ yí hái yòu jì shān chuān、 jì tǔ shén、 gǔ shén、 shè jì děng。
3. zōng miào zhī jì。 zōng miào zhì dù shì zǔ xiān chóng bài de chǎn wù。 rén men zài yáng jiān wéi wáng líng jiàn lì de jì jū suǒ jí zōng miào。 dì wáng de zōng miào zhì shì tiān zǐ qī miào， zhū hóu wǔ miào， dà fū sān miào， shì yī miào。 shù rén bù zhǔn shè miào。 zōng miào de wèi zhì， tiān zǐ、 zhū hóu shè yú mén zhōng zuǒ cè， dà fū zé miào zuǒ 'ér yòu qǐn。 shù mín zé shì qǐn shì zhōng zào táng bàng shè zǔ zōng shén wèi。 jì sì shí hái yào bǔ shì xuǎn shī。 shī yī bān yóu sūn bèi xiǎo 'ér chōng dāng。 miào zhōng de shén zhù shì mù zhì de cháng fāng tǐ， jì sì shí cái bǎi fàng， jì pǐn bù néng zhí hū qí míng。 jì sì shí xíng jiǔ bài lǐ :“ qǐshǒu”、“ dùn shǒu”、“ kōng shǒu”、“ zhèn dòng”、“ jí bài”、“ xiōng bài”、“ qí bài”、“ bāo bài”、“ sù bài”。 zōng miào jì sì hái yòu duì xiān dài dì wáng de jì sì， jù《 lǐ jì · qū lǐ》 jì shù， fán yú mín yòu gōng de xiān dì rú dì kù、 yáo、 shùn、 yǔ、 huáng dì、 wén wáng、 wǔ wáng děngdōu yào jì sì。 zì hàn dài qǐ shǐ xiū líng yuán lì cí jì sì xiān dài dì wáng。 míng tài zǔ zé shǐ chuàng zài jīng dū zǒng
lì lì dài dì wáng miào。 jiā jìng shí zài běi jīng fù chéng mén nèi jiàn lì lì dài dì wáng miào， jì sì xiān wáng sān shí liù dì。
4. duì xiān shī xiān shèng de jì sì。 hàn wèi yǐ hòu， yǐ zhōu gōng wéi xiān shèng， kǒng zǐ wéi xiān shī ; táng dài zūn kǒng zǐ wéi xiān shèng， yán huí wéi xiān shī。 táng sòng yǐ hòu yī zhí yán yòng“ shì diàn” lǐ ( shè jiàn zǔ zhuàn zhuó 'ér jì， yòu yīnyuè méi yòu shī )， zuò wéi xué lǐ， yě zuò wéi jì kǒng lǐ。 nán běi cháo shí， měi nián chūn qiū liǎng cì xíng shì diàn lǐ， gè dì jùn xué yě shè kǒng、 yán zhī miào。 míng dài chēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ zhì shèng xiān shī”。 qīng dài， shèng jīng ( liáo níng shěn yáng ) shè yòu kǒng miào， dìng dū běi jīng hòu， yǐ jīng shī guó zǐ jiān wéi tài xué， lì wén miào， kǒng zǐ chēng“ dà chéng zhì shèng wén xuān xiān shī”。 qū fù de miào zhì、 jì qì、 yuèqì jí lǐ yí yǐ běi jīng tài xué wéi zhǔn shì。 xiāng yǐn jiǔ lǐ shì jì sì xiān shī xiān shèng de chǎn wù。
5. xiāng jiàn lǐ。 xià jí xiàng shàng jí bài jiàn shí yào xíng bài jiàn lǐ， guān yuán zhī jiān xíng yī bài lǐ， gōng、 hóu、 fù mǎ xiāng jiàn xíng liǎng bài lǐ， xià jí jū xī xiān xíng bài lǐ， shàng jí jū dōng dá bài。 píng mín xiāng jiàn， yǐ cháng yòu xíng lǐ， yòu zhě shī lǐ。 wài bié xíng sì bài lǐ， jìn bié xíng yī lǐ。
6. jūn lǐ。 bāo kuò zhēng fá、 zhēng shuì、 shòu liè、 yíng jiàn děng。
gǔ dài shēng huó lǐ yí ① dàn shēng lǐ。 cóng fù nǚ wèi yùn shí de qiú zǐ dào yīng 'ér zhōu suì， yī qiē lǐ yí dū wéi rào zhe cháng mìng de zhù tí。 gāo méi zhī jì jí shì qǐ zǐ lǐ yí。 cǐ shí， shè tán yú nán jiāo， hòu fēi jiǔ pín dū cān jiā。 hàn wèi shí jiē yòu gāo méi zhī jì， táng sòng shí zhì dìng liǎo gāo méi zhī sì de lǐ yí， jīn dài gāo méi jì qīng dì， zài huáng chéng dōng yǒng 'ān mén běi jiàn mù zhì fāng tái， tái xià shè gāo méi shén wèi。 qīng dài wú gāo méi zhī jì， què yòu yǔ zhī yì yì xiāng tóng de“ huàn suǒ” yí shì。 dàn shēng lǐ zì gǔ jiù yòu zhòng nán qīng nǚ de qīng xiàng。 dàn shēng lǐ hái bāo kuò“ sān cháo”、“ mǎn yuè”、“ bǎi rì”、“ zhōu suì” děng。“ sān cháo” shì yīng 'ér jiàng shēng sān rì shí jiē shòu gè fāng miàn de hè lǐ。“ mǎn yuè” zài yīng 'ér mǎn yī gè yuè shí tì tāi fā。“ bǎi rì” shí xíng rèn jiù lǐ， mìng míng lǐ。“ zhōu suì” shí xíng zhuā zhōu lǐ， yǐ yù cè xiǎo 'ér yī shēng mìng yùn、 shì yè jí xiōng。 ② chéng nián lǐ， yě jiào guànlǐ， shì kuà rù chéng nián rén hángliè de nán zǐ jiāguàn lǐ yí。 guànlǐ cóng shì zú shè huì shèng xíng de nán nǚ qīng nián fā yù chéng shú shí cān jiā de chéng dīng lǐ yǎn biàn 'ér lái。 hàn dài yán xí zhōu dài guànlǐ zhì dù。 wèi jìn shí， jiāguàn kāi shǐ yòng yīnyuè bàn zòu。 táng sòng yuán míng dū shí xíng guànlǐ， qīng dài fèi zhǐ。 zhōng guó shǎo shù mín zú bù shǎo dì qū zhì jīn hái bǎo liú zhe gǔ lǎo de chéng nián lǐ， rú bá yá、 rǎn yá、 chuān qún、 chuān kù、 pán fā jì děng yí shì。 ③ xiǎng yàn yǐn shí lǐ yí。 xiǎng zài tài miào jǔ xíng， pēng tài láo yǐ yǐn bīn kè， zhòng diǎn zài lǐ yí wǎng lái 'ér bù zài yǐn shí， yàn jí yàn， yàn lǐ zài qǐn gōng jǔ xíng， zhù bīn kě yǐ kāi huái chàng yǐn。 yàn lǐ duì zhōng guó yǐn shí wén huà xíng chéng yòu shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng。 jié rì shè yàn zài zhōng guó mín jiān shí sú shàng xíng chéng jié rì yǐn shí lǐ yí。 zhēngyuè shí wǔ chī yuán xiāo， qīng míng jié chī lěng fàn hán shí， wǔ yuè duān yáng de zòng zǐ hé xióng huáng jiǔ， zhōng qiū yuè bǐng， là bā yù， cí suì jiǎo zǐ děngdōu shì jié rì yí lǐ de yǐn shí。 zài tè dìng de jié rì chī tè dìng de shí wù， zhè yě shì yī zhǒng yǐn shí lǐ yí。 yàn xí shàng de zuò cì， shàng cài de shùn xù， quàn jiǔ、 jìng jiǔ de lǐ jié， yědōu yòu shè huì wǎng lái xí sú zhōng nán nǚ、 zūn bēi、 cháng yòu guān xì hé qí fú bì huì shàng de yào qiú。 ④ bīn lǐ。 zhù yào shì duì kè rén de jiē dài zhī lǐ。 yǔ kè rén wǎng lái de kuì zèng lǐ yí yòu děng jí chā bié。 shì xiāng jiàn， bīn jiàn zhù rén yào yǐ zhì wéi zhì ; xià dà fū xiāng jiàn， yǐ yàn wéi zhì ; shàng dà fū xiāng jiàn， yǐ gāo wéi zhì。 ⑤ wǔ sì。 zhǐ jì mén、 hù、 jǐng、 zào、 zhōng ( zhōng shì )。 zhōu dài shì chūn sì hù， xià sì zào， liù yuè sì zhōng liù， qiū sì mén， dōng jì jǐng。 hàn wèi shí 'àn jì jié xíng wǔ sì， mèng dōng sān yuè“ là wǔ sì”， zǒng jì yī cì。 táng、 sòng、 yuán shí cǎi yòng“ tiān zǐ qī sì” zhī shuō， sì sī mìng ( gōng zhōng xiǎo shén )、 zhōng、 guó mén、 guó xíng、 tài lì ( yě guǐ )、 hù、 zào。 míng qīng liǎng dài réng jì wǔ sì， qīng kāng xī zhī hòu， bà qù mén、 hù、 zhōng、 jǐng de zhuān sì， zhǐ zài shí 'èr yuè 'èr shí sān rì jì zào， yǔ mín jiān chuán shuō de zào wáng yé là yuè 'èr shí sì cháo tiān yán shì de gù shì xiāng hé， guó jiā sì diǎn cǎi yòng liǎo mín jiān xíng shì。 ⑥ nuó yí。 làn shāng yú shǐ qián， shèng xíng yú shāng zhōu。 zhōu dài de nuó yí shì sì jì qū xié zhú yì。 zhōu rén rèn wéi zì rán de yùn zhuǎn yǔ rén shì de jí xiōng xī xī xiāng tōng。 sì jì zhuǎn huàn， hán shǔ biàn yì， wēn yì liú xíng， guǐ hún chéng shì zuò suì， suǒ yǐ bì xū shì shí xíng nuó yǐ zhú xié 'è。 nuó yí zhōng de zhù shén shì fāng xiāng shì。 liǎng hàn， nuó yí zhōng chū xiàn liǎo yǔ fāng xiāng shì xiāng pèi de shí 'èr shòu。 wèi jìn nán běi cháo suí táng yán xí hàn zhì， nuó yí zhōng jiā rù liǎo yú lè chéng fèn， fāng xiāng shì hé shí 'èr shén shòu juésè， yóu yuèrén bàn yǎn。 zhì jīn réng yòu yí cún de guì zhōu tǔ jiā zú nuó táng yí zuì wéi wán zhěng diǎn xíng。
fàn zhuō shàng de lǐ yí
dǒng wén shēn
fàn zhuō shàng de wén huà， jiù shì“ yǐn zhuàn wén huà” de tōng sú jiào fǎ。 zài lǎo běi jīng， bù tóng de jiā tíng huò jiā zú zài shè huì、 jīng jì、 xí guàn、 huán jìng de yǐng xiǎng xià， xíng chéng liǎo yòu zì jiā tè sè de fàn zhuō wén huà， zhòng duō jiā zú zài fàn zhuàn fāng shì shàng yòu“ jiā yàn”、“ bīn yàn” hé“ biàn yàn” héng héng jiā yàn shì zhǐ jiā zú zì jǐ guò jié hé gè zhǒng xǐ qìng huó dòng 'ér shè de yàn xí； bīn yàn shì yàn qǐng qīn qī péng yǒu de yàn xí； biàn yàn shì jiā cháng biàn fàn。 lǎo běi jīng fàn zhuō shàng gè zhǒng lǐ yí shí fēn jiǎng jiū， zài màn cháng de suì yuè zhōng zhú jiàn zhé shè chū lǎo běi jīng de jià zhí guān niàn， zì jué huò bù zì jué dì gòu zhù liǎo jù yòu“ lǐ”、“ xiào”、“ dé”、“ jiào” wéi nèi róng de fàn zhuō wén huà。
“ lǐ” shì zhǐ yǐn zhuàn de lǐ jié hé lǐ yí。 tā fǎn yìng liǎo jiā zú de dào dé guān niàn hé fēng sú xí guàn xíng chéng de lǐ jié、 yí shì hé gè rén de lǐ mào yào qiú。 jiā yàn、 biàn yàn yào yǐ“ cháng” ( jiāzhǎng、 zhǎngbèi ) wéi zhù， bīn yàn yào yǐ“ kè” wéi zhù。 yīn cǐ， jiù xíng chéng liǎo xǔ duō guīju yuē shù jiā rén， yóu qí duì hái zǐ men de yuē shù gèng jiā yán gé。
lǐ yòu xíng shì zhī lǐ hé dài shì zhī lǐ。 xíng shì zhī lǐ shì zhǐ lǐ yí de xíng shì hé fēn wéi suǒ tǐ xiàn de lǐ， bǐ rú yàn qǐng chǎng suǒ de xuǎn zé、 lǐ yí de dàng cì、 huán jìng de yíng zào、 yòng jù de zhǔn bèi， dōuyào tǐ xiàn duì kè rén de yī zhǒng zūn zhòng。 dài shì zhī lǐ shì zhǐ zhāo dài kè rén hé shì fèng kè rén de lǐ jié， rú yàn xí de pái zuò shì yǐ cháng wéi xiān、 shī wéi xiān、 yuǎn wéi xiān de yuán zé， jí 'àn bèi fēn pái zuò， jiā tíng jiào shī yào yōu xiān rù zuò， yuǎn dào 'ér lái de qīn qī péng yǒu yào yōu xiān rù zuò， duì dài jiā jìng pín qióng de qīn qī hé péng yǒu gèng yào gé wài zhào gù， zhù rén zài xí jiān yǔ qí jiāo liú de shí jiān yào cháng xiē， jìng jiǔ cì shù yào duō xiē， bìng yòu yì shí dì xiàng kè rén jiè shào tā men de“ jué huó” rú qí yì、 shū fǎ、 chàng gōng， yǐ huò dé zhòng rén de zàn shǎng hé zūn zhòng。 tóng shí yán gé yào qiú guǎn jiā hé pú rén bù zhǔn màn dài zhè xiē rén。
suī rán měi cì yàn qǐng shì kè rén shēn fèn hé lǐ yí fēng sú de tè diǎn， zài fàn cài zhǒng lèi、 zhì liàng dàng cì、 fàn zhuāng de xuǎn zé shàng shì yòu qū bié de， dàn jué bù néng ràng kè rén tiǎo chū“ bù shì” lái。 zài yàn qǐng zhōng de zhù cí、 jìng jiǔ、 jiāo tán、 jìn cān、 cí yàn de quán chéng zhōng dū yào zhù zhòng lǐ jié。
kāi yàn qián zhù rén yào jiāng zhòng yào bīn kè jiè shào gěi dà jiā， bìng zhì jiǎn míng rè qíng de zhù cí； kāi yàn shí zhù rén yào qīn zì zhēn jiǔ， àn shùn xù xiàng cháng bèi hé kè rén jìng jiǔ， bù néng qiǎngqiú； zhù dòng tì bù shèng jiǔ lì de kè rén hē jiǔ， bìng xiàng kè rén zhì yì； xiàng bīn kè jìng cài shí， yào zhù yì kè rén de yǐn shí 'àihào， cì shù bù néng duō， liàng bù néng dà， fǒu zé huì ràng kè rén gān gà； zhù rén yào zhù yì xí jiān xiāng hù jiāo liú de guǎng fàn xìng， bù yào rè cǐ lěng bǐ， rú yòu nǚ bīn， gèng yào zhù yì tán huà nèi róng hé duì nǚ bīn de zūn zhòng； zhù rén bù néng xiān yú kè rén fàng xià wǎn kuài， zhí dào kè rén biǎo shì yǐ chī hǎo fāng kě cí yàn； zhù rén yào péi zhù bīn， shù kǒu、 jìng shǒu hòu dào lìng zuò yǐn chá。
dà hù rén jiā zuò fàn shí， yào qiú chú shī shèng pán shàng cài shí pán zǐ sì zhōu bù néng yòu cài zì， shàng cài yào yòng shuāng shǒu duān pán、 duān wǎn， shǒu zhǐ bù néng kōu zài pán yán hé wǎn biān shàng； chéngfàn、 chéngtānɡ， dàochá shí bù néng tài mǎn， zhēn jiǔ yào mǎn， dàn bù néng yì chū； dàochá de dòng zuò yào guī fàn， qièjì jiāng wǎn gài kòu zài zhuō zǐ shàng， chá hú zuǐ duì zhe kè rén； dàochá hòu yào hòu tuì yī bù zài zhuǎn shēn lí qù； gěi kè rén shàng yān shí yào yòng pán zǐ duān gěi kè rén， qièjì yòng shǒu dì yān， bù yào yòng yī gēn huǒ chái gěi shù rén diǎn yān， bù yào zài kè rén miàn qián yòng zuǐ chuī miè huǒ chái hé suí yì rēng diào huǒ chái gěng， bù zhǔn dāng zhe kè rén sǎo dì、 dǎn zhuō zǐ， yóu qí bù zhǔn jiāng chá shuǐ pō zài dì shàng。
lìng wài， zài kè rén miàn qián， zhù rén bù néng xùn chì hái zǐ hé pú rén； zhù yǔ kè de hái zǐ fā shēng zhēng zhí， zhù rén yào jiāng zì jǐ de hái zǐ lā zǒu， bù guǎn shuí shì shuí fēi， dōuyào xiàng duì fāng biǎo shì qiàn yì， dàn bù néng dāng zhe kè rén miàn jiào xùn zì jǐ de hái zǐ， fǒu zé kè rén huì gǎn dào bù zì zài。
bīn yàn yī bān yě shì bù ràng hái zǐ cān jiā de。 jì dé xiǎo shí hòu jiā yàn shí， yào qiú hái zǐ men yào zuò dào dǒng guīju、 zūn jìng rén、 jiǎng lǐ mào、 yòu jiào yǎng， yòu sān gè bù zhǔn : chī fàn shí bù zhǔn chū xiàn xuān huá shēng、 wǎn kuài pèng jī shēng， gèng bù zhǔn yòng kuài zǐ qiāo zhuō zǐ qiāo wǎn， bù zhǔn bā jī zuǐ hé chū xū gōng。 èr zǔ mǔ shuō chī fàn shí tīng dào bā jī zuǐ de shēng yīn ràng rén zuò 'ǒu， chī fàn shí chū xū gōng lìng rén nán yǐ rěn shòu。 bìng ràng chī shā zhe lián xù dǎ gé de hái zǐ zhù dòng xià zhuō， bù zhǔn tuō lā yǐ dèng yǐ miǎn fā chū cì 'ěr de shēng yīn， zhè jiù shì bù zhǔn chū shēng de yào qiú； èr shì bù zhǔn“ xià zuǐ”， zhǎngbèi bù dòng kuài zǐ hái zǐ men shì bù néng xiān jiā cài de， bù zhǔn jiāng zuǐ tián dé mǎn mǎn de， bù zhǔn lángtūnhǔyàn， bù zhǔn zhàn qǐ shēn lái jiā cài， gòu bù dào de cài kě shì yì zhǎngbèi gěi jiā， bù zhǔn yòng kuài zǐ zài cài pán zhōng luàn tiǎo luàn fān， bù zhǔn biān chī biān yòng shuāng yǎn jǐn dīng zhe zhuō shàng de cài， bù zhǔn yòng kuài zǐ zhǐ rén， bù zhǔn jiāng bù 'ài chī de dōng xī hé kǒu zá yá huì rēng zài huò tù zài dì shàng， bù zhǔn diào fàn lì， jiē mán tóu pí hé shèng fàn yào jiāng fàn wǎn bā lā gān jìng。 zuì jì huì de， jiù shì hái zǐ jiāng kuài zǐ zhí chā zài fàn wǎn zhōng； sān shì jué duì bù zhǔn hái zǐ hē jiǔ。 dāng nián liǎng gè zǔ mǔ xǐ huān hé hái zǐ men zài yī qǐ lè lè， zài fàn zhuō shàng wán xiē yóu xì， shū liǎo yào chū jié mù， chī wán fàn hái yào ràng hái zǐ men bǐ bǐ shuí de fàn wǎn hé zhuō miàn zuì gān jìng， xí jiān wēn xīn de qì fēn shí fēn nóng hòu。
“ xiào” jiā yàn shí jiǎng jiū yào zūn zhòng zhǎngbèi， yào jìn xiào dào。
xiǎo shí hòu rù xí shí dà zǔ mǔ， èr zǔ mǔ zuò zài shàng wèi， yīn sān zǔ mǔ tān huàn， bù néng cān jiā dàn yào gěi liú xià wèi zhì， yǐ shì qí zài jiā zhōng de dì wèi。 dài dà zǔ mǔ fā huà“ dōulái zuò” shí， dà jiā cái 'àn páiháng shùn xù rù zuò， nián jì xiǎo de hái zǐ men yào lìng zhuō 'ér shí。 jǐ wèi dà mā hé wǒ mǔ qīn zhǐ néng shì lì zài jiā rén bèi hòu gěi bù cài、 zhēn jiǔ、 dàochá、 dì máo jīn。
liǎng wèi zǔ mǔ zài měi cì jiā yàn zhōng dōuyào gěi jǐ gè 'ér xí fù diǎn tā men zuì xǐ huān chī de cài， yǐ kào láo tā men píng rì de xīn kǔ， zài jiā yàn zhōng chēng kào láo cài。 zǔ mǔ jì cí xiáng yòu hěn wēi yán。 zài fàn zhuō shàng dà jiā yào guān chá liǎng wèi lǎo tài tài de qíng xù。 qíng xù bù hǎo shí， bì xū 'àn guīju bàn shì， jìng jiǔ、 shuō gè fèng chéng huà dōubù néng shǎo， yòng cí yào yòu cháng cì zhī fēn， gèng bù néng hòu cǐ bó bǐ， yīn cǐ dà jiādōu hěn jǐn shèn。 qíng xù hǎo shí， èr lǎo yě tán xiào fēng shēng， lā lā jiā cháng kuā kuā duì fāng de hái zǐ。 dà zǔ mǔ cǐ shí huì fā huà :“ dà huǒ 'ér zài yī kuài jiù shì tú gè lè， hái nà me guīju gànshénme？” zhè shí dà huǒ cái huì fàng sōng， qì fēn hé xié yú kuài， dà rén men hái yào lǐng zhe gè zì de hái zǐ dào zhù zhuō shàng gěi lǎo rén wèn hǎo。 jiě jiě huì tǎo lǎo rén de huān xīn， cóng dōu lǐ tāo chū jǐ lì huā shēng dòu huò táng kuài sài dào lǎo rén shǒu zhōng， èr lǎo gāo xīng dé hé bù lǒng zuǐ， duì wài sūn nǚ zàn bù jué kǒu。 èr zǔ mǔ gèng suí biàn yī xiē， huì dào hái zǐ men zhuō qián dòu dòu hái zǐ， hái ràng hái zǐ jiā diǎn cài wèi dào zì jǐ kǒu zhōng， hái zǐ men yě tè bié gāo xīng。 dà jiā jiù shì zài huó yuè róng qià de qì fēn zhōng xiǎng shòu zhe tiān lún zhī lè。
zhè zhǒng“ xiào” bù zhǐ shì wǎn bèi duì zhǎngbèi de jìng、 zūn， yě tǐ xiàn chū zhǎngbèi duì wǎn bèi de guān 'ài。 yīn cǐ， wǎn bèi jiù gèng jiā jìng zhòng zhǎngbèi gèng jiā xiào shùn lǎo rén， zài měi gè rén de xīn zhōng zhù jiù liǎo zhēn chéng de xiào dào。
“ dé” shì yī zhǒng pǐn xíng， zài jiā zú de yǐn zhuàn zhōng yòu“ ràng、 dù、 jiǎn” de yào qiú。
“ ràng” shì yào qiú dà jiā xiāng hù qiān ràng， bù yào hǎochīde qiǎng zhe chī， yào xiān ràng bié rén chī， nǎ pà dōubèi chī guāng yě bù néng yòu yuàn qì， yào zuò dào ràng wéi xiān；“ dù” yào qiú hē jiǔ chī fàn yào yòu dù， bù néng bào yǐn bào shí， gèng bù néng quàn jiǔ wú dù， zhì rén yú zuì。“ jiǎn” shì yào jié jiǎn， bù néng làng fèi， yóu qí yào qiú hái zǐ bù néng làng fèi liáng shí， liǎng wèi zǔ mǔ jīng cháng zhǔ fù shè yàn bù yào pū zhāng shē chǐ。 yàn xí jié shù hòu， dōuyào jiāng méi dòng guò kuài zǐ hé wèi céng shàng guò zhuō de cài dài huí jiā。
“ jiào” shì yǐn zhuàn fāng miàn de jiā tíng jiào yù。 tōng guò kǒu chuán shēn jiào， ěr rú mù rǎn， qián yí mò huà dì jì chéng liǎo jiā zú zhōng de lǎo guīju hé lǐ sú， zài yǔ jiā tíng jiào shī gòng tóng yòng cān shí， zǔ mǔ zǒng shì yào qiú jǐ wèi jiào shī gěi hái zǐ“ xùn huà”， bìng gēn jù shè huì shí shàng xiàng hái zǐ men tí chū xīn de yào qiú， kàn dào bù hǎo de xiàn xiàng jiù qù zhǐ diǎn yī xià， ràng hái zǐ men zhī dào yào zuò shénme、 bù néng zuò shénme， yù jiào yú chī zhōng。
zài lǐ、 xiào、 dé、 jiào de yǐng xiǎng xià， hái zǐ men yǎng chéng liǎo jiào hǎo de yǐn shí xí guàn， jìn 'ér xíng chéng liǎo lǐ zhòng xíng shì、 xiào zhòng xīn lǐ、 dé chóngxíng wéi、 jiào zhòng jì chéng de fàn zhuō wén huà， ér zhè xiē， yě shì lǎo běi jīng wén huà de yī gè suō yǐng。
xiào yuán lǐ yí
yī shuō qǐ 'ài hù gōng wù， yě xǔ yòu rén huì rèn wéi zhè shì lǎo shēng cháng tán， yīn wéi lèi sì“ ài hù gōng wù guāng róng， pò huài gōng wù kě chǐ”、“ ài hù gōng wù， rén rén yòu zé” zhè yàng de kǒu hào kǒng pà lián yòu 'ér yuán xiǎo péng yǒu yě néng shuō shàng jǐ tiáo。
dàn xiàn shí shēng huó zhōng de wǒ men yòu zuòde zěn me yàng ní？ xì xīn guān chá jiù huì fā xiàn， xiào yuán lǐ pò huài gōng wù de xiàn xiàng bǐ bǐ jiē shì： yòu tóng xué wéi qiú jìn lù 'ér bù xī jiàn tà cǎo píng； tī qiú shí bù xiǎo xīn dǎ suì liǎo jiào shì de mén chuāng； hù wài yùn dòng zhōng nòng huài liǎo xiào yuán lǐ de gōng gòng zhuō yǐ、 lán gān hé lā jī tǒng； kè zhuō yǐ shàng jīng cháng huì kàn jiàn gè shì gè yàng de tú yā…… nǐ yòu méi yòu xiǎng guò， bù lùn shì yòu yì hái shì wú yì， zhè xiē xíng wéi dōuduì gōng wù zào chéng liǎo sǔn huài， yě gěi qí tā tóng xué de xué xí hé shēng huó dài lái liǎo bù bì yào de má fán， hái huì zēng jiā xué xiào duì gōng wù de wéi xiū fèi yòng， zhè kě shì yī bǐ bù xiǎo de kāi zhī。
měi měi kàn dào zhè xiē bù wén míng xíng wéi， nǐ yě xǔ huì zhòu zhe méi tóu dū nāng yī jù： quē dé！ shì de， zhè xiē rén suǒ quē shǎo de zhèng shì“ gōng dé xīn”， bù jiǎng shè huì gōng dé， bù zūn guī shǒu jì。 tā men cóng lái yě bù céng yì shí dào yuán lái zì jǐ yě shì zhè xiē gōng wù de“ zhù rén”， bù zhī dào gōng wù shì dà jiā gōng yòng de wù pǐn， měi yī gè réndōu yòu 'ài hù gōng wù de yì wù。
“ rén wú dé bù lì， guó wú dé bù xīng”。 gōng mín dào dé de hǎo huài， tǐ xiàn zhe yī gè mín zú de jīng shén zhuàng tài， yǐng xiǎng zhe yī gè mín zú shì yè de xīng shuāi。 yī gè rén de yán xíng， wǎng wǎng biǎo xiàn chū gè rén sù zhì de gāo dī， jìn 'ér yǐng xiǎng zhěng gè jí tǐ de zǒng tǐ sù zhì zhuàng kuàng。 yī gè gōng mín shì fǒu 'ài hù gōng gòng shè shī， cóng xiǎo chù jiǎng kě yǐ fǎn yìng chū yī gè rén dào dé sù zhì de gāo dī， yī gè xué xiào xiào fēng de hǎo huài； cóng dà chù jiǎng yě fǎn yìng liǎo yī gè guó jiā wén míng chéng dù jí mín zú sù zhì de gāo dī。 wǒ guó bān bù de《 gōng mín dào dé jiàn shè shí shī gāng yào》 zhōng tí chū liǎo“ wén míng lǐ mào、 zhù rén wéi lè、 ài hù gōng wù、 bǎo hù huán jìng、 zūn jì shǒu fǎ” wéi zhù yào nèi róng de shè huì gōng dé。 zuò wéi zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó gōng mín， wǒ mendōu yìng gāi 'àn zhè gè yào qiú guī fàn zì jǐ de xíng wéi。
gǔ rén yún：“ wù yǐ shàn xiǎo 'ér bùwèi， wù yǐ 'è xiǎo 'ér wéi zhī。” qí shí 'ài hù gōng wù zuò qǐ lái yě hěn jiǎn dān， zhǐ yào yōng yòu yī kē gōng dé zhī xīn， chù chù zūn shǒu xué xiào de gè xiàng guī zhāng zhì dù， jiù néng bǎo zhèng gōng gòng shè shī de wán hǎo wú sǔn yǔ zhèng cháng shǐ yòng。
lǐ jié ―― bù róng hū shì de rén shēng suǒ xū
lǐ shì fā yú rén xìng zhī zì rán， hé yú rén shēng zhī xū de xíng wéi guī fàn。 wèishénme zhè me shuō ní？ yòu wú lǐ jié shì rén yǔ qín shòu de chā bié suǒ zài（ rén xìng shǐ rán）， yě shì rén lèi shè huì xiáng hé de jī chǔ。 zōng guān jīn rì， jiǎng lǐ、 shí lǐ zhě shǎo， gù shè huì zhì xù luàn xiàng cháng jiàn， gè zhǒng mó cā、 chōng tū pín fán fā shēng， rén men xiāng chù bù jǐn quē shǎo 'ān quán gǎn， shèn zhì yòu jǔ mù jiē dí de wēi jī gǎn。
lǐ jié zhè jiàn shì， zài rén qún zhōng， shì jué bù néng shǎo de。 rén yǔ rén jiāo liú gǎn qíng， shì yǔ shì wéi chí zhì xù， guó yǔ guó bǎo chí cháng tài， jiē shì lǐ jié cóng zhōng zhōu xuán de lì liàng。
lǐ jié de zuò yòng bù róng hū shì， wǒ men xiàn dài rén zěn me néng bù rèn zhēn duì dài hé xué xí？ fǒu zé zài shè huì shàng， miǎn bù liǎo dào chù pèng bì chī kuī， jiè shí huǐ zhī wǎn yǐ。 yīn wéi wǒ men xiāng xìn méi yòu rén xī wàng zài wú lǐ de xíng wéi bèi hòu yǐn fā de shì qī yán bā yǔ， shàn xiào jī qiào： 「 mǒu rén qǐ yòu cǐ lǐ、 wèi céng shòu guò jiào yù、 méi yòu cháng shí、 cū bēi bù kān、 bù jìn rén qíng、 méi jiàn guò chǎng miàn、 zhēn tǎo yàn、 jí kě xiào、 yuǎn zhe tā、 shǎo lái wǎng…… 」 zhè yī lián chuàn de míng cí， duì nǐ de qián tú， yī qiē de yī qiē， huì chǎn shēng hé zhǒng yǐng xiǎng？
lǐ jié shì bù fáng 'ài tā rén de měi dé， shì gōng jìng rén de shàn xíng， yě shì zì jǐ xíng wàn shì de tōng xíng zhèng， shì yào tōng dá jiàn lǚ de。
ruò wǒ men néng duō diǎn「 kè jǐ fù lǐ」 de gōng fū， yóu zì jǐ běn fēn zuò qǐ， jiā tíng zuò qǐ， shēn xìn shè huì huì gèng jiā 'ān hé、 yòu lǐ de。 zhè shì wǒ men gòng tóng de qī dài。
yǐ xià shì lǐ bǐng nán jiào shòu biān shù de tōng yòng《 cháng lǐ jǔ yào》， gòng xiàn gěi dà jiā， zuò cān kǎo。
（ yī） jū jiā
（ èr） zài xiào
（ sān） chǔshì
（ sì） jù cān
（ wǔ） chū mén
（ liù） fǎng rén
（ qī） huì kè
（ bā） lǚ xíng
（ jiǔ） duì zhòng
（ shí） kuì zèng
（ shí yī） qìng diào
（ shí 'èr） chēng hū
fù shuō
（ yī） jū jiā
yī、 wéi rén zǐ bù yàn（ wǎn） qǐ， yī bèi zì jǐ zhěng lǐ， chén hūn bì dìng shěng。
èr、 wéi rén zǐ zuò bù zhōng xí， xíng bù zhōng dào。
sān、 wéi rén zǐ chū bì gào， fǎn bì miàn。
sì、 zhǎngzhě yǔ wù， xū liǎng shǒu fèng jiē。
wǔ、 xú xíng hòu cháng， bù jí xíng xiān cháng。
liù、 zhǎngzhě lì bù kě zuò， zhǎngzhě lái bì qǐ lì。
qī、 bù zài zhǎngzhě zuò qián duó lái duó qù。
bā、 lì bù zhōng mén， guò mén bù jiàn mén xiàn。
jiǔ、 lì bù yī zú bǒ， zuò wù zhǎn jiǎo rú jī， shuì mián bù yǎng bù fú， yòu wò rú gōng。
shí、 tóng zhuō chī fàn bù lìng bèi měi shí dú dàn。
shí yī、 bù tiǎo tī shí zhī měi 'è。
shí 'èr、 shí shí bù tàn， bù xùn chì zǐ dì。
（ èr） zài xiào
yī、 shēng jiàng guó qí jí chàng guó gē、 xiào gē shí， sù lì shì jìng。
èr、 shī cháng shàng xià kè shí， qǐ lì zhì jìng。
sān、 xiàng shī cháng zhì yí wèn nán， bì qǐ lì。
sì、 lù yù shī cháng， sù lì dào bàng zhì jìng。
wǔ、 tīng jiǎng shí， yìng duān zuò huò zhí lì； bù zhī yí jiāo gǔ， wān yāo， qiàozú。
liù、 kǎo shì shí， bù jiāo tóu jiē 'ěr， huò zuǒ gù yòu pàn。
qī、 ān qí xué 'ér qīn qí shī， lè qí yǒu 'ér xìn qí dào。
（ sān） chǔshì
yī、 wú dào rén zhī duǎn， wú shuō jǐ zhī cháng。
èr、 jiā tíng zhī shì， bù kě xiàng wài rén yán。
sān、 kǒu wéi huò fú zhī mén， huà yào jīng yī fān kǎo lǜ zài shuō。 jiàn shī yì rén， bù shuō dé yì yǔ； jiàn lǎo nián rén， bù shuō shuāi sàng huà。
sì、 jiāo qiǎn bù kě yán shēn， jué jiāo bù chū 'è shēng。
wǔ、 bù wǔ rǔ rén， bù xiàng rén kāi wán xiào。
liù、 yǔ cán jí rén huì miàn， xū gé wài gōng jìng。
qī、 yú jiān tiǎo xiǎo fàn kǔ lì， mò tǎo piányí。
bā、 shī 'ēn qiú wàng， shòu 'ēn bì bào； kāi zuì yú rén xū qiú jiě， kāi zuì yú wǒ yìng jiā shù。
jiǔ、 shàn rén zì dāng qīn jìn， xū yào jiǔ jìng； è rén zì dāng jìng 'ér yuǎn zhī。
shí、 yù shì yào zhèn jìng， zuò bù dào de shì， mò wàng chěng néng。
shí yī、 guā tián bù nà lǚ， lǐ xià bù zhěng guān。
shí 'èr、 fán shì yào hé lǐ zhì， bù kě piān zhòng gǎn qíng。
shí sān、 jǐ suǒ bù yù， wù shī yú rén。
shí sì、 fán qiú jiào tā rén de shì， bì xū zào mén qǐng wèn。
（ sì） jù cān
yī、 zuò yòu cì xù， shàng zuò bì ràng cháng zhě。
èr、 rù zuò hòu bù héng gōng， bù shēn zú。
sān、 zhù xiān jǔ bēi jìng kè， kè zhì xiè cí。
sì、 zhù rén qīn zì pēngtiáo， xū xiàng zhù rén lǐ xiè hòu shí。
wǔ、 zhù rén jìng jiǔ bì， zhèng kè xū huí jìng zhù rén。
liù、 jǔ zhù chí， bì qǐng dà jiā tóng jǔ。
qī、 yòng zhù jiā cài， zhǐ qǔ xiàng jǐ zhī yī fāng zhě， bù lì qǐ xiàng tā jiǎo qì zhōng qǔ cài。
bā、 zhù chí bù xiàng wǎn pán dǐng xīn qǔ cài qǔ tānɡ。
jiǔ、 gōng shí zhī qì， bù yòng jǐ zhù fān jiǎo。
shí、 chí yòu yú lì bì qīng jìn， fāng zài rù gōng shí qì zhōng。
shí yī、 zì jǐ wǎn zhōng zhī yáo cài， bù kě fǎn huí gōng qì zhōng。
shí 'èr、 zhù chí suǒ qǔ yáo cài， bù bèi yú tā rén。
shí sān、 shí wù xiǎng shé， yān wù míng hóu。
shí sì、 gōng shí yǐ bù yán wéi yuán zé， xū yán yì yìng bì miǎn tuò mò rù gōng qì zhōng。
shí wǔ、 ké sòu bì zhuǎn shēn xiàng hòu。
shí liù、 wù chì gǒu， bù tóu gǔ yú gǒu。
shí qī、 wǎn zhōng bù liú fàn lì。
shí bā、 bù duì rén tī yá chǐ。
shí jiǔ、 kè shí wèi bì， zhù rén bù xiān qǐ。
èr shí、 qǐ xí， zhù xùn yán màn dài， kè chēng xiè。
èr yī、 yàn bì， zhù rén jìn jīn jìn chá。
（ wǔ） chū mén
yī、 yī guān bù qiú huá měi， wéi xū zhěng jié。
èr、 jiàn cháng zhě， bì qū zhì jìng。
sān、 dēng gāo bù hū， bù zhǐ， bù zhāo hū。
sì、 lù shàng bù xī yān， bù jiáo shí wù， bù gē chàng。
wǔ、 chéng chē jiàn cháng zhě bì xià， jiàn yòu zhě yì xū yǔ zhī hàn shǒu wéi lǐ。
liù、 yè bì guī jiā， yīn shì bù néng guī shí， bì xiān gào jiā rén。
qī、 chē mǎ fán zá chōng qū， bù zhāo hū jìng lǐ。
bā、 bù lì zài lù shàng jiǔ tán。
jiǔ、 bù zǒu mǎ lù zhōng jiān， yuè lù xū xiān xiàng zuǒ yòu kàn qīng， bù kě yǔ qì chē zhēng lù。
shí、 xíng zǒu shí， bù lǚ yí wěn zhòng， bìng yí zhāng xiōng bì kǒu， mù xiàng qián shì。
shí yī、 yù fù nǚ lǎo ruò， yìng jìn xiān ràng lù ràng zuò。
shí 'èr、 tú cì yòu rén wèn lù， xū xiáng wéi zhǐ shì； wèn lù yú rén， xū suí jí chēng xiè。
shí sān、 yī rén bù rù gǔ miào， liǎng rén bù kàn shēn jǐng。
shí sì、 féng qiáo xiān xià mǎ， guò dù mò zhēng chuán。
shí wǔ、 zài zhōu chē shàng huò fēi jī shàng， bù tàn shǒu huò shēn shǒu chū chuāng， bìng bù dé suí biàn tì tán。
（ liù） fǎng rén
yī、 xiān lì wài qīng qīng kòu mén， zhù rén ràng rù fāng rù。
èr、 rù nèi yòu tā kè， zhù rén wéi jiè shào， xū yī yī wéi lǐ， cí chū shí yì rú zhī。
sān、 rù nèi jiàn yòu tā kè， bù kě jiǔ zuò； yòu shì， xū qǐng zhù rén lìng zhì tā suǒ shù shuō。
sì、 zuò tán shí jiàn yòu tā kè lái， jí cí chū。
wǔ、 zuò lì bì zhèng， bù qīng tīng， bù huá xiào。
liù、 bù xié yī qiē dòng wù shàng táng。
qī、 zhù rén shì nèi zhī xìn jiàn wén shū， gài bù qǔ kàn。
bā、 tán huà yìng dá bì gù wàng。
jiǔ、 jiāng shàng táng， shēng bì yáng。
shí、 hù kāi yì kāi， hù hé yì hé； yòu hòu rù zhě， hé 'ér wù suì。
shí yī、 zhù rén qiàn shēn， huò kàn zhōng biǎo， jí xū cí chū。
shí 'èr、 fàn jí mián shí bù fǎng kè。
shí sān、 jìn yè zhǎngguān zūn cháng， yìng xiān jū gōng jìng lǐ， rán hòu jiù zuò； jí tuì， yì rán。
shí sì、 yǔ zhǎngguān zūn cháng， jí fù nǚ xíng wò shǒu lǐ shí， yìng sì qí xiān xíng shēn shǒu， rán hòu jìng jǐn yǔ wò。
shí wǔ、 fǎng gōng jiào rén yuán， bì xiān wèn míng qí shàng bān zhōng diǎn， bù kě jiǔ zuò xián tán。
shí liù、 fǎng kè bù yù， huò liú piàn， huò xiě zì dēng liú yán pái。
（ qī） huì kè
yī、 jiàn xiān zhì jìng， shú kè dào hán xuān， shēng kè qǐng xìng zì zhù zhǐ。
èr、 jí mén xiān qū， wéi kè qǐ hé。
sān、 měi mén bì ràng kè xiān xíng。
sì、 rù mén bì wéi kè 'ān zuò。
wǔ、 shì nèi yòu tā kè， yìng yǔ jiè shào， xiān jiè yòu yú cháng， jiè bēi yú zūn， jiè jìn yú yuǎn， tóng lún zé jiè qián yú hòu。
liù、 jìng chá guǒ xiān cháng hòu yòu， xiān shēng hòu shú。
qī、 zhù rén bì xià zuò， jǔ bēi ràng chá。
bā、 kè qù bì sòng zhì jìng， yuǎn fāng kè bì sòng zhì cūn wài huò lù kǒu。
jiǔ、 yuǎn fāng kè zhuān lái， xū bèi yǐn shí qǐn shì， dǎo cè suǒ， dǎo mù yù。
shí、 yuǎn fāng kè qù， bì sòng zhì yì zhàn， wàng chē kāi yuǎn， shǐ fǎn。
（ bā） lǚ xíng
yī、 jiāng yuǎn xíng， bì cí qīn yǒu， jì zǔ cí qīn。
èr、 yuǎn dào mùdì dì， bì xiān bài fǎng yòu guān rén shì。
sān、 guī lái bì yè qīn yǒu， huò lüè sòng tǔ wù。
sì、 yuǎn xíng zhī qīn yǒu cí xíng， bì wǎng sòng xíng， shì qián huò zèng wù， huò yàn jiàn。
wǔ、 yuǎn fāng kè lái bài fǎng， xū wǎng dá bài， huò shè yàn jiē fēng。
liù、 lǚ rén guī lái bài， xū yì huí bài， huò shè yàn xǐ chén。
qī、 shòu rén zhī sòng xíng jí jiàn bié， dá dào suǒ zài dì， xū yī yī hán xiè。
bā、 rén zhī jiē fēng huò xǐ chén bì， xū hái xí。
jiǔ、 rù jìng wèn jìn， rù guó wèn sú， rù mén wèn huì。
shí、 rù guó bù chí， rù cūn lǐ bì xià chē mǎ。
（ jiǔ） duì zhòng
yī、 tā rén zhèng tán huà， bù zài zhōng jiān chā yán。
èr、 liǎng rén duì tán， bù xiàng zhōng jiān chuān zǒu。
sān、 bù gāo shēng xuān huá rǎo luàn tā rén shì tīng。
sì、 bù héng zuò， bù héng tuǐ， bù mén jiǎo。
wǔ、 bù gé xí tán huà。
liù、 zuò bù xiān qǐ yǐ dèng zhī hòu fāng。
qī、 yī mào bù jiā yú tā rén zhī yī mào shàng。
bā、 bù xiàng rén pēn shuǐ tù tán。
jiǔ、 bù xiàng rén hē qiàn， shū shēn， tìpen。
（ shí） kuì zèng
yī、 lǐ shàng wǎng lái， lái 'ér bù wǎng， wǎng 'ér bù lái， jiē fēi lǐ yě。
èr、 cì rén bù yuē lái qǔ， yǔ rén bù wèn suǒ yù。
sān、 zèng rén wù pǐn， bì qiān bì jìng。
sì、 zèng rén wù pǐn， wài bì yòng bāo guǒ， hūn sàng qìng shòu lì wài。
wǔ、 píng sù zèng wù， zuò yòu tā kè， xū bì guān tīng， yuǎn lái jí chū wù， kě bù bì。
liù、 shòu zèng xiān lüè qiān cí hòu shòu， chēng xiè， yú rì xū wǎng bài。
qī、 zhǎngzhě cì， bù gǎn cí。
（ shí yī） qìng diào
yī、 cān jiā jí lǐ， bù tán shuāi sàng huà， bù qī róng， bù tí qì。
èr、 jūsāng bù cān jiā jí lǐ， zhǐ sòng yí wù。
sān、 sāngfú bù rù gōng mén， bù guān jí lǐ。
sì、 hè hūn zài zhòng bīn qián， cí bù xié xuè。
wǔ、 lín sàng bù xiào。
liù、 lǐ yòu bìn， bù xiàng gē。
qī、 fàn yú sāngjiā， jiǔ bù zhě yán。
bā、 pèi huì zàng huī zhāng zhě， lǐ zhōng jí xiè qù， bù pèi dài tā wǎng。
（ shí 'èr） chēng hū
yī、 chū jiàn miàn zhī rén wèn xìng， yuē guì xìng， wèn míng， yuē tái fǔ。 zì shuō xìng yuē bì xìng mǒu， shuō míng yuē cǎo zì mǒu mǒu。
èr、 yòu qīn qī shì jiāo zhě， yìng gè yǐ qí míngfèn bǐ cǐ xiāngchèn。 pǔ tōng chēng rén yuē xiān shēng huò mǒu xiōng， zì chēng yuē dì。 lǎo zhě zhǎngzhě， chēng yuē lǎo xiān shēng， zì chēng yuē hòu xué， huò chēng zì míng。
sān、 chēng rén zhī fù yuē lìng zūn， mǔ yuē lìng táng。 xiàng rén chēng zì fù mǔ， yuē jiā yán， yuē jiā cí。 jiàn péng yǒu zhī fù， chēng lǎo bó， mǔ chēng bó mǔ， zì chēng wǎn huò zhí。
sì、 chēng rén zhī zǔ， yuē lìng zǔ gōng， zǔ mǔ yuē lìng zǔ tài fū rén。 xiàng rén chēng zì zǔ yuē jiā zǔ。 zǔ mǔ yuē jiā zǔ mǔ。 jiàn rén zhī zǔ fù zǔ mǔ， chēng tài lǎo bó， tài bó mǔ。 zì chēng jǐ míng jí kě。
wǔ、 chēng rén zhī xiōng dì， yuē lìng xiōng， yuē lìng dì。 xiàng rén chēng zì xiōng dì， yuē jiā xiōng shè dì。 chēng rén zhī zǐ mèi， yuē lìng zǐ lìng mèi。 xiàng rén chēng zì zǐ mèi， yuē jiā zǐ shè mèi。 jiàn rén zhī xiōng dì， chēng jīxiān shēng， huò jǐ xiōng， zì chēng xiǎo dì。 jiàn rén zhī zǐ mèi， tǒng chēng jǐ jiě， chēng zì yuē xiǎo dì。（ shū kuǎn zé chēng shì）
liù、 chēng rén zhī qī， yuē lìng zhèng huò zūn fū rén， xiàng rén chēng zì qī， yuē zhuō jīng huò jiàn nèi。 jiàn rén zhī qī chēng sǎo， zì chēng jǐ míng。（ nǚ zǐ kě zì chēng mèi）
qī、 nǚ zǐ chēng rén zhī fū， yuē zūn fǔ mǒu xiān shēng， xiàng rén chēng zì fū， yuē wài zǐ。 jiàn rén zhī fū chēng mǒu xiān shēng， zì yǐ bì miǎn chēng hū wéi jiā， rú bì yào shí， zhǐ chēng běn rén jí kě。
bā、 chēng rén zhī zǐ， yuē lìng láng huò gōng zǐ， chēng rén nǚ yuē lìng 'ài， huò nǚ gōng zǐ。 xiàng rén chēng zì zǐ， yuē xiǎo 'ér， nǚ yuē xiǎo nǚ。 jiàn rén zǐ chēng shì xiōng， zì chēng dì， chēng nǚ yuē shì jiě， zì bù chēng。
jiǔ、 chēng rén zhī sūn jí sūn nǚ， yuē lìng sūn yuē lìng nǚ sūn。 xiàng rén chēng zì sūn， jí nǚ sūn， yuē xiǎo sūn， yuē xiǎo nǚ sūn。 jiàn rén zhī sūn jí nǚ sūn， chēng jǐ gōng zǐ jǐ xiǎo jiě。
shí、 chēng rén huò chēng zì zhī yǐ gù shàng bèi， tǒng jiā yī xiān zì。 rú chēng rén zhī gù fù mǔ， yuē lìng xiān zūn lìng tài fū rén； chēng zì zhī gù fù mǔ， yuē xiān yán xiān cí zhī lèi。 chēng rén yǐ gù xià bèi bù bì lìng jiā zì， zhǐ yún「 yǐ qián mǒu xiōng」 jí kě， chēng zì gù xià bèi， dàn jiā yī wáng zì， huò yún「 yǐ qián mǒu mǒu」 yì kě。
shí yī、 chēng rén zhī gū zhàng gū mǔ， yuē lìng gū zhàng lìng gū mǔ。 xiàng rén chēng zì gū zhàng gū mǔ， yuē jiā gū zhàng gū mǔ。 jiàn rén zhī gū zhàng gū mǔ， chēng lǎo xiān shēng lǎo tài tài； jiāo hòu zhě， kě chēng lǎo bó jí lǎo bó mǔ。
shí 'èr、 chēng rén zhī jiù fù jiù mǔ， yuē lìng mǔ jiù lìng jiù mǔ。 xiàng rén chēng zì jiù fù jiù mǔ， yuē jiā mǔ jiù jiā jiù mǔ。 jiàn rén zhī jiù fù jiù mǔ， chēng wèi fǎng qián。
shí sān、 chēng rén zhī yuè fù yuè mǔ， yuē lìng yuè lìng yuè mǔ。 xiàng rén chēng yuè fù mǔ， yuē jiā yuè jiā yuè mǔ。 jiàn rén zhī yuè fù mǔ， chēng wèi fǎng qián。
shí sì、 chēng rén zhī nèi zhí， yuē lìng nèi zhí。 chēng rén zhī shēng， yuē lìng shēng。 chēng rén zhī xù， yuē lìng xù。 xiàng rén chēng zì nèi zhí， shēng， xù， yuē bì nèi zhí， yuē shè shēng， yuē xiǎo xù。
shí wǔ、 chēng rén zhī qīn yǒu， yuē lìng qīn yuē guì yǒu。 xiàng rén chēng zì qīn yǒu， yuē shè qīn bì yǒu。
shí liù、 chēng rén zhī shī， yuē lìng shī， shēng yuē lìng gāo zú。 xiàng rén chēng zì shī， yuē bì yè shī。 chēng zì shēng yuē bì tú。 zì chēng shī， yuē fū zǐ huò wú shī。 chēng zì yuē shòu yè， huò yuē mén shēng。
shí qī、 chēng rén zhī cháng guān， yuē guì mǒu cháng（ yuàn bù tīng jú děng）。 chēng rén zhī shǔ yuán， yuē guì bù xià huò guì shǔ。 xiàng rén chēng zì zhǎngguān， yuē bì mǒu cháng， chēng zì shǔ yuán， yuē bì tóng shì huò bì shǔ， chēng qí mǒu xìng mǒu zhí yì kě。
shí bā、 chēng rén zhī zhù rén， yuē guì shàng， chēng rén zhī pú， yuē zūn jì。 xiàng rén chēng zì zhù rén， yuē bì shàng； chēng zì pú， yuē xiǎo jià。
（ fù shuō）
yī、 chēng hū yī shì， běn shèn fán zá， gè dì xí guàn， zhí jiē jiàn miàn zhī chēng， yóu duō bù tóng， gù nán bèi zài。 běn biān jǐn lù qí duì wài jiāo jì tōng cháng yòng zhě。
èr、 qīn qī zhī jiān， chēng hū shèn wéi wēi xì， měi yòu cuò yī zì 'ér yí xiào zhě。 cí biān běn wéi jǔ yào， zhuān wéi cháng yòng， gù bù xiáng zài。
xué shēng lǐ yí
1. xué shēng yí róng、 yí biǎo、 yí tài de lǐ yí
yī zhe dé tǐ： zhōng xiǎo xué shēng de rì cháng zhuózhuāng yào fú hé nián líng tè diǎn， tè bié shì fú hé xué shēng shēn fèn， zhěng jié dà fāng。
shàoxiānduì yuán、 gòng qīng tuán yuán yǐ zhào guī dìng pèi dài hóng lǐng jīn huò tuán huī。 xué shēng bù huà zhuāng、 bù dài shì wù、 bù tàng fā， nán shēng bù liú cháng fā。
cān jiā jí huì、 tīng jiǎng shí zuò zhèng lì zhí。 zuò zhèng： tóu zhèng jǐng zhí， shàng tǐ yǔ zuò yǐ kào bèi jī běn chuí zhí。 lì zhí： tái tóu tǐng xiōng， shàng tǐ、 shuāng tuǐ yǔ dì miàn chuí zhí。
xíng zǒu wěn jiàn： xíng zǒu zī shì zhèng què、 bù fú shì zhōng， wěn jiàn yòu lì。 zài lóu dào、 jiào shì xíng zǒu shí， màn bù qīng shēng； zài jiē dào shàng， kào yòu xíng zǒu； bù yáo jiān huàng tún， bù duō rén gòu jiān dā bèi xíng zǒu。
tán tù jǔ zhǐ wén míng： shì yí biǎo de zōng hé yào qiú。 yǔ rén jiāo tán shí， tài dù chéng kěn， yǔ yán wén míng。 dài rén jiē wù zhōng， biǎo qíng zì rán， dòng zuò dà fāng。
2. xué shēng tǐ tài yǔ yán lǐ yí
wēi xiào： shì duì tā rén biǎo shì yǒu hǎo de biǎo qíng， bù lù yá chǐ、 zuǐ jiǎo wēi shàng qiáo。
jū gōng： shì xià jí duì shàng jí、 wǎn bèi duì zhǎngbèi、 gè rén duì qún tǐ de lǐ jié。 xíng jū gōng lǐ shí， tuō mào、 lì zhèng、 shuāng mù zhù shì duì fāng， miàn dài wēi xiào， rán hòu shēn tǐ shàng bù xiàng qián qīng xié zì rán wān xià， dī tóu yǎn xiàng xià kàn。 yòu shí wéi shēn biǎo xiè yì， shàng tǐ qián qīng kě zài shēn xiē。
wò shǒu： shì yǔ rén jiàn miàn huò lí bié shí zuì cháng yòng de lǐ jié， yě shì xiàng rén biǎo shì gǎn xiè、 wèi wèn、 zhù hè huò gǔ lì de lǐ jié。
wò shǒu qián qǐ shēn zhàn lì， tuō xià shǒu tào， yòng yòu shǒu yǔ duì fāng yòu shǒuxiàng wò。
wò shǒu shí shuāng mù zhù shì duì fāng， miàn dài wēi xiào。
yī bān qíng kuàng xià， wò shǒu bù bì yòng lì， wò yī xià jí kě。 lǎo yǒu jiān kě wò dé shēn xiē、 jiǔ xiē huò biān wèn hòu biān jǐn wò shuāng shǒu。
duō rén tóng shí wò shǒu bù yào jiāo chā， dài bié rén wò hòu zài shēn shǒu， yǐ cìxiàng wò。
zhāo shǒu： zài gōng gòng chǎng hé yuǎn jù lí kàn dào xiāng shí de rén huò sòng bié lí qù de kè rén， jǔ shǒu dǎ zhāo hū bìng diǎn tóu zhì yì。
gǔ zhǎng： shì biǎo shì xǐ yuè、 huān yíng、 gǎn jī de lǐ jié。 shuāng shǒu yào yòu jié zòu dì xiāng jī， gǔ zhǎng yào shì shí shì dù。
yòu xíng lǐ ràng： zài xiào yuán、 shàng xià lóu tī、 lóu dào huò jiē dào shàng xíng zǒu shí， kào yòu cè xíng jìn。 yù dào shī cháng、 kè rén、 cháng、 yòu、 fù、 cán、 jūn rén jìn chū fáng mén shí， zhù dòng kāi mén cè lì， ràng tā men xiān xíng。
3. xué shēng yǔ rén jiāo wǎng、 tán tù jī běn lǐ yí
zūn chēng ( jìng chēng )： zhǎngbèi、 yǒu rén huò chū shí zhě chēng“ nín”。 duì shī cháng、 shè huì gōng zuò rén yuán yào chēng hū zhí wù huò“ lǎo shī”、“ shī fù”、“ shū shū”、“ ā yí” děng， bù zhí hū qí xìng míng。
duì tā rén tí chū yào qiú shí shuō“ qǐng”； yǔ rén dǎ zhāo hū shí shuō“ nín hǎo”； yǔ rén fēn shǒu shí shuō“ zài jiàn”； gěi rén tiān má fán shí shuō“ duì bù qǐ”； bié rén xiàng zì jǐ zhì xiè shí huí dá shuō“ méi guān xì”； dé dào bié rén bāng zhù biǎo shì gǎn xiè shuō“ xiè xiè”。
4. shēng guó qí、 chàng guó gē lǐ yí
cān jiā yí shì de xué shēng yào yī zhe zhěng jié， xì hǎo yī kòu、 kù kòu， dài hǎo hóng lǐng jīn， tuō mào， miàn xiàng qí gān fāng xiàng lì zhèng zhàn hǎo。 bù dé jiāo tán、 zǒu dòng huò zuò qí tā dòng zuò。 shēng guó qí zòu guó gē shí， miàn duì guó qí xíng duì lǐ huò zhù mù lǐ， zhí dào guó qí shēng zhì gān dǐng。
shàoxiānduì duì lǐ： lì zhèng zhàn zhí， yòu shǒu wǔ zhǐ bìng lǒng， gāo jǔ tóu shàng， yǎn jīng zhù shì shòu lǐ zhě， biǎo shì rén mín de lì yì gāo yú yī qiē。
guó gē shì yīnyuè xíng shì de guó jiā xiàng zhēng。 chàng guó gē shí yào lì zhèng zhàn hǎo， mù shì qián fāng， shén tài zhuāng zhòng， gē cí zhèng què， yīn diào zhǔn què， shēng yīn hóng liàng。
5. xué shēng xiào nèi lǐ yí
jìn xiào dì yī cì jiàn dào shī cháng， yào zhǐ bù lì zhèng jū gōng wèn hǎo：“ lǎo shī hǎo !”“ xiào cháng hǎo !” rén duō shí， kě yǐ diǎn tóu shì yì wèn hòu； jiàn dào tóng xué， kě diǎn tóu zhì yì， zhāo shǒu wèn hǎo。
shàng xià kè qǐ lì。 zhàn zài zuò yǐ yī cè， shuāng shǒu zì rán xià chuí， xiàng lǎo shī xíng zhù mù lǐ。
kè shàng zhǔn bèi tí wèn huò huí dá wèn tí xiān jǔ shǒu。 zhèng què dòng zuò shì： duān zuò zuò wèi shàng， yòu zhǒu fàng zài zhuō miàn shàng， shàng bì shàng jǔ， yòu shǒu wǔ zhǐ bìng lǒng， zhǐ jiān xiàng shàng， děng lǎo shī yǔn xǔ zài qǐ lì fā yán。
jìn rù lǎo shī bàn gōng shì huò jū shì hǎn“ bào gào” huò qiāo mén， shēng yīn yǐ shì nèi rén tīng jiàn wéi shì dù， zài shè huì jiāo wǎng zhōng， jìn rù tā rén fáng jiān yě xū xiān qiāo mén， wèi jīng yǔn xǔ bù dé shàn zì rù nèi。
6. xué shēng yíng bīn lǐ yí
bīn kè lái fǎng， yào qǐ lì yíng jiē， miàn dài xiào róng， zhù dòng wèn hòu：“ nín hǎo !”“ huān yíng nín lái !” huí dá kè rén tí wèn yào qǐ lì。 wéi kè rén ràng zuò、 sòng shuǐ； kè rén yǔ jiāzhǎng tán huà shí yào huí bì； kè rén lí qù， qǐ shēn sòng zhì mén wài。
7. xué shēng jiā zhōng lǐ yí
jiù cān xiān qǐng zhǎngbèi rù zuò， zì jǐ fāng kě jiù wèi， jiù cān zhōng yě yào lǐ ràng tā rén。
lí jiā qián， xiàng jiāzhǎng dǎ zhāo hū：“ wǒ zǒu liǎo， zài jiàn !” guī jiā shuō：“ wǒ huí lái liǎo !”
jiàn jiāzhǎng lí jiā huò guī jiā， zhù dòng zhāo hū， dì jiē wù pǐn
lǐ yí de yóu lái
lǐ yí zuò wéi rén jì jiāo wǎng de zhòng yào de xíng wéi guī fàn， tā bù shì suí yì píng kōng yì zào de， yě bù shì kě yòu kě wú de。 liǎo jiě lǐ yí de qǐ yuán， yòu lì yú rèn shí lǐ yí de běn zhì， zì jué dì 'àn zhào lǐ yí guī fàn de yào qiú jìn xíng shè jiāo huó dòng。 duì yú lǐ yí de qǐ yuán， yán jiū zhě men yòu gè zhǒng de guān diǎn， kě dà zhì guī nà wéi yǐ xià jǐ zhǒng。
yòu yī zhǒng guān diǎn rèn wéi， lǐ yí qǐ yuán yú jì sì。 gǔ dài“ lǐ” zì xiě fǎ jiàn shàng tú。 dōng hàn xǔ shèn de《 shuō wén jiě zì》 duì“ lǐ” zì de jiě shì shì zhè yàng de：“ lǚ yě， suǒ yǐ shì shén zhì fú yě”。 yì sī shì shí jiàn yuē dìng de shì qíng， yòng lái gěi shén líng kàn， yǐ qiú dé cì fú。“ lǐ” zì shì huì yì zì，“ shì” zhǐ shén，“”（ fā ｊ ī yīn） zhǐ jì sì shí shèng jì pǐn de qì mǐn， cóng zhōng kě yǐ fēn xī chū，“ lǐ” zì yǔ gǔ dài jì sì shén líng de yí shì yòu guān。 gǔ shí jì sì huó dòng bù shì suí yì dì jìn xíng de， tā shì yán gé dì 'àn zhào yī dìng de chéng xù， yī dìng de fāng shì jìn xíng de。 guō mò ruò zài《 shí pī pàn shū》 zhōng zhǐ chū：“ lǐ zhī qǐ， qǐ yú sì shén， qí hòu kuò zhǎn 'ér wéi rén， gèng qí hòu 'ér wéi jí、 xiōng、 jūn、 bīn、 jiā děng duō zhǒng yí zhì。” zhè lǐ jiǎng dào liǎo lǐ yí de qǐ yuán， yǐ jí lǐ yí de fā zhǎn guò chéng。
yòu yī zhǒng guān diǎn rèn wéi， lǐ yí qǐ yuán yú fǎ tíng de guī dìng。 zài xī fāng，“ lǐ yí” yī cí yuán yú fǎ yǔ de“ Ｅ ｔ ｉ ｇ ｕ ｅｔｔｅ” yuán yì shì“ fǎ tíng shàng de tōng xíng zhèng”。 gǔ dài fǎ guó wèile bǎo zhèng fǎ tíng zhōng huó dòng de zhì xù， jiāng yìn yòu fǎ tíng jì lǜ de tōng gào zhèng fā gěi jìn rù fǎ tíng de měi gè rén， zuò wéi zūn shǒu de guīju hé xíng wéi zhǔn zé。 hòu lái“Ｅｔｉｇｕｅｔｔｅ” yī cí jìn rù yīng wén， yǎn biàn wéi“ lǐ yí” de hán yì， chéng wéi rén men jiāo wǎng zhōng yìng zūn xún de guīju hé zhǔn zé。
lìng wài hái yòu yī zhǒng guān diǎn rèn wéi， lǐ yí qǐ yuán yú fēng sú xí guàn。 rén shì bù néng lí kāi shè huì hé qún tǐ de， rén yǔ rén zài cháng qī de jiāo wǎng huó dòng zhōng， jiàn jiàn dì chǎn shēng liǎo yī xiē yuē dìng sú chéng de xí guàn， jiǔ 'ér jiǔ zhī zhè xiē xí guàn chéng wéi liǎo rén yǔ rén jiāo jì de guī fàn， dāng zhè xiē jiāo wǎng xí guàn yǐ wén zì de xíng shì bèi jì lù bìng tóng shí bèi rén men zì jué dì zūn shǒu hòu， jiù zhú jiàn chéng wéi liǎo rén men jiāo jì jiāo wǎng gù dìng de lǐ yí。 zūn shǒu lǐ yí， bù jǐn shǐ rén men de shè huì jiāo wǎng huó dòng biàn dé yòu xù， yòu zhāng kě xún， tóng shí yě néng shǐ rén yǔ rén zài jiāo wǎng zhōng gèng jù yòu qīn hé lì。 １ ９ ２２ nián《 xī fāng lǐ yí jí cuì》 yī shū wèn shì， kāi piān zhōng zhè yàng xiě dào：“ biǎo miàn shàng lǐ yí yòu wú shù de qīng guī jiè lǜ， dàn qí gēn běn mùdì zài yú shǐ shì jiè chéng wéi yī gè chōng mǎn shēng huó lè qù de dì fāng， shǐ rén biàn dé hé yì jìn rén。”
cóng lǐ yí de qǐ yuán kě yǐ kàn chū， lǐ yí shì zài rén men de shè huì huó dòng zhōng， wèile wéi hù yī zhǒng wěn dìng de zhì xù， wèile bǎo chí yī zhǒng jiāo jì de hé xié 'ér yìng yùn chǎn shēng de。 yī zhí dào jīn tiān， lǐ yí yǐ rán tǐ xiàn zhe zhè zhǒng běn zhì tè diǎn yǔ dú tè de gōng néng。
(Ouyang Xiu)
Etiquette refers to people contacts in the community due to historical traditions, customs, religious beliefs, factors such as the formation of the times, not only recognized by people, but also the respect for people, is for the purpose of establishing harmonious relations between the various line contacts standards and norms of conduct required sum. All in all, etiquette is that people in social contacts should abide by a code of conduct and guidelines.
Understanding of ritual
From the perspective of personal accomplishment, ritual can be said that one internal training and external quality performance.
From the communication point of view, rituals can be said that the application of interpersonal communication is an art, a method of communication or communication methods. Interpersonal communication is conventional to show people respect, friendship and practices.
From the perspective of communication, etiquette can be said that in interpersonal communication skills to communicate with each other.
If the classification can be broadly divided into government etiquette, business etiquette, service etiquette, social etiquette, five major branches of foreign etiquette. However, the five branches of the so-called because the ritual is the comprehensive nature of the subject, it is relative. The branches are intertwined ritual content, most etiquette contents are much the same.
The main function of ritual, from a personal point of view, first, help to improve people's own accomplishment; second, help to beautify themselves, beautify; help to promote social interaction, improve their interpersonal relationships; also help to purify society.
From the group perspective, ritual is the corporate culture, an important part of entrepreneurship is the corporate image of the main attachment point. Almost all the international companies have high standards for the requirements of etiquette, etiquette regarded as an important part of corporate culture is also important internationally certified software. Is self-discipline and a code of conduct amazing.
The meaning of ritual
To tell the truth, for only in the maintenance of strict ritual hierarchy of the feudal system, in particular those behind the red tape, the new social system and value system not only can not be accepted and must be resolutely discarded. Since the 1911 Revolution completely negative for thousands of years after the feudal system, accompanied by fundamental changes in social values, Li was given a new modern significance.
If the traditional sense of that ceremony is a kind of cover all institutional, legal and ethical norms of social behavior, then the so-called today and kin is only courtesy and etiquette form, related activities, and this is what I want this group topic The main areas of discussion.
Etiquette in interpersonal communication to a certain extent, conventional procedures and methods to express the self-discipline, respect human process. Involving wear, communication, communication, emotional intelligence and so on. From the perspective of personal accomplishment, ritual can be said that one internal training and external quality performance. From the communication point of view, rituals can be said that the application of interpersonal communication is an art, a method of communication or communication methods. Interpersonal communication is conventional to show people respect, friendship and practices. From the perspective of communication, etiquette can be said that in interpersonal communication skills to communicate with each other. If the classification can be broadly divided into government etiquette, business etiquette, service etiquette, social etiquette, five major branches of foreign etiquette. However, the five branches of the so-called because the ritual is the comprehensive nature of the subject, it is relative. The branches are intertwined ritual content, most etiquette contents are much the same. The main function of ritual, from a personal point of view, first, help to improve people's own accomplishment; second, help to beautify themselves, beautify; help to promote social interaction, improve their interpersonal relationships; also help to purify society. From the group perspective, ritual is the corporate culture, an important part of entrepreneurship is the corporate image of the main attachment point. Almost all the international companies have high standards for the requirements of etiquette, etiquette regarded as an important part of corporate culture is also important internationally certified software.
Ancient rites
China has always been ceremonies, rituals for us, more time can reflect a person's upbringing and taste. Really understand people who say etiquette manners, one felt not only in a few specific occasions or just focus on etiquette, this is because the emotional, but also some of the details of the program, then, already in their mind's life experiences in the deep bone marrow and blood of immersion.
So whenever and wherever, we have the most appropriate way to treat people. This time, "Lai" has become our most important part of life. Etiquette is an art of human relations, is a bridge between people, relationships in the ritual is a practice to be observed, is a custom form, that is the convention in the social relations in a kinds of practices.
Etiquette Team regulating people's social behavior, interpersonal coordination, promote the development of human society has a positive effect.
China is an ancient civilization thousands of years created a splendid culture, the formation of high moral standards, a complete protocol specification, is the world known as the "ancient civilization and ceremonies." Li Jizhong that can be drawn from such a conclusion. The whole of East and Southeast Asia's culture are the heritage of Chinese civilization is confirmed. China has five thousand years of civilization, known as the "ceremonies," said the Chinese people to known for its mild-mannered style known to the world. Civility As an important component of traditional culture, De Bu Fen on Chinese social history from a wide range of far-reaching impact 其 very rich contents. Etiquette involved in a wide range of permeate almost every aspect of ancient society. Ancient China, "Li" and "instrument" is actually two different concepts. "Li" is a system of rules and a social consciousness, ideas; "instrument" is a "ritual" specific forms, which is based on "ceremony" requirement and content of the formation of a system and complete procedures. In ancient China, ritual is a time to meet the needs of society, from the clan system, something which derived hierarchical relationship, which produced it with the characteristics and limitations of that era. Today, the modern and ancient ceremonial rituals have been very different, we must abandon those exploiting class service etiquette, with emphasis on the _select_ion still active today, the general significance of the traditional rituals of civilization, such as respect for the old King Yin, Miriam is still appropriate, polite, Rong-yi, a whole other, to transform and Heritage. This is good for the cultivation of personal qualities, for the Harmonious interpersonal relationships, shape the civilization of the society, the socialist spiritual civilization, the modern value. Are tested are as follows:
I. Respect to the King Yin of China from the primitive feudal society, the political ethics of interpersonal relations are the clan, family kinship as a link, which therefore respect the family from the ancestors, respect for elders in the community. As the ancient Chinese ritual of social esteem and benevolent rule, the history of King Yin has become a requirement. Mencius said: "Pension Zunsian, Junjie reign, there were celebrations" (Note: "also about the next child"). "Celebrate" is the reward. This ancient tradition of ritual, sentimental for the formation of relationships, and the orderly and harmonious relationship between ethics, regardless of the past and modern, have played an important role. Speaking Respect, which is the Chinese traditional culture of a major feature. Ancient respect for the elderly, not just stop at the ideas and preaching, but also not end the lives of ordinary people. From the monarch, to the Gentry of Gentry, both personally and respect the rules and the formation of a pension ritual. "Book of Rites" record: "Gu Zhidao, 50 not only Austin, awarded poultry Long Zhu for the elderly" (Note: The "Book of Rites festival meaning"). That is, five old people do not hunt personally, but to be generous when prey distribution of a. Some ancient books, speaking for the elderly when the same volume, also made a specific demand. Such as "support Mongolia and to read", said: "paternity in a parent, Su sound easy, do not because of a trivial, loud Hu Chi" (Note: "to support Mongolia and to read words.") "Students" added: "low does not smell, they are not appropriate." In short, from the noble king, issued common people the people must follow certain rules, with a variety of ways to express old man, meaning honor the elderly, as a measure of whether a person has cultivated an important symbol. Any form of society need to respect the elderly. Not only because the elderly experience deep, broad knowledge, experience more, working long hours and made great contributions to society should be respect; the same time, their poor physical and mental needs of young people caring, care and assistance. As a polite modern youth, the elderly and the elderly, should be: Lu-yu active humility, car seat initiative, in shops, cinemas and other public places, should be taken into account to create convenient conditions for the elderly. About King Yin, when the three countries have histories, called "Highlighting." That is admired Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei, to ask him to help him conquer the world, we have taken the trouble to live in thatched cottage Zhuge Liang personally asked him to coming out. Again and again, before Zhuge Liang agreed. From then on, Zhuge Liang's bold vision into full play, as Liu Bei's cause "A dedicated, die." Throughout the history of ancient China, as the monarch has always been mostly very seriously Zunsian with Yin, regarded as the determinants of national security. King Yin usually not to the critical moment, talented people will not share those concerns for the country. Not capable personnel are not country-driven, but forget the national slow Yin Shi, so "and to those who, through their national existence, there have not been" (Note: "Mo pro disabilities"). Today, we advocate to carry forward the ancient "King Yin of the ceremony" should be given to the content of the modern new talent is to respect knowledge, respect talent. Today's society, a variety of increasingly fierce competition. All the competition, the final analysis, competition for talent. Large to the nation, small companies, in fierce competition to maintain a superior position, must have a strong talent. Only ideas into concrete actions to respect, love people, so that the whole society a respect for knowledge and talents of a good environment to form a strong enough talent to be invincible.
2, Miriam is still suitable for the Chinese nation has always been focused through the appropriate form to express the rich people's inner feelings. In case of major festivals and important events, and more moments with conventional instrument. Such as access to harvest, to song and celebration; was evil, we must pray for the grace of God. Over time, the formation of many festivals and rituals on the form, such as the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth and so on, almost every festival, there are specific rituals. In ancient times, marriage, funerals and festivals and other activities as a major event in social life to treat, and its rituals were extremely detailed and careful provisions, from clothing, utensils to the specifications, procedures and manner of orientation, have specific requirements. Today, we are to maintain and carry forward the Chinese civilization, good manners, the most important point is that you in the appropriate. That is advocated as two-way: "extravagance since Vincent, text was too extravagant, less than was thrifty" (Note: "2-way _set_" outside the book Juan Liu Cheng). Shows that the scale of the ceremony is appropriate, the appropriate text decoration is necessary, but the text will cause excessive decorative extravagance, deviate from the requirements of the rite; and too mean to impede the implementation of the ceremony is inappropriate. The ancients this view is brilliant and all our ceremony held today with the guide. In today's social activities, ceremonies are still held indispensable. The company opened, children marry, the various events, have different rituals. We must grasp the scale of the various ceremonies, they must master the principles of moderation, to make the necessary instrument of modern civilization, combined with the moment, the activities related to both the occasion, not that bad flashy. In particular, we oppose the marriage and funeral ceremonies that take the opportunity, profile wedding, the phenomenon of extravagance and waste; against the idea that the more solemn ceremony, the better, more in line with the more luxurious the rite of practice. Such as: Many of today's wedding couples to make the wedding enough pomp, show off, another competition, got deep in debt, resulting in tremendous waste. Even some leading cadres despite the impact of abuse of power for their children, receive the bulk gifts, encourage Luxurious Atmosphere. This does not comply with our fine tradition and are inconsistent with our national conditions, public sentiment.
Third, and courteous to any civilized society, any civilized nation, people are always paid great attention to civility and courtesy. Courtesy of the human society as far as to promote friendly and harmonious interpersonal ethics is one of the building live in harmony with others from the bridge. It marks the process of civilization of a society, reflecting a nation's spirit. Chinese people have always attached great importance to follow the ceremony on the rules, be polite. Many interesting short experience, both past and present, are inspirational. Specifically, the following main points:
(A) with people getting along with others, is good at the head. And this "good" should be sincere from the heart, is sincere in the form on the outside in, rather than clever, and only have the form of red tape. "Book of Rites," said: "The husband ceremony were, inferiority and respect" (Note: "Book of Songs ceremony"). If the surface respectful enthusiasm, and inner hypocrisy, or just inner respect, and without any expression, are not enough. Should be the same table in order to fundamentally eliminate the barriers between people, friction, and then love each other, friendly to each other. Respect for others, we should treat people equally, without distinction of birth rank, non-discriminatory. If only the upper classes make their homage to wealth and to take people to pay the interests of people, in fact by the villain. "The Analects Zi Han" contains: Confucius saw wearing mourning, wearing a hat wedding clothes of the people and the blind. Each other, even if these people young, Confucius must stand up. Passing through the front of others, they will be walked through it, to show respect. Ancient King's method, but also a place worth learning. First of all, to respect the wishes of others, understanding the needs of others and taboos, can force its way. Not demanding others do not do, not force others to accept it does not like. The ancients said: "No responsible person is less than, not strong man can not, do not Kuren the bad" (Note: "Wen Wei neutron phase"). "Lost her way, not impose on others (Note:" The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan ")," is what I mean. Dealings with people, humor and good jokes are often brings pleasant, but must not be made fun of fun. If you take another name for the jokes, or indecent people from the nickname, are very disrespectful. Northern and Southern Dynasties tui once in terms of such disrespect angry: "present fool, then submitted with drama. Or he means those who called dolphin calf, the know to look on, You Yu their ears, state when the person almost."
4, Rong-yi, a whole of a person's appearance, demeanor, their training, the performance level of civilization. The ancients that solemn manner, advance and retreat polite, deacons like King, gentle, not only to maintain the dignity of individuals, but also help Jinde duration. Ancient thinkers had to take an animal's fur and human instrument bearing compared animals without fur, it can not for the animal; lost rituals, that is not a person. The requirements of the ancients of the instrument can not help too cumbersome. One of the most important, have the following three aspects.
(A) of the clothing looks: "Students" asked: "Crown will now, New York will end, socks and footwear, all close cut." These norms, people today, is still necessary. Hat is knot, tight shoes and socks all, is the concept of the basic requirements for instrument class. If a person is disheveled, footwear is not correct, often lead to the resentment and even nausea, who would do such people get close. Of course, the dress must be appropriate for their own occupation, age, physical characteristics, her environment and contacts in the lives of customs, for decency and generosity of choice. Makeup, artificial, would be counterproductive.
(B) behavior: Confucius said: "The gentleman is not re-Wei, learning is not fixed" (Note: The "Analects"). This is because only the solemn majesty only. Otherwise, even if learned, can not be consolidated. Specifically, the requirement to do "points such as pine, sitting like a bell, line wind, and lying, such as bow," that is points to the positive and take to stable, mobile agile, sideways while sleeping. Behavior in public is not frivolous, not obscene, it should be dignified, careful, calm, do "Evil, Evil, hear no evil speak no evil, indecent assault and do not move" (Note: "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan"), always in line with protocol specification. (C) speech rhetoric: Language is the people's thinking, sentiments and cultural accomplishments of the mirror. The ancients called "Truthfulness, it is also home industry" (Note: "easy to dry text.") Words will be modified as sincere the foundation of establishing themselves, with some truth. And to "Promises must be kept and action must be resolute" (Note: "The Analects Zi"). Clever people who can not win the trust of people. Followed by the prudent person. The ancients said that the natural person, the tongue closely muffled up and down two rows of teeth, but also out of bread layer with thick lips, is to say people must be cautious. Of course, is to ask the people from the ancients and the words, but speak to specific circumstances, when to speak and be silent when silent. Confucius said: "The statement can not with words, missing person; not with words but with words, slip of the tongue. Know people who lose, do not slip of the tongue" (Note: "The Analects of Confucius Duke Ling of Wei"). That is the truth.
The above aspects, is the essence of our traditional rituals. Although times are different, but in ancient times the importance of the appearance and neat appearance instrumentation requirements, is worthy of people today learn from them. External image is a silent language that reflects a person's moral self-cultivation, but also convey to the people of the entire life of a person's inner attitude. Has an elegant appearance, no matter where he went, gave brought civilization there, spring, get the respect. There is no doubt that the traditional civility of our society have a positive impact of historical development. In general, the social sense the more polite people, the more harmonious society, stability. If every one of us well-bred, polite, doing things with restraint, our lives would be a little more enjoyable, but the state, some more orderly and civilized society. From this point of speaking, etiquette on the social play of politics, the law failed to do. Long time, because the essence of a large number of rituals and cultural infiltration and dross in the state of financial co-exist, and because ritual culture dross produced negative effects can not be underestimated. We ignore the traditional civility of this precious spiritual wealth. When the relative long time, society, school education is not enough emphasis on etiquette develop many uncivilized also increase. In today's building of socialist spiritual civilization, we should be based on absorbing the essence of national culture, traditional rituals of civilization past serve the present, reconstruction of a modern and civilized manners.
The role of etiquette
Etiquette and social interaction for people living in the convention, people can regulate a variety of manners, the people correctly and interaction with the outside world scale, will handle the management of human relations. Without etiquette, often make people feel awkward in the exchanges, and even rude to people, funny, so familiar with and master the etiquette, it can be done by analogy, social skills and just right.
Etiquette is an important means of shaping the image. In social activities. Conversation very interesting; can become civilized; pay attention to etiquette can become elegant manners; dressed etiquette, can become generous; acts of courtesy and propriety, can become a better ... ... as long as the very interesting things will be done just right. In short a man of courtesy and propriety, they can become full of charm
Etiquette is etiquette and ceremony.
Ancient Chinese "Five Rites" is said, a matter of ritual ceremony to Kyrgyzstan, things to Skyline crown marriage, guests things as guest ceremony, military affairs for the military salute, the funeral things as Xiong Li. 5 ceremony is quite extensive, from reflecting the people and heaven, earth, spirits of the relationship between ritual ceremony to reflect the relationships of family, friends, monarch and his subjects the gift of communication between the upper and lower; from the performance history of the crown of life, marriage, funerals buried all ceremony, the men are happy, disaster, said the celebration of the funeral, to pay homage, comfort, consolation gift, can be said that all-inclusive, fully reflecting the spirit of ancient Chinese people's Sean. Ji Li-Li home five hand, it mainly is a god, land only, human sacrifice ceremony of ghosts. The main content can include three aspects. The first is the Heaven of God, that worship Haotian God; worship the moon and stars; worship divisions, Siming, air division, division and so the rain. Second, Jide only, that is, offering Sajik, the Five Emperors, the saying; Ji Shan Lin Chuanze; offering four soaring and so on. The third is the Ghost Festival, enjoy the festival seasons mainly kings, ancestors. Xiong Li is a sad pity, condolence, and worry of the ceremony. Its main contents are: Mourning the death of a funeral to shortage areas ritual ceremony sorrow to sorrow scourge hanging ceremony to ceremony sad cypress around failure to shirt gift grief bandits. Among them, the funeral is a different relationship between the death, the mourning process by providing time to express different degrees of north; shortage ceremony is a region or a country by famine pestilence misfortune, the king and his ministers are taken to reduce the meal, entertainment and other measures to stop sympathy; hanging Zhi Li is a case of death or funeral Allied fire and water disasters and to offer condolences or sympathy to the protocol. The three levels of aristocratic manners can be held. Hui Li is a country to be enemy allies in violation of dilapidated urban and rural areas, chief and the country should join the Asian countries to raise economic goods, compensation of its loss; shirt ceremony is a country subjected to foreign aggression or internal strife, its neighbors should be given assistance and support. Bin Li is the gift of hospitality guests. It includes North Korea, cases, Kun, the event will be the same, and asked, as eight. Salute when the division and brigade drill, conquest of the ceremony, salute the major with a master of the ceremony, all the big ceremony, the ritual field, Oe of the ceremony, the gift of great seal. Master of ceremony is the military conquest of the ritual; great gift of all is the king and the princes in all lands, levy taxes held at a military parade to reassure the public; field is the emperor of the regular hunting ritual in order to practice war to them, review army horse; Great Hall of the ceremony is the state _set_ up the built cities, building palaces, break, build dikes and other large-scale civil works team review; great seal of the gift is to locate the countries, private fief and feud between the borders, establish a boundary marker activities. Skyline is and the interpersonal, communication, contact the emotional ceremony. Skyline main content diet ceremony, marriage, the ceremony, guests shoot the ceremony, the ritual Yan, Relief banner of the ceremony, HE Qing ritual.
Folk rituals that include the health sector, crown, wedding, funeral ceremony of four lives. In fact the political and ceremonial life can be divided into two major categories. Political class, including Heaven, Jide, ancestral temple of sacrifice, offering sage and teacher, respecting drinking rituals, meet ceremony, salute, etc.. The origin of life, etiquette classes, according to Xun Zi's view of "3" or "health of the world", "ancestor of the class of persons", "Jun teachers are the rule." In the liturgy, the funeral of the first generation. Funeral to appease the ghosts in the dead, the living become sub Seniority Rules, filial Masato London courtesy. The establishment and implementation of the ritual process, bred in China's case law (see Chinese clan) live by rituals is the essence of governance is the belief in spirits derivatives. People think that all things are invisible spirits in control, performance etiquette is to please pray for blessings to the gods. Therefore, the ritual originated in the belief in spirits, belief in ghosts is a special form of expression. "Third Man" ("Yi Li", "Book of Rites", "Zhou") marks the emergence of the mature stage of protocol development. Song, the etiquette and the integration of the feudal ethics sermon, that with complex etiquette and propriety, to become effective implementation of the ethical code of one of the tools. Salute to persuade German services, red tape the best of their energy. Until modern times, etiquette only have real reform, whether the country's political life, ritual or ceremonial people's lives have changed in the absence of ghosts and spirits of the new content, thus becoming the etiquette of modern civilization.
Ancient political etiquette
1. Heaven. Began in the Zhou Dynasty of Heaven, also known as the rural festival, the day of the Winter Solstice was held in the capital suburbs Circular Mound. Ancient worship of the first importance is the entity, on the day of worship is also reflected in the worship of the moon and the stars of the cult. All these specific worship, a certain number is reached only after the abstract to the worship of the day. Zhou people worship days, appears from the Yin dynasty, "Emperor" developed from the worship, the supreme ruler of the throne, divine right of kings, ruler of Heaven is the highest service, and therefore Heaven popularity to the Qing dynasty came to an end .
2. Jide. Summer Solstice is the day Jide, rituals and worship of heaven or less the same. Han said to God the Mother, that she is the goddess of blessing mankind, also known as the god. Jide is the first blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, not ground-breaking feng shui beliefs prevalent. Jide etiquette also offering mountains, offering earth god, Ceres, Sajik so.
Li Temple of Ancient Monarchs. Jiajing Fuchengmen monitor _set_ up in Beijing, when the Temple of Ancient Monarchs, emperor worship kings 36.
4. On the first division first holy rituals. Han later to Duke for the first holy and Confucius for the first division; Tang respect for the sage Confucius, Yen Hui, the first division. Kung has adopted a "hold the essence of" ceremony (with the discretion of Er Ji Jian Zu dishes, there's no corpse), as Miller, but also as Confucius ceremony. Northern and Southern Dynasties, the two lines hold the essence of ritual every spring, are also located throughout the county study hole, and Yan Temple. Ming as Confucius said, "sage and teacher." Qing Dynasty, the Mukden (Shenyang) with the Confucius Temple, its capital Beijing, with its Imperial Imperial College for the Imperial College, established Confucian Temple, Confucius, said "Ta Holy propaganda and teacher." Qufu temple system, sacrificial utensils, musical instruments and ritual ceremony of Beijing Imperial College shall prevail. Rural drinking ritual ceremony is the product of sage and teacher.
5. Meet ceremony. Meet the lower to the higher line when Meet the ceremony, officials Yibai ceremony between the lines, the public, Hou, Fuma, two of each other to bow, the lower ranks first bow in the West, the higher the East return a visit home. Civilians each other, according to young and old rituals, child who salute. Four other lines outside the bow in the past do not line military's ceremony.
6. Salute. Including punitive expedition, taxes, hunting, construction and so on.
① the birth ceremony of ancient ritual of life. From pregnant women not to Praying for Children when the baby years, all the rituals revolve around the theme of longevity. Rite Gaomei child is begging ritual. At this point, _set_ up the altar in the southern suburbs, Concubine 9 Pin to join. Gaomei Han there when the festival, when the Tang and Song developed the worship of the ritual Gaomei, Jin Qing Dynasty Gaomei Festival, the East Wing in the Imperial City built wooden doors north side station, station consists of Gaomei tablets . The Rite of the Qing Dynasty Gaomei no, there with the same meaning of "cable replacement" ceremony. Birth of son preference, the tendency ceremony since ancient times. The birth ceremony also included the "three dynasties", "Full Moon", "Hundred Days", "birthday", etc.. "Three dynasties" is when the baby was born three days to accept all aspects of gift. "Full moon" when the baby full month of shaving lanugo. "Hundred Days" when the Bank recognized uncle ceremony, naming ceremony. "Age" lines when grasping the Zhou Dynasty, in order to predict the fate of children with life, good and bad business. ② Rite, also called Rites, is entering the ranks of adult men in ceremonial crown. Rites from the prevalence of clan society when young men and women to participate in the Chengding mature ceremony evolved. Rites of the Zhou Dynasty followed the Han Guan. Wei, the crown began with music accompaniment. Tang and Song to pursue the policy of Rites, the Qing Dynasty abolished. Many ethnic minority areas in China has still preserved the ancient rite of passage, such as tooth extraction, tooth staining, wear skirts, wear pants, _set_ the hair for the ceremony. ③ fete manners. Sleeping at the Imperial Ancestral Temple, cooking Tai Lao guests to drink a focus on ritual rather than between diet, swallow the feast, Yan ceremony held in the chambers, the guest of honor can drink it and enjoy. Yan Li of the Chinese food culture have a profound effect formation. Festival hosted in the form of Chinese folk Eating Custom holiday manners. Lantern Festival Lantern Festival food, eating cold food Hanshi Ching Ming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival in May dumplings and wine on them, the Mid-Autumn moon cake, laba porridge, dumplings are all the year round holiday ritual of eating. In particular holiday eating certain foods, which is a kind of manners. Feast on the seating, serving the order, drinks upon, toast etiquette, but also have social customs between men and women, noble and humble, young and old taboo on relationships and prayer requests. ④ Guest Ritual. Mainly to the guests the gift of hospitality. Ritual exchanges of gifts and the guests have different levels. Persons meet, guest host should see pheasant as Zhi; under doctor meet to geese as Zhi; the doctor meet to lamb as Zhi. ⑤ Wu Si. Means offering door, families, well, stove, medium (middle room). Zhou is a family worship spring, summer banqueting kitchen, in June slipped worship, worship doors autumn and winter festival well. When seasonal line Wu Si Han, Mang Tung, Bobby March, "Prince Wu Si", Zongji time. Tang, Song and Yuan a "seven emperor worship", which worship Siming (small palace of God), in the country and state lines, Thai Li (Wild Ghosts), household, kitchen. Wu Si Ming and Qing dynasties are still offering the Qing Emperor Kangxi, the strike went to the door, households, the well honored with, only in the December 23 Worshiping Kitchen, and Legends of the Kitchen God made things the twelfth lunar month 24 overturned the story of consistency, the state adopted the folk form of Religion. ⑥ Exorcising. Originated in prehistory, popular in the Shang and Zhou. Zhou Dynasty Exorcising evil spirits and illness, the four seasons. Zhou that the natural operation and personnel of the good and bad forged. Seasons change, cold and heat variations, disease, and the ghost of the momentum is everything, it must be timely trip to exorcising the evil one by one. Exorcising the Lord God is the band's clan. Han, Exorcising's appear to match with the band's second beast. Followed the Chinese system, Tang Wei, Exorcising the addition of entertainment content, band's, and 12 animal that's the role played by the musicians. Remains of the Tujia People are still Exorcising the most complete instrument typical.
Dinner table etiquette
Dong Wenshen
Table on the culture is to "drink dishes culture" popular it is called. In old Beijing, the family or family in different Di social, economic, customs, environment, 影响 under the form of You own Tese the table Wenhua, a number of family in the way rice Zhuan have "family dinner", "Bin Yan" and "Bian Feast "- a private banquet is the family feast and a variety of festive activities, their designed banquet; guests are entertained relatives and friends dinner banquet; informal dinner is commonplace. Old Beijing on a variety of table etiquette is very careful, in the long years of progressively reflects the values of old Beijing, consciously or unconsciously constructed with "courtesy," "filial piety", "Germany", "education" as the content table culture.
"Li" means drinking dishes etiquette and manners. It reflects the moral values of family formation etiquette and customs, ceremonies and personal courtesy requirements. Family dinner, informal dinner to be "long" (parents, elders) the main banquet guests to a "customer" oriented. Therefore, the formation of a number of rules binding on the family, especially children more stringent constraints.
Although the identity of each dinner as the guests and the characteristics of ritual customs, in the food type, quality grade, Fanzhuang choice is different, but never let the guests pick out "no" to. In the banquet of the message, toast, talk, eat, feast of the whole speech, we should always pay attention to etiquette.
Opening banquet host to important guests before introducing to you, and the message of passion caused by simple; opening banquet to personally master sommeliers, according to the order of elders and guests to toast, can not be forced; active liquor power for the numerous guests to drink to Guests pay tribute; guests respect to food, we should pay attention to food-loving guests, the number of no more, traffic can not be great, otherwise, make the guests embarrassment; owners should pay attention to the extensive exchange banquet, do not heat the cold he, if women Philippines, also pay attention to the transcript and the respect for female guests; owner can not be before the guests Fangxiawankuai until the guests that have eat before dinner speech; the owner to accompany the guest of honor, mouth, wash their hands to another seat after the tea .
Large house to cook, ask the chef serving plate when the plate containing around can not have food stains, serving with both hands and side plates, Duan Wan, fingers can not pull on the plate along and Wanbian; hold rice, soup, poured tea time can not be too full, poured wine to full, but not overflow; pouring action is necessary to regulate, should not be Wangai buckle on the table, teapot mouth toward the guests; tea for after going to step back and then turn left; to the guests on Tobacco use plates when the side to the guests, avoid hand-Di Yan, do not use a match to several cigarette, do not blow out through your mouth in the guests before matches and throw them away Huochai Geng, not allowed to sweep the floor in front of guests, Shan table, in particular, are not allowed to tea spilled on the ground.
In addition, before the guests, the host can not reprimand their children and servants; main dispute with the customer's children, master to their children taken away, no matter who is wrong, should apologize to each other, but not in front of the guests face lessons their children, or guests will feel uncomfortable.
Bin Yan is generally not let children participate. I remember growing family feast, ask the children to do to understand the rules, respect people, polite, educated, there are three allowed: meals are not allowed to appear noisy sound, the rattle of dishes, but are not allowed to knock the table with chopsticks knock bowl, closed mouth and a virtual Christine Baji. 2 grandmother eating people hear the voice of Baji mouth nausea, eating a virtual Christine unbearable. And let the children eat choked active under continuous hiccups table, not allowed to drag chair stool so as not to issue shrill voice, which is not allowed to speak out requirements; second is not allowed "under the mouth," the older children is not without Dongkuaizi first and take their food, and allowed to fill the mouth too full, not allowed to devour, not allowed to stand up and take their food, the food can not reach to the clip to indicate their elders, are not allowed in the vegetable plate with chopsticks pick random forages, not allowed to use both eyes glued to the table while eating the food, not allowed to use chopsticks that people will not be allowed to eat things and miscellaneous teeth dirty mouth or spit left in the ground and not allowed out cooked rice, bread crust and expose leftovers to a clean job push lightly. The most taboo that children will chopsticks in the rice bowl in-line; 3 is absolutely not allow the children to drink. Then the two grandmothers and kids love Lele, at the dinner table to play some games, lost to the program, but also let the children finish eating, more than anyone else's job and desktop than most clean, dinner, a warm atmosphere is very strong .
"Filial piety" pay attention to respect their elders during family dinner, to be filial.
When a child seated great grandmother, two grandmothers sit on the upper, because of a grandmother paralyzed, unable to attend, but give place to stay, to show their status at home. Great grandmother to be speaker, "have to sit", everyone was seated by birth order, young children and food to other tables. Several aunt and my mother can only present themselves to the cloth behind his family dishes, pour tea, handed towels.
Two grandmothers in every family feast in the number of daughter points to be given to eat their favorite dishes to their usual hard work is rewarded, rewarded in the private banquet dishes said. Grandmother both kind and very dignified. At the dinner table we have to observe the mood of the two old ladies. Bad mood, it must play by the rules, toast, said that a flatter Less, words must be followed by long hours, can not favoritism, so we are very cautious. Emotion is good, old couple are laughing, pulling each other's children Homely qwaqwa. Great grandmother will be the speaker at this time: "Everybody at that map a piece of music, but also so the rules do?" Then everyone will be relaxed, happy atmosphere of harmony, big people have to their children led to the main table and say hello to the elderly. Will discuss old sister to please, took out from his pocket a few grains peanuts or candy stuffed into the hands of old people, old couple laughed, to the granddaughter praise. Second, some of her grandmother is more casual, will be to tease the kids table, kids, let the children come into their own folder to order feed a population of children are particularly pleased. Everyone is active and congenial atmosphere to enjoy the grandchildren.
This "filial piety" is not just juniors to the seniors of respect, respect, also reflects the care for seniors to juniors. Therefore, the younger the more respect for elders, filial piety more elderly people, cast in the hearts of everyone sincere piety.
"Tak" is a character in the family drinking dishes in "Let's, degree, thrifty" requirements.
"Let" is to require all mutual accommodation, not tasty Qiangzhe Chi, first let other people eat, can not even eat there are grievances, to do so for the first; "degree" required to have degrees, eat and drink can not eat too much, can not urge somebody to drink excessive, who was drunk home. "Thrifty" is to be thrifty, not waste, in particular, require that children not to waste food, the two hosted a grandmother often asked not to extravagant luxury. After the banquet, will not have to move off the chopsticks and dishes have not been to the table to take home.
"Education" is the drink dishes of family education. Through oral teaching by example, prolonged exposure, unconsciously inherited the family's old rules and customs, the common meal with the family of teachers, the grandmother always asked several teachers to the children "lecture", and children under the social fashion to propose new request, went to see the phenomenon of bad pointers a bit and let the children know what to do, can not do education, making eating in.
In the ceremony, filial piety, Germany, under the influence of education, the children develop good eating habits, and then re-formed the ceremony, the form of filial re-psychological, moral weight behavior, teach important cultural inheritance the dinner table, which is the old Beijing culture in microcosm.
Campus Etiquette
A talk about caring for public property, some may perhaps think that this is commonplace, as similar to "caring for public property glory, destroying public shame," "caring for public property, everybody," I am afraid this slogan also said the nursery a few children.
But in real life do we think? Careful observation reveals that the phenomenon of campus vandalism are everywhere: there are students for the sake of a shortcut and at the grass; play without accidentally broke the classroom windows and doors; outdoor campaign broke the public tables on campus chairs, railings, and trash; desk chair will often see a variety of graffiti ... ... Have you ever wondered, whether intentional or not, these acts have caused damage to public property, but also to other students learning and life of the unnecessary trouble, but also increased maintenance costs for schools of public property, this is not a small sum of expenditure.
Whenever I see these uncivilized acts, you may frown mumbled words: wicked! Yes, these people are missing is the "civic virtue" to the neglect of social morality, not compliance disciplined. And realize that they themselves never had such public property is the "master", do not know is our common goods public property, everyone has the obligation to take good care of public property.
An old saying: "do good and not to behave badly on minor occasions." Caring for public property actually done very simple, anyone with a considerate heart, always observe all rules and regulations, we can guarantee public facilities in good condition with normal use.
Etiquette - the required life can not be ignored
The ceremony was made in human nature, combined in a code of conduct required of life. Why? Whether the protocol is the difference between man and beast where the (human nature), is the foundation of human social harmony. Looking at today, about ceremony, ritual knowledge, few, it is common social order and disorder, all kinds of friction, conflicts frequently occur, people get along not only the lack of a sense of security, and even look were the enemy a sense of crisis.
This protocol, the crowd is never small. People exchange feelings, things and events to maintain order, maintain the normal state to state, are a courtesy from the power of dealing.
The role of etiquette should not be ignored, how can we modern people do not take seriously and learning? Otherwise, in the community, will inevitably run into a wall everywhere suffer, too late by then. Because we believe that no one wants behind the rise in offensive behavior is Seven eight language, ridicule cynical: "someone outrageous, not educated, no common sense, thick base unbearable, inhuman, not seen the scene, really annoying very funny, well him and less from ... ... "This is a series of terms, and for your future, all in all, what kind of impact?
Etiquette is without prejudice to the virtues of others, is respectful of people's good deeds, and also his passport to all things is to Mastery Fulfillment of.
If we can do more, "Oneself" Kung Fu, by their own sub-start, start families, believe that the community will be more peaceful and, courteous. This is our common expectations.
The following is a narration of Professor Li Bingnan general "often give ceremony to" contribute to everyone for reference.
(A) home
(B) in school
(C) themselves in society
(D) Dinner
(E) out
(6) Respondents were
(7) receive
(8) Travel
(9) of the Public
(10) gift
(11) celebrate hanging
(12) call
Attached to that
(A) home
1, and his son does not Anchor (late), the clothing their order, twilight must province.
Second, and his son sit in the seats, no middle way line.
3, and his son will be reported out of the anti-will face.
Fourth, the elderly and objects connected to Feng hands.
5, long after the Xu line, not long before Fleet of Foot.
6, the elderly can not stand to sit, to the elderly will rise.
7, Block is not for the elderly before pacing up and down.
8, stand not in the door, window-point is not threshold.
9, vertical mixed lame enough, sitting not to show legs, such as Kei, do not sleep without Yang Fu, lying, such as the right bow.
10, table to eat no other prepared food taste alone.
11, not picky eaters U.S. evil.
12, eat without a sigh, do not reprimand their children.
(B) in school
First, lift the flag and sing the national anthem, school song, the show stood in respect.
Second, the upper and lower class teachers stand and salute.
Third, the teachers Questioning Difficult Problem, will stand.
4, Lu-yu, teachers, stood in the roadside tribute.
5, attendance should be sitting or standing; why he did not pay shares of Rhythm, bending, Alice foot.
6, examination, do not whisper, or looked around.
7, On the school and parents of their teachers, their friends and believe music their way.
(C) themselves in society
1, no Taoist short, not that long has been.
Second, family things, not hide out.
Third, I was the door of fortune, something to be considered by some to say. see frustrated people, do not speak English pride; see the elderly, do not say bad words mourning.
4, delivery can not be made shallow depth, Dear John not sound bad.
Fifth, do not insult people, not to people joking.
6, and persons with disabilities to meet, to be particularly respectful.
7, the hands are hawkers and coolies, Mo look for a bargain.
8, seeking mercy forget, stipendiary will be reported; open to solve the crime on others, should be added to offend my regret.
9, good man from as close to, have to respect a long time; the wicked turn away from when.
10, failing to calm, can not do, Mo jump Chengneng.
11, no shoe in a field of melons, Lee is not the whole under the crown.
12, everything should be reasonable and wise, can not be biased towards feelings.
13, lost her way, not impose on others.
14, who seek out other things, to create the door does.
(D) Dinner
1, blocks the order of attendance will be the elderly.
Second, do not cross the brachial after admission, does not stretch enough.
Third, the main first toast King off, off speech of thanks.
4, the master cook himself, after the food required to master Li Xie.
5, Bi toast master, the owner is off to retaliate.
6, when faced spoon, will please you with the move.
7, using chopsticks and take their food, only one orientation of those who have not erected to him in serving the food Angle.
8, chopsticks key is not to take food to dishes of soup top of mind.
9, the device of public food, do not have chopsticks plow.
10, Key will run to more than Lek, party tableware in public re-entry.
11, his food bowl of the meat dish, not a public tool in the counter-back.
12, taken from meat dish cooking chopsticks spoon, do not fold in the other.
13, food do not affect the tongue, pharynx, larynx do not Ming.
14, the public is not made to the principle of food to be made should avoid saliva into the device in public.
15, cough will turn backwards.
16, do not scold the dog, do not vote on the dog bone.
17, without leaving a rice bowl.
18, not one tick teeth.
19, off food is not complete, since the owner is not the first.
20, from the seats, the main Jackson made to turn away, off thanks.
21, the banquet, the owner into the towel into the tea.
(E) out
One, dressed not for China and the United States, subject to clean.
Second, known for who will pay tribute trend.
3, climb not call, does not mean, do not call.
Fourth, the road is not smoking, not chewing food, not singing.
5, known for choosing the next car, see the child are also required with nod for the ceremony.
6, the night will go home, because when things can not go, we must first reported his family.
7, traveling complicated red zone, do not call salute.
8, does not stand on the road for a long time.
9, do not walk the middle road, more road must first see to the left and right, not the conflict between pedestrians and vehicles.
10, walking, walking should steady, and closed chest Yi Zhang, as the project forward.
11, case of women, the elderly, due to let road seat.
12, Tu Ci was to ask the way, to _set_ the direction; ask for the people, shall forthwith give thanks.
13, one would not join the temple, the two do not look deep.
14, first dismount every bridge, transitional Mo boat competition.
15, the journey or flight, do not probe or hand out the window first, and not easily tear sputum.
(6) Respondents were
A first buckle stand outside the door gently, let into the side into the host.
Second, there are other guests into the host for the introduction, to 11 for the ceremony, a speech of the time Yi Ru.
3, inner saw him off, not sedentary; something to be invited to host another said that he described.
4, when he saw him sitting on customer to that address out.
5, sitting will be positive, do not listen, do not Huaxiao.
Sixth, do not carry all the animals on the court.
7, the master indoor letters instruments, shall not get to see.
8, conversation response will look Gu.
9, will be on the court, sound will be Yang.
10, users open also open, have fun-filled family affluence; a later entrants, their families will not freeze then.
11, the owner and stretched, or tell the time, that is to address the.
12, food and sleep without visitors.
13, his audience with the Executive elders, should bow salute, then took their places; and back, is no different.
14, and the Executive elders, and women's line shaking hands should be as soon as the first hand, and conscientious and grip.
15, visiting government employees and teachers, we must first ask of his part-time work, not sitting chatting.
16, visitors are not met, or fairing, or write board message card.
(7) receive
First, see the first salute, greeting regular customers Road, stranger, please Xingzi address.
2, and the door precursor for the whole family off Qi.
3, each door will let customers first.
4, entry will be safe for the passenger seat.
5, room with his guest, should be introduced, first referred child in the long, medium base on respect, medium close to far, homotopy is mediated at the post before.
6, and offer tea fruit long after the first child, sir ripening.
7, the owner must Xia Zuo, toast for tea.
8, customers will be sent to pay tribute to the distance outside the village or the customer will be sent to the intersection.
9, far-off special to be prepared diet bedroom, toilet guide, lead bath.
10, far off to, will be sent to the inn, looking car away, before returning.
(8) Travel
1, will travel, will address relatives, ancestors speech pro.
Second, far to the destination, we must first call the people concerned.
3, Ye shall return relatives, or sent to earth a little thing.
Fourth, the separation of the family and friends bid farewell, will go off, before or gratuity, or feast preserves.
5, far off to visit, to go to return a visit or dinner Jie Feng.
6, travelers returning to worship, to Yi Hui Bai, or hosted a welcome home.
7, by the person off and farewell, to the seat, to 11 letter thank.
Eight people completed the Jiefeng or dust collector, I have to also.
9, immigration and prohibition, asked the Customs entry, entry asked taboo.
10, into the country without following, into the village will be under the traveling.
(9) of the Public
1, others are talking, not interrupting.
Second, the two of them talk, not to go through the middle.
Third, do not disturb other audio-visual loud noise.
Fourth, do not cross-sit, do not cross legs, feet are not palpable.
Fifth, do not repeat His words.
Sixth, take non-wave chair stool after the party.
7, hat without the hat on in others.
8, not to people spitting fountain.
9, not to people yawn, Shu Shen, sneeze.
(10) gift
First, reciprocity, to not go, to not come, all reciprocate.
Second, give people do not say to take, and with the wants and hopes people do not ask.
Third, people donated items, will be modest will respect.
Fourth, people donated items will be used outside the package, wedding Keiju exception.
5, usually gratuities, passenger seat with him, to avoid the concept of listening to and far from the early interviews, from time to avoid.
6, after the recipient by the first abbreviated Qianci, thanks, more than day to go to worship.
7, the elderly give, not speech.
(11) celebrate hanging
1, to participate in Kyrgyzstan ceremony, talk about bad funeral, I do not Qirong, not Tiqi.
Second, mourning ceremony not to participate in Kyrgyzstan, only to send instrument objects.
3, sackcloth not join the public service, they do not view Ji Li.
4, He married in Zhongbin ago, resigned not Valse.
5, Pro funeral without laughing.
6, there funeral, not Lane song.
7, rice at the funeral home, wine is not ocher Yen.
8, those who wear badges will be buried, Li end is lifted, does not wear him to.
(12) call
First, last name first meeting of the people asked, say your name, ask name, said, Tai Fu. Since that said, My name is a name that sounding name Soji so and so.
Second, there are relatives and old family friends who should be commensurate with each other all their birthright. Ordinary people say that Mr. or a brother, claiming to be said, brother. Carer for the elderly, said the old man say, after the school claimed to say, or from the name.
Third, that the father said, your father, Mu Yue your mother. To the person from the parents, say family Yan, Yue Jia Ci. See the father of a friend, said the old man, the mother said the aunt, claiming to be late or nephew.
Fourth, that the ancestor of man, say Lingzu public and grandmother said, people make Zutai Fu. Yue Jia Zu to the person from the motherland. Grandmother said, her grandmother at home. See one of the grandparents, too, said the old man, too aunt. Can claim to have names.
5, said the people of the brothers, said, Your brother, Yue Ling Di. To the person from the brothers, said, Jiaxiongshedi. Said one of the sisters, said, Lingzi your sister. To the person from the sisters, said, Jiazi my younger sister. See who's brother, said Mr. a few, or several brother, claiming little brother. See who the sisters, collectively referred to several sister, said that since the younger brother say. (Book article claimed paternity)
6, said the man's wife, said, thus rendering it, or your wife, from wife to the person, say my wife or Jiannei. See who's wife said the daughter claimed to have names. (Women can claim mei)
7, the woman said the man's husband, said, Zunfu a President, to the person from the husband, say my husband. See who's husband, said a President, since the better to avoid the call, if necessary, only that I can.
8, said the son of man, say your son or son, said the woman, saying that people love, or Nvgong Zi. To the person from the child, said, children, women say my daughter. See the Son of Man, said Shi Xiong, claiming younger brother, said the woman said, Shijie, since not call.
Nine, said the people of Sun and granddaughter, said, that women make Sun Yue Sun. To the person from the Sun, and women Sun, Yue Sun, Sun said, my daughter. See the Sun and the woman who Sun, said the son of a few Miss a few.
10, said the person, or from the late generations ago, the first word plus one system. If that person so parents say that the first order Taifu Ren respect; said it from the parents, said, like the first Yanxian Ci. That no additional words were late Xiabei only cloud "before a brother" to, since it Xiabei said, but added a word death, or the cloud "before so and so" can be.
11, said the person uncle aunt, uncle said, so that the aunt. To the person from the uncle aunt, uncle aunt said, family. See who the uncle aunt, said the elderly men and women; pay thickness, could say the old man and an old aunt.
12, said the person uncle aunt, said, the mother of that aunt so. Person from the uncle to my aunt, my mother said, Jiu Jia aunt. See who the uncle aunt, before simulation title.
13, said the father-mother-in-one, so mother said, Ling Yue. Parents-to-person, Yue Yue Jiayue home mother. See one of her parents, pre-simulation title.
14, said the person Neizhi, say so Neizhi. The nephew said the man, Yue Ling Sheng. The husband said the man, say that husband. To the person from Neizhi, nephew, husband, said, spacious Neizhi, say homes nephew, Yue Xiao Xu.
15, said the person friends and relatives say that the pro said, Guiyou. To the person from family and friends, say Sheqinbiyou.
16, said the people of division, said, Ling Shi, students say that your pupil. To the person from the division, said, spacious business division. That said, spacious self only. Claims division, said, Master, or Wu Shi. That since said, by industry, or say his students.
17, said the people of Executive, said, your a long (School Department bureau, etc.). That person is a member said, are you or your subordinates. To the person from the Chief Executive, said, in a long spacious, said the self is a member of staff or spacious said, is a spacious, also called a certain name in a post.
18, said the people of the host, say you, the said person servant, said, Takanori. Autonomy to the person who said, spacious upper; said the self-servant, say a small price.
(With that)
1, address the issue, the very complex, custom parts, called direct to meet, especially many different, it is difficult to list. This part of its external communication is usually recorded only users.
Second, relatives, called very fine, for every wrong word and Yi Xiao person. Examples of this is hereby series, designed for common, so an unknown _set_.
Student Etiquette
1. Student appearance, appearance, grooming ritual
Dressed: the daily primary and secondary students to meet the age characteristics of dress, especially in line with student status, neat appearance.
Pioneers, the Communist Youth League in accordance with the provisions of wearing red scarf or Tuanhui. Students do not make up, do not wear jewelry, do not perm, boys do not have long hair.
Participate in meetings, lectures and just stand straight when sitting. Sit still: the first is straight neck, upper body and the basic vertical seat back. Direct legislation: head high, upper body, legs perpendicular to the ground.
Stable walking: walking posture is correct, moderate pace, powerful sound. In the corridor, classroom walk, the trot softly; on the street, right, walk; not shake shoulder and hip Akira, do not walk more than Goujiandabei.
Conversation civilized manner: a comprehensive instrumentation requirements. Talk with people, the sincerity and language of civilization. Interpersonal skills, the expression of natural, generous action.
2. Student Body Language Etiquette
Smile: Yes, that friendly faces of others, without showing teeth, upturned mouth micro.
Bow: a lower to higher levels, juniors on the elders, individual groups of etiquette. Bow, the hat, stand at attention, eyes watching each other, smiling, and then the upper body bent forward tilt of natural, bow eyes looking down. Sometimes grateful, depth and upper body can be further forward.
Handshake: meeting or parting with the people the most common courtesy, but also the people of gratitude, sympathy, congratulations or encouragement of the protocol.
Stand up before shaking hands, took off his gloves, his right hand with right hand and hold the other party.
When shaking hands, eyes watching each other, smiling.
In general, do not shake hands with force, can hold about. Between old friends can hold depth and, for a long time greeting some or side edges tightly with both hands.
Do not cross over to shake hands at the same time, people would then hand grip, turn with grip.
Wave: long distance to see strangers in public places or who bid farewell to departing guests, their hands and nodded hello.
Applause: is that joy, welcome, appreciate the courtesy. With both hands at a pace to hit, Applause to timely and appropriately.
Right salute to: the campus, up and down stairs, stairs or walking the streets, through the right side of the road. Encounter teachers, guests, long, young, women, disabled, military personnel out of the door, take the initiative to open the door Celi, let them first.
3. Students with people, conversations and basic etiquette
Respectfully (King said): elders, friends or acquaintance who said, "You." His teachers and social workers to call their office or "teacher", "Master," "uncle," "Auntie," and so on, do not address him by his name.
Request of others to say "please"; and when greeting to say "Hello"; and break up when people say "goodbye"; trouble when people say "sorry"; others thanks to his time said, "It does not matter"; thanks to help from others to say "Thank you."
4. Flag raising, singing the national anthem etiquette
Students attending the ceremony to dress neatly, tied coat button, pants button, wear a red scarf, hat, flag Fangxiang Li is stop for good. Not talk, walk or do other actions. Flag-raising the national anthem when the teams face the flag ceremony or ritual attention until the flag rose to top of the pole.
Li-Young Pioneers Team: Stand up straight at attention, his right hand fingers close together, holding his head, his eyes watching the recipient that the interests of the people above everything else.
National anthem is a symbol of musical forms. Singing the national anthem when standing at attention, visual front, solemn demeanor, the lyrics correct, accurate pitch, resonant sound.
5. Etiquette in schools
Teachers into the schools first met, say hello to stop at attention bow: "Good teacher!" "Good president!" People for a long time, you can nod greetings; see the students can nod, wave hello.
The class to stand. Standing on the side seat, his hands hanging naturally, to the teachers line eyes.
Class prepared to ask or answer questions first hand. Correct action is: sitting seats, right elbow on the table, held on the arm, his right hand fingers close together, fingers up, and so was allowed to rise again.
Call the office or living room into the teacher "report" or knock on the door, they heard the sound of indoor moderate, in social intercourse, must first knock on the door into the other room is also, without permission will be allowed to enter.
6. Students welcome ceremony
Visiting guests, to stand up to greet, smiling, active greeting: "Hello!" "Welcome to!" In response to questions about to rise. Seat for the guests, and bottled water; guests and parents talk to avoid; guests leave, sent up the door.
7. Student house etiquette
Please elders seated dinner first, before their own place, have dinner in the comity of others.
Before leaving home, to greet the parents: "I am gone, goodbye!" Go home, said: "I'm back!"
Meet the parents leave home or go home, take the initiative to greet, goods delivery access
Origin of Etiquette
Ritual as an important interpersonal norms, it is not random baseless creations, not an option. Understand the origin of etiquette will help understand the nature of ritual, and consciously carried out in accordance with the requirements of etiquette social activities. The ritual origin, the researchers have a variety of views can be broadly classified into the following.
There is a view that the ritual originated in the court's requirements. In the West, "Etiquette" from the French word "Etiguette" intended to "pass the courts." Ancient France in order to ensure the activities of the court order, court rules will be printed into the court issued a notice card to each person as to comply with the rules and codes of conduct. Later "Etiguette" word into English, as "a ritual," meaning, as it contacts the rules and guidelines to be followed.
As can be seen from the origin of ritual, liturgy is in people's social activities, in order to maintain a stable order, in order to maintain a harmonious communication should be transported generated. To this day, this ritual still embodies the essential characteristics and unique features.
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